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1992-09-10
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THE WEEK, Page 21HEALTH & SCIENCEThe Big Bang Theory Gets a Big Boost
A satellite finds evidence that the cosmos began with a titanic
explosion
Physicists don't much like getting up early, but they packed
promptly into an 8:00 a.m. gathering of the American Physical
Society in Washington last week. They were drawn, fittingly
enough, by rumors of revelations about the very first dawn, and
they were rewarded with dramatic news.
NASA's Cosmic Background Explorer satellite -- COBE -- has
found something astronomers have been seeking for nearly 30
years: an almost imperceptible pattern of warm and cool patches
in the cosmic microwave background radiation, the oldest light
in the cosmos. The radiation was created only 300,000 years
after the Big Bang explosion that began the universe, a time
when all of space was hot, dense and incandescently bright. The
radiation is still around now, 15 billion years later, cooled
far below zero and transformed from visible light to
microwaves. Its discovery in the mid-1960s confirmed the Big
Bang as the premier theory of the universe. The theory also says
the temperature of this background radiation must vary from spot
to spot in the sky. The variations come from areas of higher and
lower density in the universe at that time; without density
fluctuations then, there could be no galaxies -- and no humans
-- today.
Failure to find the variations until now had understandably
made scientists a little nervous. Humans and galaxies obviously
exist, so if COBE didn't see them sooner or later, that meant the
Big Bang theory, the foundation of modern astrophysics, could
have been in serious trouble. But tiny as the variations are --
30 millionths of a degree at most -- they are enough to keep the
Big Bang alive. Says David Spergel, a Princeton astrophysicist:
"This is great stuff."