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1993-04-08
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THE WEEK, Page 24HEALTH & SCIENCETattletale Termite
Scraps of ancient insect genes solve a long-standing mystery
of evolution
Most homeowners would readily agree that the only good
termite is a dead termite, but the one unearthed on a dig in the
Dominican Republic was better than most. The insect, trapped
between 25 million and 30 million years ago in a blob of tree
sap that hardened into amber, has yielded genetic material that
is the oldest ever studied, by at least 8 million years. It has
also resolved a long-simmering dispute over the family tree of
cockroaches.
In the past, the tiny scraps of ancient DNA that can be
found in mummified tissue would have been far too small to
study. But a relatively new genetic-engineering method called
polymerase chain reaction (PCR) can clone enough copies for
scientists to examine the DNA in detail. They can then compare
ancient genes to modern ones. That gives researchers another
perspective on how evolution has changed a given species, beyond
what can be learned by the traditional method of studying
changes in body structure.
Structural analysis had left researchers with a puzzle
about the relationship between termites and roaches: Did the
former evolve from the latter, or did both come from a single,
common ancestor species? There were arguments for both options
-- until a team at the American Museum of Natural History
applied PCR to the genetic material of the amber-clad termite.
DNA doesn't lie: the cockroach is not the termite's parent after
all, but only its sibling. Which says nothing about how to get
rid of either.