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1993-04-08
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AMERICA ABROAD, Page 58Russia v. Gorbachev
By Strobe Talbott
Earlier this month, it looked as though Mikhail Gorbachev
had gone from being the new Russia's most famous and privileged
private citizen to being its first refusenik, deprived of his
right to travel. Then, late last week, he was allowed to fly to
Germany for Willy Brandt's funeral. But he remains in trouble
back home.
The proximate cause, as a lawyer might say, is his
defiance of Russia's highest judicial authority, the
Constitutional Court. But the case is much broader: it pits
Gorbachev against his protege-turned-rival-turned-successor,
Boris Yeltsin; it reveals the primitive, confused nature of
legality in a country that is still emerging from official
lawlessness; and it dramatizes the difficulty that all
ex-communist states are having in coming to grips with their
past.
The Bush Administration has been closely monitoring
Gorbachev's ordeal. Ten months ago, the Administration engaged
in secret diplomatic exchanges to ensure Gorbachev's safety and
dignity once he resigned as President of the U.S.S.R. I know the
story because I was, along with the historian Michael Beschloss,
very briefly part of it.
Beschloss and I were in Moscow last December researching
a book we have been writing on the end of the cold war. On Dec.
14, one of Gorbachev's closest aides asked us to convey a
message to James Baker, who was due in the Soviet capital the
next day. The approach was less peculiar than it may sound. The
Soviet Union was disintegrating; its last leader, then 11 days
from resigning, was already in limbo. Gorbachev and his
loyalists believed that the U.S. embassy had long since become
a nest of Yeltsinites and would not be a reliable channel to
Baker.
We relayed the message to the Secretary of State shortly
after his arrival. The key passage expressed fear that "some
people are fabricating a case against" Gorbachev and appealed
to the Bush Administration to "impress on Yeltsin" that he
should "not permit anything to happen that would harm the
[Soviet] President."
Meeting with Yeltsin on Dec. 16, Baker stressed that the
U.S. would "look with disfavor" on any effort to humiliate
Gorbachev. Yeltsin's reply was reassuring: "Gorbachev should be
treated with respect. It's about time our leaders can be retired
with honor."
For months, Yeltsin seemed to be keeping his word. The
Russian government provided Gorbachev with a chauffeured
limousine so that he could commute from his dacha outside Moscow
to a downtown office building that housed his new think tank.
He also roamed the globe, raising money for various humanitarian
and scholarly ventures. But in the spring Gorbachev started
sniping at Yeltsin, accusing him of running the economy into the
ground. The Russian President struck back by stripping Gorbachev
of some of his perks.
Meanwhile, the Constitutional Court opened hearings into
the history of communist rule and Yeltsin's ban of the party
after the coup d'etat of August 1991. As General Secretary of
the party for its last six years, Gorbachev was naturally
called to testify. He refused, saying he would not participate
in a "political" trial, "even if I am brought to the court in
handcuffs." In retaliation, the Russian authorities have
threatened to evict him from his institute and yanked his
passport. Only when the Germans protested his treatment was he
permitted to go to the Brandt funeral.
Gorbachev has reason to be wary of the court. Die-hard
communists have been taking the stand to argue for lifting the
ban on the party; some are clearly bent on implicating Gorbachev
in the failed coup.
So far, however, the court is not conducting a witch-hunt.
William Green Miller, president of the Committee on
American-Russian Relations, has attended the proceedings and is
convinced that the aim "is not to establish the culpability of
individuals but the illegitimacy of the old system."
The trouble is, there is no new system. Russia has yet to
come up with a constitution to replace one from the Brezhnev
era, so the Constitutional Court, however nobly conceived, is
something of a misnomer. It has no power to issue subpoenas or
grant immunity. Still, Gorbachev should take his chances and
testify.
When he was in the Kremlin, he began the effort to
transform a dictatorship into a civil society and "a law-based
state." The current hearings are intended as a continuation of
that process. If Gorbachev were to have his day in court and
rebut the hard-liners, it might help the liberal justices block
the reactionaries and keep alive his own proudest legacy.
So far, the Bush Administration has, quite rightly, kept
quiet. Only if there are signs that Gorbachev is being turned
from a witness into a scapegoat should the U.S. come to his
defense by reminding Yeltsin of his promise to Baker last
December.