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REVIEWS, Page 76BOOKSThe Physicist As Magician
By MICHAEL D. LEMONICK
TITLE: GENIUS: THE LIFE AND SCIENCE OF RICHARD FEYNMAN
AUTHOR: James Gleick
PUBLISHER: Pantheon; 531 pages; $27.50
THE BOTTOM LINE: A monumental portrait of one of the
giants of modern science, at once definitive and crystal clear.
"There are two kinds of geniuses," the eminent
mathematician Mark Kac once remarked. "An ordinary genius is a
fellow that you and I would be just as good as, if we were only
many times better." The other kind Kac called magicians. "Even
after we understand what they have done, the process by which
they have done it is completely dark . . . Richard Feynman is
a magician of the highest caliber."
That may come as a surprise to those who have read
Feynman's two popular autobiographies, Surely You're Joking, Mr.
Feynman! and What Do You Care What Other People Think?, or to
those who watched him dip a bit of rubber in ice water during
the Challenger accident investigation, making it crack and
proving that cold temperatures had led to the space shuttle's
1986 crash. Feynman's public image was that of a skirt-chasing,
bongo-playing wise guy, a man who thought he was smarter than
anyone else, and who therefore probably deserved to be taken
down a peg.
Yet as James Gleick makes clear in his monumental and
deeply thoughtful biography, the Brooklyn-bred and -accented
Feynman, who died of cancer in 1990 at 72, really was smarter
than just about anyone else. He was a physicist's physicist who
saw more deeply into the workings of nature than anyone but
Einstein and perhaps a handful of others. His greatest
achievement was the theory of quantum electrodynamics, which
described the behavior of subatomic particles, atoms, light,
electricity and magnetism. He also made significant
contributions to areas outside his own field, including
astrophysics, solid-state physics and computer science -- a rare
breadth of accomplishment in the rigidly specialized scientific
world.
What made Feynman a magician, though, was not any one of
these achievements by itself, but the way he went about them.
One of the common-nonsensical premises of quantum physics is
that particles can travel from one place to another without
traversing the space in between, and Feynman's thought process
seemed to go from problem to solution in just about the same
way. He rarely studied what was already known about a problem
before attacking it. He was more interested in getting the
solution than in doing the problem according to the rules, and
he often ended up reinventing physics as he went.
This focus on answers rather than methods first became
evident when Feynman led the math team in high school in Far
Rockaway, New York. As undergraduates at M.I.T., he and a
friend, Theodore Welton, re-created for themselves much of the
physics discovered in the quantum revolution that had taken
place in Europe during the 1920s. And although he shared the
1965 Nobel Prize for the theory of quantum electrodynamics with
Julian Schwinger and Shin'ichiro Tomonaga, Feynman had an
approach that was typically bizarre. Instead of using
conventional calculations, he invented "Feynman diagrams,"
arrows and squiggles that mapped the comings and goings of
particles so effectively that they are now a standard tool of
physicists.
Relying in part on sources never before made available to
the public, Gleick explains with crystal clarity the paradoxes
of quantum physics -- a subject that Feynman himself said
nobody understands -- just as he laid bare the arcana of higher
mathematics in his 1987 best seller, Chaos. Gleick also uncovers
some of the forces that created a man who could devotedly nurse
his first wife as she lay dying of tuberculosis in a sanatorium a
few miles from the wartime Manhattan Project, where he worked,
yet later in life could make a sport out of picking women up in
bars; a man who despised hero worship yet wrote books in which
he was the hero; a man who rarely taught classes or took on
doctoral students but is regarded as one of physics' great
teachers. If some questions remain about exactly what made
Feynman Feynman, and not just a garden-variety genius, that is
no fault of Gleick's. A magician who reveals all his secrets,
even from beyond the grave, is a magician no longer.