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Asymetrix ToolBook File
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1997-07-10
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Musical Instrument Repairers and
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SERVICE OCCUPATIONS
Musical Instrument Repairers and Tuners
Musical instruments are a source of entertainment and recreation for
millions of people. Maintaining these instruments so they perform properly
is the job of musical instrument repairers and tuners. The occupation
includes piano tuners and repairers (often called piano technicians);
pipe-organ tuners and repairers; and brass, woodwind, percussion, or string
instrument repairers.
Piano tuners adjust piano strings to the proper pitch. A string's pitch
is the frequency at which it vibrates-and produces sound-when it is struck by
one of the piano's wooden hammers. Tuners first adjust the pitch of the "A"
string. Striking the key, the tuner compares the string's pitch with that of
a tuning fork. Using a tuning hammer (also called a tuning lever or wrench),
the tuner turns a steel pin to tighten or loosen the string until its pitch
matches that of the tuning fork. The pitch of each of the other strings is
set in relation to the "A" string. The standard 88-key piano has 230 strings
and can be tuned in about an hour and a half.
A piano has thousands of wooden, steel, iron, ivory, and felt parts which
can be plagued by an assortment of problems. It is the task of piano
repairers to locate and correct these problems. In addition to repair work,
piano repairers may also tune pianos.
To diagnose problems, repairers talk with customers before partially
dismantling a piano to inspect its parts. Repairers may realign moving
parts, replace old or worn ones, or completely rebuild pianos. Repairers use
common handtools as well as special ones, such as regulating, repining, and
restringing tools.
Some piano tuners service pianos that have built-in computers that
control humidity, assist in recording, or allow the piano to operate as an
automatic player-piano. Piano repair work will increasingly require some
knowledge of electronics, as sales of sophisticated pianos increase, and
people decide to upgrade their older pianos.
Pipe-organ repairers tune, repair, and install organs that make music by
forcing air through flue pipes or reed pipes. (Repairers who service
electronic organs are included in the statement on electronic home
entertainment equipment repairers.) The flue pipe sounds when a current
of air strikes a metal lip in the side of the pipe. The reed pipe sounds when
a current of air vibrates a brass reed inside the pipe.
To tune an organ, repairers first match the pitch of the "A" pipes with
that of a tuning fork. The pitch of other pipes is set by comparing it to
that of the "A" pipes. To tune a flue pipe, repairers move the metal slide
that increases or decreases the pipe's "speaking length." To tune a reed
pipe, the tuner alters the length of the brass reed. Most organs have
hundreds of pipes, so often a day or more is needed to completely tune an
organ.
Musical instrument repairers need good hearing, mechanical aptitude, and
manual dexterity.
Pipe-organ repairers locate problems, repair or replace worn parts, and
clean pipes. Repairers also assemble organs on site in churches and
auditoriums, following manufacturer's blueprints. They use hand and power
tools to install and connect the air chest, blowers, air ducts, pipes, and
other components. They may work in teams or be assisted by helpers.
Depending on the size of the organ, a job may take several weeks or even
months.
Violin repairers adjust and repair bowed instruments, such as violins,
violas, and cellos, using a variety of handtools. They find defects by
inspecting and playing instruments. They remove cracked or broken sections,
repair or replace defective parts, and restring instruments. They also fill
in scratches with putty, sand rough spots, and apply paint or varnish.
Guitar repairers inspect and play the instrument to determine defects.
They replace levels using handtools, and fit wood or metal parts. They
reassemble and string guitars.
Brass and woodwind instruments include trumpets, cornets, French horns,
trombones, tubas, clarinets, flutes, saxophones, oboes, and bassoons. Brass
and wind instrument repairers clean, adjust, and repair these instruments.
They move mechanical parts or play scales to find defects. They may unscrew
and remove rod pins, keys, and pistons, and remove soldered parts using gas
torches. They repair dents in metal instruments using mallets or burnishing
tools. They fill cracks in wood instruments by inserting pinning wire and
covering them with filler. Repairers also inspect instrument keys and
replace worn pads and corks. Percussion instrument repairers work on drums,
cymbals, and xylophones. In order to repair a drum, they remove drum tension
rod screws and rods by hand or by using a drum key. They cut new drumheads
from animal skin, stretch the skin over rimhoops and tuck it around and under
the hoop using hand tucking tools. To prevent a crack in a cymbal, gong or
similar instrument from advancing repairers may operate a drill press or hand
power drill to drill holes at the inside edge of the crack. Another
technique they may use involves cutting out sections around the cracks using
shears or grinding wheels. They also replace the bars and wheels of
xylophones.
Although they may suffer small cuts and bruises, the work of musical
instrument repairers and tuners is relatively safe. Most brass, woodwind,
percussion, and string instrument repairers work in repair shops or music
stores. Piano and organ repairers and tuners usually work on instruments in
homes, schools, and churches and may spend several hours a day driving.
Salaried repairers and tuners work out of a shop or store; the self-employed
generally work out of their homes.strian traffic is heavy, such as in busy supermarkets,
industrial complexes, offices, or schools. Repair work is relatively safe,
although servicers and repairers must take care to avoid hazards such as
electrical shocks and cuts from sharp tools and metal objects. They also
must follow safe work procedures, especially when moving heavy vending
machines or working with electricity and radiation from microwave ovens.
Musical instrument repairers and tuners held about 9,702 jobs in 1994.
Most worked on pianos. About two-thirds were self-employed. Eight of 10
wage and salary repairers and tuners worked in music stores, and most of the
rest worked in repair shops or for musical instrument manufacturers.deo
games, pin-ball machines, juke boxes, and similar types of amusement
equipment. Although vending machine servicers and repairers are employed
throughout the country, most are located in areas with large populations and
many coin and vending machines.
< For musical instrument repairer and tuner jobs, employers prefer people
with post high school training in music repair technology. Some musical
instrument repairers and tuners learn their trade on the job as apprentices
or assistants, but employers willing to provide on-the-job training are
difficult to find. A few music stores, large repair shops, and self-employed
repairers and tuners hire inexperienced people as trainees to learn how to
tune and repair instruments under the supervision of experienced workers.
Trainees may sell instruments, clean up, and do other routine work. Usually
2 to 5 years of training and practice are needed to become fully qualified.
A small number of technical schools and colleges offer courses in piano
technology or brass, woodwind, string, and electronic musical instrument
repair. A few music repair schools offer 1- or 2-year courses. There are
also home-study (correspondence school) courses in piano technology.
Graduates of these courses generally refine their skills by working for a
time with an ex