The heuristics in most expert systems are usually captured in the form of production rules. Socrates may have been the original inventor of the production rule with this now classic approach to problem solving logic. A Rule is a simple "If-Then" logical statement that expresses a relationship between different Facts.
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If:
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All men are mortal
Socrates is a man
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Then:
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Socrates is mortal
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By proving that all of the Assertions are true, we can infer that the Conclusion is also true.