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Software Club 210: Light Red
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1997-01-27
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┌─────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ INVESTIGATION OF FRANCHISE OFFERINGS: │
│ THE FRANCHISOR'S DISCLOSURE DOCUMENT │
└─────────────────────────────────────────┘
Before you invest in any franchise system, be sure to get
a copy of the franchisor's disclosure document, sometimes
called a Franchise Offering Circular. Under the Federal
Trade Commission's (FTC) Franchise Rule, you must receive
this document at least 10 business days before you are
asked to sign any contract or pay any money to the
franchisor. Take your time and read the entire disclosure
document.
The following outline should help you to understand the key
portions of typical franchise disclosure documents. It
should also help you to be able to ask important questions
about the disclosures. Because much of the disclosure
document may be written in legalese that you will not fully
understand, take it to your lawyer or other trusted advisor
if you are unclear as to what any part of it means.
Don't invest until you get a clarification or answer to your
concerns!
BUSINESS BACKGROUND. This part of the disclosure document
identifies the executives of the franchisor and describes
their prior business experience. Pay attention to whether
they have experience in managing a franchise system, not
just whether they possess a general business background.
You will also want to know how long they have been with the
company, since you may be more at risk investing with an
inexperienced franchisor than one with a long, successful
track record in the franchising business.
LITIGATION. The document must also disclose any prior
litigation involving the franchisor or its executives,
relating to franchise relationships. In addition, it
tells you if the franchisor, or any of its executive
officers, have been convicted of felonies involving, for
example, fraud, violations of franchise laws, or any
unfair or deceptive practices law. It also must tell you
if they are subject to any state or federal injunctions
involving similar misconduct. If the company or executives
have had a significant number of litigation claims against
them, it may indicate that they have frequently not
performed according to their agreements, or, at a minimum,
that the franchisees have been very disappointed with
their performance.
BANKRUPTCY. The disclosures must tell you if the
franchisor or any of its executives have recently been
involved in a bankruptcy. If they have, be wary, as they
may not be financially stable, and may thus be unable to
deliver on their promises to you.
COSTS. The document must tell you about the various costs
you will incur to start one of the company's franchises.
Be sure the disclosure mentions all the following items,
or, if leaves out any of them, you may want to inquire as
to whether you will be incurring such costs and, if not,
a satisfactory explanation as to why not.
. Initial deposit or franchise fee (which may or may
not be refundable);
. Continuing royalty payments to the franchisor;
. Costs for initial inventory, signs, equipment,
leases, or rentals;
. Advertising payments, to both local and national
advertising funds, if applicable;
. Grand opening or other such initial promotional
expenses;
. Product or service supply costs;
. Business or operating licenses;
. Discretionary equipment, such as computer network
or burglar alarm system;
. Training costs;
. Legal, financial and accounting fees;
. Insurance;
. Costs of compliance with local ordinances, such as for
waste removal, or zoning, fire and safety codes;
. Employee salaries and fringe benefits, and related
payroll taxes;
. Employee salaries and benefits; and
. Rent for business premises, and occupancy costs such
as utilities, property taxes, maintenance, and
janitorial costs.
Your accountant may be able to help you evaluate this
information and whether the disclosures appear to be
reasonable and realistic.
OPERATING RESTRICTIONS. The franchisor may restrict how
you operate your business, in a number of ways. The
disclosure document will tell you if the franchisor limits
the supplier of goods from whom you may purchase; the
goods or services you may offer for sale; which customers
you can offer goods or services to; or the territory in
which you may sell. Be sure you understand any such
limitations or restrictions, and think through how they
will affect your ability to operate the franchise outlet
profitably.
TERMINATION. The document must tell you the conditions
under which the franchisor may terminate your franchise,
and your obligations after such a termination. It will
also tell you the conditions under which you will be
allowed to renew your franchise, or to sell or assign the
franchise to other parties.
TRAINING AND OTHER HELP FROM THE FRANCHISOR. The document
will explain the training and assistance program, if any,
offered by the franchisor. Questions you may want to
have answered would include the following:
. What kind of ongoing training will the franchisor
offer, and what will it cost you?
. Who will teach the training courses, and what
qualifications and experience do they have?
. How many employees are eligible for training?
. Can new employees also receive training, and,
if so, at what additional cost, if any?
. How long do training sessions last?
. Will someone be able to come to your place of
business to provide more individualized, hands-on
assistance?
. How many support personnel are assigned to your
area by the franchisor?
. To whom can you speak if problems arise?
If the franchisor's disclosures or responses to the above
questions leave you with doubts that the training will be
sufficient to handle day-to-day business operations, you
probably should consider a different franchise opportunity
more suited to your background, or one offered by a company
with a better training and support program.
ADVERTISING. Often, franchisees are required under a
franchise agreement to contribute a percentage of their
business income to an advertising fund. Generally, you
will have little, if any, control over how this money is
spent, and you may feel that it is not being spent in a
way that benefits your franchise. Often, franchisors
use such funds to advance their own agenda, or look upon
it as another way to extract more funds from their
franchisees, in addition to royalty fees. Questions to
ask in this regard should include the following:
. How much of the advertising fund is spent on
administrative costs?
. What other expenses, if any, are paid from the
advertising fund?
. Will you have any control over how the money is
spent on advertising?
. What kind of advertising has the company done
in the past, and what is planned in the near
future?
. What part of the fund is spent on national
advertising, and how much is spent in your
market area?
. What part of the fund goes to promote sales of
more franchises?
. Do all franchisees contribute equally to the fund?
. Will you need the consent of the franchisor to
conduct your own advertising?
. Does the franchisor receive commissions or rebates
when it places advertisements? If so, do franchisees
benefit from such commissions or rebates, or does the
franchisor retain them for itself?
CURRENT AND FORMER FRANCHISEES. It can be very informative
to know if there has been a lot of turnover (or very little
turnover) in the number of franchisees, due to terminations,
bankruptcies, or non-renewals. Also, you will be keenly
interested in how many franchisees there are, or how many
will be allowed, in your area, as there may be more
competition than you would like. Note that some franchisors
may attempt to conceal the number of failed franchises by
repurchasing them and running them as compan