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1991-04-08
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╔════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗
║ ║
║ NEURAL NETWORK SOFTWARE ║
║ Give your PC a mind of its own ║
║ ║
║ ║
╚════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝
Its late at night in the Computer Lab. The tall thin programmer known
only as SuperTech makes a few final changes to his source code, and compiles
it for the hundredth time that night. Now there are no bugs. He executes
the program and turns on the Voice Synthesizer. Strange sounds begin to come
from the speaker: BAAA! GOO! GAAA! DAA! DAA! DAAA...DY! It sounds like
a newborn baby, trying to learn to talk! SuperTech exits the lab, leaving
his program running all night. He slips into his red Porsche and drives
somewhere to a luxurious super-modern house in the Valley. He sleeps the
deep sleep of the satisfied inventor. He is sure of what to expect in the
morning.
The next day, when he enters the lab, a dozen scientists are clustered
around his computer. The computer is speaking perfectly. While SuperTech
slept, his computer - aided by his Neural Network - taught itself to read and
speak perfectly. There are congratulations all around. SuperTech smiles
at his co-workers. It is a technological triumph!
Science Fiction? No, this has already happened! The computer scientists
who performed this astounding technological breakthrough were Terrence
Sejnowsk and Charles Rosenberg working at the Princeton University AI Lab.
Their program, NET-TALK, beginning with no knowledge whatsoever, learns good
pronunciation and speech control automatically, in a single overnight
training session.
A Neural Network is a biological model of a human brain, simulated in
the binary memory of your PC. It is made up of artificial Neurons, connected
to each other by Axions. Each Neuron can have many inputs, but only one
output. As a Neuron gets energized by input, it fires, sending energy along
axions to other nearbye Neurons. If another Neuron receives energy from two
or more axions, it also will fire, propagating the excitation to others.
There are hundreds or even thousands of such Neurons, arranged in layers, and
all together they form a Neural Network, capable of learning from experience.
The technology has advanced so rapidly that there are now over 100
companies offering Neural Network products, ranging from AT&T to startups
with names like NeuralWare, NeuralTech and Neurogen. Numerous systems are
already being beta-tested commercially, including systems to diagnose diseases,
to determine credit ratings, to analyse radar signals, and even to compose
music. American Express will be using Optical Scanners with a hard-wired
Neural Network (trained to read handwriting) to read millions of Credit Card
Charge Slips each day. The Department of Defense plans to spend 400 million
over the next eight years to develop neural networks for defense. Three or
four contracts worth several million dollars each to expand neural-net
research will soon be awarded by the Air Force. The goal is to create an
aircraft that can "learn" or "adapt" to its environment - for example,
reconfiguring itself if controls are damaged. It will be know as a
"Self-Repairing Flight Control Program".
As might be expected, a major competition is underway between the U.S.
and Japan to see who will triumph in this new high-tech arena. "The same
kind of excitement that surrounded artificial intelligence some years ago
seems to be around Neural Networks today, " says Bell Laboratories president
of research. "Neural Networks are moving faster from concepts to serious
applications than artificial intelligence did."
About a dozen small startups have sold over ten thousand Neural Network
simulation programs during the past year, allowing researchers to develop
prototype applications rapidly on digital computers such as the IBM/PC.
Five or six larger Corporations are offering NeuroComputers, in which the
hardware differs radically from a standard PC, and is hard-wired to resemble
the brain. One industry Guru believes that NeuroComputers may lead to a
multibillion-dollar market for new types of chips and computers.
Typical examples are the Anza Plus, a $15,000 NeuroComputer
from Hecht-Nielsen Corp here in the U.S., and the PC9800, a PC Compatible
NeuroComputer for $11,000 from NEC in Japan. Commercial Neural Network
Systems can run up to sixty thousand dollars, but a number of companies are
also offering simpler systems that you can use to experiment with Neural
Networks on your own PC.
NEURON EXPERT
=============
NEURON EXPERT (Thinking Software, Inc. 46-16 65th Place, Woodside,
New York 11377 $59.95, with extensive documentation, free AI Demo Disk,
and the AI Catalog featuring over 50 other AI Programs.)
Neuron Expert is a true neural network environment simulated in the
standard digital hardware of your PC. It is a combined Expert System
and Neural Network, and no knowlege of programming is required.
It is unique among Expert Systems in that there is no need to encode
the expert's knowledge into a complex series of IF/THEN rules.
Instead, you enter the questions you want the network to ask the user,
and all possible solutions the network can select from at the conclusion
of the consultation. Then, you TRAIN THE NETWORK, by answering all the
questions, and choosing the correct solution. Only ONE training
session is required for each solution - the network learns quickly.
When you type NEURON at the DOS prompt, you are presented with this Menu:
╔══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗
║ NEURON EXPERT ║
║ The Neural Network Expert System ║
║ ║
║ 1. Demo Consultation ║
║ 2. Quick Reference ║
║ 3. Enter Queries ║
║ 4. Enter Solutions ║
║ 5. Train The Network ║
║ 6. Expert Consultation ║
║ 7. Tutorial ║
║ 8. Exit ║
║ ║
║ Please Enter Your Choice: ║
║ ║
║ (c) 1988 Thinking Software, Inc. ║
╚══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝
Let's go through the various Menu Choices:
1. DEMO CONSULTATION. Immediately acquaints you with a ready-to-run
application. The Neuron Expert asks you questions about your boss,
and at the conclusion of the consultation will tell you if he is the
greatest boss alive, an ordinary boss with some good and some bad
qualities, or an out and out rotten slavedriver!
2. QUICK REFERENCE. A handy online summary of all you need to know
to build your own Neural Network.
3. ENTER QUERIES. Enter up to 25 Queries, terminating each with a
Question Mark, and then press enter. After your last query, press
enter to return to the main menu. Use query zero(0) as a description
of your system (as in the demo). You have 256 characters for each query.
4. ENTER SOLUTIONS. Enter up to three solutions, terminating each
with a period. If you only have two solutions (like YES and NO)
just press enter when asked for the third. You have 256 bytes to use
for each.
5. TRAIN THE NETWORK. Your first solution is