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CHAPTER.9
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CHAPTER 9
Words, Words, Words
386 - This refers to computers that have a 80386 or 80486
or higher "86" number microprocessor in them.
80286 - This is the number for a microprocessor in an AT or
286 computer. It is less sophistocatedthan 386 and
a little better than an 8086.
80386 - This refers to the microprocessor in all 80386 computers.
There are two types of 386's: the SX and the DX: the SX
is a cheaper version of the DX.
80486 - This refers to the microprocessor found in a 80486
computer. It is a bit better than a 386, and costs a
bit more, too.
8086/8088 - These numbers refer to the first microprocessors
found in the personal computers to come out
in the early 1980's.
A: - This refers to the "A" "Drive" on the computer. Usually
a floppy disk drive. It is the mechanism which operates
using external, removable floppy disks, rather than the
fixed hard drive. Programs run slower when run from
a floppy drive.
alt-key - A key labeled ALT which is used in combination with
other keys in order to carry out specified functions
in a program. ALT-C means that first the ALT key
is depressed, then the letter "C" is depressed while
holding the alt down in position.
applications - A term which applies to computer programs, general-
ly of a similar type. There are word processing applica-
tions, or database applications.
arrow keys - These are keys on the keyboard which move the
cursor around on the screen - they have little arrows
on them one for U p arrow, D own arrow, L eft arrow,
R ight arrow.
ansi - Pronounced AN-SEE. Generally refers to a type of color
graphic screen, which is relatively easy to draw and
which is used for color menus, etc.
ascii - Pronounced ASK-EE It is generally referred to as a plain
text file. Nothing fancy! Just like typing on a type-
writer. A lot of word processors use ascii text as their
standard.
backslash - This is the "\" character. It is a backwards slanting
slash. In DOS the backslash is used to symbolize the
root directory. It also helps to separate several items
in a path name. eg. C:\DOS\COMMAND.COM
backup - A method of copying your files from the Hard Drive to
a safe place - like on floppy disks, or a tape drive.
This is totally for safekeeping ... in case something
happens and the HD "crashes" (all of the data is lost)!
baud - Actually refers to a signal change in computereze. But it
has come to be known as BPS or bytes per second - the
speed at which a modem transfers information. eg. 2400bps.
bit - Meaning "binary-digit". This refers to a single micro-
scopic switch inside the computer, which contains the value
of 0 or 1. Millions of these can be found in a computer
system. They go into making up memory and disk storage.
boot - This is how you turn the computer on - you "boot it up"!
Resetting the computer is the same as "re-booting" or
giving it a "warm boot"!
byte - This is a group of eight bytes clustered together to
form one unit of information. It is one single character
stored inside the computer. "Byte" requires four bytes of
storage inside the computer. Bytes also measure the capa-
city of storage space, either filled, or unfilled: eg.
kilobyte, megabyte.
C: - This is what the main root drive of a hard disk is called.
The "C" drive. The ":" after the letter defines it as a
"drive".
capacity - This is the amount of storage space that is possible
on a given drive. Some hard disks can store up to 500meg
of information or more, while a floppy disk can only hold
360K, 720K, or 1.2m or 1.4m ... depending on which type
you have on hand.
CD-ROM - Means: COMPACT DISK - READ ONLY MEMORY. THis means that
a disk can hold information to be "read" only and not
"written" to. One disk can hold several million bytes of
information. It is like a musical CD disk, only it stores
electronic information in the form of files, rather than
songs.
CGA - Color Graphics Adapter - This was the first video system for
a personal computer which allowed you to see color text and
graphics. Not very sophisticated. Cartoonlike graphics.
clone - This means an imitation of the original. Most all computers
are clones of the first IBM models.
chkdsk /f - When you type this at a dos prompt it will "check" your
"disk" to see if there is any internal file structures that
are damaged in anyway, due to use. The "/f" switch means
that it will fix the damage for you.
CMOS - THis has to do with the special memory inside the computer.
This type of memory stores information about the computers
configuration and hard drive. It also keeps track of the
date and time. This requires a battery to run.
compatible - This term refers to a computer that can run DOS soft-
ware. Mostly all computers are DOS compatible these days.
control key - This is a key-combination which uses the Ctrl or
CONTROL key plus another key depressed while still holding
down the control key... It provides an additional level of
function keys.
conventional memory - This is the basic type of memory in a PC,
where DOS runs and all your are located. There can be
a maximum of 640K of conventional memory.
CPU - This means central processing unit.... this is the brains
of the computer.
ctrl - This is the name of the Control Key as it appears on the
keyboard.
cursor keys - There are the arrow keys which moves the cursor
around the screen.
cursor - The blinking underline on the screen. This marks your
position on the screen, showing you where any new text
will appear.
data - Information. This is what is created and changed by using
the computer. It can be anything at all. A word proces-
sing document, a spreadsheet, a database.
database -
default - This means the standard choice, option, or selection
automatically taken when you don't choose something
else.
directory - This is the place where a collection of files is kept!
Every disk has one main directory. This is called the
root directory. Usually attached to this directory are
related or subdirectories. When you save a file to the
disk ... it is saved to a particular directory. You can