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HARDRIVE.TUT
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1992-01-25
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HARD DISKS - THE ESSENTIAL ACCESSORY
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A simple observation: the first accessory any computer user
should buy is hard drive. On a dollar for dollar basis nothing
speeds up processing and expands convenience like a hard drive.
The bad news? The substantial storage capacity of a hard drive
contains the seeds of data catastrophe if you don't understand
how to CAREFULLY maintain a hard drive.
Many computer operations tend to slow down at the critical
bottleneck of information transfer from computer memory (RAM) to
disk. The faster the transfer, the faster the program operates.
Nine times out of ten it is the bottleneck formed when
information flows to or from a disk that you and your program
must wait. This is where a hard drive really shines - speed.
Given the best possible treatment, a hard drive should last from
eight to fifteen years. Drive manufacturers typically suggest
30,000 to 70,000 hours of routine life for a hard drive before
failure. If you kept your PC on for a 40 hour work week for 50
weeks - you could expect about 15 years of service for a drive
rated at 30,000 hours. Some hard drive users even suggest
leaving the drive on continuously or alternatively turning it on
in the morning and off at night to minimize motor and bearing
wear since it is the starting shock which wears most heavily on
a drive. However, given marginal treatment or abuse, you can
expect about fifteen minutes of service followed by a $250
repair bill. Obviously a little information about hard drives
and their care can't hurt.
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TECHNOLOGY 101 - BOOT CAMP FOR HARD DRIVE USERS
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What is a hard drive? If you have worked with a floppy disk you
already understand something about hard drives. Basically the
hard drive unit is a sealed chamber (sealed against dust and
dirt) which contains rapidly spinning single or multiple stacked
platters. The platter(s) are similar to a floppy disk in that
they store information magnetically - data can be erased and
rewritten as needed. The trick is, however, that the storage
capability is immense on a hard drive.
A floppy typically holds about one third of a million computer
characters (360,000 or 360K bytes). The hard drive can commonly
hold 20 to 40 million (or more!) bytes or computer words. In
addition, the hard drive motor spins the magnetic platter
quickly so that information is transferred rapidly rather than
the tedious rate of the leisurely spinning floppy. A small
read/write head hovers and moves above the hard drive magnetic
platter much like a phonograph needle above a record. The
difference is that the read/write head of the hard drive rides
slightly above the platter on a thin cushion of air. In the
floppy drive mechanism, the read/write head is in direct contact
with the floppy. All hard drives are installed in two parts: the
drive (a box containing the disk and read/write head) and the
controller (a circuit board). The hard drive stores the
information. The controller assumes the role of a high speed
"translator/traffic cop" to help the hard drive move its massive
amount of information smoothly.
Back to the magnetic platter for a moment. The read write heads
are mounted on a moveable arm and each position of the head
above the platter defines a circular TRACK just like the track
of a phonograph record. As the arm changes positions, different
circular tracks are traced magnetically upon the surface of the
platter. Most hard drives have several read/write heads which
service both the top and bottom of each platter. A set of tracks
on different platters define a vertical CYLINDER somewhat like
the surface of a tin can whose top and bottom are missing. Large
hard drives can have six or more platters and therefore 12 or
more sides for information storage. The tracks can also be
defined as divisions of equally divided data called SECTORS
which are something like portions of the outer edge of a circle.
Finally, the sum collection of tracks, sectors and cylinders
define the entire VOLUME of the hard disk.
Each piece of data has an address which tells the read/write
heads where to move to locate that specific piece of
information. If you tell the read/write heads to move to and
hover over a specific track, sooner or later your data will pass
beneath it. Since you can move the heads directly to a given
track quickly, the early nomenclature for a hard drive was the
DASD or DIRECT ACCESS STORAGE DEVICE.
Movement of the read/write head arm takes a little time. For
this reason an ACCESS TIME is associated with hard drives and
stated in advertising and specification sheets. Generally this
time is stated as the AVERAGE ACCESS TIME and is frequently in
the thousandths of seconds or millisecond range which is fast
indeed. The old IBM XT class machines featured access times
around 85 milliseconds with the AT class machines featuring
access times around 40 seconds. Newer hard drives post times in
the 28 to 15 millisecond access range. Remember, the faster you
can move the read/write heads, the faster you can get to your
data.
The AVERAGE WAIT TIME is a less frequently discussed number but
equally interesting. Once the read/write head is positioned over
the track holding your data, the system must wait for the
correct sector to pass beneath. Obviously, the average wait time
is one half the time it takes for a full rotation of the
platter. This figure is rarely given in advertisements and is
usually comparable for most drives of the same type and is
generally much shorter than the access time. Speed matters to a
hard drive! Average wait time is published if you dig it out of
the specification sheet or write to the manufacturer.
An extension of this logic brings us to consider the INTERLEAVE
FACTOR for a disk. Generally a hard drive reads and writes
information in sectors of the same, repeatable size such as 512
bytes. However programs and data files are usually much bigger
than this and obviously must be scattered onto many sectors. The
problem is that the disk rotation is much too fast for a large
file to be written in perfectly contiguous sectors on the same
track. If you tried to write the data onto a track, one byte
after the next, the central processing unit chip or CPU could
not absorb the data fast enough.
The solution is to place sectors to be read in ALTERNATING
fashion which gives the CPU time to digest the data. Thus if a
circular track on the platter had 8 sectors you might number and
read them in this order: 1,5,2,6,3,7,4,8. This way the CPU has a
"breather" in between each sector read. The number of rotations
it takes the heads to read ALL tracks in succession is the
INTERLEAVE FACTOR. Slow CPU chips can force a disk to use an
interleave factor of 3 or even 4. A faster processor might be
able to handle a disk interleave of 1:2 (such as 80286 processor
chips) or e