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SPREAD.TUT
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1992-01-25
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USING SPREADSHEETS
THAT FEELING OF MONEY AND POWER
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WHAT IS A SPREADSHEET?
One simple definition for a spreadsheet, is: "a storage and
calculation system which resembles a piece of graph paper." In
many popular spreadsheet programs this "electronically alive
grid" can act like a database (storage), calculator
(accountant's pad) and graph production device (graph output).
In effect the cells within the grid of this "electronic graph
paper" can add, subtract, move and manage numbers and
information.
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DATABASE SPREADSHEET USE OF A SPREADSHEET - AN EXAMPLE
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Study the illustration below then read the explanation which
follows:
A B C D
==========================================================
1 || | CLIENT CONTACT DATABASE | |
2 || | -------------------- | |
3 || | 1987-1988 | |
4 || | | |
5 ||NAME | DAY TEL | EVE TEL | FIRM |
6 || | | | |
7 ||Brown, Sam | 232-9090 | 111-7878 | Genl. Mega |
8 ||Happ, Sue | 687-9058 | 454-6767 | Whoops Inc |
9 ||Davis, Bob | 444-9999 | 343-0909 | Creamy Co |
10 || | | | |
11 || | | | |
Just as we could keep client names, christmas card lists, key
suppliers and inventories of goods in a book, we could also keep
items to remember in a spreadsheet as illustrated. But the power
and elegance of a spreadsheet is only partially storage and
retrieval. We can also sort the data by phone number (list of
all clients sorted by phone number or list of all clients sorted
by last name). We can also search the data (find all clients
employed by one firm). We can expand the database (add more
names) We can expand the fields - columns in the spreadsheet
(for example we could add yet more columns to the right to
include address, birthdate, product ordered, date of last order,
average dollar amount of order, date of first contact, etc).
Once these new items of data have been added, we could again
search and sort for various interesting facts (all clients in
zip code 98040 having more than $2,000 of business with us).
A spreadsheet typically refers to the boxes where information is
stored as cells. Each cell has an address. Thus in the example
cell A7 contains the name Sam Brown.
Most spreadsheets are large! Many offer 256 columns and over
8000 rows! You scroll or move around to view one screen of data
at a time. True database programs differ from spreadsheets in
how they view the information and process it, but for many
people, a spreadsheet used as a database is a simple,
understandable and very fast way of storing, searching and
sorting information. For larger databases of several thousand
items, you would probably be wiser to use a true database
product, however.
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ANALYSIS & CALCULATION USE OF A SPREADSHEET - AN EXAMPLE
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Study the illustration below then read the explanation which
follows:
A B C D
==========================================================
1 || | CHECKBOOK BALANCING FORM | |
2 || | -------------------- | |
3 || | Outstanding |Outstanding |
4 || | Withdrawals: |Deposits: |
5 ||Bal from | | | |
6 ||statement: | 1500 | 50 | 25 |
7 || | | 50 | 25 |
8 ||Sum of all | | 100 | 50 |
9 ||outstanding | | 200 | |
10 ||withdrawals:| 500 | 100 | |
11 || | | | |
12 ||Sum of all | | | |
13 ||outstanding | | | |
14 ||deposits: | 100 | | |
15 || | | | |
16 ||Total: | 1100 | | |
17 || | |
18 ||Register: | 1100 <--- When B16=B18, checkbook is balanced!
A spreadsheet can also do calculations. We all have balanced a
checkbook at some time. Most of us use the printed form on the
back of the statement. You fill in the boxes with a pencil, find
missing checks, post forgotten deposits and generally scratch
and erase your way to a balanced and reconciled checkbook each
month. The spreadsheet above looks and acts about the same but
does it more quickly. It adds new checks and erases errors more
quickly, and when done prints out a final copy on your printer.
When you update an entry on the form, it instantly adds the
columns to arrive at new totals. Trial and error the easy way!
The results from all numbers in column C are added and placed in
the cell at position B10. Similarly, the numbers in column D are
added and placed in cell B14. Finally, a calculation is done to
produce the result of B6+B14-B10 and placed in B16. This all
happens in about 1/4 second!
A feature common to many spreadsheets is the ability to create
graphs of great variety: bar, pie, stacked bar, line and scatter
graphs are quite commonly obtained from data placed into or
calculated by the spreadsheet.
Obviously more elaborate spreadsheet examples can be prepared
which produce projections, budgets, salary expenses, tax reports
and so forth. Just remember that the spreadsheet in its
calculation mode can do thousands of calculations quickly and
can change all cells based on one or two small changes in a few
cells. Many spreadsheets have special functions for advanced
statistical, financial, date and real estate formulas already
imbedded or hidden in the structure of the spreadsheet. Macros
(a form of multiple step programming or allowing the computer to
type many keystrokes at once) are a common feature which provide
yet further shortcuts within most spreadsheets.
Many spreadsheets also have hidden "help screens" which you can
quickly pop up into view for a refresher on points you have
forgotten. These help screens are frequently "context sensitive"
meaning you can stop while working with a spreadsheet formula