home
***
CD-ROM
|
disk
|
FTP
|
other
***
search
/
Collection of Education
/
collectionofeducationcarat1997.iso
/
HEALTH
/
MED9602.ZIP
/
M9620143.TXT
< prev
next >
Wrap
Text File
|
1996-02-26
|
4KB
|
58 lines
Document 0143
DOCN M9620143
TI Excitatory amino acid receptors and neurodegeneration.
DT 9602
AU Doble A; Departement Biologie, Rhone-Poulenc Rorer S.A.,;
Vitry-sur-Seine, France.
SO Therapie. 1995 Jul-Aug;50(4):319-37. Unique Identifier : AIDSLINE
MED/96027110
AB This review describes recent advances in our understanding of the
pharmacology of excitatory amino acid receptors, and the application of
this knowledge to the unravelling of the aetiology of neurodegenerative
diseases, and to their therapy. Ionotropic excitatory amino acid
receptors can be divided into two large families, the NMDA receptor
family, and the AMPA/kainate receptor family. Receptor cloning studies
have shown there to be a large number of potential subtypes of receptors
in both these families. Antagonists have been developed for the NMDA
receptor which can interact with at least four independent drug
recognition sites on the receptor. For the AMPA/kainate receptor, two
classes of antagonist have so far been identified. Reasonably potent,
selective and brain-penetrating antagonists now exist for virtually all
these sites, and compounds inhibiting the release of glutamic acid
presynaptically have also been identified, such as riluzole. The ability
of glutamic acid to kill neurons (excitotoxicity) seems to be mediated,
in most cases, by an interaction with NMDA receptors, leading to an
uncontrollable rise in intracellular calcium concentrations and thence
cell lysis and death. The setting-up of glutamatergic loops seems to be
a key process in the maintenance, spread and amplification of
neurodegenerative foci. The existence of such processes has been amply
demonstrated in animal models of stroke, in which both NMDA and
AMPA/kainate receptor antagonists have neuroprotective effects. Clinical
trials are underway with NMDA receptor antagonists in stroke.
Excitotoxic mechanisms probably also contribute to pathology in head
trauma and viral encephalopathy. Ingestion of excitatory amino acids may
play a role in neurological conditions of dietary aetiology, such as
neurolathyrism and domoic acid intoxication. For chronic
neurodegenerative diseases, the role of excitatory amino acids is much
less clear, although there is some evidence for the existence of
excitotoxic mechanisms in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Evidence from
animal models suggests that drugs that block glutamatergic
neurotransmission might be beneficial in Parkinson's disease,
Huntington's chorea and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, but the relevance
of these animal models to the human pathology is not clear. However,
preliminary clinical results suggest riluzole to be efficacious in
prolonging survival in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and certain weak
NMDA receptor antagonists are currently used in the treatment of
Parkinson's disease. The next few years could witness a breakthrough in
the treatment of neurological conditions as drugs that interfere with
glutamatergic transmission become available for clinical use.
DE Animal AIDS Dementia Complex/METABOLISM Central Nervous
System/INJURIES/METABOLISM Cerebrovascular Disorders/METABOLISM
Glutamic Acid/METABOLISM Human *Nerve Degeneration Receptors,
Glutamate/CLASSIFICATION/*METABOLISM JOURNAL ARTICLE REVIEW REVIEW,
ACADEMIC
SOURCE: National Library of Medicine. NOTICE: This material may be
protected by Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S.Code).