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- HydraCyl
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- HYDRAULIC CYLINDER SELECTION
- FOR INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS
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- FLUID SOFTWARE ENGINEERING
-
-
- Information about this document is subject to change without notice
- and does not represent a commitment on the part of Fluid Software
- Engineering. The software described in this document is furnished
- under a license agreement or non-disclosure agreement. This
- software may be used or copied only in accordance with the terms of
- the agreement. It is against the law to copy the software on any
- medium except as specifically allowed in the license or
- non-disclosure agreement. No part of this manual may be reproduced
- or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or
- mechanical, including photocopying and recording, for any purpose
- without the express written permission of Fluid Software
- Engineering.
-
-
- ■ Copyright Fluid Software Engineering 1992-94.
- All Rights Reserved World-Wide.
-
-
- Professional Engineering Software for your PC
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- Simultaneously published in Australia and the U.S.A.
-
- TABLE OF CONTENTS
-
-
-
-
- PART 1 INTRODUCTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
-
- 1.1 WHAT IS HydraCyl?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
-
- 1.2 TECHNICAL SUPPORT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
- 1.2.1 THE SOURCE CODE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3
- 1.2.2 DISCLAIMER. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4
-
- 1.3 LICENCE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4
- 1.3.1 FREE EVALUATION VERSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4
- 1.3.2 REGISTERED VERSION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4
- 1.3.3 DISTRIBUTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
-
- 1.4 COPYRIGHT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6
-
- 1.5 REVIEWS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6
-
- 1.6 DEFINITIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6
-
- PART 2 OPERATING THE PROGRAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
-
- 2.1 SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
- 2.1.1 OPERATING ENVIRONMENTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
-
- 2.2 INSTALLING HYDRACYL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8
-
- 2.3 WORKING WITH HydraCyl. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8
- 2.3.1 HELP CONVENTIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
- 2.3.2 HOT KEYS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
- 2.3.3 ACCELERATOR KEYS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
- 2.3.4 MENUS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
- 2.3.5 COMMAND BUTTONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
- 2.3.6 RADIO BUTTONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
- 2.3.7 INPUT FIELDS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
-
- 2.4 HELP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
-
- PART 3 HydraCyl. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
-
- 3.1 DESCRIPTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
- 3.1.1 CYLINDER. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
- 3.1.1.a Dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
- 3.1.1.b Operating Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
- 3.1.1.c Mounting Type. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
- 3.1.1.d Mounting Orientation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
- 3.1.1.e Hydraulics Pipe (Tube) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
- 3.1.1.f Exit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
- 3.1.2 ANALYSIS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
- 3.1.2.a PERFORM ANALYSIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
- 3.1.2.b RESET ALL DATA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
- 3.1.3 TOOLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
- 3.1.3.a CALCULATOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
- 3.1.3.b PRINT ANALYSIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
- 3.1.3.c STROKE - BRAKING PRESSURE CHART. . . . . . . . . 43
- 3.1.4 HELP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
- 3.1.4.a Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
- 3.1.4.b Current Topic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
- 3.1.4.c Using Help . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
- 3.1.4.d Keyboard/Mouse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
- 3.1.4.e Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
- 3.1.4.f About HydraCyl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
- 3.1.5 COMPUTED DATA SCREENS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
- 3.1.5.a Page 1 Screen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
- 3.1.5.b Page 2 Screen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
- 3.1.5.c Page 3 Screen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
- 3.1.5.d Page 4 Screen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
- 3.1.5.e Page 5 Screen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
-
- PART 4 USING HydraCyl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
-
- 4.1 EXAMPLE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
-
- APPENDIX A CYLINDER OPERATING PARAMETERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
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- APPENDIX B MOUNTING TYPE CODES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
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- APPENDIX C Piston Rod-Stroke Charts (medium and heavy duty). . . . 69
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- APPENDIX D Pipe (Tube) - Charts (Imperial and Metric sizes). . . . 72
-
- F I G U R E S
-
- Figure 1: HELP SCREEN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
- Figure 2: HELP CONTENTS SCREEN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
- Figure 3: HELP INDEX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
- Figure 4: HydraCyl WORKING SCREEN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
- Figure 5: CYLINDER DROP DOWN MENU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
- Figure 6: CYLINDER DIMENSIONS SCREEN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
- Figure 7: CYLINDER OPERATING PARAMETERS SCREEN. . . . . . . . . . . 22
- Figure 8: CLEAR VALUES BUTTON BAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
- Figure 9: OPTIONS FOR METRIC AND IMPERIAL UNITS . . . . . . . . . . 26
- Figure 10: MOUNTING TYPE SCREEN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
- Figure 11: BASIC MOUNTING TYPES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
- Figure 12: MOUNTING ORIENTATION SCREEN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
- Figure 13: MOUNTING ORIENTATION OPTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
- Figure 14: PIPE DIMENSIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
- Figure 15: TUBE DIMENSIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
- Figure 16: EXIT SCREEN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
- Figure 17: ANALYSIS SCREEN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
- Figure 18: MESSAGE SCREEN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
- Figure 19: MESSAGE SCREEN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
- Figure 20: TOOL SCREEN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
- Figure 21: CALCULATOR SCREEN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
- Figure 22: PRINT ANALYSIS SCREEN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
- Figure 23: PRINTER SETUP SCREEN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
- Figure 24: STROKE - BRAKING PRESSURE CHART. . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
- Figure 25: HELP SCREEN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
- Figure 26: PAGE 1 SCREEN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
- Figure 27: PAGE 2 SCREEN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
- Figure 28: PAGE 3 SCREEN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
- Figure 29: PAGE 4 SCREEN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
- Figure 30: PAGE 5 SCREEN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
- Figure 31: Example. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
- Figure 32: a0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
- Figure 33: b0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
- Figure 34: c0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
- Figure 35: c1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
- Figure 36: c2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
- Figure 37: d0, e0. f0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
- Figure 38: d1, e1, f1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
- Figure 39: d2, e2, f2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
- Figure 40: d3, e3, f3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
- Figure 41: g0, h0, k0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
- Figure 42: g1, h1, k1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
- Figure 43: m0, n0, p0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
- Figure 44: m1, n1, p1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
- Figure 45: MEDIUM DUTY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
- Figure 46: HEAVY DUTY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
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- T A B L E S
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- Table I: MEDIUM DUTY CYLINDERS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
- Table II: HEAVY DUTY CYLINDERS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
- Table III: SELECTION CODES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
- Table IV: MOUNTING TYPE CODES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
- Table V: IMPERIAL SIZES according to USAS B36.10 (BS 1600). . . . . 72
- Table VI: METRIC SIZES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
-
- PART 1 INTRODUCTION
-
-
- 1.1 WHAT IS HydraCyl?
-
-
- In today's machinery and machine tools, hydraulic cylinders are the most widely
- used component for the movement of heavy loads at increasingly faster rates.
- Because every second saved can increase productivity and reduce costs the
- machine designer must find ways to operate cylinders as fast as possible.
- Choosing the hydraulic cylinder that best suits a particular application can be
- a very complex and time consuming task.
-
- HydraCyl computer software is designed to assist you in the selection of the
- correct hydraulic cylinder for industrial applications. Among other things,
- you will obtain information on:
-
- *the type of deceleration devices on hydraulic cylinders for your
- application;
-
- *buckling effects caused by the working load;
-
- *recommended minimum length of stop tubes for your hydraulic cylinder
- application;
-
- *the minimum capacity of oil required for proper cylinder 'breathing';
-
- *nominal flow rate required for the proper dimensioning of hydraulic
- valves;
-
- *minimum ramp time for accelerating/decelerating the attached load;
-
- *minimum travel distance during the acceleration/deceleration of the
- attached loads.
-
- If your preferred hydraulic cylinder is not up to the task then HydraCyl will
- let you know why so that you can simply modify your design criteria and perform
- another analysis.
-
- After you and HydraCyl arive at a suitable combination the STROKE - BRAKING
- PRESSURE CHART presents an accurate representation of what the hydraulic
- cylinder will be doing by highlighting such things as pressure peaks due to
- acceleration/deceleration and inertia.
-
- HydraCyl has been designed to carry out almost all of its functions and
- calculations automatically and in such a manner that it is able to respond
- promptly to incorrect or insufficient data. Hence, there is no need to produce
- a complex and difficult to understand manual.
-
-
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- 1.2 TECHNICAL SUPPORT
-
-
- HydraCyl has been designed for ease of use, and this manual and the on-line
- help should contain the answers to most of your questions. Read it first and
- check the appendices for trouble-shooting procedures.
-
- You should be able to easily solve most problems that occur in the use of
- HydraCyl by referring to the relevant topics in the on-line help system or in
- this manual. If you are having specific problems with HydraCyl that are not
- addressed in the general help topics, please read the Help topic
- troubleshooting guide. This guide contains specific details on a number of
- common problems that may occur in the use of HydraCyl, and their solutions.
-
- However, if you are experiencing a problem that is not addressed by following
- the above steps and you have ruled out hardware or system problems with your
- particular computer, HydraCyl User Support can be contacted in writing or by
- electronic mail to the addresses below.
-
- Please include the following details in any letter requesting user support:
-
- * make and processor type of the computer you are running HydraCyl on;
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- *make and display resolution of the video adaptor and monitor on the computer;
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- *the version of DOS being used;
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- *Windows version (if running under Windows); and
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- *a detailed description of exactly what you were doing with HydraCyl when
- theproblem occurred and what that problem is.
-
- Don't forget to include your return address!
-
- Inclusion of all (or as many as possible) of the above details will enable a
- quick and effective response to your problem.
-
- Please include the serial number of your registered copy (displayed in the
- [About] box found under Help in the HydraCyl working screen).
-
- The addresses for HydraCyl User Support are:
-
- Fluid Software Engineering
- PO Box 1245
- St. Kilda Sth.
- VIC. 3182
- Australia
- or
- Fluid Power Software
- P.O. Box 271932
- Fort Collins, CO 80527-1932
- U.S.A.
-
- Phone: (303) 493-2521
-
- If you have access to Compuserve or the Internet, the addresses are:
-
- Compuserve:72163,417
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- Internet: 72163.417@compuserve.com
- adamnik@werple.mira.net.au
-
-
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- 1.2.1 THE SOURCE CODE
-
-
- The source code for HydraCyl program is not available. This decision gives the
- developers of this software the ability to guarantee the integrity of our
- product in this era of software contamination. It is not available either
- under the DEMO concept or as a commercial product.
-
-
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- 1.2.2 DISCLAIMER
-
-
- Fluid Software Engineering disclaims all warranties relating to this software,
- whether expressed or implied, including, but not limited to any implied
- warranties of use or fitness for a particular purpose, and all such warranties
- are expressly and specifically disclaimed. Neither Fluid Software Engineering
- nor anyone else who has been involved in the creation, production, or delivery
- of this software and associated documentation shall be liable for any indirect,
- consequential, or incidental damages arising out of the use or inability to use
- this software, even if Fluid Software Engineering or an agent of Fluid Software
- Engineering has been advised of the possibility of such damages or claims. The
- person using this software bears all risk as to the quality and performance of
- the software.
-
-
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- 1.3 LICENCE
-
-
- By using this software you are choosing to accept the conditions of the
- relevant licence detailed below.
-
- The version of HydraCyl you are using can be ascertained by viewing the
- HydraCyl [About] box.
-
-
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- 1.3.1 FREE EVALUATION VERSION
-
-
- The free evaluation version may be identified by the words ** FREE EVALUATION
- VERSION ** being present in the [About] box of the program.
-
- The free evaluation version of HydraCyl may be freely copied and distributed as
- desired, as long as all the HydraCyl files are distributed in the manner in
- which they were present in the original archive file as released by the author.
- No files may be added to or removed from that original set of files.
-
- Under no circumstances may any fee be charged by anyone for the free evaluation
- version of HydraCyl.
-
- Under no circumstances may any modification be made to any of the HydraCyl
- files without the author's expressed written permission.
-
-
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- 1.3.2 REGISTERED VERSION
-
-
- The registered version of HydraCyl may be identified by the presence of a
- registered user name and a valid serial number in the [About] box and the
- absence of the words ** FREE EVALUATION VERSION **.
-
- Each copy of the registered version of HydraCyl is licensed only to the
- registered user, as detailed in the [About] box, and may be run on only one
- computer at a time. No copies may be made of the registered version of
- HydraCyl except for normal backup purposes.
-
- Under no circumstances may the registered version of HydraCyl be distributed by
- anyone without the author's expressed written permission.
-
- Under no circumstances may any modification be made to any of the HydraCyl
- files without the author's expressed written permission.
-
-
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- 1.3.3 DISTRIBUTION
-
-
- *Please feel free to distribute HydraCyl DEMO as often as you like.
-
- *Please do not distribute the program without all of its original related
- files, documentation and this notice.
-
- *Please do not accept payment for the HydraCyl DEMO program.
-
- *HydraCyl DEMO is licensed for individual personal use and evaluation for
- an unlimited time. Use and evaluation by businesses, corporations or
- individuals in a commercial venture is limited to 90 days, after which
- time the registered version of HydraCyl must be purchased or the use of
- HydraCyl DEMO must be discontinued.
-
- Distribution of the registered user version of the program is in violation of
- license agreements and copyright law.
-
-
-
- 1.4 COPYRIGHT
-
-
- HydraCyl is Copyright 1992-1995 to Fluid Software Engineering with All Rights
- Reserved.
-
- Any specific hardware/software names used in this document are the trademarks
- of the specific manufacturers.
-
-
-
- 1.5 REVIEWS
-
-
- The developers of this software are always in need of your opinion of our
- products so that we may continue to improve our software. Therefore, we
- welcome all suggestions that may lead to improvements in these products.
-
- Your printed review may be mailed to Fluid Software Engineering or Fluid Power
- Software at the respective addresses contained in this document.
-
-
-
- 1.6 DEFINITIONS
-
-
- Throughout the documentation, you may run into technical terms or everyday
- computer terminology which you are not familiar with.
-
- Following are some text examples you may come across:
-
- [Enter] This represents the Return or Enter key on the keyboard. If you
- see this in the text, press the Enter key rather than typing in
- the string.
-
- [Esc] This refers to the Esc key on the keyboard.
-
- [Alt] [char][Alt] is always followed by a character which means press and
- hold the Alt key and hit the following letter. [Alt] [A] means
- hold the Alt key down and press 'A'.
-
-
- PART 2 OPERATING THE PROGRAM
-
- 2.1 SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS
-
-
- HydraCyl requires an IBM PC, XT, AT, PS/2 or IBM 286 compatible computer or
- higher with at least 550K RAM, a hard drive with a minimum of 1.3 megabytes of
- free space and a VGA color display. A Microsoft compatible mouse is optional.
-
-
-
- 2.1.1 OPERATING ENVIRONMENTS
-
-
- Two multi-tasking environments are supported:
-
- *DESQview from QuarterDeck Office Systems.
- *Windows version 3.0 and greater from Microsoft.
-
- DESQview and Windows allow HydraCyl to run in a window without requiring the
- whole screen, except when high resolution graphics have to be viewed. HydraCyl
- will automatically switch to a full screen for this purpose and, after exiting
- from the graphics, revert to the window screen.
-
- In your Program package you will find special configuration files for DESQview
- and Windows.
-
- HydraCyl may not operate properly when other background software is running.
- By other background software, we mean programs that are loaded in the
- CONFIG.SYS or by any BAT file and remain in memory.
-
- If you experience unpredictable problems, it is possible that one of these
- programs is interfering with HydraCyl. Remove these programs or device drivers
- from the AUTOEXEC.BAT or CONFIG.SYS file one at a time until you find the
- offending item.
-
- Another method is to start DOS without any resident programs or device drivers
- and add them back in, one at a time, until the culprit is identified.
-
-
-
- 2.2 INSTALLING HYDRACYL
-
-
- The first thing you should do is back up your HydraCyl distribution disk.
- Please refer to your DOS manual if you are not sure how to backup your disk.
-
- To begin the unpacking and installation process place your diskette into your
- floppy drive and type:
-
- SETUP [Enter]
-
- You will be prompted to enter the source drive and to confirm or change the
- destination drive and path. The installation program will do all the necessary
- work for you.
-
- When the installation process has completed, you will be shown a message screen
- which contains important last-minute information on starting and running
- HydraCyl for the first time. Please read this screen carefully. It is
- strongly recommended that you type at the DOS prompt:
-
- HCR [Enter]
-
- Make sure that you read all the information shown in the screen presented by
- this action. If you want to start the main program, switch to the working
- directory where all the files reside and, at the DOS prompt, type:
-
- HC [Enter]
-
- If you add the working directory to your path in AUTOEXEC.BAT, you will be able
- to start the HydraCyl program from within any directory, but take note that
- on-line help will not be available.
-
-
-
- 2.3 WORKING WITH HydraCyl
-
-
- HydraCyl may be operated with or without a mouse to activate menus, command
- buttons and other controls. The on-line help provides detailed assistance by
- using the [Page Up] and [Page Down] keys, the [up] and [down] arrow keys or by
- clicking on the scroll bar to the right of the Help text with a mouse to view
- all pages of the text.
-
- In order for you to be able to operate and manipulate HydraCyl the relevant
- sections from the on-line help are shown below in 2.3.1 to 2.3.7.
-
- Please note that any type of control in HydraCyl may be rendered active or
- inactive by the program depending on whether it is possible to use that
- particular control at that particular time. Inactive controls become grey
- (they are "greyed out") and will not operate until HydraCyl activates them
- again.
-
- The various windows used throughout HydraCyl to accept or display information
- may be referred to in the Help text as forms.
-
- Mouse users should note that throughout this Help text the term to "click" on
- something means to move the mouse cursor to that item and then click the left
- mouse button once.
-
-
-
- 2.3.1 HELP CONVENTIONS
-
-
- Throughout the HydraCyl Help system the following conventions are observed:
-
- *The names of keyboard keys are in square brackets as, for example, [F1]
- indicates the F1 key, [Enter] indicates the Enter key, etc.
-
- *The names of menu command buttons are between underlined square brackets
- as in [OK] indicating the OK button, [Cancel] indicates the Cancel button,
- etc.
-
- *Accelerator keys are indicated by [Alt] [X], where X is the key to be
- pressed while the Alt key is held down as, for example, [Alt] [O] means
- that while holding down the Alt key, press O.
-
- *Windows presented on the screen for the purposes of collecting or
- displaying information may be referred to as forms.
-
- *Menu commands and form titles are shown in bold type; eg. Analysis,
- Perform Analysis, indicates the menu choice "Perform Analysis" on the
- "Analysis" menu and Cylinder Data indicates the "Cylinder Data" form.
-
-
-
- 2.3.2 HOT KEYS
-
-
- Hot keys are keys which, when pressed anywhere within HydraCyl (except while
- menus are active), will always carry out their associated action.
-
- Some examples are:
-
- [F1] opens Help related to the current activity;
- [F3] exits HydraCyl; and
- [F5] activates the pop-up calculator.
-
-
-
- 2.3.3 ACCELERATOR KEYS
-
-
- Throughout HydraCyl there are "accelerator" keys which may be used to directly
- carry out currently available actions by holding down the [Alt] key and then
- pressing the desired accelerator (highlighted) key.
-
- These keys are represented in HydraCyl by being the only bright white character
- in the name of any control or group of controls.
-
- Pressing the accelerator key for any control always causes that control to be
- directly activated whether or not it is the currently selected control. For
- example, pressing [Alt] [O] while the Cylinder Dimensions form is on the
- screen, will cause the [OK] button on that form to be activated.
-
- Pressing an accelerator key that is in the name of a group of controls, will
- always cause the first control in that group to become the currently selected
- control. For example, pressing [Alt] [P] while the Operating Parameters form is
- on the screen, will cause the cursor to jump to the first input field in the
- Pressure category.
-
-
-
- 2.3.4 MENUS
-
-
- At the very top of the HydraCyl working screen is a row of menu titles known
- collectively as the menu bar. Each of these menu titles may be activated to
- drop down a menu of items available under that title. These items may then be
- selected in order to carry out the required action in the program.
-
-
- Keyboard
-
- Pressing the [Alt] key alone will activate the menu bar. The left and right
- arrow keys can then be used to highlight the required menu and [Enter] then
- pressed to drop that menu down.
-
- Once a menu is dropped down the [up] and [down] arrow keys can be used to
- highlight the required menu choice and [Enter] pressed to carry out the chosen
- action, or the highlighted key in any menu item may be pressed to activate that
- menu item directly.
-
- Alternatively, the accelerator keys may be used to operate the menus as
- follows:
-
- - press [Alt] to highlight the accelerator keys on the menu bar;
-
- - while still holding down [Alt], press the highlighted key for the
- desired menu;
-
- - then press the highlighted key in the menu for the required item.
-
- For example pressing [Alt] [A] [A] will drop down the Analysis menu and select
- Perform Analysis from that menu.
-
-
- Mouse
-
- Click on any menu title to drop down that menu. Then click on the desired menu
- item.
-
- Alternatively, point to the desired menu title with the mouse cursor, then
- press and hold down the left mouse button. While continuing to hold down the
- left mouse button, drag the highlight bar down until the required menu item is
- highlighted. Then release the mouse button to activate the item.
-
-
-
- 2.3.5 COMMAND BUTTONS
-
-
- Command buttons are controls on HydraCyl forms that may be "pressed" like
- push-buttons in order to carry out particular actions.
-
- The two most common command buttons (which are present on almost every form in
- HydraCyl) are the [OK] and [Cancel] buttons. The [OK] button instructs the
- program to close the form and accept any changes made. The [Cancel] button
- closes the form without accepting any changes made.
-
-
- Keyboard
-
- A command button may be selected by pressing [Tab] (to go forward to the next
- control) or [Shift] [Tab] (to go backward to the previous control) until the
- required button is highlighted. Pressing [Enter] will then activate (or
- "press") the selected button.
-
- A command button may also be directly activated by using its accelerator key
- (see above) if it has one.
-
- On most forms the [Cancel] button can be activated by pressing the [Esc] key.
-
- When a command button is the currently selected control on a form, pressing
- [Enter] will always activate that button.
-
-
- Mouse
-
- To use a command button with the mouse simply click on the desired button.
-
-
-
- 2.3.6 RADIO BUTTONS
-
-
- A radio button is a control that consists of a name or value displayed adjacent
- to a pair of brackets that enclose a single space.
-
- Radio buttons always occur in groups, where one, and only one, member must be
- selected from among that mutually exclusive group of options (like the station
- buttons on a push button car radio).
-
- The selected member of a group of radio buttons is indicated by a dot that
- appears inside the brackets beside that item.
-
-
- Keyboard
-
- Use the [Tab] or [Shift] [Tab] keys to move between controls on the form until
- the desired group of radio buttons is selected. Then use the [up] and [down]
- arrow keys to select an item in the group.
-
- If the name of the group of radio buttons has an accelerator key, that
- accelerator key may be used to jump straight to that group.
-
-
- Mouse
-
- Click on the required radio button to select it.
-
-
- 2.3.7 INPUT FIELDS
-
-
- Input fields are places on a form where the user may enter data from the
- keyboard.
-
-
- Keyboard
-
- Use [Tab] or [Shift] [Tab] to select the required input field, then type in the
- desired data.
-
- If a named group of input fields has an accelerator key, using that key will
- cause the cursor to jump to the first active input field in that group.
-
- Remember that pressing [Enter] is only used in HydraCyl for activating a
- selected command button or menu item. Pressing [Enter] while an input field is
- selected will simply cause a beep. Use the [OK] button on the form to accept
- any entered data.
-
- Within an input field the left and right arrow and [Home] and [End] keys may be
- used to move the cursor. The [Insert], [Delete] and [Backspace] keys
- (destructive backspace) may be used to edit the data.
-
- Mouse
-
- To select an active input field, click on it with the mouse.
-
- See the "Keyboard" section above for information on the editing keys available
- within an input field.
-
-
- 2.4 HELP
-
-
- HydraCyl features context-sensitive help. As the name suggests, relevant help
- information is available for any screen, just by pressing the [F1] Help key.
-
- For example, if you are in the Mounting Type screen ([Alt] [C] and [Alt] [M])
- and press [F1] the Help window as shown in Figure 1 will appear.
-
-
- By moving around this screen with the mouse or the [up] and [down] arrow keys
- you will get extensive help for that screen. Of course, you can access any
- part of the Help file from any Help screen. In the above example, you will see
- buttons [Contents] and [Index]; these will give you instant access to any part
- of the global help available for any screen or command.
-
- Now, if this is not what you were looking for or if you wanted to get a list of
- Help Topics, just press [Alt] [O] or click on the [Contents] button with a
- mouse again to drop down the screen shown in Figure 2.
-
- By activating [Index], the window as shown in Figure 3 will appear on your
- screen.
-
- From here, you can jump over to Help on other screens and/or commands or obtain
- further information on how the Help system works. Help remembers where you
- have been, so you can retrace your steps back to the original screen by
- pressing [Alt] [B].
-
- The on-line help is not all-inclusive. Although this context-sensitive help
- has been made as detailed as possible, it is still no substitute for this
- manual.
-
- If [Alt] is pressed by mistake, use the [Esc] key to return to the previous
- status line.
-
- Pressing [Esc] will exit from all windows and HydraCyl functions without making
- any changes.
-
-
- PART 3 HydraCyl
-
- 3.1 DESCRIPTION
-
-
- When you start HydraCyl for the first time you will be presented with the
- initial working screen (Figure 4).
-
- On the top left corner of your screen there are four menus for navigating
- through program. They are:
-
- Cylinder (see also Figure 5)
- Analysis (see also Figure 17)
- Tools (see also Figure 21)
- Help (see also Figure 1)
-
- The Cylinder menu is designed for manually entering all data inputs required by
- program. The order in which you enter them is not important.
-
- The Analysis menu invokes the module that analyses the entered inputs as well
- as resetting all data (setting their values to zero).
-
- Tools comprises a handy calculator for your convenience, allows viewing of a
- previously saved Stroke - Braking Pressure Chart and contains a utility that
- allow you to print generated outputs.
-
- Help, as the world implies, is a complete on-line help system for this
- software. Remember that pressing the [F1] hot key from most places in HydraCyl
- will call up the on-line help system.
-
-
-
- 3.1.1 CYLINDER
-
-
- Use of a mouse to highlight Cylinder in the menu bar of the HydraCyl working
- screen or pressing [Alt] [C] will generate the drop down menu shown in Figure
- 5. This menu contains five data sets, these being:
-
- Dimensions;
- Operating Parameters;
- Mounting Type;
- Mounting Orientation; and
- Hydraulics Pipe (Tube).
-
- The menu also contains an Exit command.
-
-
-
- The purpose of this menu is to provide access to the data input screens.
- HydraCyl will perform all necessary calculations at both the local level and
- the global level, using the data entered into the program through each data
- set. Local level calculations relate to a specific data set and are based only
- on the data entered into that particular data set; global level calculations
- automatically take into account all information entered into the global
- Cylinder menu by way of all five data sets. Global level calculations are
- initiated by invoking the Analysis command in the HydraCyl Working Screen menu.
- If any information is missing or has an ambiguous meaning you will be warned by
- an error message at the time of data entry or by the Warnings screen on the
- fourth page of the Cylinder Data screen.
-
-
-
-
- 3.1.1.a Dimensions
-
-
- Dimensions provides a range of options detailing the type of cylinder you want
- to use in your design. Pointing and clicking the mouse on Dimensions will
- display the screen shown in Figure 6.
-
- The cylinder dimensions included in this program are based on data contained in
- catalogues from the world's main cylinders manufacturers.
-
- This menu is divided into three parts. They are:
-
- Cylinder's Duty (a choice of Medium or Heavy duty)
- Cylinder Bore Diameter (in inches)
- Cylinder Rod Diameter (in inches)
-
- To specify the cylinder's dimensions select, in this order, the Cylinder's
- Duty, the Cylinder Bore Diameter and the Cylinder Rod Diameter. This data is
- validated by clicking on the [OK] button.
-
- If for any reason you change your mind and decide to switch to another value,
- just point and click mouse at that value. No information on the cylinder
- diameter will be saved until the [OK] button is pressed.
-
- The cylinder dimensions available for both medium duty and heavy duty are shown
- in Table I and Table II below.
-
- After verifying the selected cylinder dimensions, by clicking the [OK] button,
- you will be taken back one level to the previous menu.
-
-
-
-
-
- 3.1.1.b Operating Parameters
-
-
- The Cylinder Operating Parameters screen (as shown in Figure 7) allows you to
- enter some of the hydraulic cylinder operating parameters which are necessary
- for HydraCyl to perform its calculations and analysis.
-
- There are four sub-sets to the Cylinder Operating Parameter screen. They are:
-
- Dimensions
- Flow
- Pressure
- Other.
-
-
- Only one parameter for each of the sub-sets labelled Flow and Pressure must be
- entered, the values for the other parameters in these sub-sets will then be
- calculated by HydraCyl as it performs its analysis.
-
- Once you have entered your parameter of choice in the Flow and Pressure
- sub-sets, HydraCyl prevents any further data being entered into both of these
- sub-sets. To re-activate all the input fields in one of the Flow or Pressure
- sub-sets either delete the relevant input value or use the [Clear Values]
- button (see below) to clear the values for that particular sub-set.
-
-
- Dimensions
-
-
- Under Dimensions there is only one parameter. It is the Stroke, which is the
- distance between the cylinder rod's fully extended and fully retracted
- positions.
-
-
- Flow
-
-
- Flow comprises five components but data must be entered in only one of them.
- The program will then calculate all other parameters and the results will be
- presented in the output screen.
-
- System Flow means the pump flow, which is the flow that is required by the
- cylinder for it to fulfil its function during its working cycle.
-
- Extending Speed means the speed of the movable part of the cylinder during
- the cylinder's extension.
-
- Extending Time means the time of cylinder travel between its fully
- retracted and fully extended states.
-
- Retracting Speed means the speed of the movable part of the cylinder
- during the cylinder's retraction.
-
- Retracting Time means the time of cylinder travel between its fully
- extended and fully retracted states.
-
- It should be noted here that the value entered into the Flow sub-set will be
- treated as the primary value and all other parameters will be determined by
- HydraCyl on the basis of that entered value. For example, if you enter a value
- for Extending Time, the values of System Flow, Extending Speed, Retracting
- Speed and Retracting Time will be automatically calculated.
-
-
- Pressure
-
-
- The logic of entering desired or required data in this sub-set is the same as
- for Flow parameters. The entered value is the primary data and all other values
- will be automatically calculated by HydraCyl. For example if you enter
- Retracting Force as the specified parameter, the System Pressure and the
- Extending Force will be determined on the basis of that value.
-
- System Pressure means the pressure generated by the pump, another source
- external to the cylinder or the pressure required by the cylinder to fully
- achieve its purpose during its working cycle.
-
- Extending Force means the force that results from the action of the System
- Pressure acting on the face of the piston, causing its extension
- (Extending Force, Extending Speed and Extending Time are always
- inextricably linked).
-
- Retracting Force means the force that results from the action of the
- System Pressure acting on the face of the piston, causing its retraction
- (Retracting Force, Retracting Speed and Retracting Time are always
- inextricably linked).
-
-
- Others
-
-
- The Applied Mass and Cyl-Valve distance are only the parameters in this
- sub-set. A value must be ascribed to both parameters, with zero being used if
- necessary.
-
- Applied Mass is the weight (not force) of the mass attached to the
- cylinder during its rod travel.
-
- Cyl-Valve distance is the distance between the cylinder's ports and the
- command block ports (pipeline length).
-
-
- Clearing Values
-
-
- On the bottom of the screen you will notice four buttons for [OK], [Clear
- Values], [Change Units] and [Cancel].
-
- The [OK] button will validate all data entered and take you back to the
- previous menu. [Cancel] will take you back to the previous menu but all newly
- entered data will be ignored. Any previously entered data will be retained.
-
- If you want to change any data entered in one of the parameter options you will
- be able to change it by clicking on the [Clear Values] button. This will
- present you with a number of options in the form of a new button bar across the
- bottom of the screen as shown in Figure 8.
-
- The [Flow] button will delete the value of any parameter in the Flow
- parameter sub-set and allow you to enter a new value for any other
- parameter in that sub-set.
-
- The [Pressure] button will delete the value of any parameter in the
- Pressure parameter sub- set and allow you to enter a new value for any
- other parameter in that sub-set.
-
- The [Stroke] button will delete the value of stroke in the Dimensions
- sub-set and allow you to enter a new value for the stroke.
-
- The [Other] button will delete the value for the Applied Mass and the
- Cyl-Valve distance in the Other parameter sub-set and allows you to enter
- new values for the mass attached to the cylinder rod and the pipeline
- length between cylinder and the command block.
-
- The [All] button will delete all values entered in all four parameter
- sub-sets.
-
- The [Cancel] button, as the word implies, allows you the flexibility of
- changing your mind and continuing to work with previously entered values
- but without erasing any of those entered data.
-
- It should be noted that clearing any value will take you back to the previous
- menu.
-
- Although there is only one parameter in the Dimensions sub-set, the same logic
- as above has been followed for the sake of future software upgrading.
-
-
-
- Changing Units
-
-
- HydraCyl allows you the choice of working in metric or imperial units. The
- [Change Unit] button provides the options available within the program. Figure
- 9 shows the menu that appears when you click on the [Change Unit] button.
-
-
- The dots show the default units for the program. If the defaults are changed
- the new defaults are saved in the HC.INI file in the working directory. It is
- emphasised here that if you change units after you have previously entered data
- into the program HydraCyl will not convert that data to the new units.
-
- For peace of mind always ensure that the units are in the desired system prior
- to entering any data.
-
- The on-line calculator incorporated with the [F5] hot key will help you avoid
- difficulties if you do not follow above mentioned recommendation.
-
- The [OK] button will validate the new units (entered by you) as the defaults
- and take you back to the previous screen. The [Cancel] button will take you
- back to the previous screen without setting new defaults.
-
- A summary of the Cylinder Operating Parameters is given in Appendix A.
-
-
-
- 3.1.1.c Mounting Type
-
-
- This screen allows selection of the type of mounting or mounting style that
- will be used to ensure that the cylinder is installed in such a manner that the
- working forces act along the line of the piston rod axis. There is a table in
- this screen (Figure 10) which lists the range of possible mounting types. The
- table is divided into columns labelled 'a' to 'p' (which represent the basic
- mounting types) and rows labelled '0' to '3' (which represent variations within
- each basic mounting type). Selecting any field within the table generates the
- display of a description of that particular mounting type.
-
-
- Activating the [View Basic Mount Types (a - p)] button will cause HydraCyl to
- display a diagram of the basic mounting types 'a' to 'p' (Figure 11), with
- letters corresponding to the appropriate column in the table.
-
- Note the code of the appropriate mounting and then press any key to return to
- the Mounting Orientation form.
-
- Activating the [View Detail of Selected Mount] button will generate a detailed
- diagram of the specific variation to the basic mounting type which is
- represented by the selected field.
-
- A complete list of Mounting Type Codes is given in Appendix B.
-
- A Mounting Type radio button that corresponds to the required basic mounting
- type and the correct mounting type variation must be selected.
-
- The procedure for specifying the type of mounting required is as follows:
-
- *activate Mounting Type in the Cylinder drop down menu (Figure 5)
-
- *switch to the high resolution diagram of the basic mounting types (Figure
- 11) by way of the [View Basic Mount Types (a - p)] button
-
- *identify and note the letter code of the requisite mounting type and
- return to the Mounting Type screen and its table (Figure 10) by pressing
- any key
-
- *mark the selected code in the table; details of the selected mounting
- will appear in the Description box in that screen
-
- *the selected mounting can be viewed by using the [View Detail of Selected
- Mount] button.
-
- Using the [View Detail of Selected Mount] button will also enable you to view
- the variations in the different types of mounting.
-
- The [OK] button will confirm the selected choice and automatically return you
- to the previous menu. The [Cancel] button will ignore any new selection and
- return you to the previous menu, retaining the previously selected values.
-
-
-
- 3.1.1.d Mounting Orientation
-
-
- The screen shown in Figure 12 relates to the range of possible mounting
- orientations.
-
- The Mounting Orientation menu provides access to a high resolution diagram that
- allows you to see how the load is attached to the cylinder as well as the
- spatial orientation of the hydraulic cylinder (defined by the angle between the
- cylinder's axis and the horizontal). Choosing one of the six Selection options
- will generate details of that particular mounting orientation in the
- Description box.
-
- The angle between the cylinder's axis and the horizontal (see below) must be
- entered. Any angle between 0 and 359 degrees inclusive is valid. The
- Coefficient of Friction between the fixed and the movable parts of the cylinder
- - mass assembly system must also be entered. Its value can range between 0 and
- 1.
-
- By clicking on the [View Orientation Diagrams] button the high resolution
- diagram as shown in Figure 13 is presented, showing the two basic methods of
- load attachment. These are:
-
- *attaching the load to the cylinder's piston rod (as shown in the sketch
- on the left hand side of Figure 13); and
-
- *attaching the load to the cylinder's body (as shown in the sketch on the
- right hand side of Figure 13).
-
- In both cases the point of fixture is marked by O. The cylinder axis OZ and
- the horizontal line OX form the angle that defines the spatial orientation of
- the cylinder. The small red arrows indicate the mode of movement and the
- method of attachment of the load to the cylinder.
-
-
-
- The [OK] button will validate your choice and take you back to the previous
- menu; the [Cancel] button will take you back to the previous menu without
- accepting any new data input. The Description box provides details of the
- selected Mounting Orientation that corresponds to the chosen Selection.
-
- A complete description of the Selection codes is given in Table III.
-
-
-
-
-
- 3.1.1.e Hydraulics Pipe (Tube)
-
-
- The pipe dimensions screen (Figure 14 and 15) displays a list of the
- combinations of nominal pipe diameters and wall thicknesses that are available
- within HydraCyl. The [Metric] button will allow you to switch to metric tube
- dimensions, given in millimetres; the [Imperial] button will take you back to
- the imperial screen.
-
- This list of pipe dimensions corresponds to the range of pipe (tube) sizes
- available from manufacturers, with units in inches and/or millimetres are given
- in Appendix D.
-
- When the desired pipe (tube) is selected in the Nominal Pipe Size column
- HydraCyl will present the corresponding available choices of wall thicknesses
- in the Nominal Wall thickness column.
-
- Mouse users may click on the desired diameters. Keyboard users should use
- [Tab] or the accelerator keys to choose the type of pipe (tube) to be used and
- then use the up and down arrow keys to pick a particular value from the list.
-
- Activate the [OK] button to validate your selections and record them on the
- Cylinder Data form (Figure 4).
-
-
-
- 3.1.1.f Exit
-
-
- This switch allows you to terminate HydraCyl and go back to the DOS/WINDOWS
- environment. The [F3] hot key operates this function. Use of this command
- will bring up the screen shown in Figure 16. Clicking on [Yes] with a mouse
- terminates the HydraCyl program; the [No] button cancels your request to exit
- HydraCyl and takes you back to the previous screen.
-
-
-
- 3.1.2 ANALYSIS
-
-
- Highlighting Analysis in the top menu bar of the HydraCyl working screen
- instructs the program to activate a drop down menu containing two options.
- These options, as shown in Figure 17 are:
-
- Perform Analysis
- Reset All Data
-
-
-
- 3.1.2.a PERFORM ANALYSIS
-
-
- This command instructs HydraCyl to analyse previously entered data. If you
- have missed any data required by the program to carry out the analysis,
- HydraCyl will prompt you to enter the missing information in the appropriate
- menu (which is automatically displayed by the program).
-
- HydraCyl is a very flexible program that will allow you to enter the required
- inputs in any order you desire, but if you would like HydraCyl to lead you
- through a "fast" analysis the first time you use it (or at any other time),
- follow these steps:
-
- *activate the Analysis menu and choose Perform Analysis. HydraCyl will
- advise you if any of the required information is missing; if the [OK]
- button is activated to continue, the program will present you with the
- relevant form for entering the missing data. For example, missing data on
- Cylinders dimensions is shown in Figure 18.
-
-
- *repeat the above steps until all the required inputs have been collected,
- at which point HydraCyl will perform its calculations and present you with
- a Calculations Complete message (the appearance of this message, as shown
- in Figure 19, confirms that the data entry process has been correct)
-
- *after selecting [OK], you may now browse through the pages of the
- Analysis results by using the [Page Up] and [Page Down] buttons on the
- Cylinder Data form or by pressing the [Page Up] and [Page Down] keys on
- the keyboard (data inputs are dark blue, results are light blue)
-
- *if desired, use the Cylinder menu to call up any of the different input
- forms to change any data you wish, then run Analysis again to check on the
- new results.
-
-
-
-
- 3.1.2.b RESET ALL DATA
-
-
- As the name implies, this command will reset all previously entered information
- in HydraCyl. In other words, it will have the same effect as exiting the
- program and then starting your HydraCyl session again. It is possible to
- confirm the action of this switch by browsing through the five pages of
- Cylinder Data (see 3.1.3.a PRINT ANALYSIS) as all information should have been
- deleted. Please note that if you perform Reset All Data it is not possible to
- recall the deleted data. Any data previously saved as a Stroke - Braking
- Pressure Chart (PCX format) will be still available to you.
-
-
-
-
- 3.1.3 TOOLS
-
- This menu provides access to the on-line calculator, contains the command to
- generate a hard copy report containing the results of an analysis and allows
- the presentation of a Stroke - Braking Pressure Chart.
-
- The Tool screen is shown in Figure 20.
-
-
-
-
- 3.1.3.a CALCULATOR
-
-
- The on-line calculator has been included for your convenience, allowing any
- quick calculations to be made if required. The calculator can be invoked by
- the [F5] hot key at almost any stage during while working within the HydraCyl
- environment. The [Hide] button will remove the calculator from the current
- working screen and take you back to the previous screen, allowing you to
- continue with your work.
-
- The calculator screen is shown in Figure 21.
-
-
-
-
- 3.1.3.b PRINT ANALYSIS
-
-
- A hard copy of the analysis results can be obtained by clicking on Print
- Analysis in the screen shown in Figure 22.
-
-
- The [OK] switch will instruct HydraCyl to print the screens with computed data.
- Always ensure that your Printer is properly connected to your system and set up
- the printer defaults using the Printer Setup command. Clicking on Printer
- Setup generates the screen shown in Figure 23.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- 3.1.3.c STROKE - BRAKING PRESSURE CHART
-
-
- Cylinder cushions are often installed at one or both ends of a cylinder to slow
- down the movement of the piston near the end of its stroke and prevent the
- piston hammering against the end cap.
-
- The main purpose of the Stroke-Braking Pressure Chart is to illustrate the need
- for cushions in particular cylinder applications. By studying this chart we
- are able to determine rapidly the correlation between generated braking
- pressure and associated braking stroke during cylinder decelerations at the end
- of stroke. The braking stroke (distance) is the cushion length. The braking
- pressure corresponds to the pressure generated by all external forces which
- oppose the cylinder's moving part during slowing down movement. Cylinder's
- moving parts are defined earlier in Mounting Orientation. Under the term "all
- external forces" we assume the inertial forces of the load attached load to the
- cylinder and inertial forces of the cylinder moving parts.
-
-
- This chart is dynamically drawn. Its typical presentation is shown on Figure
- 24. Whenever you point out and click on Braking Diagram button (screen 4 of 5),
- the chart appears on the screen. On the left hand side of the screen, in the
- vertical column, the colour legend is shown as follows:
-
- Maximum Rated Pressure (in red)
- Generated pressure at Head End compartment (in blue)
- Generated pressure at Cap End compartment (in green)
-
- Just below this information the column continues displaying:
-
- Cylinder Bore Diameter
- Cylinder Rod Diameter
- Stroke Length
- Code for Mounting Type
- Attached Mass (inertial load)
- System Pressure
- System Flow
- Code for Mounting Orientation
- Slope
- Friction Coefficient
-
- and commands:
-
- [E]xit (not shown on this figure)
- [S]ave (not shown on this figure)
-
- These two commands only appear when the Braking Diagram button is pressed,
- giving you two options:
-
- [E]xit - is command for returning to program
- [S]ave - is command for saving generated chart as HC12D.PCX image and
- returning to program.
-
- If command for saving image on disk (in the subdirectory you are in) is issued,
- on the top left side of the screen appears percent gauge (not shown on figure)
- indicating the value of scanned and saved image. That image can be invoked
- back from Tools menu View Stroke-Braking Pressure Chart until it is replaced by
- new image under the same name by new [S]ave command.
-
- The purpose of saving the previously generated image comes from experience that
- very often by comparing two charts (changed one or more parameters in cylinder
- application) it is possible to minimise the requirement for cushions. Also it
- allows us to examine the influence of some parameters on the behaviour of
- generated pressure in cylinder, and as a consequence bring the cylinder into
- the safe pressure rating zone (below the shown red line).
-
- Axes on the diagram are:
-
- X-axisThe Braking Stroke (distance) or cushion length
- Y-axisThe Generated Pressure.
-
- It should be emphasised that units for Braking Stroke and Generated Pressure
- are defined in Cylinder menu under Operating Parameters as corresponding units
- for Cylinder Stroke and System Pressure.
-
- Interpreting the chart is 'intuitive'. For any point that lies on the line it
- is possible to determine for particular Braking Stroke the corresponding
- Generated Pressure. If Generated Pressure goes over chart's limits (300 bar or
- 4350 psi) the appropriate message will be issued informing where that pressure
- is generated.
-
- The safe pressure zone lies below the red line (maximum pressure rating). The
- zone of possible damage to cylinder lies over the red line. It is obviously
- clear that any intersection between green or blue line with red line marks the
- point of minimum allowable cushion length. In other words, for any point of
- desirable braking distance that lies over the safe zone, the external braking
- device must be used.
-
- You can easily obtain information on standard cushion length (braking stroke)
- and maximum pressure rating from your favourite supplier of cylinders. Just
- enter that data on the chart and you will get information on what would happen
- in the cylinder. Generally, for any value of braking stroke between 1/2 inch
- and 2 inch (12.7 mm and 50.8 mm) you are able to determine actual braking
- pressure.
-
-
-
-
- 3.1.4 HELP
-
-
- On-line Help is very comprehensive and covers the topics of:
-
- *Contents;
- *Current Topic;
- *Using Help;
- *Keyboard/Mouse;
- *Introduction; and
- *About HydraCyl.
-
- Help Screen is shown in Figure 25.
-
-
- 3.1.4.a Contents
-
-
- This command opens Help at the Contents page.
-
-
-
- 3.1.4.b Current Topic
-
-
- Calls up Help on the form currently in use. This command has the same effect
- as using the [F1] hot key.
-
-
-
- 3.1.4.c Using Help
-
-
- General explanations on how to use Help are generated by this command.
-
-
-
- 3.1.4.d Keyboard/Mouse
-
-
- Opens Help on keyboard and mouse use.
-
-
-
- 3.1.4.e Introduction
-
-
- This command displays the Introduction to HydraCyl. It contains a brief
- description of the purpose of the program, the standard disclaimer (which is
- similar to that contained in this manual) and advice that the source code is
- not available (to ensure product integrity).
-
-
-
- 3.1.4.f About HydraCyl
-
-
- The version number and details of the particular HydraCyl package being used
- (DEMO or registered version) are shown in the [About] box. If you have a full
- registered version of HydraCyl your user details are also displayed in the
- [About] box.
-
-
-
-
- 3.1.5 COMPUTED DATA SCREENS
-
-
- Five pages of results of an Hydracyl analysis are available for browsing by
- using the [Page Up] and [Page Down] keys.
-
-
-
- 3.1.5.a Page 1 Screen
-
-
- The first page comprises only data entered by the user. It is split into two
- groups, these being the cylinder's prime dimensions and the cylinder's mounting
- details.
-
- Detailed descriptions of Mounting Type and Mounting Orientation could be found
- in Sections 3.1.1.c and 3.1.1.d. Page 1 Screen is shown in Figure 26.
-
-
-
-
- 3.1.5.b Page 2 Screen
-
-
- This page comprises the Operating Parameters that are calculated in accordance
- with the entered data. The Operating Parameters have been defined previously
- in Section 3.1.1.b. Page 2 Screen is shown in Figure 27.
-
- The length of stop tube required by the cylinder will be automatically
- determined by HydraCyl. If a Stop Tube is not required this field will remain
- blank.
-
- Extending Return Flow is the flow generated at the cylinder's head end port
- during the supply of the cylinder's cap end port by the System Flow during
- Extending Time.
-
- Max Pressure Rating is directly determined by cylinder's duty, bore and rod
- dimensions, mounting type and orientation.
-
- Retracting Return Flow is the flow generated at the cylinder's cap end port
- during the supply of the cylinder's head end port by the System Flow during
- Retracting Time.
-
- Extending Force is the force generated by Supply Pressure applied at the
- cylinder's cap end port.
-
- Retracting Force is the force generated by Supply Pressure applied at the
- cylinder's head end port.
-
-
-
-
- 3.1.5.c Page 3 Screen
-
-
- Page 3 Screen is shown in Figure 28. This page comprises:
-
- Column Strength based on cylinder's rod diameter and its length. The value
- that defines critical piston rod column strength when buckling occurs on push
- load application.
-
- Applied Mass specified by User in Cylinder Operating Parameters.
-
- The Other Analysis Results that are calculated in accordance with the entered
- data. They are:
-
- Stop Tube is length that defines minimum required distance between the gland
- and piston when cylinder is fully extended.
-
- Extending Return Flow is calculated theoretical value of return flow generated
- by cylinder during its extending cycle.
-
- Retracting Return Flow is calculated theoretical value of return flow generated
- by cylinder during its retracting cycle.
-
- System Power is calculated theoretical power required or generated by cylinder
- for its full cycle.
-
- Bore Area is calculated Cylinder's piston bore area.
-
- Rod Area is calculated Cylinder's piston rod area.
-
- Annulus Area is calculated difference between Cylinder's piston bore and rod
- areas.
-
-
-
-
- 3.1.5.d Page 4 Screen
-
-
- This page comprises:
-
- *Displacement Volume,
- *Deceleration Device with Braking Diagram button and
- *Warning message field.
-
- Page 4 Screen is shown in Figure 29.
-
- Cylinder Head is calculated theoretical cylinder's volume when piston rod is
- totally retraced.
-
- Cylinder Cap is calculated theoretical cylinder's volume when piston rod is
- totally extended.
-
- Total (Displacement Volume) is theoretical Cylinder's volume calculated as
- difference between Cylinder's head and cap volume. This value defines minimum
- required oil volume for proper cylinder work when cylinder is previously filled
- by oil.
-
- Rod movement near the head and/or cap end is a critical part of the overall
- cylinder movement. The braking device, or cushion, is a very important
- component required for proper cylinder operation. HydraCyl will automatically
- offer a [Braking Diagram] button which, if activated, will generate the high
- resolution Stroke - Braking Pressure Chart as shown in Figure 24.
-
- If HydraCyl's analysis of the input cylinder data results in any warnings or
- errors they are displayed in red on this Screen. Non-critical warnings or
- errors result in partially complete analysis results and an advisory message.
- Critical warnings and errors result in all analysis results being cleared and
- an advisory message.
-
-
-
-
- 3.1.5.e Page 5 Screen
-
-
- This page comprises Cylinder's Dynamical Characteristics. They are:
-
- *Natural Frequency,
- *Minimum Acceleration/Deceleration Time,
- *Minimum Acceleration/Deceleration Distance,
- *Minimum Required Dynamical Pressure for Acceleration/Deceleration,
-
- Page 5 Screen is shown in Figure 30.
-
-
- Natural Frequency Rod Extending is calculated value for undamped natural
- frequency of system cylinder-attached load during rod extending.
-
- Natural Frequency Rod Retracting is calculated value for undamped natural
- frequency of system cylinder-attached load during rod retracting.
-
- Minimum Ramp Time Rod Extending is calculated minimum time required for
- cylinder to accelerate (decelerate) from zero to maximum speed (from maximum to
- zero speed) during rod extending. The maximum speed is given by Extending
- Speed.
-
- Minimum Ramp Time Rod Retracting is calculated minimum time required for
- cylinder to accelerate (decelerate) from zero to maximum speed (from maximum to
- zero speed) during rod retracting. The maximum speed is given by Retracting
- Speed.
-
- Minimum Travel Distance Rod Extending is calculated minimum distance required
- for cylinder to accelerate (decelerate) from zero to maximum speed (from
- maximum to zero speed) during rod extending. The maximum speed is given by
- Extending Speed.
-
- Minimum Travel Distance Rod Retracting is calculated minimum distance required
- for cylinder to accelerate (decelerate) from zero to maximum speed (from
- maximum to zero speed) during rod retracting. Maximum speed is given by
- Retracting Speed.
-
- Minimum Total Pressure Rod Extending is calculated minimum total pressure
- required for cylinder accelerating or decelerating during rod extending on the
- distance defined by Minimum Travel Distance Rod Extending. The negative value
- of pressure is pointing to total pressure at cylinder's head end port generated
- by attached load and friction forces.
-
- Minimum Total Pressure Rod Retracting is calculated minimum total pressure
- required for cylinder accelerating or decelerating during rod retracting on the
- distance defined by Minimum Travel Distance Rod Retracting. The negative value
- of pressure is pointing to total pressure at cylinder's cap end port generated
- by attached mass and friction forces.PART 4 USING HydraCyl
-
-
-
- 4.1 EXAMPLE
-
-
- We have included an example of a hypotetical design to ilustrate the step by
- step procedure involved in HydraCyl.
-
- Design specifications are:
-
- * Cylinder Duty Heavy
- * Cylinder Bore Dimension 2 inches
- * Cylinder Rod Dimension 1 inch
- * Cylinder Stroke 34 inches
- * System Flow 25 litres/min
- * Pressure 60 bar
- * Attached Mass 2300kg
- * Cylinder - Valve distance 150inches
- (The length of pipes between the Cylinder's ports and the Solenoid valve)
- * Cylinder Mounting Type Intermediate trunnion
- * Mounting Orientation The applied massis permanently attached
- to the piston rod stud and Cylinder rod
- extends and retracts
- * Spacial orientation 35 deg
- * Coefficient of Friction 0.15
- * Hydraulic Line Dimensions 6 mm (outside diameter)
- 'L' series
-
-
-
- 1. Run HC.EXE
- 2. Choose 'OK' on form 'About'
- 3. Choose 'Analysis'
- 4. Choose 'Perform Analysis'
-
- You will get a message: 'Cylinder Dimensions must be specified'
-
- 5. Choose 'OK'
-
- Let's say you want a heavy duty 2"/1" cylinder
-
- 6. Click on '( ) Heavy' in the 'Cylinder's Duty' box
- 7. Click on Cylinder Bore Diameter 2.00
- 8. Click on Cylinder Rod Diameter 1.00
- 9. Click on 'OK'
- 10. Choose 'Analysis'
- 11. Choose 'Perform Analysis'
-
- You will get a message: 'Cylinder Operating Parameters must be
- specified'
-
- 12. Choose 'OK'
-
- Let's say the stroke of your cylinder is 34 inches, firstly you
- need to et the correct units.
-
- 13. Choose 'Change Units'
- 14. Click on '( ) inch' in the 'Stroke' box
- (this will be the default unit for stroke until you
- change it back to 'mm')
- 15. Click 'OK'
-
- Now you can enter the stroke.
-
- 16. Click in '[_ ] inch' under the 'Stroke' heading
- 17. Type 43 (OOPS my typing mistake, should be 34)
- 18. Click on 'Clear Values'
- 19. Click on 'Stroke'
- 20. Type 34 (correct value)
-
- Let's say the system flow is 25 lit/min
-
- 21. Click in '[_ ] lit/min' next to the 'System Flow' heading
- 22. Type 25
-
- Let's say the Pressure is 60 bar
-
- 23. Click in '[_ ] bar' next to 'Pressure'
-
- (if it is required change units to 'bar' in the simmilar
- maner as stroke.)
-
- 24. Type 60
-
- Let's say the attached mass is 2300 kg
-
- 25. Click in '[_ ] kg' next to 'Applied Mass'
- 26. Type 2300
-
- Let's say the pipeline length between Cylinder's ports and solenoid
- valve is 150 inches
-
- 27. Click in '[_ ] inch' next to 'Cyl-Valve distance'
- 28. Type 150
- 29. Click 'OK'
- 30. Choose 'Analysis'
- 31. Choose 'Perform Analysis'
-
- You will get a message: 'Cylinder Mounting Type must be specified'
-
- 32. Choose 'OK'
-
- Let's say the cylinder mounting type is 'Intermediate trunnion'
-
- 33. Click on 'View Basic Mount Types (a - p)'
- 34. High resolution picture is shown of all possible mounting
- types. Look for Intermediate trunnion. It is marked by 'b'
- 35. Press any key to get out of diagram.
- 36. Click on 'b0'
- 37. Click 'OK'
- 38. Choose 'Analysis'
- 39. Choose 'Perform Analysis'
-
- You will get a message: 'Cylinder Mounting Orientation Must be
- specified'
-
- 40. Choose 'OK'
-
- Let's say a mass of 2300kg is permanently attached (cylinder rod
- extending and retracting) to cylinder. Cylinder is mounted under 35
- degrees slope, and mass is attached to Piston Rod Stud. Friction
- coefficient is 0.15.
-
- 41. Click on 'View Orientation Diagrams'
- 42. High resolution picture is shown of all mounting orientation
- types. Look for above description. It is marked as '3'
- 43. Press any key to get out of diagram.
- 44. Click on '3'
-
- 45. Click in '[_ ]' next to 'Angle between OX and OZ axis'
- 46. Type 35
-
- 47. Click in '[_ ] kg' next to 'Coefficient of friction'
- 48. Type 0.15
- 49. Click 'OK'
-
- 50. Choose 'Analysis'
- 51. Choose 'Perform Analysis'
-
- You will get a message: Hydraulic Line Dimensions must be specified
-
- 52. Choose 'OK'
-
- Let's say that Hudraulic line between Cylinder port's and Solenoid
- valve are 6mm outside diameter and 'L' series.
-
- 53. Choose 'Metric'
- 54. Click on Outside Diameter Size 6
- 55. Click on Series L
- 56. Click on 'OK'
- 57. Choose 'Analysis'
- 58. Choose 'Perform Analysis'
-
- You will get a message: 'Calculation Complete'
-
- (this means that all relevant data has been entered and now you will
- see the results of HydraCyl's analysis)
-
- 59. Choose 'OK'
-
- You get a Warning: SUPPPLY PRESSURE Required pressure for Cylinder's extending is low, consult Page 5.
-
- 60. Observe top left corner of the screen. There is title:
- Cylinder Data - Page 4 of 5.
-
- 61. Choose 'Page Down'
- 62. Observe Min.Total Pressure Rod Extending = 87.00 bar
-
- Now we will make changes to our specifications to try to
- overcome this design problem.
-
- 63. Choose 'Cylinder' (on top left hand side of screen)
- 64. Choose 'Operating Parameters'
- 65. Change 'Supply pressure to 90 bar.
- 66. Click 'OK'
- 67. Choose 'Analysis'
- 68. Choose 'Perform Analysis'
- 69. Choose 'OK'
-
- You will get a Warning: ROD BUCKLING Rod is buckling. Select larger
- cylinder or use other engineering methods.
- Consult pages 2 and 3.
-
- 70. Observe top left corner of the screen. There is title:
- Cylinder Data - Page 4 of 5.
-
- 71. Choose 'Page Up'
- 72. Browse pages until you get page 2 on the screen.
- 73. Play between pages 2 and 3 and observe values of:
-
- (page 2) Extending Force = 1824 daN
- (page 3) Column Strength = 585 daN
-
- Obviously that actual extending (static) force is almost 4 times
- higher than Piston Column strength. Now we will make some changes to
- our specifications to try to overcome this design problem.
-
-
- 74. Choose 'Cylinder' (on top left hand side of screen)
- 75. Choose 'Dimensions'
- 76. Click on Cylinder Rod diameter 1.375".
-
- (we have just changed cylinder rod diameter from 1" to 1.375" to
- try to eliminate buckling effects)
-
- 77. Click 'OK'
- 78. Choose 'Analysis'
- 79. Choose 'Perform Analysis'
- 80. Wait until you get a message 'Calculation complete'
- 81. Choose 'OK'
-
- At last NO Warnings. That means all parameters are acceptable and
- properly entered. You have selected a suitable cylinder.
-
- Let's look at the analysis results. Use 'Page Up' and 'Page Down' to
- browse the inputs and results on the 'Cylinder Data' form, they are as
- follows:
-
- Dimensions:
- Bore Diameter 2.00 inch (This is the cylinder
- Rod Diameter 1.375 inch size you have now selected
- Stroke 34.00 inch for your application)
-
- Hydr.Line Dimensions:
- Pipe (Tube) Diameter 6 L
- Cyl-Valve Distance 150.00 inch
-
- Mounting:
- Duty Heavy
- Type b0 Intermediate trunnion
-
- Orientation 3 Fixed Cylinder Body. Piston Rod retracting and
- extending. Load attached to Piston Rod Stud.
-
- Cylinder's Slope 35.00 deg
- Friction Coefficient 0.15
-
- Operating Parameters:
-
- System Flow 25.00 lit/min
- Extending Speed 205.58 mm/sec
- Extending Time 4.20 sec
- Retracting Speed 389.83 mm/sec
- Retracting Time 2.22 sec
-
- Supply Pressure 90.00 bar
- Max Pressure Rating 138.00 bar
-
- Extending Force 1824.00 daN
- Retracting Force 962.00 daN
-
- Column Strength 2091.00 daN
- Applied Mass 2300.00 kg
-
- Other Analysis Results:
-
- Stop Tube 2.00 inch
-
- Extending Return Flow 13.18 lit/min
- Retracting Return Flow 47.41 lit/min
-
- System Power 3.75 KW
-
- Bore Area 3.14 sq.inch
- Rod Area 1.48 sq.inch
- Annulus Area 1.66 sq.inch
-
- Displacement Volume:
-
- Cylinder Head 0.9230 litre
- Cylinder Cap 1.7504 litre
- Total 0.8273 litre
-
- Deceleration Device: ┌────────────────────────────────┐
- │ Braking Diagram │
- └────────────────────────────────┘
- Warnings:
- No Warnings.
-
- Undamped Natural Frequency, Minimum Acceleration/Deceleration Time,
- Distance and Pressure.
-
- Natural Frequency Rod Extending 9.9 Hz
- Natural Frequency Rod Retracting 9.9 Hz
-
- Minimum Ramp Time Rod Extending 0.38 sec
- Minimum Ramp Time Rod Retracting 0.38 sec
-
- Min.Travel Distance Rod Extending 1.6 inch
- Min.Travel Distance Rod Retracting 3.0 inch
-
- Min.Total Pressure Rod Extending 87.00 bar
- Min.Total Pressure Rod Retracting -36.00 bar
-
-
- Conclusions:
- ============
-
- Stop tube of 2 inch must be mounted in your cylinder.
-
- Although pump (System) delivered flow is only 25 lit/min, command
- hydraulics block (solenoid valve and other components) should be
- dimensioned on nominal value of flow 47.41 lit/min. If you neglect
- this data you could not expect to get all speeds in your application.
-
- When Cylinder's rod is retracted on that side you need 0.923 litre of
- oil. When Cylinder's rod is extended on that side you need 1.7504
- litre of oil. For proper work of cylinder you need only 0.8273 litre
- of oil in your power unit (reservoir). That is total value of oil that
- is required by cylinder for proper 'breathing'.
-
- If you are in need to implement proportional device, you should
- consider ramp time longer than 0.38 sec. Under those conditions, the
- attached load requires at least 1.6 (respecively 3.0) inch travel
- distance for its acceleration/deceleration from zero to maximum
- (maximum to zero) corresponding speed.
-
- On the page 5, you could read up:
-
- Min.Total Pressure Rod Retracting = -36.00 bar
-
- Due to fact that negative apsolute pressure is nonexistent one (in the
- nature), the sign '-' is only pointing to absolute pressure of 36 bar
- at the cylinder cap end port generated by attached mass and friction
- forces only. In other words, you should have the relief valve in that
- line during acceleration and deceleration and adjust its value to 36
- bar. In such way you will be able to control acceleration and
- deceleration of attached mass during rod retracting.
-
- Stroke-Braking Pressure Chart
-
- By observing this chart you are able to rapidly determine correlation
- between generated braking pressure and accompanied braking stroke.
-
- Due to fact that braking pressure at Cylinder's Head End is under 138
- bar (maximal pressure rating for choosen cylinder), that side of
- Cylinder should be supplied with standard cushion. On the other side,
- Cap End should be supplied with standard cushion only if its length is
- slightly over 3/4 inch (red and green lines intersection). For that
- length, the maximum pressure rating (red line) and generated braking
- pressure (green line) are at the same value.
-
- You can easily obtain information on standard cushion length (braking
- stroke) and maximal pressure rating from your favourite supplier of
- cylinders. Just enter those data on the chart and you will get
- information on what would happen in the cylinder. Generally, for any
- value of braking stroke between 1/2 inch and 2 inch you are able to
- determine actual braking pressure.
-
-
- APPENDIX A CYLINDER OPERATING PARAMETERS
-
-
- Dimensions
- (A value must be entered)
-
- Stroke
-
- The distance between the cylinder's fully retracted and fully extended
- positions.
- Units: mm, inch
-
- Flow
- (Only one value to be entered)
-
- System Flow
-
- The pump flow required to operate the cylinder system at its optimum
- potential.
- Units: lit/min, gpm(US)
-
- Extending Speed
-
- The speed of the cylinder's movable part during the piston's extension.
- Units: mm/sec, m/min, inch/sec
-
- Extending Time
-
- The time required by the piston during extension to complete the stroke.
- Units: sec
-
- Retracting Speed
-
- The speed of the cylinder's movable part during the piston's retraction.
- Units: mm/sec, m/min, inch/sec
-
- Retracting Time
-
- The time required by the piston during retraction to complete the stroke.
- Units: mm/sec, m/min, inch/sec
-
- Pressure
- (Only one value to be entered)
-
- Supply Pressure
-
- The pump pressure required to operate the cylinder at its optimum level.
- Units: MPa, bar, psi
-
- Extending Force
-
- The total force applied to the head of the cylinder rod during extension.
- Units: kN, dan, N, lbf
-
- Retracting Force
-
- The total force loaded onto the head of the cylinder rod during retraction.
- Units: kN, daN, N, lbf
-
- Other
- (A value must be entered in both fields)
-
- Applied Mass
-
- The total mass attached to cylinder piston rod or body.
- Units: kg, lb
-
- Cyl-Valve distance
-
- The length of pipeline between the cylinder's port and the control valve.
- Units: mm, inchAPPENDIX B MOUNTING TYPE CODES
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- APPENDIX C Piston Rod-Stroke Charts (medium and heavy duty)
-
-
- Long stroke fixed or pivot mounted cylinders tend to buckle on push loading
- applications, resulting in high bearing loading at the rod gland or the piston.
- In order to reduce these bearing loads, the use of a stop tube to lengthen the
- distance between the gland and piston when cylinder rod is fully extended is
- highly recommended.
-
-
- The program automatically determines the need for the stop tube. If the stop
- tube is required for particular cylinder application its length will be shown
- on Cylinder Data - Page 3 of 5 screen. The value of Column Strength is
- calculated and shown on the same page. The program compares values of Column
- Strength and Extending Force (page 2 of 5) and generates warning message if
- buckling is likely on push loading application.
-
- On Figures 45 and 46 graphs represent the column strength of various piston
- rods as a function of Stroke and Axial Thrust and show how buckling effects are
- incorporated into the program. Coloured bands are valid ones for corresponding
- piston diameters whose sizes are marked with the same colour and shown below
- the diagram. Please note that not all values of piston rod are shown on
- diagram, some of them are removed just for the sake of clarity.
-
- Axes on the both figures are:
-
- X - Stroke
- Y - Axial Thrust Load
-
- The Stroke is calculated using the equation:
-
- Stroke = AS * SF
- where:
-
- AS - Actual Stroke (entered in Parameters screen of the program)
- SF - Stroke Factor (based on cylinders Mounting Styles)
-
- All data are extracted and combined from world's manufacturers of
- hydraulic cylinders (Parker, Rexroth, Vickers & others).APPENDIX D Pipe (Tube) - Charts (Imperial and Metric sizes)
-
-
- IMPERIAL SIZES according to USAS B36.10 (BS 1600)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- METRIC SIZES
-
-
-
-
-