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HydraCyl
HYDRAULIC CYLINDER SELECTION
FOR INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS
FLUID SOFTWARE ENGINEERING
Information about this document is subject to change without notice
and does not represent a commitment on the part of Fluid Software
Engineering. The software described in this document is furnished
under a license agreement or non-disclosure agreement. This
software may be used or copied only in accordance with the terms of
the agreement. It is against the law to copy the software on any
medium except as specifically allowed in the license or
non-disclosure agreement. No part of this manual may be reproduced
or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or
mechanical, including photocopying and recording, for any purpose
without the express written permission of Fluid Software
Engineering.
■ Copyright Fluid Software Engineering 1992-94.
All Rights Reserved World-Wide.
Professional Engineering Software for your PC
Simultaneously published in Australia and the U.S.A.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PART 1 INTRODUCTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
1.1 WHAT IS HydraCyl?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
1.2 TECHNICAL SUPPORT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
1.2.1 THE SOURCE CODE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3
1.2.2 DISCLAIMER. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4
1.3 LICENCE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4
1.3.1 FREE EVALUATION VERSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4
1.3.2 REGISTERED VERSION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4
1.3.3 DISTRIBUTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
1.4 COPYRIGHT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6
1.5 REVIEWS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6
1.6 DEFINITIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6
PART 2 OPERATING THE PROGRAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
2.1 SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
2.1.1 OPERATING ENVIRONMENTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
2.2 INSTALLING HYDRACYL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8
2.3 WORKING WITH HydraCyl. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8
2.3.1 HELP CONVENTIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
2.3.2 HOT KEYS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
2.3.3 ACCELERATOR KEYS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.3.4 MENUS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.3.5 COMMAND BUTTONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.3.6 RADIO BUTTONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.3.7 INPUT FIELDS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.4 HELP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
PART 3 HydraCyl. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.1 DESCRIPTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.1.1 CYLINDER. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.1.1.a Dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3.1.1.b Operating Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.1.1.c Mounting Type. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
3.1.1.d Mounting Orientation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.1.1.e Hydraulics Pipe (Tube) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3.1.1.f Exit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
3.1.2 ANALYSIS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
3.1.2.a PERFORM ANALYSIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
3.1.2.b RESET ALL DATA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
3.1.3 TOOLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
3.1.3.a CALCULATOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
3.1.3.b PRINT ANALYSIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
3.1.3.c STROKE - BRAKING PRESSURE CHART. . . . . . . . . 43
3.1.4 HELP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
3.1.4.a Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
3.1.4.b Current Topic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
3.1.4.c Using Help . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
3.1.4.d Keyboard/Mouse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
3.1.4.e Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
3.1.4.f About HydraCyl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
3.1.5 COMPUTED DATA SCREENS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
3.1.5.a Page 1 Screen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
3.1.5.b Page 2 Screen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
3.1.5.c Page 3 Screen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
3.1.5.d Page 4 Screen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
3.1.5.e Page 5 Screen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
PART 4 USING HydraCyl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
4.1 EXAMPLE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
APPENDIX A CYLINDER OPERATING PARAMETERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
APPENDIX B MOUNTING TYPE CODES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
APPENDIX C Piston Rod-Stroke Charts (medium and heavy duty). . . . 69
APPENDIX D Pipe (Tube) - Charts (Imperial and Metric sizes). . . . 72
F I G U R E S
Figure 1: HELP SCREEN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Figure 2: HELP CONTENTS SCREEN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Figure 3: HELP INDEX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Figure 4: HydraCyl WORKING SCREEN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Figure 5: CYLINDER DROP DOWN MENU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Figure 6: CYLINDER DIMENSIONS SCREEN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Figure 7: CYLINDER OPERATING PARAMETERS SCREEN. . . . . . . . . . . 22
Figure 8: CLEAR VALUES BUTTON BAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Figure 9: OPTIONS FOR METRIC AND IMPERIAL UNITS . . . . . . . . . . 26
Figure 10: MOUNTING TYPE SCREEN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Figure 11: BASIC MOUNTING TYPES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Figure 12: MOUNTING ORIENTATION SCREEN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Figure 13: MOUNTING ORIENTATION OPTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Figure 14: PIPE DIMENSIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Figure 15: TUBE DIMENSIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Figure 16: EXIT SCREEN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Figure 17: ANALYSIS SCREEN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Figure 18: MESSAGE SCREEN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Figure 19: MESSAGE SCREEN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Figure 20: TOOL SCREEN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Figure 21: CALCULATOR SCREEN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Figure 22: PRINT ANALYSIS SCREEN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Figure 23: PRINTER SETUP SCREEN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Figure 24: STROKE - BRAKING PRESSURE CHART. . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Figure 25: HELP SCREEN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Figure 26: PAGE 1 SCREEN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Figure 27: PAGE 2 SCREEN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Figure 28: PAGE 3 SCREEN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Figure 29: PAGE 4 SCREEN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Figure 30: PAGE 5 SCREEN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Figure 31: Example. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Figure 32: a0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Figure 33: b0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Figure 34: c0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Figure 35: c1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Figure 36: c2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Figure 37: d0, e0. f0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Figure 38: d1, e1, f1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Figure 39: d2, e2, f2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Figure 40: d3, e3, f3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Figure 41: g0, h0, k0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Figure 42: g1, h1, k1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Figure 43: m0, n0, p0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Figure 44: m1, n1, p1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Figure 45: MEDIUM DUTY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Figure 46: HEAVY DUTY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
T A B L E S
Table I: MEDIUM DUTY CYLINDERS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Table II: HEAVY DUTY CYLINDERS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Table III: SELECTION CODES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Table IV: MOUNTING TYPE CODES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Table V: IMPERIAL SIZES according to USAS B36.10 (BS 1600). . . . . 72
Table VI: METRIC SIZES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
PART 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 WHAT IS HydraCyl?
In today's machinery and machine tools, hydraulic cylinders are the most widely
used component for the movement of heavy loads at increasingly faster rates.
Because every second saved can increase productivity and reduce costs the
machine designer must find ways to operate cylinders as fast as possible.
Choosing the hydraulic cylinder that best suits a particular application can be
a very complex and time consuming task.
HydraCyl computer software is designed to assist you in the selection of the
correct hydraulic cylinder for industrial applications. Among other things,
you will obtain information on:
*the type of deceleration devices on hydraulic cylinders for your
application;
*buckling effects caused by the working load;
*recommended minimum length of stop tubes for your hydraulic cylinder
application;
*the minimum capacity of oil required for proper cylinder 'breathing';
*nominal flow rate required for the proper dimensioning of hydraulic
valves;
*minimum ramp time for accelerating/decelerating the attached load;
*minimum travel distance during the acceleration/deceleration of the
attached loads.
If your preferred hydraulic cylinder is not up to the task then HydraCyl will
let you know why so that you can simply modify your design criteria and perform
another analysis.
After you and HydraCyl arive at a suitable combination the STROKE - BRAKING
PRESSURE CHART presents an accurate representation of what the hydraulic
cylinder will be doing by highlighting such things as pressure peaks due to
acceleration/deceleration and inertia.
HydraCyl has been designed to carry out almost all of its functions and
calculations automatically and in such a manner that it is able to respond
promptly to incorrect or insufficient data. Hence, there is no need to produce
a complex and difficult to understand manual.
1.2 TECHNICAL SUPPORT
HydraCyl has been designed for ease of use, and this manual and the on-line
help should contain the answers to most of your questions. Read it first and
check the appendices for trouble-shooting procedures.
You should be able to easily solve most problems that occur in the use of
HydraCyl by referring to the relevant topics in the on-line help system or in
this manual. If you are having specific problems with HydraCyl that are not
addressed in the general help topics, please read the Help topic
troubleshooting guide. This guide contains specific details on a number of
common problems that may occur in the use of HydraCyl, and their solutions.
However, if you are experiencing a problem that is not addressed by following
the above steps and you have ruled out hardware or system problems with your
particular computer, HydraCyl User Support can be contacted in writing or by
electronic mail to the addresses below.
Please include the following details in any letter requesting user support:
* make and processor type of the computer you are running HydraCyl on;
*make and display resolution of the video adaptor and monitor on the computer;
*the version of DOS being used;
*Windows version (if running under Windows); and
*a detailed description of exactly what you were doing with HydraCyl when
theproblem occurred and what that problem is.
Don't forget to include your return address!
Inclusion of all (or as many as possible) of the above details will enable a
quick and effective response to your problem.
Please include the serial number of your registered copy (displayed in the
[About] box found under Help in the HydraCyl working screen).
The addresses for HydraCyl User Support are:
Fluid Software Engineering
PO Box 1245
St. Kilda Sth.
VIC. 3182
Australia
or
Fluid Power Software
P.O. Box 271932
Fort Collins, CO 80527-1932
U.S.A.
Phone: (303) 493-2521
If you have access to Compuserve or the Internet, the addresses are:
Compuserve:72163,417
Internet: 72163.417@compuserve.com
adamnik@werple.mira.net.au
1.2.1 THE SOURCE CODE
The source code for HydraCyl program is not available. This decision gives the
developers of this software the ability to guarantee the integrity of our
product in this era of software contamination. It is not available either
under the DEMO concept or as a commercial product.
1.2.2 DISCLAIMER
Fluid Software Engineering disclaims all warranties relating to this software,
whether expressed or implied, including, but not limited to any implied
warranties of use or fitness for a particular purpose, and all such warranties
are expressly and specifically disclaimed. Neither Fluid Software Engineering
nor anyone else who has been involved in the creation, production, or delivery
of this software and associated documentation shall be liable for any indirect,
consequential, or incidental damages arising out of the use or inability to use
this software, even if Fluid Software Engineering or an agent of Fluid Software
Engineering has been advised of the possibility of such damages or claims. The
person using this software bears all risk as to the quality and performance of
the software.
1.3 LICENCE
By using this software you are choosing to accept the conditions of the
relevant licence detailed below.
The version of HydraCyl you are using can be ascertained by viewing the
HydraCyl [About] box.
1.3.1 FREE EVALUATION VERSION
The free evaluation version may be identified by the words ** FREE EVALUATION
VERSION ** being present in the [About] box of the program.
The free evaluation version of HydraCyl may be freely copied and distributed as
desired, as long as all the HydraCyl files are distributed in the manner in
which they were present in the original archive file as released by the author.
No files may be added to or removed from that original set of files.
Under no circumstances may any fee be charged by anyone for the free evaluation
version of HydraCyl.
Under no circumstances may any modification be made to any of the HydraCyl
files without the author's expressed written permission.
1.3.2 REGISTERED VERSION
The registered version of HydraCyl may be identified by the presence of a
registered user name and a valid serial number in the [About] box and the
absence of the words ** FREE EVALUATION VERSION **.
Each copy of the registered version of HydraCyl is licensed only to the
registered user, as detailed in the [About] box, and may be run on only one
computer at a time. No copies may be made of the registered version of
HydraCyl except for normal backup purposes.
Under no circumstances may the registered version of HydraCyl be distributed by
anyone without the author's expressed written permission.
Under no circumstances may any modification be made to any of the HydraCyl
files without the author's expressed written permission.
1.3.3 DISTRIBUTION
*Please feel free to distribute HydraCyl DEMO as often as you like.
*Please do not distribute the program without all of its original related
files, documentation and this notice.
*Please do not accept payment for the HydraCyl DEMO program.
*HydraCyl DEMO is licensed for individual personal use and evaluation for
an unlimited time. Use and evaluation by businesses, corporations or
individuals in a commercial venture is limited to 90 days, after which
time the registered version of HydraCyl must be purchased or the use of
HydraCyl DEMO must be discontinued.
Distribution of the registered user version of the program is in violation of
license agreements and copyright law.
1.4 COPYRIGHT
HydraCyl is Copyright 1992-1995 to Fluid Software Engineering with All Rights
Reserved.
Any specific hardware/software names used in this document are the trademarks
of the specific manufacturers.
1.5 REVIEWS
The developers of this software are always in need of your opinion of our
products so that we may continue to improve our software. Therefore, we
welcome all suggestions that may lead to improvements in these products.
Your printed review may be mailed to Fluid Software Engineering or Fluid Power
Software at the respective addresses contained in this document.
1.6 DEFINITIONS
Throughout the documentation, you may run into technical terms or everyday
computer terminology which you are not familiar with.
Following are some text examples you may come across:
[Enter] This represents the Return or Enter key on the keyboard. If you
see this in the text, press the Enter key rather than typing in
the string.
[Esc] This refers to the Esc key on the keyboard.
[Alt] [char][Alt] is always followed by a character which means press and
hold the Alt key and hit the following letter. [Alt] [A] means
hold the Alt key down and press 'A'.
PART 2 OPERATING THE PROGRAM
2.1 SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS
HydraCyl requires an IBM PC, XT, AT, PS/2 or IBM 286 compatible computer or
higher with at least 550K RAM, a hard drive with a minimum of 1.3 megabytes of
free space and a VGA color display. A Microsoft compatible mouse is optional.
2.1.1 OPERATING ENVIRONMENTS
Two multi-tasking environments are supported:
*DESQview from QuarterDeck Office Systems.
*Windows version 3.0 and greater from Microsoft.
DESQview and Windows allow HydraCyl to run in a window without requiring the
whole screen, except when high resolution graphics have to be viewed. HydraCyl
will automatically switch to a full screen for this purpose and, after exiting
from the graphics, revert to the window screen.
In your Program package you will find special configuration files for DESQview
and Windows.
HydraCyl may not operate properly when other background software is running.
By other background software, we mean programs that are loaded in the
CONFIG.SYS or by any BAT file and remain in memory.
If you experience unpredictable problems, it is possible that one of these
programs is interfering with HydraCyl. Remove these programs or device drivers
from the AUTOEXEC.BAT or CONFIG.SYS file one at a time until you find the
offending item.
Another method is to start DOS without any resident programs or device drivers
and add them back in, one at a time, until the culprit is identified.
2.2 INSTALLING HYDRACYL
The first thing you should do is back up your HydraCyl distribution disk.
Please refer to your DOS manual if you are not sure how to backup your disk.
To begin the unpacking and installation process place your diskette into your
floppy drive and type:
SETUP [Enter]
You will be prompted to enter the source drive and to confirm or change the
destination drive and path. The installation program will do all the necessary
work for you.
When the installation process has completed, you will be shown a message screen
which contains important last-minute information on starting and running
HydraCyl for the first time. Please read this screen carefully. It is
strongly recommended that you type at the DOS prompt:
HCR [Enter]
Make sure that you read all the information shown in the screen presented by
this action. If you want to start the main program, switch to the working
directory where all the files reside and, at the DOS prompt, type:
HC [Enter]
If you add the working directory to your path in AUTOEXEC.BAT, you will be able
to start the HydraCyl program from within any directory, but take note that
on-line help will not be available.
2.3 WORKING WITH HydraCyl
HydraCyl may be operated with or without a mouse to activate menus, command
buttons and other controls. The on-line help provides detailed assistance by
using the [Page Up] and [Page Down] keys, the [up] and [down] arrow keys or by
clicking on the scroll bar to the right of the Help text with a mouse to view
all pages of the text.
In order for you to be able to operate and manipulate HydraCyl the relevant
sections from the on-line help are shown below in 2.3.1 to 2.3.7.
Please note that any type of control in HydraCyl may be rendered active or
inactive by the program depending on whether it is possible to use that
particular control at that particular time. Inactive controls become grey
(they are "greyed out") and will not operate until HydraCyl activates them
again.
The various windows used throughout HydraCyl to accept or display information
may be referred to in the Help text as forms.
Mouse users should note that throughout this Help text the term to "click" on
something means to move the mouse cursor to that item and then click the left
mouse button once.
2.3.1 HELP CONVENTIONS
Throughout the HydraCyl Help system the following conventions are observed:
*The names of keyboard keys are in square brackets as, for example, [F1]
indicates the F1 key, [Enter] indicates the Enter key, etc.
*The names of menu command buttons are between underlined square brackets
as in [OK] indicating the OK button, [Cancel] indicates the Cancel button,
etc.
*Accelerator keys are indicated by [Alt] [X], where X is the key to be
pressed while the Alt key is held down as, for example, [Alt] [O] means
that while holding down the Alt key, press O.
*Windows presented on the screen for the purposes of collecting or
displaying information may be referred to as forms.
*Menu commands and form titles are shown in bold type; eg. Analysis,
Perform Analysis, indicates the menu choice "Perform Analysis" on the
"Analysis" menu and Cylinder Data indicates the "Cylinder Data" form.
2.3.2 HOT KEYS
Hot keys are keys which, when pressed anywhere within HydraCyl (except while
menus are active), will always carry out their associated action.
Some examples are:
[F1] opens Help related to the current activity;
[F3] exits HydraCyl; and
[F5] activates the pop-up calculator.
2.3.3 ACCELERATOR KEYS
Throughout HydraCyl there are "accelerator" keys which may be used to directly
carry out currently available actions by holding down the [Alt] key and then
pressing the desired accelerator (highlighted) key.
These keys are represented in HydraCyl by being the only bright white character
in the name of any control or group of controls.
Pressing the accelerator key for any control always causes that control to be
directly activated whether or not it is the currently selected control. For
example, pressing [Alt] [O] while the Cylinder Dimensions form is on the
screen, will cause the [OK] button on that form to be activated.
Pressing an accelerator key that is in the name of a group of controls, will
always cause the first control in that group to become the currently selected
control. For example, pressing [Alt] [P] while the Operating Parameters form is
on the screen, will cause the cursor to jump to the first input field in the
Pressure category.
2.3.4 MENUS
At the very top of the HydraCyl working screen is a row of menu titles known
collectively as the menu bar. Each of these menu titles may be activated to
drop down a menu of items available under that title. These items may then be
selected in order to carry out the required action in the program.
Keyboard
Pressing the [Alt] key alone will activate the menu bar. The left and right
arrow keys can then be used to highlight the required menu and [Enter] then
pressed to drop that menu down.
Once a menu is dropped down the [up] and [down] arrow keys can be used to
highlight the required menu choice and [Enter] pressed to carry out the chosen
action, or the highlighted key in any menu item may be pressed to activate that
menu item directly.
Alternatively, the accelerator keys may be used to operate the menus as
follows:
- press [Alt] to highlight the accelerator keys on the menu bar;
- while still holding down [Alt], press the highlighted key for the
desired menu;
- then press the highlighted key in the menu for the required item.
For example pressing [Alt] [A] [A] will drop down the Analysis menu and select
Perform Analysis from that menu.
Mouse
Click on any menu title to drop down that menu. Then click on the desired menu
item.
Alternatively, point to the desired menu title with the mouse cursor, then
press and hold down the left mouse button. While continuing to hold down the
left mouse button, drag the highlight bar down until the required menu item is
highlighted. Then release the mouse button to activate the item.
2.3.5 COMMAND BUTTONS
Command buttons are controls on HydraCyl forms that may be "pressed" like
push-buttons in order to carry out particular actions.
The two most common command buttons (which are present on almost every form in
HydraCyl) are the [OK] and [Cancel] buttons. The [OK] button instructs the
program to close the form and accept any changes made. The [Cancel] button
closes the form without accepting any changes made.
Keyboard
A command button may be selected by pressing [Tab] (to go forward to the next
control) or [Shift] [Tab] (to go backward to the previous control) until the
required button is highlighted. Pressing [Enter] will then activate (or
"press") the selected button.
A command button may also be directly activated by using its accelerator key
(see above) if it has one.
On most forms the [Cancel] button can be activated by pressing the [Esc] key.
When a command button is the currently selected control on a form, pressing
[Enter] will always activate that button.
Mouse
To use a command button with the mouse simply click on the desired button.
2.3.6 RADIO BUTTONS
A radio button is a control that consists of a name or value displayed adjacent
to a pair of brackets that enclose a single space.
Radio buttons always occur in groups, where one, and only one, member must be
selected from among that mutually exclusive group of options (like the station
buttons on a push button car radio).
The selected member of a group of radio buttons is indicated by a dot that
appears inside the brackets beside that item.
Keyboard
Use the [Tab] or [Shift] [Tab] keys to move between controls on the form until
the desired group of radio buttons is selected. Then use the [up] and [down]
arrow keys to select an item in the group.
If the name of the group of radio buttons has an accelerator key, that
accelerator key may be used to jump straight to that group.
Mouse
Click on the required radio button to select it.
2.3.7 INPUT FIELDS
Input fields are places on a form where the user may enter data from the
keyboard.
Keyboard
Use [Tab] or [Shift] [Tab] to select the required input field, then type in the
desired data.
If a named group of input fields has an accelerator key, using that key will
cause the cursor to jump to the first active input field in that group.
Remember that pressing [Enter] is only used in HydraCyl for activating a
selected command button or menu item. Pressing [Enter] while an input field is
selected will simply cause a beep. Use the [OK] button on the form to accept
any entered data.
Within an input field the left and right arrow and [Home] and [End] keys may be
used to move the cursor. The [Insert], [Delete] and [Backspace] keys
(destructive backspace) may be used to edit the data.
Mouse
To select an active input field, click on it with the mouse.
See the "Keyboard" section above for information on the editing keys available
within an input field.
2.4 HELP
HydraCyl features context-sensitive help. As the name suggests, relevant help
information is available for any screen, just by pressing the [F1] Help key.
For example, if you are in the Mounting Type screen ([Alt] [C] and [Alt] [M])
and press [F1] the Help window as shown in Figure 1 will appear.
By moving around this screen with the mouse or the [up] and [down] arrow keys
you will get extensive help for that screen. Of course, you can access any
part of the Help file from any Help screen. In the above example, you will see
buttons [Contents] and [Index]; these will give you instant access to any part
of the global help available for any screen or command.
Now, if this is not what you were looking for or if you wanted to get a list of
Help Topics, just press [Alt] [O] or click on the [Contents] button with a
mouse again to drop down the screen shown in Figure 2.
By activating [Index], the window as shown in Figure 3 will appear on your
screen.
From here, you can jump over to Help on other screens and/or commands or obtain
further information on how the Help system works. Help remembers where you
have been, so you can retrace your steps back to the original screen by
pressing [Alt] [B].
The on-line help is not all-inclusive. Although this context-sensitive help
has been made as detailed as possible, it is still no substitute for this
manual.
If [Alt] is pressed by mistake, use the [Esc] key to return to the previous
status line.
Pressing [Esc] will exit from all windows and HydraCyl functions without making
any changes.
PART 3 HydraCyl
3.1 DESCRIPTION
When you start HydraCyl for the first time you will be presented with the
initial working screen (Figure 4).
On the top left corner of your screen there are four menus for navigating
through program. They are:
Cylinder (see also Figure 5)
Analysis (see also Figure 17)
Tools (see also Figure 21)
Help (see also Figure 1)
The Cylinder menu is designed for manually entering all data inputs required by
program. The order in which you enter them is not important.
The Analysis menu invokes the module that analyses the entered inputs as well
as resetting all data (setting their values to zero).
Tools comprises a handy calculator for your convenience, allows viewing of a
previously saved Stroke - Braking Pressure Chart and contains a utility that
allow you to print generated outputs.
Help, as the world implies, is a complete on-line help system for this
software. Remember that pressing the [F1] hot key from most places in HydraCyl
will call up the on-line help system.
3.1.1 CYLINDER
Use of a mouse to highlight Cylinder in the menu bar of the HydraCyl working
screen or pressing [Alt] [C] will generate the drop down menu shown in Figure
5. This menu contains five data sets, these being:
Dimensions;
Operating Parameters;
Mounting Type;
Mounting Orientation; and
Hydraulics Pipe (Tube).
The menu also contains an Exit command.
The purpose of this menu is to provide access to the data input screens.
HydraCyl will perform all necessary calculations at both the local level and
the global level, using the data entered into the program through each data
set. Local level calculations relate to a specific data set and are based only
on the data entered into that particular data set; global level calculations
automatically take into account all information entered into the global
Cylinder menu by way of all five data sets. Global level calculations are
initiated by invoking the Analysis command in the HydraCyl Working Screen menu.
If any information is missing or has an ambiguous meaning you will be warned by
an error message at the time of data entry or by the Warnings screen on the
fourth page of the Cylinder Data screen.
3.1.1.a Dimensions
Dimensions provides a range of options detailing the type of cylinder you want
to use in your design. Pointing and clicking the mouse on Dimensions will
display the screen shown in Figure 6.
The cylinder dimensions included in this program are based on data contained in
catalogues from the world's main cylinders manufacturers.
This menu is divided into three parts. They are:
Cylinder's Duty (a choice of Medium or Heavy duty)
Cylinder Bore Diameter (in inches)
Cylinder Rod Diameter (in inches)
To specify the cylinder's dimensions select, in this order, the Cylinder's
Duty, the Cylinder Bore Diameter and the Cylinder Rod Diameter. This data is
validated by clicking on the [OK] button.
If for any reason you change your mind and decide to switch to another value,
just point and click mouse at that value. No information on the cylinder
diameter will be saved until the [OK] button is pressed.
The cylinder dimensions available for both medium duty and heavy duty are shown
in Table I and Table II below.
After verifying the selected cylinder dimensions, by clicking the [OK] button,
you will be taken back one level to the previous menu.
3.1.1.b Operating Parameters
The Cylinder Operating Parameters screen (as shown in Figure 7) allows you to
enter some of the hydraulic cylinder operating parameters which are necessary
for HydraCyl to perform its calculations and analysis.
There are four sub-sets to the Cylinder Operating Parameter screen. They are:
Dimensions
Flow
Pressure
Other.
Only one parameter for each of the sub-sets labelled Flow and Pressure must be
entered, the values for the other parameters in these sub-sets will then be
calculated by HydraCyl as it performs its analysis.
Once you have entered your parameter of choice in the Flow and Pressure
sub-sets, HydraCyl prevents any further data being entered into both of these
sub-sets. To re-activate all the input fields in one of the Flow or Pressure
sub-sets either delete the relevant input value or use the [Clear Values]
button (see below) to clear the values for that particular sub-set.
Dimensions
Under Dimensions there is only one parameter. It is the Stroke, which is the
distance between the cylinder rod's fully extended and fully retracted
positions.
Flow
Flow comprises five components but data must be entered in only one of them.
The program will then calculate all other parameters and the results will be
presented in the output screen.
System Flow means the pump flow, which is the flow that is required by the
cylinder for it to fulfil its function during its working cycle.
Extending Speed means the speed of the movable part of the cylinder during
the cylinder's extension.
Extending Time means the time of cylinder travel between its fully
retracted and fully extended states.
Retracting Speed means the speed of the movable part of the cylinder
during the cylinder's retraction.
Retracting Time means the time of cylinder travel between its fully
extended and fully retracted states.
It should be noted here that the value entered into the Flow sub-set will be
treated as the primary value and all other parameters will be determined by
HydraCyl on the basis of that entered value. For example, if you enter a value
for Extending Time, the values of System Flow, Extending Speed, Retracting
Speed and Retracting Time will be automatically calculated.
Pressure
The logic of entering desired or required data in this sub-set is the same as
for Flow parameters. The entered value is the primary data and all other values
will be automatically calculated by HydraCyl. For example if you enter
Retracting Force as the specified parameter, the System Pressure and the
Extending Force will be determined on the basis of that value.
System Pressure means the pressure generated by the pump, another source
external to the cylinder or the pressure required by the cylinder to fully
achieve its purpose during its working cycle.
Extending Force means the force that results from the action of the System
Pressure acting on the face of the piston, causing its extension
(Extending Force, Extending Speed and Extending Time are always
inextricably linked).
Retracting Force means the force that results from the action of the
System Pressure acting on the face of the piston, causing its retraction
(Retracting Force, Retracting Speed and Retracting Time are always
inextricably linked).
Others
The Applied Mass and Cyl-Valve distance are only the parameters in this
sub-set. A value must be ascribed to both parameters, with zero being used if
necessary.
Applied Mass is the weight (not force) of the mass attached to the
cylinder during its rod travel.
Cyl-Valve distance is the distance between the cylinder's ports and the
command block ports (pipeline length).
Clearing Values
On the bottom of the screen you will notice four buttons for [OK], [Clear
Values], [Change Units] and [Cancel].
The [OK] button will validate all data entered and take you back to the
previous menu. [Cancel] will take you back to the previous menu but all newly
entered data will be ignored. Any previously entered data will be retained.
If you want to change any data entered in one of the parameter options you will
be able to change it by clicking on the [Clear Values] button. This will
present you with a number of options in the form of a new button bar across the
bottom of the screen as shown in Figure 8.
The [Flow] button will delete the value of any parameter in the Flow
parameter sub-set and allow you to enter a new value for any other
parameter in that sub-set.
The [Pressure] button will delete the value of any parameter in the
Pressure parameter sub- set and allow you to enter a new value for any
other parameter in that sub-set.
The [Stroke] button will delete the value of stroke in the Dimensions
sub-set and allow you to enter a new value for the stroke.
The [Other] button will delete the value for the Applied Mass and the
Cyl-Valve distance in the Other parameter sub-set and allows you to enter
new values for the mass attached to the cylinder rod and the pipeline
length between cylinder and the command block.
The [All] button will delete all values entered in all four parameter
sub-sets.
The [Cancel] button, as the word implies, allows you the flexibility of
changing your mind and continuing to work with previously entered values
but without erasing any of those entered data.
It should be noted that clearing any value will take you back to the previous
menu.
Although there is only one parameter in the Dimensions sub-set, the same logic
as above has been followed for the sake of future software upgrading.
Changing Units
HydraCyl allows you the choice of working in metric or imperial units. The
[Change Unit] button provides the options available within the program. Figure
9 shows the menu that appears when you click on the [Change Unit] button.
The dots show the default units for the program. If the defaults are changed
the new defaults are saved in the HC.INI file in the working directory. It is
emphasised here that if you change units after you have previously entered data
into the program HydraCyl will not convert that data to the new units.
For peace of mind always ensure that the units are in the desired system prior
to entering any data.
The on-line calculator incorporated with the [F5] hot key will help you avoid
difficulties if you do not follow above mentioned recommendation.
The [OK] button will validate the new units (entered by you) as the defaults
and take you back to the previous screen. The [Cancel] button will take you
back to the previous screen without setting new defaults.
A summary of the Cylinder Operating Parameters is given in Appendix A.
3.1.1.c Mounting Type
This screen allows selection of the type of mounting or mounting style that
will be used to ensure that the cylinder is installed in such a manner that the
working forces act along the line of the piston rod axis. There is a table in
this screen (Figure 10) which lists the range of possible mounting types. The
table is divided into columns labelled 'a' to 'p' (which represent the basic
mounting types) and rows labelled '0' to '3' (which represent variations within
each basic mounting type). Selecting any field within the table generates the
display of a description of that particular mounting type.
Activating the [View Basic Mount Types (a - p)] button will cause HydraCyl to
display a diagram of the basic mounting types 'a' to 'p' (Figure 11), with
letters corresponding to the appropriate column in the table.
Note the code of the appropriate mounting and then press any key to return to
the Mounting Orientation form.
Activating the [View Detail of Selected Mount] button will generate a detailed
diagram of the specific variation to the basic mounting type which is
represented by the selected field.
A complete list of Mounting Type Codes is given in Appendix B.
A Mounting Type radio button that corresponds to the required basic mounting
type and the correct mounting type variation must be selected.
The procedure for specifying the type of mounting required is as follows:
*activate Mounting Type in the Cylinder drop down menu (Figure 5)
*switch to the high resolution diagram of the basic mounting types (Figure
11) by way of the [View Basic Mount Types (a - p)] button
*identify and note the letter code of the requisite mounting type and
return to the Mounting Type screen and its table (Figure 10) by pressing
any key
*mark the selected code in the table; details of the selected mounting
will appear in the Description box in that screen
*the selected mounting can be viewed by using the [View Detail of Selected
Mount] button.
Using the [View Detail of Selected Mount] button will also enable you to view
the variations in the different types of mounting.
The [OK] button will confirm the selected choice and automatically return you
to the previous menu. The [Cancel] button will ignore any new selection and
return you to the previous menu, retaining the previously selected values.
3.1.1.d Mounting Orientation
The screen shown in Figure 12 relates to the range of possible mounting
orientations.
The Mounting Orientation menu provides access to a high resolution diagram that
allows you to see how the load is attached to the cylinder as well as the
spatial orientation of the hydraulic cylinder (defined by the angle between the
cylinder's axis and the horizontal). Choosing one of the six Selection options
will generate details of that particular mounting orientation in the
Description box.
The angle between the cylinder's axis and the horizontal (see below) must be
entered. Any angle between 0 and 359 degrees inclusive is valid. The
Coefficient of Friction between the fixed and the movable parts of the cylinder
- mass assembly system must also be entered. Its value can range between 0 and
1.
By clicking on the [View Orientation Diagrams] button the high resolution
diagram as shown in Figure 13 is presented, showing the two basic methods of
load attachment. These are:
*attaching the load to the cylinder's piston rod (as shown in the sketch
on the left hand side of Figure 13); and
*attaching the load to the cylinder's body (as shown in the sketch on the
right hand side of Figure 13).
In both cases the point of fixture is marked by O. The cylinder axis OZ and
the horizontal line OX form the angle that defines the spatial orientation of
the cylinder. The small red arrows indicate the mode of movement and the
method of attachment of the load to the cylinder.
The [OK] button will validate your choice and take you back to the previous
menu; the [Cancel] button will take you back to the previous menu without
accepting any new data input. The Description box provides details of the
selected Mounting Orientation that corresponds to the chosen Selection.
A complete description of the Selection codes is given in Table III.
3.1.1.e Hydraulics Pipe (Tube)
The pipe dimensions screen (Figure 14 and 15) displays a list of the
combinations of nominal pipe diameters and wall thicknesses that are available
within HydraCyl. The [Metric] button will allow you to switch to metric tube
dimensions, given in millimetres; the [Imperial] button will take you back to
the imperial screen.
This list of pipe dimensions corresponds to the range of pipe (tube) sizes
available from manufacturers, with units in inches and/or millimetres are given
in Appendix D.
When the desired pipe (tube) is selected in the Nominal Pipe Size column
HydraCyl will present the corresponding available choices of wall thicknesses
in the Nominal Wall thickness column.
Mouse users may click on the desired diameters. Keyboard users should use
[Tab] or the accelerator keys to choose the type of pipe (tube) to be used and
then use the up and down arrow keys to pick a particular value from the list.
Activate the [OK] button to validate your selections and record them on the
Cylinder Data form (Figure 4).
3.1.1.f Exit
This switch allows you to terminate HydraCyl and go back to the DOS/WINDOWS
environment. The [F3] hot key operates this function. Use of this command
will bring up the screen shown in Figure 16. Clicking on [Yes] with a mouse
terminates the HydraCyl program; the [No] button cancels your request to exit
HydraCyl and takes you back to the previous screen.
3.1.2 ANALYSIS
Highlighting Analysis in the top menu bar of the HydraCyl working screen
instructs the program to activate a drop down menu containing two options.
These options, as shown in Figure 17 are:
Perform Analysis
Reset All Data
3.1.2.a PERFORM ANALYSIS
This command instructs HydraCyl to analyse previously entered data. If you
have missed any data required by the program to carry out the analysis,
HydraCyl will prompt you to enter the missing information in the appropriate
menu (which is automatically displayed by the program).
HydraCyl is a very flexible program that will allow you to enter the required
inputs in any order you desire, but if you would like HydraCyl to lead you
through a "fast" analysis the first time you use it (or at any other time),
follow these steps:
*activate the Analysis menu and choose Perform Analysis. HydraCyl will
advise you if any of the required information is missing; if the [OK]
button is activated to continue, the program will present you with the
relevant form for entering the missing data. For example, missing data on
Cylinders dimensions is shown in Figure 18.
*repeat the above steps until all the required inputs have been collected,
at which point HydraCyl will perform its calculations and present you with
a Calculations Complete message (the appearance of this message, as shown
in Figure 19, confirms that the data entry process has been correct)
*after selecting [OK], you may now browse through the pages of the
Analysis results by using the [Page Up] and [Page Down] buttons on the
Cylinder Data form or by pressing the [Page Up] and [Page Down] keys on
the keyboard (data inputs are dark blue, results are light blue)
*if desired, use the Cylinder menu to call up any of the different input
forms to change any data you wish, then run Analysis again to check on the
new results.
3.1.2.b RESET ALL DATA
As the name implies, this command will reset all previously entered information
in HydraCyl. In other words, it will have the same effect as exiting the
program and then starting your HydraCyl session again. It is possible to
confirm the action of this switch by browsing through the five pages of
Cylinder Data (see 3.1.3.a PRINT ANALYSIS) as all information should have been
deleted. Please note that if you perform Reset All Data it is not possible to
recall the deleted data. Any data previously saved as a Stroke - Braking
Pressure Chart (PCX format) will be still available to you.
3.1.3 TOOLS
This menu provides access to the on-line calculator, contains the command to
generate a hard copy report containing the results of an analysis and allows
the presentation of a Stroke - Braking Pressure Chart.
The Tool screen is shown in Figure 20.
3.1.3.a CALCULATOR
The on-line calculator has been included for your convenience, allowing any
quick calculations to be made if required. The calculator can be invoked by
the [F5] hot key at almost any stage during while working within the HydraCyl
environment. The [Hide] button will remove the calculator from the current
working screen and take you back to the previous screen, allowing you to
continue with your work.
The calculator screen is shown in Figure 21.
3.1.3.b PRINT ANALYSIS
A hard copy of the analysis results can be obtained by clicking on Print
Analysis in the screen shown in Figure 22.
The [OK] switch will instruct HydraCyl to print the screens with computed data.
Always ensure that your Printer is properly connected to your system and set up
the printer defaults using the Printer Setup command. Clicking on Printer
Setup generates the screen shown in Figure 23.
3.1.3.c STROKE - BRAKING PRESSURE CHART
Cylinder cushions are often installed at one or both ends of a cylinder to slow
down the movement of the piston near the end of its stroke and prevent the
piston hammering against the end cap.
The main purpose of the Stroke-Braking Pressure Chart is to illustrate the need
for cushions in particular cylinder applications. By studying this chart we
are able to determine rapidly the correlation between generated braking
pressure and associated braking stroke during cylinder decelerations at the end
of stroke. The braking stroke (distance) is the cushion length. The braking
pressure corresponds to the pressure generated by all external forces which
oppose the cylinder's moving part during slowing down movement. Cylinder's
moving parts are defined earlier in Mounting Orientation. Under the term "all
external forces" we assume the inertial forces of the load attached load to the
cylinder and inertial forces of the cylinder moving parts.
This chart is dynamically drawn. Its typical presentation is shown on Figure
24. Whenever you point out and click on Braking Diagram button (screen 4 of 5),
the chart appears on the screen. On the left hand side of the screen, in the
vertical column, the colour legend is shown as follows:
Maximum Rated Pressure (in red)
Generated pressure at Head End compartment (in blue)
Generated pressure at Cap End compartment (in green)
Just below this information the column continues displaying:
Cylinder Bore Diameter
Cylinder Rod Diameter
Stroke Length
Code for Mounting Type
Attached Mass (inertial load)
System Pressure
System Flow
Code for Mounting Orientation
Slope
Friction Coefficient
and commands:
[E]xit (not shown on this figure)
[S]ave (not shown on this figure)
These two commands only appear when the Braking Diagram button is pressed,
giving you two options:
[E]xit - is command for returning to program
[S]ave - is command for saving generated chart as HC12D.PCX image and
returning to program.
If command for saving image on disk (in the subdirectory you are in) is issued,
on the top left side of the screen appears percent gauge (not shown on figure)
indicating the value of scanned and saved image. That image can be invoked
back from Tools menu View Stroke-Braking Pressure Chart until it is replaced by
new image under the same name by new [S]ave command.
The purpose of saving the previously generated image comes from experience that
very often by comparing two charts (changed one or more parameters in cylinder
application) it is possible to minimise the requirement for cushions. Also it
allows us to examine the influence of some parameters on the behaviour of
generated pressure in cylinder, and as a consequence bring the cylinder into
the safe pressure rating zone (below the shown red line).
Axes on the diagram are:
X-axisThe Braking Stroke (distance) or cushion length
Y-axisThe Generated Pressure.
It should be emphasised that units for Braking Stroke and Generated Pressure
are defined in Cylinder menu under Operating Parameters as corresponding units
for Cylinder Stroke and System Pressure.
Interpreting the chart is 'intuitive'. For any point that lies on the line it
is possible to determine for particular Braking Stroke the corresponding
Generated Pressure. If Generated Pressure goes over chart's limits (300 bar or
4350 psi) the appropriate message will be issued informing where that pressure
is generated.
The safe pressure zone lies below the red line (maximum pressure rating). The
zone of possible damage to cylinder lies over the red line. It is obviously
clear that any intersection between green or blue line with red line marks the
point of minimum allowable cushion length. In other words, for any point of
desirable braking distance that lies over the safe zone, the external braking
device must be used.
You can easily obtain information on standard cushion length (braking stroke)
and maximum pressure rating from your favourite supplier of cylinders. Just
enter that data on the chart and you will get information on what would happen
in the cylinder. Generally, for any value of braking stroke between 1/2 inch
and 2 inch (12.7 mm and 50.8 mm) you are able to determine actual braking
pressure.
3.1.4 HELP
On-line Help is very comprehensive and covers the topics of:
*Contents;
*Current Topic;
*Using Help;
*Keyboard/Mouse;
*Introduction; and
*About HydraCyl.
Help Screen is shown in Figure 25.
3.1.4.a Contents
This command opens Help at the Contents page.
3.1.4.b Current Topic
Calls up Help on the form currently in use. This command has the same effect
as using the [F1] hot key.
3.1.4.c Using Help
General explanations on how to use Help are generated by this command.
3.1.4.d Keyboard/Mouse
Opens Help on keyboard and mouse use.
3.1.4.e Introduction
This command displays the Introduction to HydraCyl. It contains a brief
description of the purpose of the program, the standard disclaimer (which is
similar to that contained in this manual) and advice that the source code is
not available (to ensure product integrity).
3.1.4.f About HydraCyl
The version number and details of the particular HydraCyl package being used
(DEMO or registered version) are shown in the [About] box. If you have a full
registered version of HydraCyl your user details are also displayed in the
[About] box.
3.1.5 COMPUTED DATA SCREENS
Five pages of results of an Hydracyl analysis are available for browsing by
using the [Page Up] and [Page Down] keys.
3.1.5.a Page 1 Screen
The first page comprises only data entered by the user. It is split into two
groups, these being the cylinder's prime dimensions and the cylinder's mounting
details.
Detailed descriptions of Mounting Type and Mounting Orientation could be found
in Sections 3.1.1.c and 3.1.1.d. Page 1 Screen is shown in Figure 26.
3.1.5.b Page 2 Screen
This page comprises the Operating Parameters that are calculated in accordance
with the entered data. The Operating Parameters have been defined previously
in Section 3.1.1.b. Page 2 Screen is shown in Figure 27.
The length of stop tube required by the cylinder will be automatically
determined by HydraCyl. If a Stop Tube is not required this field will remain
blank.
Extending Return Flow is the flow generated at the cylinder's head end port
during the supply of the cylinder's cap end port by the System Flow during
Extending Time.
Max Pressure Rating is directly determined by cylinder's duty, bore and rod
dimensions, mounting type and orientation.
Retracting Return Flow is the flow generated at the cylinder's cap end port
during the supply of the cylinder's head end port by the System Flow during
Retracting Time.
Extending Force is the force generated by Supply Pressure applied at the
cylinder's cap end port.
Retracting Force is the force generated by Supply Pressure applied at the
cylinder's head end port.
3.1.5.c Page 3 Screen
Page 3 Screen is shown in Figure 28. This page comprises:
Column Strength based on cylinder's rod diameter and its length. The value
that defines critical piston rod column strength when buckling occurs on push
load application.
Applied Mass specified by User in Cylinder Operating Parameters.
The Other Analysis Results that are calculated in accordance with the entered
data. They are:
Stop Tube is length that defines minimum required distance between the gland
and piston when cylinder is fully extended.
Extending Return Flow is calculated theoretical value of return flow generated
by cylinder during its extending cycle.
Retracting Return Flow is calculated theoretical value of return flow generated
by cylinder during its retracting cycle.
System Power is calculated theoretical power required or generated by cylinder
for its full cycle.
Bore Area is calculated Cylinder's piston bore area.
Rod Area is calculated Cylinder's piston rod area.
Annulus Area is calculated difference between Cylinder's piston bore and rod
areas.
3.1.5.d Page 4 Screen
This page comprises:
*Displacement Volume,
*Deceleration Device with Braking Diagram button and
*Warning message field.
Page 4 Screen is shown in Figure 29.
Cylinder Head is calculated theoretical cylinder's volume when piston rod is
totally retraced.
Cylinder Cap is calculated theoretical cylinder's volume when piston rod is
totally extended.
Total (Displacement Volume) is theoretical Cylinder's volume calculated as
difference between Cylinder's head and cap volume. This value defines minimum
required oil volume for proper cylinder work when cylinder is previously filled
by oil.
Rod movement near the head and/or cap end is a critical part of the overall
cylinder movement. The braking device, or cushion, is a very important
component required for proper cylinder operation. HydraCyl will automatically
offer a [Braking Diagram] button which, if activated, will generate the high
resolution Stroke - Braking Pressure Chart as shown in Figure 24.
If HydraCyl's analysis of the input cylinder data results in any warnings or
errors they are displayed in red on this Screen. Non-critical warnings or
errors result in partially complete analysis results and an advisory message.
Critical warnings and errors result in all analysis results being cleared and
an advisory message.
3.1.5.e Page 5 Screen
This page comprises Cylinder's Dynamical Characteristics. They are:
*Natural Frequency,
*Minimum Acceleration/Deceleration Time,
*Minimum Acceleration/Deceleration Distance,
*Minimum Required Dynamical Pressure for Acceleration/Deceleration,
Page 5 Screen is shown in Figure 30.
Natural Frequency Rod Extending is calculated value for undamped natural
frequency of system cylinder-attached load during rod extending.
Natural Frequency Rod Retracting is calculated value for undamped natural
frequency of system cylinder-attached load during rod retracting.
Minimum Ramp Time Rod Extending is calculated minimum time required for
cylinder to accelerate (decelerate) from zero to maximum speed (from maximum to
zero speed) during rod extending. The maximum speed is given by Extending
Speed.
Minimum Ramp Time Rod Retracting is calculated minimum time required for
cylinder to accelerate (decelerate) from zero to maximum speed (from maximum to
zero speed) during rod retracting. The maximum speed is given by Retracting
Speed.
Minimum Travel Distance Rod Extending is calculated minimum distance required
for cylinder to accelerate (decelerate) from zero to maximum speed (from
maximum to zero speed) during rod extending. The maximum speed is given by
Extending Speed.
Minimum Travel Distance Rod Retracting is calculated minimum distance required
for cylinder to accelerate (decelerate) from zero to maximum speed (from
maximum to zero speed) during rod retracting. Maximum speed is given by
Retracting Speed.
Minimum Total Pressure Rod Extending is calculated minimum total pressure
required for cylinder accelerating or decelerating during rod extending on the
distance defined by Minimum Travel Distance Rod Extending. The negative value
of pressure is pointing to total pressure at cylinder's head end port generated
by attached load and friction forces.
Minimum Total Pressure Rod Retracting is calculated minimum total pressure
required for cylinder accelerating or decelerating during rod retracting on the
distance defined by Minimum Travel Distance Rod Retracting. The negative value
of pressure is pointing to total pressure at cylinder's cap end port generated
by attached mass and friction forces.PART 4 USING HydraCyl
4.1 EXAMPLE
We have included an example of a hypotetical design to ilustrate the step by
step procedure involved in HydraCyl.
Design specifications are:
* Cylinder Duty Heavy
* Cylinder Bore Dimension 2 inches
* Cylinder Rod Dimension 1 inch
* Cylinder Stroke 34 inches
* System Flow 25 litres/min
* Pressure 60 bar
* Attached Mass 2300kg
* Cylinder - Valve distance 150inches
(The length of pipes between the Cylinder's ports and the Solenoid valve)
* Cylinder Mounting Type Intermediate trunnion
* Mounting Orientation The applied massis permanently attached
to the piston rod stud and Cylinder rod
extends and retracts
* Spacial orientation 35 deg
* Coefficient of Friction 0.15
* Hydraulic Line Dimensions 6 mm (outside diameter)
'L' series
1. Run HC.EXE
2. Choose 'OK' on form 'About'
3. Choose 'Analysis'
4. Choose 'Perform Analysis'
You will get a message: 'Cylinder Dimensions must be specified'
5. Choose 'OK'
Let's say you want a heavy duty 2"/1" cylinder
6. Click on '( ) Heavy' in the 'Cylinder's Duty' box
7. Click on Cylinder Bore Diameter 2.00
8. Click on Cylinder Rod Diameter 1.00
9. Click on 'OK'
10. Choose 'Analysis'
11. Choose 'Perform Analysis'
You will get a message: 'Cylinder Operating Parameters must be
specified'
12. Choose 'OK'
Let's say the stroke of your cylinder is 34 inches, firstly you
need to et the correct units.
13. Choose 'Change Units'
14. Click on '( ) inch' in the 'Stroke' box
(this will be the default unit for stroke until you
change it back to 'mm')
15. Click 'OK'
Now you can enter the stroke.
16. Click in '[_ ] inch' under the 'Stroke' heading
17. Type 43 (OOPS my typing mistake, should be 34)
18. Click on 'Clear Values'
19. Click on 'Stroke'
20. Type 34 (correct value)
Let's say the system flow is 25 lit/min
21. Click in '[_ ] lit/min' next to the 'System Flow' heading
22. Type 25
Let's say the Pressure is 60 bar
23. Click in '[_ ] bar' next to 'Pressure'
(if it is required change units to 'bar' in the simmilar
maner as stroke.)
24. Type 60
Let's say the attached mass is 2300 kg
25. Click in '[_ ] kg' next to 'Applied Mass'
26. Type 2300
Let's say the pipeline length between Cylinder's ports and solenoid
valve is 150 inches
27. Click in '[_ ] inch' next to 'Cyl-Valve distance'
28. Type 150
29. Click 'OK'
30. Choose 'Analysis'
31. Choose 'Perform Analysis'
You will get a message: 'Cylinder Mounting Type must be specified'
32. Choose 'OK'
Let's say the cylinder mounting type is 'Intermediate trunnion'
33. Click on 'View Basic Mount Types (a - p)'
34. High resolution picture is shown of all possible mounting
types. Look for Intermediate trunnion. It is marked by 'b'
35. Press any key to get out of diagram.
36. Click on 'b0'
37. Click 'OK'
38. Choose 'Analysis'
39. Choose 'Perform Analysis'
You will get a message: 'Cylinder Mounting Orientation Must be
specified'
40. Choose 'OK'
Let's say a mass of 2300kg is permanently attached (cylinder rod
extending and retracting) to cylinder. Cylinder is mounted under 35
degrees slope, and mass is attached to Piston Rod Stud. Friction
coefficient is 0.15.
41. Click on 'View Orientation Diagrams'
42. High resolution picture is shown of all mounting orientation
types. Look for above description. It is marked as '3'
43. Press any key to get out of diagram.
44. Click on '3'
45. Click in '[_ ]' next to 'Angle between OX and OZ axis'
46. Type 35
47. Click in '[_ ] kg' next to 'Coefficient of friction'
48. Type 0.15
49. Click 'OK'
50. Choose 'Analysis'
51. Choose 'Perform Analysis'
You will get a message: Hydraulic Line Dimensions must be specified
52. Choose 'OK'
Let's say that Hudraulic line between Cylinder port's and Solenoid
valve are 6mm outside diameter and 'L' series.
53. Choose 'Metric'
54. Click on Outside Diameter Size 6
55. Click on Series L
56. Click on 'OK'
57. Choose 'Analysis'
58. Choose 'Perform Analysis'
You will get a message: 'Calculation Complete'
(this means that all relevant data has been entered and now you will
see the results of HydraCyl's analysis)
59. Choose 'OK'
You get a Warning: SUPPPLY PRESSURE Required pressure for Cylinder's extending is low, consult Page 5.
60. Observe top left corner of the screen. There is title:
Cylinder Data - Page 4 of 5.
61. Choose 'Page Down'
62. Observe Min.Total Pressure Rod Extending = 87.00 bar
Now we will make changes to our specifications to try to
overcome this design problem.
63. Choose 'Cylinder' (on top left hand side of screen)
64. Choose 'Operating Parameters'
65. Change 'Supply pressure to 90 bar.
66. Click 'OK'
67. Choose 'Analysis'
68. Choose 'Perform Analysis'
69. Choose 'OK'
You will get a Warning: ROD BUCKLING Rod is buckling. Select larger
cylinder or use other engineering methods.
Consult pages 2 and 3.
70. Observe top left corner of the screen. There is title:
Cylinder Data - Page 4 of 5.
71. Choose 'Page Up'
72. Browse pages until you get page 2 on the screen.
73. Play between pages 2 and 3 and observe values of:
(page 2) Extending Force = 1824 daN
(page 3) Column Strength = 585 daN
Obviously that actual extending (static) force is almost 4 times
higher than Piston Column strength. Now we will make some changes to
our specifications to try to overcome this design problem.
74. Choose 'Cylinder' (on top left hand side of screen)
75. Choose 'Dimensions'
76. Click on Cylinder Rod diameter 1.375".
(we have just changed cylinder rod diameter from 1" to 1.375" to
try to eliminate buckling effects)
77. Click 'OK'
78. Choose 'Analysis'
79. Choose 'Perform Analysis'
80. Wait until you get a message 'Calculation complete'
81. Choose 'OK'
At last NO Warnings. That means all parameters are acceptable and
properly entered. You have selected a suitable cylinder.
Let's look at the analysis results. Use 'Page Up' and 'Page Down' to
browse the inputs and results on the 'Cylinder Data' form, they are as
follows:
Dimensions:
Bore Diameter 2.00 inch (This is the cylinder
Rod Diameter 1.375 inch size you have now selected
Stroke 34.00 inch for your application)
Hydr.Line Dimensions:
Pipe (Tube) Diameter 6 L
Cyl-Valve Distance 150.00 inch
Mounting:
Duty Heavy
Type b0 Intermediate trunnion
Orientation 3 Fixed Cylinder Body. Piston Rod retracting and
extending. Load attached to Piston Rod Stud.
Cylinder's Slope 35.00 deg
Friction Coefficient 0.15
Operating Parameters:
System Flow 25.00 lit/min
Extending Speed 205.58 mm/sec
Extending Time 4.20 sec
Retracting Speed 389.83 mm/sec
Retracting Time 2.22 sec
Supply Pressure 90.00 bar
Max Pressure Rating 138.00 bar
Extending Force 1824.00 daN
Retracting Force 962.00 daN
Column Strength 2091.00 daN
Applied Mass 2300.00 kg
Other Analysis Results:
Stop Tube 2.00 inch
Extending Return Flow 13.18 lit/min
Retracting Return Flow 47.41 lit/min
System Power 3.75 KW
Bore Area 3.14 sq.inch
Rod Area 1.48 sq.inch
Annulus Area 1.66 sq.inch
Displacement Volume:
Cylinder Head 0.9230 litre
Cylinder Cap 1.7504 litre
Total 0.8273 litre
Deceleration Device: ┌────────────────────────────────┐
│ Braking Diagram │
└────────────────────────────────┘
Warnings:
No Warnings.
Undamped Natural Frequency, Minimum Acceleration/Deceleration Time,
Distance and Pressure.
Natural Frequency Rod Extending 9.9 Hz
Natural Frequency Rod Retracting 9.9 Hz
Minimum Ramp Time Rod Extending 0.38 sec
Minimum Ramp Time Rod Retracting 0.38 sec
Min.Travel Distance Rod Extending 1.6 inch
Min.Travel Distance Rod Retracting 3.0 inch
Min.Total Pressure Rod Extending 87.00 bar
Min.Total Pressure Rod Retracting -36.00 bar
Conclusions:
============
Stop tube of 2 inch must be mounted in your cylinder.
Although pump (System) delivered flow is only 25 lit/min, command
hydraulics block (solenoid valve and other components) should be
dimensioned on nominal value of flow 47.41 lit/min. If you neglect
this data you could not expect to get all speeds in your application.
When Cylinder's rod is retracted on that side you need 0.923 litre of
oil. When Cylinder's rod is extended on that side you need 1.7504
litre of oil. For proper work of cylinder you need only 0.8273 litre
of oil in your power unit (reservoir). That is total value of oil that
is required by cylinder for proper 'breathing'.
If you are in need to implement proportional device, you should
consider ramp time longer than 0.38 sec. Under those conditions, the
attached load requires at least 1.6 (respecively 3.0) inch travel
distance for its acceleration/deceleration from zero to maximum
(maximum to zero) corresponding speed.
On the page 5, you could read up:
Min.Total Pressure Rod Retracting = -36.00 bar
Due to fact that negative apsolute pressure is nonexistent one (in the
nature), the sign '-' is only pointing to absolute pressure of 36 bar
at the cylinder cap end port generated by attached mass and friction
forces only. In other words, you should have the relief valve in that
line during acceleration and deceleration and adjust its value to 36
bar. In such way you will be able to control acceleration and
deceleration of attached mass during rod retracting.
Stroke-Braking Pressure Chart
By observing this chart you are able to rapidly determine correlation
between generated braking pressure and accompanied braking stroke.
Due to fact that braking pressure at Cylinder's Head End is under 138
bar (maximal pressure rating for choosen cylinder), that side of
Cylinder should be supplied with standard cushion. On the other side,
Cap End should be supplied with standard cushion only if its length is
slightly over 3/4 inch (red and green lines intersection). For that
length, the maximum pressure rating (red line) and generated braking
pressure (green line) are at the same value.
You can easily obtain information on standard cushion length (braking
stroke) and maximal pressure rating from your favourite supplier of
cylinders. Just enter those data on the chart and you will get
information on what would happen in the cylinder. Generally, for any
value of braking stroke between 1/2 inch and 2 inch you are able to
determine actual braking pressure.
APPENDIX A CYLINDER OPERATING PARAMETERS
Dimensions
(A value must be entered)
Stroke
The distance between the cylinder's fully retracted and fully extended
positions.
Units: mm, inch
Flow
(Only one value to be entered)
System Flow
The pump flow required to operate the cylinder system at its optimum
potential.
Units: lit/min, gpm(US)
Extending Speed
The speed of the cylinder's movable part during the piston's extension.
Units: mm/sec, m/min, inch/sec
Extending Time
The time required by the piston during extension to complete the stroke.
Units: sec
Retracting Speed
The speed of the cylinder's movable part during the piston's retraction.
Units: mm/sec, m/min, inch/sec
Retracting Time
The time required by the piston during retraction to complete the stroke.
Units: mm/sec, m/min, inch/sec
Pressure
(Only one value to be entered)
Supply Pressure
The pump pressure required to operate the cylinder at its optimum level.
Units: MPa, bar, psi
Extending Force
The total force applied to the head of the cylinder rod during extension.
Units: kN, dan, N, lbf
Retracting Force
The total force loaded onto the head of the cylinder rod during retraction.
Units: kN, daN, N, lbf
Other
(A value must be entered in both fields)
Applied Mass
The total mass attached to cylinder piston rod or body.
Units: kg, lb
Cyl-Valve distance
The length of pipeline between the cylinder's port and the control valve.
Units: mm, inchAPPENDIX B MOUNTING TYPE CODES
APPENDIX C Piston Rod-Stroke Charts (medium and heavy duty)
Long stroke fixed or pivot mounted cylinders tend to buckle on push loading
applications, resulting in high bearing loading at the rod gland or the piston.
In order to reduce these bearing loads, the use of a stop tube to lengthen the
distance between the gland and piston when cylinder rod is fully extended is
highly recommended.
The program automatically determines the need for the stop tube. If the stop
tube is required for particular cylinder application its length will be shown
on Cylinder Data - Page 3 of 5 screen. The value of Column Strength is
calculated and shown on the same page. The program compares values of Column
Strength and Extending Force (page 2 of 5) and generates warning message if
buckling is likely on push loading application.
On Figures 45 and 46 graphs represent the column strength of various piston
rods as a function of Stroke and Axial Thrust and show how buckling effects are
incorporated into the program. Coloured bands are valid ones for corresponding
piston diameters whose sizes are marked with the same colour and shown below
the diagram. Please note that not all values of piston rod are shown on
diagram, some of them are removed just for the sake of clarity.
Axes on the both figures are:
X - Stroke
Y - Axial Thrust Load
The Stroke is calculated using the equation:
Stroke = AS * SF
where:
AS - Actual Stroke (entered in Parameters screen of the program)
SF - Stroke Factor (based on cylinders Mounting Styles)
All data are extracted and combined from world's manufacturers of
hydraulic cylinders (Parker, Rexroth, Vickers & others).APPENDIX D Pipe (Tube) - Charts (Imperial and Metric sizes)
IMPERIAL SIZES according to USAS B36.10 (BS 1600)
METRIC SIZES