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1989-07-31
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Documentation for Space Flight Simulator,
Version 0.02
Copyright (c) 1989, Ted A. Campbell,
Bywater Software
0 Program Description
-------------------
0.1 General Description
-------------------
The Space Flight Simulator, version 0.02, allows users to
set a number of orbital parameters, then depicts the orbital
focus (typically the earth) or the ground track of the orbit
in real-time simulation.
0.2 Hardware Requirements
---------------------
CPU and Coprocessor: The program will run under MSDOS
or PCDOS on any of the 8088 and upwardly-compatible
CPUs. Speed of the processor is critical in this program.
The presence of a math coprocessor will be automatically
detected by the program, and will also greatly enhance
the performance of the program.
Graphics: The program should work with CGA (very
poorly), Hercules (tm), EGA, or VGA graphics. The
program automatically detects these graphics systems,
except the Hercules-type cards. For systems with
Hercules-compatible graphics, you must run the program
"msherc.com" first.
1 Running the Program
-------------------
To run the program on computers with CGA, EGA, and VGA
graphics, simply type
sfs
followed by a carriage return. To run the program on a
computer with Hercules graphics, you must first run the
program "msherc." The following commands will run the
program with Hercules graphics:
msherc<RET>
sfs<RET>
The program will display the log-in sign for the
Bywater ANSI VDI implementation, then the SFS logo
(which will remain on the screen for 10 seconds).
You will then be given the opportunity to set
parameters.
Note for advanced users: You can also specify the name of
an SFS focal data file (see below) on the SFS command
line. For instance,
sfs moon
will start the program using "moon.fd" for its initial
focal data (do not add the ".fd" extension when specifying
a focal data file on the command line).
2 Setting the Initial Parameters
------------------------------
The initial parameters screen allows you access
to three sub-screens. At this point you can press
"O" (lower or upper case) for the Orbital Parameters
screen, "I" for the insertion parameter screen, or
"S" for the system parameters screen. You can enter
these sub-screens repeatedly in order to get the
parameters just the way you want them.
For each of the three parameters sub-screens, default
values are given. You can either enter a new value
or simply hit "RETURN" to accept the default.
From the main parameters screen you also have the option
of pressing "X" to exit the program, or of pressing
"RETURN" (or "ENTER") to begin program execution with
the currently-set parameters.
2.1 Orbital Parameters
------------------
The "O" option from the main parameters screen brings
up the orbital parameters screen. This screen allows you
to set your own parameters for the orbit you want the
Space Flight Simulator to simulate.
When you first enter the Simulator, the file "earth.fd"
is taken as the default focal data file (see below for an
explanation of this file), and orbital default orbital
parameters are calculated.
Orbits are traditionally described by six parameters,
or "elements," which are:
the semimajor axis,
the eccentricity,
the period,
the inclination,
the argument of the periapsis, and
the longitude of the ascending node.
The Space Flight Simulator calculates each of these
parameters, but does so on the basis of a file of
information on the orbital focus, the orbital periapsis,
and the orbital apoapsis. On the basis of the mass of
the focus and the radius of the focus (given in the
focal data file), together with the apoapsis and the
periapsis, the semimajor axis, eccentricity, and period
can be calculated.
What this means for you is that you only need to know
the orbital focus (which planet or other object you
want to orbit), and the maximum and minimum altitudes
of the orbit. On the basis of these, the first three
classical orbital elements will be calculated.
2.1.1 SFS Focal Data File
Default: earth.fd
The "focus" of the orbit is the object around which
the orbit will go. The focus may be a planet (the earth),
or a planetary satellite (the moon). A Space Flight Simulator
"Focal Data" file is a file that contains some specific
information on an orbital focus. Although the default
focal data file is "earth.fd" (for selecting a terrestrial
orbit), some other focal data files are supplied with
SFS version 0.02, and can be supplied at this point:
mercury.fd
venus.fd
earthb.fd
moon.fd
mars.fd
jupiter.fd
saturn.fd
uranus.fd
neptune.fd
pluto.fd
None of these will be as interesting as "earth.fd," or "moon.fd,"
though, because surface features have not been mapped for the
other foci (in fact, "earthb.fd" is a focal data file for the earth
which wll represent it as a blank. This is much faster,
but of course very dull. It can be used if you want to see
how a given orbit will plot.)
Notes for Advanced Users: The focal data file is an ASCII
text file which includes the following data, each on a
line by itself (all examples are from "earth.fd"):
The name of the focus
(example: "Earth")
An adjective describing the focus
(example: "terrestrial")
The radius of the focus in kilometers
(example: "6378")
The mass of the focus in units of the earth's mass
(example: "1.0")
The period of a sidereal year in seconds
(example: "86164")
The name of an SFS surface-features data file
(example: "earth.sd")
If you know these data for other astronomical objects,
you can try entering them.
The surface features data file is also an ASCII text
file, giving latitude and longitude points along with
an initial code for each point telling whether it is
the beginning of a new line to be drawn, what kind
of surface feature the line is to describe, and
what level of precision the point describes. There
are three surface-features data files supplied with
SFS version 0.02: "earth.sd," "moon.ds," and "null.sd."
The earth file contains about 2100 points roughly describing
continental coastlines and islands, and is based on the "Micro
World Database" distributed independently. The "moon.sd" file
is a very rough rendering of major near-side maria and a few
very large craters. The "null" file simply draws a line along
the central meridian and a dashed aline along its opposite meridian.
2.1.2 Orbital Periapsis
Default: 0.1 x the radius of the focus
The "periapsis" (also referred to by the specific term "perigee"
for terrestrial orbits) is the lowest point in an orbit. You can
specify any positive number of kilometers for the periapsis,
although you might remember that orbits below about 250 kilometers
begin to run into serious problems with atmospheric drag.
(SFS does not account for atmospheric drag.)
2.1.3 Orbital Apoapsis
Default: 4 x the radius of the focus
The "apoapsis" (also referred to by the specific term "apogee"
for terrestrial orbits) is the highest point in an orbit. You can
specify any positive number of kilometers greater than or
equal to the periapsis. An orbit having an equal apoapsis and
periapsis will be perfectly circular; all other orbits will
be elliptical. The greater the difference between the
two, the greater will be the "eccentricity" of the
orbital ellipse.
You might remember, as a rule of thumb in setting terrestrial
orbital altitudes, that the altitude of the moon is 378,014
kilometers, and this can serve as a practical limit for
terrestrial orbits, since orbits beyond this range would be
controlled more by the gravitational effect of