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- Cell Cycle: The cell cycle was
- proposed by Mazia in the 1960s
- based on data from DNA synthesis of
- cultured cells. The cycle
- represents a pie chart of a clock
- for a dividing cell. The S
- standsfor DNA synthesis or
- replication. This is the time in
- the life of a dividing cell when it
- produces more DNA. DNA synthesis
- is very rapid in eukaryotes because
- of the multiple origins of
- replication. The rate is about
- 3 kb/min. The average length in
- human DNA is about 3 billion bases.
- Over a period of several hours the
- whole genome is replicated. The
- time it takes depends upon many
- factors. In adult fruit flies it
- takes 10 hrs while in embryonic
- flies only 5 min. The M for
- mitosis. This is when the
- chromosomes separate and daughter
- cells are formed. Note that there
- is some time between these 2
- phases. Mazia realized this and
- referred to them as gaps. There
- was G1, or gap 1, between mitosis
- and the next synthesis of DNA and
- G2, or gap 2, between synthesis and
- mitosis. It was later determined
- that during G1 each of the daughter
- cells were growing in volume, up to
- the original size of the mother
- cell, before the start of the next
- round of synthesis. Many books,
- therefore, talk about the G in G1
- standing for GROWTH. During early
- cell division in embryos there is
- almost no G1. Cells keep getting
- smaller with each round of
- division, but the rate of cell
- cycle is shorter so more divisions
- occur. More recent evidence
- suggests that G1 is very complex.
- There are several substages in
- adult cells. During the time that
- histone are made and, cells prepare
- for S, G2 is relatively constant;
- it is this time that it takes to
- prepare the cell for mitosis. All
- parts of the cycle except M are in
- INTERPHASE. The rest of the part
- of mitosis ( prophase, metaphase,
- anaphase and telophase) occur
- during M. If the entire cycle is
- 24 hr the G1 phase is about 9 hrs
- (in adults) , the S about 9 , G2
- about 5 hrs and M about 1 hr. A
- special phase was added to the cell
- cycle to explain cells that do not
- divide all the time. This phase is
- called G0. Cells like neural cells
- and muscle cells seldom divide,
- they are in G0, a state of
- differentiation. When these cells
- become cancerous they enter the
- cell cycle. We do not know
- completely how this occurs.
- However the genes responsible for
- this rentry are often natural
- GROWTH FACTORS which for some
- reason get out of control and
- become ONCOGENES ( GENES THAT CAUSE
- CANCER ). Many oncogenes have
- been identified whose natural gene
- ( protoncogene ) has a role in
- development. Over the next few
- years scientists may discover how
- these genes work and methods to
- keep them from causing tumors. The
- cell cycle is important because it
- explains why cells do different
- things at different times in their
- life cycle. It allows us to
- compare cells at the same stage and
- better understand development,
- cancer and aging. An interesting
- protein has been identified as a
- controlling factor in going from
- Interphase to M. It is called
- CYCLIN. The level of active cyclin
- increase to start M. The addition
- of phosphate groups to cyclin may
- be what activates this protein.
- When cyclin is deactivated the cell
- returns to interphase.