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Text File  |  1991-01-31  |  16KB  |  347 lines

  1. .ujon
  2.                        Application Notσ #1
  3.  
  4.                           ZCPR3 Shells
  5.  
  6.                   Copyright 1986 Echelon, Inc.
  7.  
  8. -----------------------------------------------------------------
  9.  
  10.                           1. Introduction
  11.  
  12. 1.1. What is a shell?
  13.  
  14.      T∩ áunderstanΣ thσ basiπ concep⌠ oµ ZCPR│ Shells¼ áthinδ áoµ ì
  15. you≥ compute≥ a≤ aε onion«  Onion≤ havσ ß layereΣ structure«  Thσ ì
  16. oute≥ layer≤ completel∙ obscurσ thσ inne≥ layers.
  17.  
  18.      Le⌠ áu≤ extenΣ thi≤ layereΣ concep⌠ t∩ áyou≥ ámicrocomputer«  ì
  19. Seσ figurσ ▒ fo≥ ß rougΦ drawinτ oµ ß compute≥ runninτ áWordStar«  ì
  20. Thσ use≥ caε onl∙ seσ WordStar╗ hσ see≤ n∩ evidencσ oµ thσ áinne≥ ì
  21. layer≤ áeveε thougΦ hσ ma∙ bσ awarσ oµ thei≥ existence« á Iµ áthσ ì
  22. use≥ átype≤ áß command¼ i⌠ wil∞ bσ interpreteΣ anΣ áprocesseΣ áb∙ ì
  23. WordStar« á Thus¼ áWordSta≥ ái≤ áthσ oute≥ álaye≥ áoµ áou≥ áonioε ì
  24. computer« á Yet¼ áWordSta≥ ádepend≤ oε thσ ádeepe≥ álayer≤ áwhicΦ ì
  25. remaiε ááactivσ áalthougΦ áno⌠ ávisible« á AnΣ áiµ áWordSta≥ áái≤ ì
  26. terminated¼ áthσ outermos⌠ laye≥ disappears╗ wha⌠ thσ áuse≥ átheε ì
  27. see≤ ái≤ áthσ ánex⌠ áinnermos⌠ layer¼ thσ á"A0>ó ápromp⌠ áoµ áthσ ì
  28. operatinτ system«  Thi≤ laye≥ look≤ completel∙ different¼ anΣ thσ ì
  29. responsσ t∩ command≤ i≤ als∩ different.
  30.  
  31.          USER
  32.           |
  33.           V
  34. +----------------------+
  35. <                      >
  36. <      WordStar        >-1
  37. <                      >  \
  38. +----------------------+   \
  39. <                      >    \
  40. <  Operating System    >-2   \
  41. <                      >  \   \
  42. +----------------------+   X-- Each layer has its own appearance
  43. <                      >  /   / and response to input commands
  44. <        BIOS          >-3   /
  45. <                      >    /
  46. +----------------------+   /
  47. <                      >  /
  48. <    Microprocessor    >-4
  49. <                      >
  50. +----------------------+
  51.  
  52. Figurσ 1.é  The Layers of your Computer System
  53. .paè     ┴ áZCPR│ áShel∞ caε bσ though⌠ oµ a≤ anothe≥ álaye≥ áoε áthσ ì
  54. onion¼ áfittinτ ábetweeε áthσ WordSta≥ laye≥ áanΣ áthσ áOperatinτ ì
  55. Systeφ layer«  Seσ figurσ ▓ fo≥ aε illustratioε oµ this.
  56.  
  57.          USER
  58.           |
  59.           V
  60. +----------------------+
  61. <                      >
  62. <      WordStar        >
  63. <                      >
  64. +----------------------+
  65. <                      >
  66. <     ZCPR3 Shell      >   <---- New Layer
  67. ╝                      ╛       Thσ ZCPR│ Shell¼ wheε active¼
  68. +----------------------+       resides between the Operating
  69. <                      >       System and application programs
  70. <  Operating System    >       (such as WordStar).
  71. <                      >
  72. +----------------------+
  73. <                      >
  74. <        BIOS          >
  75. <                      >
  76. +----------------------+
  77. <                      >
  78. <    Microprocessor    >
  79. <                      >
  80. +----------------------+
  81.  
  82. Figure 2.  Thσ Layer≤ oµ you≥ Compute≥ System¼ witΦ ß ZCPR│ Shel∞ ì
  83. áááááááááááactive
  84.  
  85.      Wheε áß áshel∞ ái≤ active¼ i⌠ doe≤ no⌠ áinterferσ áwitΦ áthσ ì
  86. highe≥ álaye≥ (WordSta≥ iε ou≥ example)«  However¼ iµ thσ áhighe≥ ì
  87. laye≥ ái≤ terminated¼ theε thσ shel∞ become≤ visible« á Thσ áuse≥ ì
  88. wil∞ átheε ábσ presenteΣ witΦ thσ shel∞ display¼ áanΣ áan∙ áinpu⌠ ì
  89. command≤ áwil∞ bσ processeΣ b∙ thσ logiπ oµ thσ shell« á Iε ámos⌠ ì
  90. cases¼ áthσ use≥ caε terminatσ thσ shel∞ process¼ bu⌠ átherσ áarσ ì
  91. situation≤ wherσ thσ shel∞ caε bσ se⌠ u≡ no⌠ t∩ allo≈ exi⌠ t∩ thσ ì
  92. operatinτ system.
  93.  
  94.      Aε áadditiona∞ concep⌠ intrinsiπ t∩ ZCPR│ Shell≤ i≤ tha⌠ áoµ ì
  95. havinτ ámultiplσ áshell≤ ásimultaneousl∙ áactive« á Fo≥ áexample¼ ì
  96. VFILE╥ á(ß áshell⌐ caε invokσ MEN╒ (anothe≥ shell)« á Then¼ áwheε ì
  97. MEN╒ terminates¼ contro∞ return≤ t∩ VFILER«  Thσ ne⌠ effec⌠ i≤ oµ ì
  98. addinτ multiplσ layer≤ t∩ ou≥ onion¼ betweeε thσ operatinτ systeφ ì
  99. anΣ áthσ applicatioε program«  Mos⌠ installation≤ oµ áZCPR│ áwil∞ ì
  100. allo≈ fou≥ shell≤ t∩ bσ simultaneousl∙ active.
  101. .paè1.2. Wha⌠ arσ thσ benefit≤ oµ shells?
  102.  
  103.      Therσ áarσ ásevera∞ ábenefit≤ iε thσ áusσ áoµ áshells« á Onσ ì
  104. obviou≤ ábenefi⌠ ái≤ á"isolatingó thσ áuse≥ áfroφ áthσ áoperatinτ ì
  105. system« áá Fo≥ áexample¼ áthi≤ áallow≤ áuser≤ áwh∩ áhavσ áálittlσ ì
  106. experiencσ áwitΦ ácomputer≤ át∩ usσ predefineΣ ámen⌡ áscreen≤ át∩ ì
  107. generatσ áal∞ needeΣ systeφ commands«  ┴ knowledgeablσ áuse≥ ácaε ì
  108. predefinσ áal∞ áthσ command≤ ß novicσ use≥ needs¼ áanΣ átheε áthσ ì
  109. novicσ use≥ doe≤ no⌠ havσ t∩ bσ concerneΣ abou⌠ ho≈ t∩ responΣ t∩ ì
  110. aε "A0>ó prompt.
  111.  
  112.      Shell≤ ácaε ásignificantl∙ benefi⌠ experienceΣ áuser≤ áalso«  ì
  113. Length∙ multiplσ commanΣ sequence≤ caε bσ condenseΣ int∩ ß singlσ ì
  114. keystroke.
  115.  
  116.      T∩ áß ásystem≤ áintegrato≥ o≥ OEM¼ thσ áZCPR│ áShel∞ ásysteφ ì
  117. offer≤ ß uniquσ abilit∙ t∩ offe≥ enΣ user≤ aε integrateΣ ásystem«  ì
  118. Thσ use≥ neve≥ ha≤ t∩ learε thσ command≤ oµ thσ operatinτ system¼ ì
  119. becausσ hσ caε bσ completel∙ isolateΣ froφ it.
  120. .paè                          2. Requirements
  121.  
  122. 2.1. RA═ requirements
  123.  
  124.      Whilσ aε applicatioε prograφ sucΦ a≤ WordSta≥ i≤ active¼ thσ ì
  125. RA═ árequiremen⌠ fo≥ u≡ t∩ fou≥ simultaneou≤ shell≤ i≤ unde≥ á25╢ ì
  126. bytes« á Specifically¼ thσ shell≤ makσ usσ oµ area≤ oµ RA═ ánameΣ ì
  127. thσ áSHEL╠ áSTAC╦ áanΣ thσ MESSAG┼ BUFFERS«  Wheε átherσ áarσ án∩ ì
  128. applicatioε program≤ active¼ shell≤ usσ thσ area≤ mentioneΣ abovσ ì
  129. anΣ thσ Transien⌠ Prograφ Areß (TPA).
  130.  
  131. 2.2. Disδ requirements
  132.  
  133.      Disδ árequirement≤ var∙ dependinτ oε thσ specifiπ áshel∞ áiε ì
  134. question« á EacΦ shel∞ i≤ ß binar∙ (.COM⌐ file¼ ranginτ froφ á6δ-ì
  135. byte≤ át∩ 18δ-bytes«  Somσ shell≤ havσ mandator∙ accessor∙ áfile≤ ì
  136. (MENU use≤ ß *.MN╒ file¼ fo≥ example)¼ anΣ thesσ file≤ caε árangσ ì
  137. froφ á1δ-byte≤ át∩ 40δ-bytes«  VFILER ha≤ aε áoptiona∞ áaccessor∙ ì
  138. file¼ VFILER.CMD¼ whicΦ i≤ usuall∙ n∩ morσ thaε 2δ bytes.
  139.  
  140. 2.3. Prerequisitσ Knowledge
  141.  
  142.      Therσ áarσ átw∩ áperspective≤ áoε áthi≤ áissue« á Thσ áfirs⌠ ì
  143. perspectivσ ái≤ tha⌠ oµ someonσ authorinτ ß *.MN╒ áo≥ áVFILER.CM─ ì
  144. file«  Thi≤ require≤ aε iε-deptΦ knowledgσ oµ ZCPR│ commanΣ álinσ ì
  145. convention≤ áanΣ knowledgσ oµ necessar∙ commanΣ álinσ áparameter≤ ì
  146. fo≥ áthσ áapplicatioε áprogram≤ át∩ ábσ áinvokeΣ áfroφ áß áshell«  ì
  147. Additionally¼ ááknowledgσ áoµ áspecifiπ ásynta° ááanΣ ááparamete≥ ì
  148. substitutioε convention≤ fo≥ eacΦ shel∞ i≤ needed.
  149.  
  150.      Thσ áothe≥ áperspectivσ ái≤ átha⌠ áoµ áß áuse≥ áoperatinτ áß ì
  151. predefineΣ shel∞ system«  Thσ onl∙ knowledgσ requireΣ i≤ tha⌠ át∩ ì
  152. operatσ thσ shel∞ program╗ thi≤ i≤ usuall∙ a≤ simplσ a≤ selectinτ ì
  153. aε áiteφ áfroφ áß ámen⌡ o≥ movinτ áß ácurso≥ á(usinτ áZCPR│ áTCA╨ ì
  154. conventions⌐ arounΣ thσ screen.
  155. .paè                       3. Theor∙ oµ Operation
  156.  
  157. 3.1. SYSLIB/Z3LIB/VLI┬ support
  158.  
  159.      Likσ ámos⌠ áoµ áthσ ┌ tool≤ available¼ thσ áshell≤ árel∙ áoε ì
  160. routine≤ áfounΣ áiε áSYSLIB¼ Z3LIB¼ anΣ VLI┬ fo≥ áman∙ áoµ áthei≥ ì
  161. features« á Overlookinτ áfo≥ ß momen⌠ thσ contribution≤ ámadσ áb∙ ì
  162. SYSLI┬ áanΣ áVLIB¼ let'≤ focu≤ oε thσ ásupportinτ ároutine≤ áfroφ ì
  163. Z3LIB«
  164.  
  165. 3.1.1. SHPO╨ anΣ SHPUSH
  166.  
  167.      SHPO╨ áanΣ áSHPUS╚ arσ useΣ t∩ maintaiε thσ SHEL╠ áSTAC╦ áiε ì
  168. RAM« á Thσ shel∞ stacδ i≤ ß LIF╧ (Las⌠ Iε Firs⌠ Out⌐ áqueuσ átha⌠ ì
  169. contain≤ ácommanΣ string≤ a≤ entries«  Aε examplσ entr∙ migh⌠ ábσ ì
  170. "MEN╒ áA0:MENU.MNU"«  Thσ concep⌠ oµ ß stacδ i≤ wel∞ áestablisheΣ ì
  171. iε áthσ sciencσ oµ compute≥ programming╗ iµ yo⌡ arσ no⌠ áfamilia≥ ì
  172. witΦ it¼ pleasσ learε abou⌠ i⌠ beforσ continuinτ onward.
  173.  
  174.      SHPUS╚ ápushe≤ (adds⌐ ß commanΣ strinτ entr∙ ont∩ thσ áshel∞ ì
  175. stack╗ áconversely¼ SHPO╨ pop≤ (removes⌐ ß commanΣ string« á BotΦ ì
  176. routine≤ ácaε als∩ returε erro≥ condition≤ indicatinτ áthσ áshel∞ ì
  177. stacδ i≤ empt∙ o≥ full¼ shel∞ stacδ doesn'⌠ exist¼ anΣ more.
  178.  
  179.      Wheε ß shel∞ i≤ invoked¼ i⌠ use≤ thσ SHPUS╚ routinσ t∩ placσ ì
  180. thσ ácommanΣ ástrinτ i⌠ wa≤ invokeΣ witΦ ont∩ áthσ áshel∞ ástack«  ì
  181. Paramete≥ substitutioε ma∙ takσ place╗ fo≥ example¼ iµ thσ áVMEN╒ ì
  182. shel∞ áwerσ áinvokeΣ witΦ ß commanΣ oµ á"VMENU<cr>"¼ áVMEN╒ áwil∞ ì
  183. automaticall∙ substitutσ MENU.VM╬ a≤ thσ seconΣ parameter.
  184.  
  185.      Wheε áß shel∞ i≤ terminated¼ i⌠ call≤ thσ SHPO╨ ároutinσ át∩ ì
  186. removσ áthσ commanΣ originall∙ placeΣ therσ b∙ SHPUSH« á However¼ ì
  187. thi≤ áterminatioε i≤ no⌠ thσ samσ a≤ loadinτ ß ne≈ áprograφ áint∩ ì
  188. thσ TPA«  Thi≤ wil∞ bσ explaineΣ iε thσ followinτ section.
  189.  
  190.      I⌠ ái≤ áinterestinτ át∩ notσ tha⌠ thσ áshel∞ ástacδ áma∙ ábσ ì
  191. manipulateΣ b∙ ┌ tool≤ whicΦ arσ no⌠ shells«  Aε examplσ oµ áthi≤ ì
  192. i≤ SHCTRL¼ whicΦ allow≤ thσ shel∞ stacδ t∩ bσ displayed¼ cleared¼ ì
  193. o≥ ápoppeΣ áfroφ áthσ ácommanΣ line«  Thi≤ ámean≤ átha⌠ áyo⌡ áma∙ ì
  194. terminatσ ááß ááshel∞ áver∙ áeasily¼ áfroφ áwithiε ááaliase≤ ááo≥ ì
  195. MENU/VMENU/VFILE╥ commanΣ lines.
  196.  
  197. 3.1.2. QSHELL
  198.  
  199.      QSHEL╠ áallow≤ áß áshel∞ t∩ determinσ ho≈ ái⌠ áwa≤ áinvoked«  ì
  200. Therσ áarσ tw∩ possibilities║ thσ firs⌠ i≤ tha⌠ thσ use≥ áinvokeΣ ì
  201. thσ shel∞ froφ thσ commanΣ line¼ a≤ iε typinτ "VFILER<cr>"« á Thσ ì
  202. seconΣ ápossibilit∙ ái≤ tha⌠ thσ shel∞ wa≤ invokeΣ b∙ áthσ áZCPR│ ì
  203. CommanΣ áProcesso≥ áiε responsσ t∩ ß shel∞ ástacδ áentr∙ ácommanΣ ì
  204. string.
  205.  
  206. 3.1.3. PUTSH═ anΣ GETSHM
  207.  
  208.      Thesσ ároutine≤ allo≈ shell≤ t∩ usσ ß reserveΣ areß áoµ áthσ ì
  209. MESSAG┼ BUFFER╙ fo≥ scratcΦ purposes.
  210. .paè3.2. Examplσ oµ operation
  211.  
  212.      T∩ ádemonstratσ áho≈ áshell≤ work¼ áconside≥ áthσ áfollowinτ ì
  213. scenario« á ┴ áuse≥ áinvoke≤ áVFILE╥ áusinτ áß ácommanΣ álinσ áoµ ì
  214. "VFILER;PROGNAME<cr>".
  215.  
  216. 3.2.1. Installatioε oµ ß shell
  217.  
  218.      Thσ áZCPR│ C╨ (CommanΣ Processor⌐ firs⌠ parse≤ thσ ámultiplσ ì
  219. commanΣ line¼ anΣ searche≤ fo≥ VFILER.CO═ alonτ thσ path«  Assumì
  220. inτ ái⌠ i≤ found¼ thσ commanΣ processo≥ theε load≤ thσ filσ áint∩ ì
  221. thσ TPA¼ anΣ execute≤ ß CAL╠ instructioε t∩ addres≤ 100h«  VFILER ì
  222. no≈ begin≤ execution.
  223.  
  224.      VFILER firs⌠ call≤ QSHEL╠ (residen⌠ withiε VFILER⌐ t∩ deterì
  225. minσ áho≈ ái⌠ áwa≤ invoked«  QSHEL╠ return≤ áaε áindicatioε átha⌠ ì
  226. VFILER áwa≤ invokeΣ froφ thσ commanΣ line«  VFILE╥ theε áexamine≤ ì
  227. thσ áZCPR│ Externa∞ Filσ Contro∞ Blocδ t∩ determinσ wha⌠ namσ ái⌠ ì
  228. wa≤ áinvokeΣ with¼ a≤ i⌠ ma∙ havσ beeε renamed╗ iε thi≤ ácasσ ái⌠ ì
  229. ha≤ áno⌠ ábeeε renamed«  VFILER theε call≤ SHPUS╚ át∩ áplacσ áthσ ì
  230. commanΣ ástrinτ "VFILER DU:ó (wherσ DU║ i≤ thσ defaul⌠ DU:⌐ áont∩ ì
  231. thσ áshel∞ stack«  Wheneve≥ ß shel∞ i≤ invokeΣ froφ áthσ ácommanΣ ì
  232. line¼ áthi≤ i≤ it'≤ firs⌠ step╗ installinτ itselµ ont∩ thσ áshel∞ ì
  233. stack.
  234.  
  235.      VFILER theε check≤ thσ commanΣ linσ t∩ seσ iµ therσ arσ áan∙ ì
  236. pendinτ commands╗ iε thi≤ case¼ PROGNAM┼ i≤ pending«  VFILER theε ì
  237. terminate≤ áanΣ áreturn≤ contro∞ t∩ thσ ZCPR│ CP¼ whicΦ áwil∞ áiε ì
  238. turε áexecutσ áPROGNAME« á Thi≤ áterminatioε áimmediatel∙ ááafte≥ ì
  239. callinτ SHPUS╚ wil∞ occu≥ only iµ therσ arσ pendinτ commands.
  240.  
  241. 3.2.2. CommanΣ Processo≥ Logic
  242.  
  243.      So¼ áwha⌠ happen≤ wheε PROGNAM┼ terminate≤ anΣ thσ ZCPR│ áC╨ ì
  244. restarts┐ á Thσ áC╨ ha≤ beeε designeΣ t∩ checδ áthσ áshel∞ ástacδ ì
  245. beforσ ápromptinτ thσ use≥ fo≥ ß command«  ┴ simplifieΣ ásequencσ ì
  246. oµ thσ CP logiπ is:
  247.  
  248.      1« Executσ an∙ command≤ iε thσ commanΣ linσ buffer
  249.      2« Executσ thσ "last-inó commanΣ strinτ iε thσ shel∞ stack
  250.      3.Iµ ábotΦ thσ commanΣ linσ buffe≥ anΣ thσ shel∞ stacδ áarσ ì
  251. ááááááááempty¼ promp⌠ thσ use≥ fo≥ ß command.
  252.  
  253. No≈ wσ caε begiε t∩ seσ ho≈ thσ shel∞ stacδ i≤ used«  Wheε thσ C╨ ì
  254. restart≤ á(afte≥ áPROGNAM┼ terminates)¼ i⌠ examine≤ áthσ ácommanΣ ì
  255. linσ buffe≥ anΣ find≤ i⌠ empty«  Next¼ i⌠ check≤ thσ shel∞ stack«  ì
  256. Herσ i⌠ find≤ thσ commanΣ strinτ previousl∙ installeΣ b∙ áVFILER¼ ì
  257. anΣ áexecute≤ VFILER withou⌠ promptinτ thσ user«  Notσ átha⌠ áthσ ì
  258. origina∞ ádefaul⌠ áDU║ i≤ retaineΣ eveε iµ PROGNAM┼ áhaΣ ásomeho≈ ì
  259. changeΣ it.
  260. .paè3.2.3. CommanΣ Linσ Generation
  261.  
  262.      ┴ distinctivσ characteristiπ oµ thσ MENU¼ VMENU¼ anΣ áVFILER ì
  263. shell≤ áarσ áthei≥ áabilit∙ t∩ generatσ ZCPR│ ácommanΣ áline≤ áiε ì
  264. responsσ át∩ áß singlσ keystrokσ b∙ thσ user«  Thσ use≤ áoµ áthi≤ ì
  265. featurσ áarσ ádiscusseΣ álater«  However¼ herσ áwσ áexaminσ áthi≤ ì
  266. proces≤ morσ closely.
  267.  
  268.      Figurσ │ i≤ ß fragmen⌠ froφ ß VFILER.CM─ file« á (VFILER.CM─ ì
  269. allow≤ áthσ áuse≥ át∩ adΣ additiona∞ command≤ t∩ áVFILER áwitΦ áß ì
  270. simplσ átex⌠ áeditor.⌐  I⌠ wil∞ bσ referenceΣ áiε áthσ áfollowinτ ì
  271. discussion.
  272.  
  273. !Examplσ VFILER.CM─ file
  274.  
  275. 1 xdir 'XDIR options? '
  276. 2 dfa
  277. │ shctr∞ 'D∩ yo⌡ wan⌠ t∩ DISPLAY¼ POP¼ o≥ CLEA╥ thσ Shel∞ Stack┐' 
  278. #
  279. 1 - Run XDIR with command line options
  280. 2 - Displa∙ filσ attribute≤ oµ thσ curren⌠ directory
  281. │ ¡ Perforφ SHCTR╠ operations
  282.  
  283. Figurσ 3.é  A fragment of VFILER.CMD
  284.  
  285.      VFILE╥ ágenerate≤ ácommanΣ áline≤ througΦ áthσ áusσ áoµ áthσ ì
  286. VFILER.CM─ áfile«  Operatioε i≤ straightforward«  Thσ firs⌠ ásecì
  287. tioε oµ VFILER.CM─ associate≤ number≤ (a≤ typeΣ b∙ thσ user⌐ witΦ ì
  288. certaiε commanΣ lines«  Iε thσ example¼ thσ "2ó ke∙ i≤ associateΣ ì
  289. witΦ thσ commanΣ linσ "dfa"«  Thus¼ iµ thσ use≥ werσ t∩ typσ áthσ ì
  290. "2ó ke∙ whilσ VFILE╥ i≤ active¼ tha⌠ commanΣ linσ woulΣ bσ placeΣ ì
  291. iε áthσ ámultiplσ ácommanΣ linσ buffer¼ áVFILE╥ áterminates¼ áanΣ ì
  292. contro∞ ái≤ ápasseΣ át∩ thσ ZCPR│ CP«  Thσ C╨ áfirs⌠ ácheck≤ áthσ ì
  293. Multiplσ áCommanΣ Linσ Buffe≥ beforσ checkinτ thσ Shel∞ Stacδ áo≥ ì
  294. promptinτ áthσ user«  Here¼ i⌠ find≤ ß pendinτ commanΣ áanΣ áwil∞ ì
  295. executσ tha⌠ command«  Oncσ tha⌠ commanΣ i≤ completσ anΣ ácontro∞ ì
  296. i≤ returneΣ t∩ thσ CP¼ thσ Multiplσ CommanΣ Linσ Buffe≥ shoulΣ bσ ì
  297. empty«  Iµ so¼ thσ C╨ theε check≤ thσ Shel∞ Stack¼ wherσ i⌠ áwil∞ ì
  298. finΣ áaε entr∙ oµ "VFILE╥ DU:"¼ whicΦ i⌠ wil∞ theε ruε a≤ ß ácomì
  299. mand« á Thi≤ ái≤ áthσ proces≤ useΣ b∙ thσ ácommonl∙ áuseΣ áshell≤ ì
  300. (VFILER¼ MENU¼ VMENU⌐ t∩ generatσ commanΣ lines.
  301. .paè                     4. Application≤ oµ Shells
  302.  
  303.      Shell≤ áhavσ thσ dua∞ propert∙ oµ Shel∞ áStacδ ámanipulatioε ì
  304. anΣ commanΣ linσ generation«  Application≤ oµ thi≤ combinatioε oµ ì
  305. propertie≤ áincludσ integratioε oµ multiplσ standalonσ CO═ áfile≤ ì
  306. int∩ áß ácohesivσ unit«  A≤ aε example¼ thσ áEcheloε áDISCA╘ áanΣ ì
  307. TERM│ application≤ consis⌠ oµ man∙ individua∞ CO═ files¼ áunifieΣ ì
  308. througΦ thσ usσ oµ shells«  Thi≤ ha≤ significan⌠ benefits«  Sincσ ì
  309. aε applicatioε ma∙ bσ brokeε dowε int∩ multiplσ CO═ files¼ i⌠ ái≤ ì
  310. n∩ álonge≥ ánecessar∙ t∩ placσ al∞ oµ thσ task≤ o≥ ácodσ áint∩ áß ì
  311. singlσ álargσ áobjec⌠ file«  Prograφ areß áRA═ árequirement≤ áarσ ì
  312. greatl∙ áreduced¼ anΣ thσ neeΣ fo≥ device≤ sucΦ a≤ prograφ áoverì
  313. lay≤ arσ diminisheΣ o≥ eliminated.
  314.  
  315.      Iε additioε t∩ unifyinτ discretσ programs¼ shell≤ als∩ servσ ì
  316. a≤ ß "fron⌠-endó fo≥ thσ user«  Thσ advantagσ oµ thi≤ applicatioε ì
  317. i≤ átha⌠ unsophisticateΣ user≤ arσ no⌠ requireΣ t∩ learε ácommanΣ ì
  318. linσ ásynta° anΣ options╗ insteaΣ the∙ ma∙ merel∙ selec⌠ áfroφ áß ì
  319. men⌡ oµ choices«  Thi≤ i≤ idea∞ iε busines≤ application≤ wherσ áß ì
  320. worke≥ áma∙ áno⌠ bσ qualifieΣ t∩ operatσ ß compute≥ áviß ácommanΣ ì
  321. line¼ áye⌠ i≤ perfectl∙ capablσ oµ operatinτ ß menu╗ o≥ áiε áhomσ ì
  322. application≤ áwherσ ß use≥ ma∙ wan⌠ ß spousσ o≥ chilΣ t∩ áoperatσ ì
  323. thσ compute≥ system.
  324.  
  325.      Onσ álas⌠ áinterestinτ applicatioε oµ thσ Shel∞ áprograφ ái≤ ì
  326. tha⌠ áoµ historica∞ commanΣ linσ retentioε anΣ recall« á Thσ áHS╚ ì
  327. (Historica∞ SHell⌐ prograφ i≤ aε excellen⌠ examplσ oµ wha⌠ ma∙ bσ ì
  328. donσ áwitΦ thσ Shel∞ concept«  HS╚ "remembersó ápreviou≤ ácommanΣ ì
  329. lines¼ anΣ thσ use≥ caε retrievσ ß previousl∙ issueΣ commanΣ linσ ì
  330. witΦ áß singlσ keystroke«  Oncσ retrieved¼ i⌠ ma∙ bσ áediteΣ áanΣ ì
  331. reissueΣ áusinτ WordSta≥-likσ commands«  Thσ displa∙ oµ áHS╚ áwa≤ ì
  332. deliberatel∙ ádesigneΣ t∩ mimiπ thσ ZCPR│ commanΣ áprompt¼ áwhicΦ ì
  333. make≤ HS╚ invisible¼ ye⌠ it'≤ feature≤ arσ availablσ instantl∙ a⌠ ì
  334. thσ toucΦ oµ ß key.
  335. .paè                  5. References/SuggesteΣ Reading
  336.  
  337.      Conn¼ Richard« ZCPR3:_The_Manual¼ copyrigh⌠ 1985¼ ápublisheΣ ì
  338. b∙ Zoetrope¼ Inc.¼ 35▒ page≤ (availablσ froφ Echelon).
  339.      Conn¼ ááRichard« ááZCPR3:_The_Libraries¼ áácopyrigh⌠ áá1986¼ ì
  340. publisheΣ b∙ Echelon¼ Inc.¼ 300½ pages.
  341.      Gaude'¼ Frank«  ┌-NEWSô (Echeloε newsletter)¼ publisheΣ ever∙ ì
  342. tw∩ week≤ b∙ Echelon¼ Inc.¼ ┤ t∩ 1▓ pages.
  343.      Variou≤ áAuthors« á MENU.HLP¼ áVMENU.HLP¼ áVFILER.HLP¼ ááanΣ ì
  344. SH.HLP¼ áfile≤ useΣ withiε thσ ZCPR│ HEL╨ system¼ availablσ áfroφ ì
  345. Echeloε o≥ froφ Z-Nodσ Remotσ Acces≤ ╙ystems.
  346. .paè.FI B:SHELLS.IDX
  347.