CP/M/CPM_CDROM.iso/enterprs/c128/util/unix128b.arc/INTRO.2

Text File | 1991-12-31 | 20KB | 463 lines

╒NIX 128 V3.10 ═ANUAL           15 ╩ANUARY 1992                          ╨AGE 8


12.  ╔NTRODUCTION TO NROFF.

NROFF IS A TEXT FORMATTING PACKAGE THAT IS "MOSTLY" COMPATIBLE WITH PLAIN NROFF
AND  TROFF  SOURCE  FILES  (NO  MACROS ARE INCLUDED WITH THIS RELEASE FOR TABLE
(TBL) OR EQUATION (EQN) PROCESSING).   NROFF  IS  NOT  A  "WORD  PROCESSOR"  OR
"EDITOR", BUT A PASS-THRU TEXT FORMATTER.  ┘OU MUST ENTER TEXT ON ANY EDITOR OR
WORD PROCESSOR (EMACS IS FINE) AND THEN TYPE  % NROFF -P FILE TO PRINT IT OR  %
NROFF  -V  FILE  TO PREVIEW IT. NROFF PROVIDES THE POWERFUL FEATURES ASSOCIATED
WITH MANY WORD PROCESSORS.

12.1  ├OMMAND ╠INE ╧PTIONS:

NROFF MAY BE INVOKED WITH SEVERAL COMMAND-LINE OPTIONS IN THE FORMAT:
    % NROFF (OPTIONS) FILENAME
╘HE OPTIONS ARE:
      -I  ╔NTERACTIVE FORMATTING SETUP FIRST.
      -V  ╓IDEO PREVIEW ONLY
      -P  ╨RINT DOCUMENT
      -╙  ╒SE MY OWN SYMBOL TABLE INSTEAD OF 'NROFF.TBL.'  ┼XAMPLE:  -╙MYTABLE

┴ COMMAND LINE MIGHT LOOK LIKE: % NROFF -I -╙MYTABLE -P THISFILE.
╘HE NROFF COMMAND TAKES A SINGLE DOCUMENT FILENAME,  WHICH  MUST  BE  SPECIFIED
LAST ON THE COMMAND LINE.

12.2  ╞ORMATTING ├OMMANDS:

┴LL FORMATTING COMMANDS MUST BEGIN WITH A PERIOD (.) THAT IS AT  THE  FAR  LEFT
(FIRST COLUMN) OF THE SOURCE DOCUMENT.   ┴ COMPLETE LIST OF FORMATTING COMMANDS
CAN BE VIEWED BY TYPING % MORE NROFF.HLP FROM THE SHELL, OR FROM  WITHIN  EMACS
BY TYPING ┼╙├-╪ ╬╥╧╞╞.


13.  ╔NTRODUCTION TO THE AS ┴SSEMBLER ─EVELOPMENT ╨ACKAGE

AS IS THE ╒NIX 128 8510 ASSEMBLER.  ╔T TAKES A SINGLE  SOURCE  FILE,  PROCESSES
THE  ╒NIX  128 EXTENSIONS, WRITES AN OBJECT FILE (*.O) THAT CONTAINS ONLY VALID
8510 ASSEMBLER OPCODES / OPERANDS, THEN CONVERTS THE OBJECT  FILES  AND  WRITES
THE ├128 MACHINE LANGUAGE FILE 'A.OUT.'

╘HE FIRST TWO BYTES OF 'A.OUT' CONTAIN THE START ADDRESS OF THE CODE (WHERE  IT
IS LOADED) AND THE REST OF THE FILE CONTAINS THE MACHINE LANGUAGE CODE.

13.1  ╠ANGUAGE ┼XTENSIONS:

╘HE EXTENSIONS TO STANDARD ASSEMBLER ARE AS FOLLOWS:
1.  ╘HE FIRST LINE OF ANY ASSEMBLER  SOURCE  CODE  MUST  BE  THE  WORD  'START'
FOLLOWED BY EITHER A DECIMAL NUMBER OR A '$' AND A HEXIDECIMAL NUMBER.  ╘HIS IS
THE START ADDRESS OF THE CODE WHICH IS  WRITTEN  DIRECTLY  TO  'A.OUT.'   ╔F  A
'START' LINE IS NOT FOUND, AN ERROR WILL BE PRINTED, AND THE COMPILER WILL HALT
AND CATCH FIRE.

2.  ╧NE OR MORE LINES MAY BE GIVEN THAT BEGIN WITH THE  WORD  'INCLUDE'  AND  A
SOURCE  FILENAME THAT CONTAINS VALID MACRO DEFINITIONS (SEE 4).  ╘HE PURPOSE OF
THIS STATEMENT IS SIMILAR TO THE ├ #INCLUDE <LIBRARY.H>: TO INCLUDE  MACROS  OF
STANDARD  CODE.   ┴N INCLUDE FILE, 'STDLIB.I', IS GIVEN WITH THIS PACKAGE AS AN
EXAMPLE.  ┼XAMPLE:  INCLUDE STDLIB.I







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3.   ┴  DATA  SECTION  MAY BE GIVEN, SO THAT YOU MAY LABEL COMMON CONSTANTS.  ┴
DATA SECTION CONSISTS OF THE WORD 'DATA' ON ITS OWN LINE, FOLLOWED  BY  ONE  OR
MORE DATA LINES, AND FOLLOWED BY THE WORD 'ENDD' (END-DATA) ON ITS OWN LINE.  ┴
DATA LINE CONSISTS OF A DATA LABEL, THE WORD 'EQU', AND A DECIMAL  VALUE  OR  A
HEXIDECIMAL VALUE PRECEEDED BY A '$'
┼XAMPLE:
   DATA
     ZERO EQU $00
     TWO EQU 2
   ENDD
╫HEREVER THE NAMES 'ZERO' OR 'TWO' ARE ENCOUNTERED, THEY ARE REPLACED WITH  THE
APPROPRIATE DATA VALUE.

4.  ═ACROS ARE UNITS OF CODE THAT ARE GIVEN A NAME.  ╘HEY ARE DEFINED ONCE, AND
EXPANDED  WHEREVER THE MACRO NAME IS FOUND.  ┴ MACRO DEFINITION BEGINS WITH THE
WORD 'MACRO', A SINGLE SPACE, AND THE MACRO NAME.  ╧NE OR MORE LINES  OF  VALID
8510  SOURCE  CODE ARE GIVEN ON SEPARATE LINES, AND THE WORD 'ENDM' (END-MACRO)
IS GIVEN TO CONCLUDE THE MACRO DEFINITION.
┼XAMPLE:
   MACRO FOO           (START A MACRO NAMED FOO)
     LDA #$00
   ENDM                (END OF THIS MACRO)
╫HENEVER THE NAME 'FOO' IS ENCOUNTERED IN THE SOURCE CODE, IT IS REPLACED  WITH
THE  LINE  'LDA #$00'.  ═ACROS CANNOT BE GIVEN PARAMETERS.  ╙TANDARD MACROS ARE
USUALLY USED FOR SYSTEM CALLS SUCH AS SETTING FAST MODE OR CLEARING THE SCREEN.

5.  ├OMMENTS CAN BE GIVEN ON SEPARATE LINES  BY  BEGINNING  THAT  LINE  WITH  A
SEMICOLON (;).  ┼XAMPLE:
   ;╘HIS IS A COMMENT

6.  ┴NY LINE MAY BE GIVEN A NAME BY WHICH IT CAN BE REFERRED.  ╘HIS REMOVES THE
TEDIUM  OF KEEPING TRACK OF ADDRESSES FOR JUMPS AND BRANCHES.  ╘HE NAME MUST BE
FOLLOWED IMMEDIATELY BY A COLON (:).  ┼XAMPLE:
 LINE:  LDX #ZERO
        STA $0400,X
        JMP LINE

**╫┴╥╬╔╬╟**  ┬E VERY CAREFUL NOT TO USE VALID OPERAND NAMES  FOR  LINE  LABELS,
DATA LABELS OR MACRO NAMES.  ╘HE PREPARSER WILL REPLACE ALL OCCURENCES OF LABEL
NAMES WITH THE APPROPRIATE DATA.  (╞OR EXAMPLE, IF YOU LABEL A LINE WITH  JSR:,
EVERY  TIME  YOU USED JSR IN YOUR PROGRAM IT WILL BE REPLACED BY THE ADDRESS OF
THE LINE TO WHICH THE LINE LABEL REFERS!)

13.2  ├OMMAND ╠INE ╧PTIONS:
      AS CAN BE INVOKED WITH  SEVERAL  DIFFERENT  OPTIONS  FROM  THE  ╒NIX  128
COMMAND LINE:
   % AS -H           :╨RINTS A HELP SCREEN.
   % AS -D BEG END   :─ISASSEMBLES MEMORY FROM BEG TO END
   % AS -V BEG END   :╓IEWS MEMORY FROM BEG TO END
   % AS FILENAME     :╨ARSES 'FILENAME' --> 'FILENAME.O' --COMPILES--> 'A.OUT'

AS ACCEPTS ALL VALID 8510 OPCODES, AND THE FOLLOWING RESERVED KEYWORDS:
   START   MACRO   ENDM    DATA    ENDD    INCLUDE EQU








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13.3  ╟ENERAL ╬OTES:
1.  ╒SE ALL LOWER CASE FOR KEYWORDS AND OP-CODES, AND USE A SINGLE SPACE
       BETWEEN OP-CODES AND OPERANDS.
2.  ╘HERE IS A LIMIT OF 1500 LINES OF SOURCE CODE (255 CHARACTERS PER LINE)
3.  ╘HERE IS A LIMIT OF 75 MACROS OF 50 LINES (255 CHAR/LINE) EACH.
4.  ╘HERE IS A LIMIT OF 100 UNIQUE LINE LABELS.
5.  ╘HERE IS A LIMIT OF 100 DATA ITEMS IN THE DATA SECTION.


14.  ╨ROGRAMMING IN ┬┴╙╔├ ╒NDER ╒NIX 128.

╔T IS QUITE FEASIBLE TO WRITE ┬┴╙╔├ 7.0 CODE USING EMACS.  ╘HERE ARE NO SPECIAL
FEATURES  INCLUDED  FOR  WRITING  ┬┴╙╔├ CODE UNDER EMACS.  ╘O CONVERT AN EDITOR
(╙┼╤) FILE TO ┬┴╙╔├ FORMAT,  SIMPLY  TYPE  '%  BASIC'.   ╘HE  ┬┴╙╔├  CONVERSION
UTILITY  WILL  LOAD  THE  REQUESTED  FILE  INTO  MEMORY,  WHERE YOU CAN RUN IT.
╥EMEMBER TO SAVE THE FILE AFTER THE CONVERSION IS COMPLETE (╫HEN THE CONVERSION
COMPLETES,  EITHER  A  SYNTAX  ERROR WILL OCCUR OR THE DISK DRIVE WILL HALT AND
YOU'LL NEED TO PRESS ╥╒╬/╙╘╧╨ - ╥┼╙╘╧╥┼; EITHER IS NORMAL  -  YOUR  PROGRAM  IS
SAFELY IN MEMORY.)
     ╘O CONVERT A ┬┴╙╔├ PROGRAM TO ╙┼╤ FORMAT FOR EMACS, LOAD THE FILE NORMALLY
FROM ┬┴╙╔├ THEN TYPE:
           ╧╨┼╬ 5,8,4,"0:SEQ-FILENAME,S,W"
           ├═─5:╠╔╙╘
           ╨╥╔╬╘#5
           ├╠╧╙┼ 5


15.  ╔NTRODUCTION TO THE EMACS ╘EXT ┼DITOR.

┼MACS IS A POWERFUL TEXT EDITOR FOR USE UNDER ╒NIX 128.  ╔T IS NOT  A  DOCUMENT
FORMATTER  OR  'WORD  PROCESSOR'-  THE MOST ADVANCED TEXT PREVIEWING FEATURE IS
WORD-WRAP.  ╘EXT SHOULD BE  PASSED  TO  NROFF  FOR  FORMATTING  (LINE  SPACING,
COLUMNS, JUSTIFICATION ETC.)

┼MACS ALLOWS UP TO 700 LINES OF TEXT (OF 80 CHARACTERS / LINE).  ╔T  LOADS  AND
SAVES  ╙┼╤  TYPE  FILES  THAT  ARE  COMPATIBLE WITH MOST OTHER WORD PROCESSORS.
┼MACS ALSO FEATURES ─ISK┼D, TO ENTER ├┬═-─╧╙ COMMANDS.  ╔T HAS HELP SCREENS FOR
ITSELF  AS  WELL AS A COMMAND REFERENCE FOR WRITING NROFF SOURCE FILES.  ╔T HAS
MULTIPLE TEXT EDITING FEATURES LIKE SETTING AND COPYING REGIONS, 'KILLING'  AND
'YANKING' LINES OF TEXT, COMMANDS TO MOVE TO THE START AND END OF LINES, UP AND
DOWN BY SCREENS, AND COMMANDS TO MOVE TO THE START AND END OF TEXT.  ╞ILES  CAN
BE INSERTED INTO THE TEXT.  ╘HERE IS FONT SUPPORT, AND 2 PARTIAL FONTS (ONE FOR
SPECIAL ╨OLISH CHARACTERS AND ONE FOR  THE  ╥USSIAN  (CYRILLIC)  ALPHABET)  ARE
INCLUDED.

15.1  ╥EGIONS:
      ┴ REGION IS DEFINED AS ALL THE TEXT IN BETWEEN THE 'MARK' AND THE CURRENT
CURSOR  POSITION.   ┴ MARK IS SET BY TYPING (├OMMODORE) (╙╨┴├┼).  ╧NCE A REGION
IS DEFINED, YOU CAN:
        ├╧╬╘╥╧╠-C : COPY REGION AS KILL.  ╘HIS ALLOWS YOU TO  COPY  THE  REGION
INTO THE KILL BUFFER TO BE COPIED BACK INTO THE TEXT WITH ├╧╬╘╥╧╠-Y (YANK).
        ╥OT-13 REGION : ╨ERFORM THE ROT-13 TRANSFORMATION ON THE REGION  (WHICH
MAPS EACH LETTER 13 POSITIONS AWAY; A-->M, B-->N, M-->A ETC)

15.2  ┼XPANDED ├OMMAND ╥EFERENCE:
(├-KEY - ├ONTROL+KEY    ┼-KEY - ╚IT ┼╙├ THEN KEY)
├-A      ═OVE THE CURSOR TO THE BEGINNING OF THE CURRENT LINE.
├-B      ═OVE THE CURSOR BACK ONE CHARACTER (SAME AS 'CURSOR LEFT')







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├-C      ├OPY THE CURRENTLY MARKED REGION INTO MEMORY, TO BE RETRIEVED WITH
         ├-Y (YANK LINE)
├-D      ┼NTER ─ISK┼D, WHICH ALLOWS ├┬═ ─╧╙ COMMANDS TO BE EXECUTED.
├-E      ═OVE THE CURSOR TO THE END OF THE CURRENT LINE.
├-F      ═OVE THE CURSOR FORWARD ONE CHARACTER (='CURSOR RIGHT')
├-G      ╤UIT PROMPT (GENERAL ABORT FOR COMMANDS)
├-H      ╟ET ╚ELP!!!
├-K      ─ELETE LINE FROM CURSOR TO END OF LINE, COPYING THE LINE TO MEMORY.
├-L      ╥EDRAW THE SCREEN.
├-N      ═OVE THE CURSOR TO THE NEXT LINE (='CURSOR DOWN')
├-P      ═OVE THE CURSOR TO THE PREVIOUS LINE (='CURSOR UP')
├-R      ╥OT-13 A PREVIOUSLY MARKED REGION
├-V      ═OVE DOWN BY A FULL SCREEN
├-W      ╫RITE THIS FILE AS...
├-Y      ┘ANK A LINE FROM MEMORY TO THE CURRENT CURSOR POSITION.
├-X C    ├LEAR TEXT MEMORY.
├-X E    ├OPY THE KEYBOARD MACRO DEFINED WITH ├-( AND ├-)
├-X F    ╞IND PHRASE (MAYBE).
├-X I    ╔NSERT A FILE AT THE CURRENT CURSOR POSITION.
├-X P    ╨RINT THE CONTENTS OF MEMORY.
├-X S    ╙AVE FILE WITH CURRENT FILENAME.
├-X V    ╓IEW DOCUMENT WITH WORD-WRAP.
├-X ├-C  ╤UIT TO ╒NIX 128.
├-X ├-F  ╠OAD A FILE INTO MEMORY, ERASING CURRENT MEMORY CONTENTS.
├-X (    ╫RITE KEYBOARD MACRO
├-X )    ┼ND KEYBOARD MACRO
├-X =    ├URSOR INFORMATION (WHAT LINE, CHARACTER ETC)
├-X +    ╔NSERT A LINE AT THE CURSOR.
┼-<      ═OVE THE CURSOR TO THE BEGINNING OF THE FILE.
┼->      ═OVE THE CURSOR TO THE END OF THE FILE.
┼-V      ═OVE UP BY 1 FULL SCREEN.
┼-X ?    ╙HOW BOUND COMMANDS (NROFF HELP, FONTS ETC.)

╧F COURSE, THE ABBREVIATED COMMAND REFERENCE MAY  BE  VIEWED  AT  ANY  TIME  BY
TYPING ├-H, WITHOUT DISTURBING YOUR DOCUMENT.


16.  ╘HE TIP ╘ELECOMMUNICATIONS ╨ROGRAM.

     ╘IP IS USED TO CONNECT TO MAINFRAMES OR OTHER ╒NIX 128 SYSTEMS  USING  THE
TELEPHONE  LINES.   ╔T CAN USE A WIDE VARIETY OF PROTOCOL AND TERMINAL SETTINGS
AND WILL BE COMPATIBLE WITH MOST SYSTEMS.
     ┴LL OF THE FEATURES OF TIP CAN BE ACCESSED  THROUGH  THE  MAIN  MENU.   ╘O
BRING  UP  THE  MAIN MENU, PRESS THE ┴╠╘ KEY ON THE UPPER LEFT OF THE KEYBOARD.
╘HIS BRINGS UP THE FOLLOWING MENU HEIRARCHY (MAY NOT BE IN THE SAME ORDER):

16.1  ╨ROTOCOL ═ENU:
     -┬AUD ╥ATE:    THE SPEED OF COMMUNICATION (300 AND 1200 ARE MOST COMMON)
     -─ATA ┬ITS:    7 OR 8 DATA BITS ARE SUPPORTED
     -╨ARITY:       EVEN, ODD, SPACE, MARK OR NO PARITY ARE SUPPORTED
     -╙TOP ┬ITS:    1 OR 2 STOP BITS ARE ALLOWED
     -─UPLEX:       FULL(NO LOCAL ECHO) OR HALF(LOCAL ECHO) DUPLEX
16.2  ╘ERMINAL ╘YPE ═ENU:
     -╓╘100:        USE ╓╘100 EMULATION.  ╞OR SOME REASON, NOT ALL OF THE CODES
                     WORK ALL OF THE TIME.  ╚OPE TO HAVE THAT FIXED SOON....
     -╓╘52:         USE ╓╘52 EMULATION.







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     -├OMMODORE:    ALSO CALLED 'RAW' MODE, THIS DOESN'T INTERPRET ANY OF THE
                     CONTROL CODES ENCOUNTERED.  ╘HIS IS USEFUL WHEN TALKING
                     TO OTHER ├OMMODORE SYSTEMS.
16.3  ─IAL:
       ┼NTER A PHONE NUMBER (NO PARENTHESES OR HYPHENS, A COMMA (,) MAKES A 2
       SECOND PAUSE) AND TIP WILL DIAL IT AND ATTEMPT TO CONNECT.  ╧NE OF THE
       THE FOLLOWING MESSAGES WILL BE RETURNED:
         ├╧╬╬┼├╘       = CONNECTED AT 300 BAUD
         ├╧╬╬┼├╘ 1200  = CONNECTED AT 1200 BAUD
         ┬╒╙┘          = THE HOST IS BUSY
         ╓╧╔├┼         = A HUMAN BEING ANSWERED THE PHONE.
16.4  ╚ANG ╒P ═ENU:
         ╚ANG ╒P: OBVIOUSLY, HANG UP THE PHONE.
         ─ON'T ╚ANG ╒P: OBVIOUSLY, DON'T HANG UP THE PHONE.
16.5  ├LEAR ─ISPLAY:
         ╘HIS JUST CLEARS THE SCREEN.
16.6  ┬UFFER ═ENU:
         ├APTURE ╧N:   ╘HIS WILL COPY EVERYTHING THAT COMES ACROSS THE SCREEN
                        (EXCEPT MENUS ETC.) TO MEMORY
         ├APTURE ╧FF:  ╘HIS TURNS OFF THE COPY-TO-MEMORY FEATURE.
         ├LEAR ┬UFFER: ┼RASE ALL BUFFER MEMORY.
         ╙AVE ┬UFFER:  ╙AVE THE CONTENTS OF THE BUFFER IN A DISK FILE.
         ╨RINT ┬UFFER: ╨RINT THE CONTENTS OF THE BUFFER ON THE PRINTER.
         ╓IEW ┬UFFER:  ╘YPE THE CONTENTS OF THE BUFFER ON THE SCREEN (USE THE
                        ╬╧ ╙├╥╧╠╠ KEY TO PAUSE / RESUME.)
16.7  ┴╙├╔╔ ╒PLOAD:
         ┼NTER A FILENAME AND TIP WILL JUST TYPE THE FILE TO THE MODEM.  ╘O
         RECEIVE A FILE, YOU MUST FIRST TYPE:
           ╓┴╪ / ╓═╙:  $ CREATE FILENAME  (WHEN UPLOAD IS DONE, TYPE ├╘╥╠-┌)
           ╒NIX:       % CAT > FILENAME   (WHEN DONE, TYPE ├╘╥╠-─)
16.8  ╤UIT TO ╒NIX:
         ╥ETURNS TO THE ╒NIX 128 SHELL PROMPT (%).  ┘OU CAN LEAVE TIP WITHOUT
         HANGING UP, DO OTHER WORK, AND RETURN TO TIP SAFELY.  ╥EMEMBER TO HANG
         UP THE PHONE WHEN YOU'RE ALL DONE (NOTE THAT SHUTTING OFF THE COMPUTER
         WILL HANG UP THE PHONE AUTOMATICALLY)
16.9  (╘ERMINAL ═ODE):
         ╥ETURN TO TERMINAL MODE WITHOUT DOING ANYTHING.


17.  DC:
     DC IS THE  ╒NIX  128  DESKTOP  CALCULATOR.   ╔T  CAN  BE  USED  FOR  DOING
ARITHMETIC  CALCULATIONS,  BASE CONVERSIONS AND TRIGONOMETRY.  DC CAN BE RUN IN
ONE OF TWO MODES: INTERACTIVE AND SINGLE EXPRESSION.
     ╔F YOU TYPE % DC AT THE SHELL PROMPT, DC WILL LOAD AND  PLACE  YOU  IN  AN
INTERACTIVE ENVIRONMENT.  ╨RESSING '?' WILL LIST ALL OF THE FEATURES.
     ╔F YOU TYPE % DC (EXPR) AT THE SHELL PROMPT (EXAMPLE:  % DC 3+2), DC  WILL
BE  LOADED,  AND  IT  WILL EVALUATE THE GIVEN EXPRESSION, PRINT THE RESULT, AND
RETURN TO THE SHELL IMMEDIATELY.
     ╘HE VALID OPERATIONS ARE:
          ╚ELP:       ?
          ┴RITHMETIC: + - * /  ( ) !
          ╞UNCTIONS:  (FUNCTIONS TAKE A SINGLE ARGUMENT)
                      LOG SQR SQRT SIN COS TAN SEC CSC COT
          ┴RGUMENTS:  CAN BE:
                      -NUMERIC (EXAMPLE: 3+2)
                      -E OR PI (DEFINED CONSTANTS)
                      -ANS (ANS IS THE PREVIOUS ANSWER VARIABLE)






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          ├ONVERSION: HD (HEX ARG)    HEXADECIMAL TO DECIMAL
                      HB (HEX ARG)    HEXADECIMAL TO BINARY
                      DH (DEC ARG)DECIMAL TO HEXADECIMAL
                      DB (DEC ARG)    DECIMAL TO BINARY
                      BD (BIN ARG)    BINARY TO DECIMAL
                      BH (BIN ARG)    BINARY TO HEXADECIMAL
                ┼XAMPLE:  TO CONVERT $FF TO DECIMAL, TYPE:  HD FF.

18.  MAIL:

MAIL INVOKES THE ╒NIX 128 MAIL SYSTEM.  ╘HIS MAILER WAS SET UP SO THAT MULTIPLE
USERS  OF  ╒NIX 128 ON A SINGLE SYSTEM COULD SEND MAIL BETWEEN EACH OTHER.  ╘HE
OPERATION OF MAIL IS ALMOST EXACTLY IDENTICAL TO ┬ERKELEY MAIL (/USR/UCB/MAIL).

╘HE MAILER USES 'MAILBOXES' NAMED USERNAME.MBOX; IF ONE DOESN'T EXIST  FOR  YOU
IT  WILL  BE CREATED IF NEEDED.  ╔F YOU HAVE NO MAIL, MAIL WILL PROBABLY RETURN
AN ERROR MESSAGE LIKE 'USER.MBOX DOESN'T EXIST.'.

MAIL CONTAINS ALL THE STANDARD ╒NIX MAILER COMMANDS: N (NEXT MESSAGE), S  (SAVE
MESSAGE(S)), P (PRINT MESSAGE(S)), MAIL (MAIL TO ANOTHER USER), AND D (DELETE).


19.  SPREAD:
     SPREAD IS THE ╒NIX 128 SPREADSHEET PROGRAM.  ╔T IS SIMILAR IN FUNCTION  TO
╠OTUS  1-2-3,  BUT  A  LOT  SMALLER  AND  SKIMPIER.   SPREAD PROVIDES A MAXIMUM
SPREADSHEET SIZE OF 26 ROWS (┴-┌) BY 99 COLUMNS (1-99).  ╘HERE  ARE  FACILITIES
FOR ENTERING TEXT STRINGS, NUMBERS, FUNCTIONS, AND MATH EXPRESSIONS.  ╞UNCTIONS
AND MATH EXPRESSIONS MAY APPLY TO MULTIPLE CELLS ('RANGES').
     ╔N MOST CASES, RANGES ARE ENTERED IN TWO WAYS:
        -EXPLICITLY:  TWO OPPOSITE CORNERS (USUALLY TOP-LEFT AND  BOTTOM-RIGHT)
ARE  GIVEN,  SEPARATED BY A HYPHEN (-).  ╘HE COLUMN LETTER MUST COME BEFORE THE
ROW NUMBER.  ┼XAMPLE: A1-B10
        -BY NAME:  COMMONLY USED RANGES MAY BE GIVEN A  NAME  (TYPE  ├╘╥╠-N  TO
NAME  A  RANGE.)   ╧NCE  A  RANGE  IS  NAMED,  ITS NAME MAY BE GIVEN INSTEAD OF
EXPLICITLY DEFINING THE RANGE.
     ╔N SOME CASES (SUCH AS WHEN ENTERING A RANGE TO PRINT) YOU  CAN  ALSO  USE
THE  CURSOR  KEYS  TO  SCROLL THE TOP LEFT CELL ADDRESS, PRESS '.', AND USE THE
CURSOR KEYS TO SELECT A BOTTOM RIGHT CELL ADDRESS.
     ╞UNCTIONS ACT ON RANGES.  ╞UNCTIONS ARE PRECEDED BY THE  '@'  SIGN.   ╙OME
AVAILABLE  FUNCTIONS  ARE  SUM  (@SUM),  AVERAGE  (@AVG), MAXIMUM VALUE (@MAX),
MINIMUM VALUE (@MIN), NUMBER OF NUMERIC ITEMS IN A RANGE  (@COUNT),  LOG,  SIN,
COS,  TAN,  AND  SQRT  (SQUARE ROOT).  ╥ANGES ARE SPECIFIED AFTER THE FUNCTION:
@SUM A1-B9.
     ╙PREAD CAN ALSO CALCULATE BINARY MATH EXPRESSIONS  (EXPRESSIONS  WITH  TWO
NUMBERS).   ═ATH  EXPRESSIONS  ARE  PRECEDED BY A PERCENT SIGN, CONTAIN A SINGE
OPERATOR (+,-,* OR /), AND TWO ARGUMENTS (ARGUMENTS MAY BE  EITHER  NUMERIC  OR
SINGLE CELL NAMES).  ┼XAMPLES:  %497-334  %A1-B1  %D49-10.
     ╬╧╘┼:   ╞UNCTIONS  OR  EXPRESSIONS  THAT  ACT  ON  OTHER  CELLS  ARE   NOT
AUTOMATICALLY CHANGED TO REFLECT CHANGES IN ARGUMENTS; A SCREEN REDRAW (├╘╥╠-R)
WILL MAKE THESE CHANGES.
     ├OMPLETE INFORMATION ON THE CURRENT VERSION  OF  SPREAD  IS  AVAILABLE  BY
TYPING ├ONTROL-H.










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20.  ╧THER MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS:

20.1  ╟AMES:
     ╞OUR 'GAMES' HAVE BEEN INCLUDED WITH ╒NIX 128:  BANNER, MAZE, PUZZLE,  AND
WUMP (THESE ARE TRADITIONALLY FOUND IN /USR/GAMES ON "REAL" UNIX SYSTEMS.)
     -┬ANNER WILL PRINT THE GIVEN PHRASE  IN  LARGE  LETTERS  ON  THE  STANDARD
OUTPUT DEVICE.  ╘HUS, % BANNER I LOVE UNIX 128 ⌐ LPR   WILL PRINT A BIG SIGN ON
YOUR PRINTER.
     -═AZE CREATES A RANDOM MAZE AND PRINTS IT TO THE STANDARD OUTPUT.   ┴GAIN,
YOU'LL PROBABLY WANT TO PIPE THIS COMMAND TO THE PRINTER.
     -╨UZZLE IS A ╒NIX 128 IMPLEMENTATION OF THE SLIDING TILE GAME WHOSE OBJECT
IS TO GET THE TILES IN NUMERICAL ORDER BY SLIDING THEM AROUND.
     -╫UMP IS AN IMPLEMENTATION OF ╚UNT ╘HE ╫UMPUS, A GAME BY ╟REGORY ┘OB  THAT
HAS  BEEN  ON  ╒NIX  SYSTEMS SINCE THEIR INCEPTION.  ╘HE OBJECT IS TO SHOOT THE
╫UMPUS WHILE AVOIDING HAZARDS LIKE PITS AND ╙UPERBATS.

20.2  ╘AR:
     ╘AR IS THE TAPE ARCHIVE PROGRAM THAT EXISTS TO  TAKE  MULTIPLE  FILES  AND
CONCATENATE THEM INTO A SINGLE ARCHIVE FILE (CALLED A TARFILE) FOR ARCHIVING OR
MAILING.  ╘HE ╒NIX 128 VERSION SEEMS TO BE COMPATIBLE WITH ╙UN'S  TAR  AND  ─┼├
╒LTRIX TAR.  ╧THER MAINFRAME ╒NIX TARFILES HAVE NOT BEEN TESTED.
     ╘HE COMMAND LINE TO ARCHIVE MULTIPLE FILES INTO A SINGLE TARFILE IS:
         % TAR -C [ TARFILE ] [ FILELIST...]
AND THE COMMAND TO UNARCHIVE (E╪TRACT) A TARFILE IS:
         % TAR -X [ TARFILE ].
     ╘AR IS VERY SLOW IN EITHER ARCHIVING OR DE-ARCHIVING  FILES.   ┴LSO,  NOTE
THAT  MAINFRAME-PRODUCED  TARFILES  WILL UNARCHIVE IN ┴╙├╔╔ FORMAT, NOT ├┬═╙├╔╔
FORMAT, SO THAT ALL THE CASES WILL BE REVERSED (L╔╦┼ T╚╔╙).

20.3  UUENCODE/UUDECODE:
     ┴LSO IN THE AREA OF THINGS THAT ARE BINARY COMPATIBLE WITH ╒NIX MAINFRAMES
ARE  UUENCODE  AND  UUDECODE.   ╒UENCODE  (PRONOUNCED YOU-YOU-ENCODE; SHORT FOR
UNIX-TO-UNIX  ENCODE)  TAKES  AN  INPUT  FILE  AND  MAPS  ALL  THE   BYTES   TO
┴╙├╔╔-PRINTABLE  CHARACTERS.   ╘HE  ORIGINAL PURPOSE OF THIS WAS TO MAKE BINARY
FILES (PROGRAMS) READABLE BY THE MAIL SYSTEM FOR FILE TRANSFERS.
     ╘O ENCODE A FILE, TYPE %  UUENCODE  (-C)  INPUTFILE  OUTPUTFILE.   ╘HE  -C
OPTION WILL CONVERT ┴╙├╔╔<>╨┼╘╙├╔╔ AS IT ENCODES.  ╘HE INPUTFILE IS THE FILE TO
BE ENCODED, AND THE OUTPUTFILE IS THE ENCODED FILE.
     ╘O DECODE A FILE, TYPE % UUDECODE  (-C)  FILENAME.   ╘HE  -C  OPTION  WILL
CONVERT ┴╙├╔╔<>╨┼╘╙├╔╔ AS IT DECODES.

20.4  STYLE:
     STYLE WILL ANALYZE THE SURFACE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE WRITING STYLE  OF  A
DOCUMENT.   ╔T  REPORTS  ON  READABILITY,  SENTENCE  LENGTH AND STRUCTURE, WORD
LENGTH AND USAGE.  ╘HE GRADE IT GIVES IS SOMEWHERE AROUND 0-12, AND THE  HIGHER
THE GRADE THE BETTER THE DOCUMENT.