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Table of Contents Page 1 of 1
2
1. VERBS\ 3
2. NOUNSw 4
3. ARTICLESç 5
4. ADJECTIVESÄ 6
5. ADVERBSÆ 7
6. PRONOUNSó 8
7. PREPOSITIONS« 9
8. CONJUNCTIONS╝ 0
9. TIME├and Numbers 1
10. SENTENCE╥Structure 2
Verbs Page 2 of 133 1
2
1. TYPES] 3
2. TENSES_ 4
3. MOODS` 5
4. VOICES` 6
5. INFINITIVEa 7
6. CONJUGATIONb 8
9
0
1
TABLE[of Contents 2
Types of Verbs Page 3 of 133 1
2
There are two main types of verbs in German: weak and strong verbs. Weak 3
verbs conform to a group pattern with a few standard variations. Strong verbs4
have a common basic pattern but a much greater degree of variation within it 5
so that the main parts have to be learnt for each individual verb. 6
7
The fundamental difference between the two types is in the formation of the 8
imperfect tense and the past participle: the weak verbs add a characteristic 9
-t- to the verb stem in these forms; strong verbs change the stem vowel of 0
infinitive when forming the imperfect tense and past participle, for example:1
2
Page 4 of 133 1
Imperfect Past participle 2
Weak packen ich packte gepackt 3
Strong singen ich sang gesungen 4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
VERBS\ TABLE[of Contents 2
Tenses Page 5 of 133 1
2
1. PRESENTq 3
2. IMPERFECTr 4
3. PERFECTs 5
4. PLUPERFECTt 6
5. FUTUREa 7
6. FUTUREvPerfect 8
9
0
1
VERBS\ TABLE[of Contents 2
Moods and Voices Page 6 of 133 1
2
Moods: Voices: 3
4
1. Indicative 1. Active 5
2. Imperative 2. Pasive 6
3. Subjunctive 7
4. Conditional 8
9
0
1
VERBS\ TABLE[of Contents 2
Infinitive Page 7 of 133 1
2
The form in which the verb is usually given in dictionaries is called the 3
infinitive. It consists of the verb stem plus (e)n. (e.g. lesen, stem=les). 4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
VERBS\ TABLE[of Contents 2
Conjugation Page 8 of 133 1
2
1. WEAKcverbs 3
2. STRONGjverbs 4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
VERBS\ TABLE[of Contents 2
Conjugation of Weak Verbs Page 9 of 133 1
2
1. PRESENTd 3
2. IMPERFECTe 4
3. PERFECTf 5
4. PLUPERFECTg 6
5. FUTUREh 7
6. FUTUREiPerfect 8
9
0
1
CONJUGATIONb VERBS\ TABLE[of Contents 2
Present Tense Page 10 of 133 1
2
The present tense is formed by adding the endings -e, -st, -t, -en, -t, -en 3
to the stem: 4
Infinitive Reden Heizen Plaudern Ending 5
ich rede heize plaud(e)re e 6
du redest heizt plauderst st 7
er/sie/es redet heizt plaudert t 8
wir reden heizen plaudern en 9
ihr redet heizt plaudert t 0
Sie/sie reden heizen plaudern en 1
WEAKcVerbs VERBS\ TABLE[of Contents 2
Imperfect Tense Page 11 of 133 1
2
The imperfect tense is formed by adding the endings -te, -test, -te, ten, 3
-tet, -ten to the stem: 4
Infinitive Fragen Reden Atmen Ending 5
ich fragte redete atmete te 6
du fagtest redetest atmetest test 7
er/sie/es fragte redete atmete te 8
wir fragten redeten atmeten ten 9
ihr fragtet redetet atmetet tet 0
Sie/sie fragten redeten atmeten ten 1
WEAKcVerbs VERBS\ TABLE[of Contents 2
Perfect Tense Page 12 of 133 1
The perfect tense is formed by using the past participle with the present 2
tense of sein or haben: 3
Present tense of haben Past participle of fragen 4
ich habe.............................gefragt 5
du hast.............................gefragt 6
er/sie/es hat..............................gefragt 7
wir haben............................gefragt 8
ihr habt.............................gefragt 9
Sie/sie haben............................gefragt 0
The participle normally comes at the end of the sentence or clause. 1
WEAKcVerbs VERBS\ TABLE[of Contents 2
Pluperfect Tense Page 13 of 133 1
The pluperfect is formed by using the past particple together with the 2
imperfect tense of sein or haben. 3
Imperfect tense of haben Past participle of fragen 4
ich hatte............................gefragt 5
du hattest..........................gefragt 6
er/sie/es hatte............................gefragt 7
wir hatten...........................gefragt 8
ihr hattet...........................gefragt 9
Sie/sie hatten...........................gefragt 0
The past participle normally comes at the end of the sentence or clause. 1
WEAKcVerbs VERBS\ TABLE[of Contents 2
Future Tense Page 14 of 133 1
The future is formed by using the present tense of werden plus the 2
infinitive: 3
Present tense of werden Infinitive of fragen 4
ich werde............................fragen 5
du wirst............................fragen 6
er/sie/es wird.............................fragen 7
wir werden...........................fragen 8
ihr werdet...........................fragen 9
Sie/sie werden...........................fragen 0
The infinitive normally comes at the end of the sentence or clause. 1
WEAKcVerbs VERBS\ TABLE[of Contents 2
Future Perfect Tense Page 15 of 133 1
The future perfect is formed by using the present tense of werden plus the 2
perfect infinitive. 3
Present tense of werden Perfect infinitive of fragen 4
ich werde............................gefragt haben 5
du wirst............................gefragt haben 6
er/sie/es wird.............................gefragt haben 7
wir werden...........................gefragt haben 8
ihr werdet...........................gefragt haben 9
Sie/sie werden...........................gefragt haben 0
The perfect infinitive normally comes at the end of the sentence or clause. 1
WEAKcVerbs VERBS\ TABLE[of Contents 2
Conjugation of Strong Verbs Page 16 of 133 1
2
1. PRESENTk 3
2. IMPERFECTl 4
3. PERFECTm 5
4. PLUPERFECTn 6
5. FUTUREo 7
6. FUTUREpPerfect 8
9
0
1
CONJUGATIONb VERBS\ TABLE[of Contents 2
Present Tense Page 17 of 133 1
The present tense is formed by adding the endings -e, -(e)st, -(e)t, -en, 2
-(e)t, en. In some verbs the vowel of the stem changes in the second and 3
third person singular. 4
Infinitive Stoßen Gehen Werfen Ending 5
ich stoße gehe werfe e 6
du stößt gehst wirfst (e)st 7
er/sie/es stößt geht wirft (e)t 8
wir stoßen gehen werfen en 9
ihr stoßt geht werft (e)t 0
Sie/sie stoßen gehen werfen en 1
STRONGjVerbs VERBS\ TABLE[of Contents 2
Imperfect Tense Page 18 of 133 1
2
Most strong verbs change the stem vowel for the imperfect tense; there is no 3
ending added for the ich and er/sie/es forms. 4
Infinitive Pfeifen Bleiben Helfen Ending 5
ich pfiff blieb half - 6
du pfiffst bliebst halfst (e)st 7
er/sie/es pfiff blieb half - 8
wir pfiffen blieben halfen en 9
ihr pfifft bliebt halft (e)t 0
Sie/sie pfiffen blieben halfen en 1
STRONGjVerbs VERBS\ TABLE[of Contents 2
Perfect Tense Page 19 of 133 1
The perfect tense is formed by using the past participle with the present 2
tense of sein or haben. 3
Present tense of haben Past participle of finden 4
ich habe............................gefunden 5
du hast............................gefunden 6
er/sie/es hat.............................gefunden 7
wir haben...........................gefunden 8
ihr habt............................gefunden 9
Sie/sie gaben...........................gefunden 0
The past participle normally comes at the end of the sentence or clause. 1
STRONGjVerbs VERBS\ TABLE[of Contents 2
Pluperfect Tense Page 20 of 133 1
The pluperfect tense is formed by using the past participle with the 2
imperfect tense of sein or haben. 3
Imperfect tense of haben Past participle of finden 4
ich hate............................gefunden 5
du hasttest........................gefunden 6
er/sie/es hatte...........................gefunden 7
wir hatten..........................gefunden 8
ihr hattet..........................gefunden 9
Sie/sie hatten..........................gefunden 0
The past participle normally comes at the end of the sentence or clause. 1
STRONGjVerbs VERBS\ TABLE[of Contents 2
Future Tense Page 21 of 133 1
The future tense is formed by using the infinite with the present tense of 2
werden: 3
Present tense of werden Infinitive of fahren 4
ich werde...........................fahren 5
du wirst...........................fahren 6
er/sie/es wird............................fahren 7
wir werden..........................fahren 8
ihr hattet..........................fahren 9
Sie/sie hatten..........................fahren 0
The infinitive normally comes at the end of the sentence or clause. 1
STRONGjVerbs VERBS\ TABLE[of Contents 2
Future Perfect Tense Page 22 of 133 1
The future perfect is formed by using the perfect infinitive with the 2
present tense of werden. 3
Present tense of werden Perfect Infinitive of fahren 4
ich werde...........................gefahren sein 5
du wirst...........................gefahren sein 6
er/sie/es wird............................gefahren sein 7
wir werden..........................gefahren sein 8
ihr hattet..........................gefahren sein 9
Sie/sie hatten..........................gefahren sein 0
The perfect infinitive normally comes at the end of the sentence or clause. 1
STRONGjVerbs VERBS\ TABLE[of Contents 2
Use of the Present Tense Page 23 of 133 1
1. The present tense is used to express: 2
a) present states or actions: 3
German English 4
ich fühle mich schlecht I feel ill 5
b) general or universal truths: 6
German English 7
Zeit ist Geld time is money 8
2. The present tense is the commonest way of expressing the future: 9
German English 0
du bekommst einen Brief you'll be getting a letter 1
TENSES_ VERBS\ TABLE[of Contents 2
Use of the Imperfect Tense Page 24 of 133 1
2
1. The imperfect tense is the standard tense for stories, novels and 3
newspaper reports: 4
German English 5
er ging die Straße entlang he went along the road 6
7
2. The imperfect tense is the one most commonly used with sein, haben and the8
modal verbs when referring to the past: 9
German English 0
ich konnte es kaum gluaben I could hardly believe it 1
TENSES_ VERBS\ TABLE[of Contents 2
Use of the Perfect Tense Page 25 of 133 1
2
1. The perfect tense is the standard tense for conversation when talking 3
about the past (with the excception of the use of haben, sein and the 4
modal verbs): 5
German English 6
wann ist sie angekommen? when did she arrive? 7
8
9
0
1
TENSES_ VERBS\ TABLE[of Contents 2
Use of the Pluperfect Tense Page 26 of 133 1
2
1. The pluperfect is used for events that happened before a particular time 3
in the past: 4
5
German: nachdem wir den Film gesehen hatten, gingen wir ins Café 6
English: after we had seen the film we went to the café. 7
8
9
0
1
TENSES_ VERBS\ TABLE[of Contents 2
Use of the Future Tense Page 27 of 133 1
2
1. The future is used to express future events: 3
German English 4
ich werde ihn morgen treffen I'm going to meet him tomorrow 5
6
2. The future is used to express suppositions about the present: 7
German: er hört mich nicht, er wird das Radio an haben 8
English: he can't hear me, he's probably got the radio on 9
0
1
TENSES_ VERBS\ TABLE[of Contents 2
Use of the Future Perfect Tense Page 28 of 133 1
2
1. The future perfect is used to refer to an event that will be completed at 3
some stage in the future: 4
5
German: ich werde das Buch bis Montag gelesen haben 6
English: I'll have read the book by Monday 7
8
9
0
1
TENSES_ VERBS\ TABLE[of Contents 2
Nouns Page 29 of 133 1
2
Nouns are words, which refer to persons, animals, things or abstract ideas. 3
In German all nouns, not just proper names, are written beginning with a 4
capital letter: 5
German English German English 6
Haus house Ball ball 7
German nouns are either masculine, feminine or neuter in gender. The nouns 8
themselves normally do not show this, but any preceding adjective or article 9
'agrees' with the noun by having the appropriate ending showing its gender 0
plus number and case. 1
2
Page 30 of 133 1
The gender of a noun should be learnt with the noun, but often the meaning or2
ending of the noun will help you determine it: 3
4
1. MASCULINEy 5
2. FEMININE} 6
3. NEUTERé 7
8
9
0
1
TABLE[of Contents 2
Masculine Nouns Page 31 of 133 1
2
You can determine the gender of masculine nouns by: 3
4
1. MEANINGz 5
2. ENDING| 6
7
8
9
0
1
NOUNSw TABLE[of Contents 2
Masculine Nouns Determined By Meaning Page 32 of 133 1
2
1. names of male humans and animals: 3
4
German : der Sohn der Student der Hahn 5
English: son student cock 6
7
2. names of days, months, seasons: 8
9
German : nächsten Mittwoch letzten Mai der Herbst 0
English: next Wednesday last May autumn 1
2
Page 33 of 133 1
3. points of the compass, wind, etc: 2
German : der Süden der Monsum der Hagel 3
English: south monsoon hail 4
5
4. makes of cars: 6
German : ein B M W ein Opel ein Cadillac 7
8
5. names of rock and soil types: 9
German : der Quartz der Basalt der Lehm 0
English: quartz basalt clay 1
MASCULINEyNouns NOUNSw TABLE[of Contents 2
Masculine Nouns Determined By Ending Page 34 of 133 1
Ending German English 2
-en der Hafen harbour 3
-er der Kopfhörer headphones 4
-ich der Teppich carpet 5
-ig der König king 6
-ing der Frühling spring 7
-ismus der Terrosismus terrorism 8
-ist der Optimist optimist 9
-or der Motor motor 0
consonant+s der Lachs salmon 1
MASCULINEyNouns NOUNSw TABLE[of Contents 2
Feminine Nouns Page 35 of 133 1
2
You can determine the gender of feminine nouns by: 3
4
1. MEANING~ 5
2. ENDINGÇ 6
7
8
9
0
1
NOUNSw TABLE[of Contents 2
Feminine Nouns Determined By Meaning Page 36 of 133 1
1. names for female humans and animals: 2
3
German : die Mutter meine Frau eine Kuh 4
English: the mother my wife a cow 5
6
2. names for female occupations derived by adding -in to the masculine: 7
8
German : die Arztin die Journalistin die Geologin 9
English: doctor journalist geologist 0
1
2
Page 37 of 133 1
3. names of most common trees, fruits and flowers: 2
German : die Kirsche die Rose die Nelke 3
English: cherry rose carnation 4
5
4. makes of aeroplane and names of ships: 6
German : die Boeing 7
8
5. numbers 9
German : eine Null die Sieben 0
English: zero seven 1
FEMININE}Nouns NOUNSw TABLE[of Contents 2
Feminine Nouns Determined By Ending Page 38 of 133 1
2
Ending German English 3
4
-a die Kamera camera 5
-ei die Kartei card index 6
-enz die Frequenz frequency 7
-heit die Freiheit freedom 8
-ie die Chemie chemistry 9
-ik die Technik technology 0
1
2
Page 39 of 133 1
-keit die Süßigkeit sweet 2
-schaft die Mannschaft team 3
-ung die Eroberung conquest 4
-tät die Pubertät puberty 5
-tion die Reaktion reaktion 6
-ur die Natur nature 7
8
9
0
1
FEMININE}Nouns NOUNSw TABLE[of Contents 2
Neuter Nouns Page 40 of 133 1
2
You can determine the gender of neuter nouns by: 3
4
1. MEANINGâ 5
2. ENDINGå 6
7
8
9
0
1
NOUNSw TABLE[of Contents 2
Neuter Nouns Determined By Meaning Page 41 of 133 1
2
1. names for the young of humans and animals: 3
German : das Kind das Baby das Junge des Elefanten 4
English: child baby the elephant calf 5
6
2. names of continents, towns and most countries: 7
German : das Europa das Berlin 8
English: Europe Berlin 9
0
1
2
Page 42 of 133 1
3. nouns formed from other parts of speech, especially infinitives: 2
German : das Vergnügen sein Ja geben das Hin und Her 3
English: pleasure to say yes long deliberation 4
5
4. diminutives with the endings -chen, -lein: 6
German : das Mädchen das Fräulein das Städtchen 7
English: girl young woman small town 8
9
5. fractions: 0
German : ein Sechstei 1
English: a sixth 2
Page 43 of 133 1
6. collectives beginning with the prefix Ge-: 2
German : das Gebirge das Gerede das Geräusch 3
English: the mountains talk, gossip noise 4
5
7. most names for metals, chemical elements and medicaments: 6
German : das Messing das Uran das Aspirin 7
English: brass uranium aspirin 8
9
0
1
NEUTERéNouns NOUNSw TABLE[of Contents 2
Neuter Nouns Determined By Ending Page 44 of 133 1
2
Example 3
Ending German English 4
-ma das Thema subject 5
-ment das Appartment flat 6
-tum das Eigentum property 7
-um das Zentrum centre 8
9
0
1
NEUTERéNouns NOUNSw TABLE[of Contents 2
Articles Page 45 of 133 1
2
1. DEFINITEêarticle 3
2. INDEFINITEëarticle 4
3. KEINè 5
4. DEMONSTRATIVESï 6
5. POSSESSIVESî 7
8
9
0
1
TABLE[of Contents 2
Definite Article Page 46 of 133 1
2
The definite article in English has one form only - 'the'. In German the 3
definitive arcticle changes its ending according to the gender and case of 4
the noun, and whether it is singular or plural: 5
Singular Plural 6
Case Masculine Feminine Neuter All Genders 7
Nominative der die das die 8
Accusative den die das die 9
Genitive des der des der 0
Dative dem der dem den 1
ARTICLESç TABLE[of Contents 2
Indefinite Article Page 47 of 133 1
2
The definite article in English has only one form - 'a'. In German the 3
indefinite article changes its ending according to the gender and case of the4
noun after it. 5
Singular 6
Case Masculine Feminine Neuter 7
Nominative ein eine ein 8
Accusative einen eine ein 9
Genitive eines einer eines 0
Dative einem einer einem 1
ARTICLESç TABLE[of Contents 2
Kein (no, not a, not any) Page 48 of 133 1
Kein has the same endings as the indefinite article ein, but also has a 2
plural form: 3
Singular Plural 4
Case Masculine Feminine Neuter All Genders 5
6
Nominative kein keine kein keine 7
Accusative keinen keine kein keine 8
Genitive keines keiner keines keiner 9
Dative keinem keiner keinem keinen 0
1
ARTICLESç TABLE[of Contents 2
Demonstratives Page 49 of 133 1
dieser jener jeder mancher solcher aller welcher 2
this that each, every some, many a such all which 3
These are generally called demonstrative adjectives (or pronouns). Adjectives4
that follow them have the same endings as after the definitive article. 5
Case Masculine Feminine Neuter All Genders 6
Nominative dieser diese dieses diese 7
Accusative diesen diese dieses diese 8
Genitive dieses dieser dieses dieser 9
Dative diesem dieser diesem diesen 0
The others have the same endings, except that jeder does not have any plural 1
forms. ARTICLESç TABLE[of Contents 2
Possessives Page 50 of 133 1
Pronoun Possesive 2
English German English German 3
I ich mine mein 4
you du yours dein 5
he er his sein 6
she sie hers ihr 7
it es its sein 8
we wir ours unser 9
you ihr yours euer 0
you (polite) Sie - Ihr 1
they sie theirs ihr 2
Page 51 of 133 1
The same endings apply for all the possessives i.e mein, dein, sein etc.: 2
3
Singular Plural 4
Case Masculine Feminine Neuter All Genders 5
6
Nominative mein meine mein meine 7
Accusative meinen meine mein meine 8
Genitive meines meiner meines meiner 9
Dative meinem meiner meinem meinen 0
1
ARTICLESç TABLE[of Contents 2
Adjectives Page 52 of 133 1
2
There is a major difference between English and German in the predicative use3
of adjectives (e.g. after is, are, were) and their attributive use (before 4
nouns and pronouns). In the sentences 5
Predicative Attributive 6
German : mein Wagen ist alt ich fahre einen alten Wagen 7
English: my car is old I drive an old car 8
9
Notice how alt apear in both sentences but in the attributive usage has an 0
extra ending -en. 1
2
Page 53 of 133 1
The rules governing the endings that are added to adjectives in the 2
attributive usage are as follows: 3
4
1. After the definite article (der, die das): 5
Singular Plural 6
Case Masculine Feminine Neuter All Genders 7
Nominative -e -e -e -en 8
Accusative -en -e -e -en 9
Genitive -en -en -en -en 0
Dative -en -en -en -en 1
2
Page 54 of 133 1
2. After the indefinitive article: 2
Singular 3
Case Masculine Feminine Neuter 4
Nominative -er -e -es 5
Accusative -en -e -es 6
Genitive -en -en -en 7
Dative -en -en -en 8
9
0
1
2
Page 55 of 133 1
3. Without any preceding article: 2
Singular Plural 3
Case Masculine Feminine Neuter All Genders 4
Nominative -er -e -es -e 5
Accusative -en -e -es -e 6
Genitive -en -er -en -er 7
Dative -em -er -em -en 8
9
0
1
TABLE[of Contents 2
Adverbs Page 56 of 133 1
There are two main differences between German and English adverbs: 2
1. many German adverbs have the same form as the corresponding adjective: 3
German : die Wohnung is bilig (adjective) er lebt bilig (adverb) 4
English: the flat is cheap he lives cheaply 5
2. the word order with adverbs often differs from English: 6
German : sie übt oft Klavier 7
English: she often practices the piano 8
9
1. FORMATIONôof Adverbs 2. USAGEùof Adverbs 3. WORD¢Order 0
1
TABLE[of Contents 2
Formation of Adverbs Page 57 of 133 1
2
1. Words which are exclusively adverbs: 3
G: da sehr geradeaus da sind sie! sehr nett nur geradeaus! 4
E: there very straight on there they are! very nice keep straight on5
6
2. Adverbs identical in form with adjectives: 7
Adjective Adverb Adjective Adverb 8
German schön schön furchtbar furchtbar 9
English beautiful beautifully terrible terribly 0
1
2
Page 58 of 133 1
3. Adverbs formed from participles: 2
German : übertrieben groß 3
English: exaggeratedly large 4
5
4. Adverbs formed from other parts of speech plus suffix: 6
7
a) Suffix Adjective Adverb 8
German English German English 9
-lich neu new, recent neulich recently 0
kurz short kürzlich recently 1
2
Page 59 of 133 1
b) Suffix Adjective or Numeral Adverb 2
German English German English 3
-mal(s) jed- every jedesmal every time 4
manch- many a manchmal sometimes 5
ein one einmal once 6
7
c) Suffix Adjective Adverb 8
German English German English 9
-maßen einig- some einigermaßen somewhat 0
folgend- following folgendermaßen as follows 1
2
Page 60 of 133 1
d) Suffix Noun Adverb 2
German English German English 3
-s (der) Mittag midday mittags at midday 4
(der) Freitag Friday freitags on Fridays 5
6
e) Suffix Noun or Adjective Adverb 7
German English German English 8
-(er)weise (der) Teil part teilweise partly, in parts 9
0
1
ADVERBSÆ TABLE[of Contents 2
Usage of Adverbs Page 61 of 133 1
2
Adverbs are often used to quantify a verb, but as adverbial intensifiers they3
can also quantify adjectives and other adverbs. 4
5
1. With a VERBÿ 6
2. With An ADJECITVEÖ 7
3. With Another ADVERBÜ 8
9
0
1
TABLE[of Contents 2
With a Verb Page 62 of 133 1
G: morgen schreibt er G: verlassen Sie uns hier? 2
E: he will write tomorrow E: are you leaving us here? 3
4
German usage makes a consistent distinction between position and movement 5
in relation to adverb: 6
G: wir wohnen hier G: sie saß da 7
E: we live here E: she was sitting there 8
9
G: wo arbeiten Sie? G: wo wartet er? 0
E: where do you work? E: where is he waiting? 1
USAGEùof Adverbs ADVERBSÆ TABLE[of Contents 2
With An Adjective Page 63 of 133 1
2
G: das ist fast einmalig G: ein sehr langweiliges Buch 3
E: that is almost unique E: a very boring book 4
5
G: es war unglublich kalt 6
E: it was unbelievably cold 7
8
9
0
1
USAGEùof Adverbs ADVERBSÆ TABLE[of Contents 2
With Another Adverb Page 64 of 133 1
2
G: ich koche ebenso gut G: atme schön tief! 3
E: I cook just as well E: breathe nice and deeply! 4
5
G: er schreibt erstaunlich schnell 6
E: he writes amazingly quickly 7
8
9
0
1
USAGEùof Adverbs ADVERBSÆ TABLE[of Contents 2
Word Order Page 65 of 133 1
2
1. Qualifying an ADJECTIVE£or Another Adverb 3
2. Qualifying a VERB¥ 4
3. SEQUENCEáof Adverbs 5
6
7
8
9
0
1
ADVERBSÆ TABLE[of Contents 2
Qualifying an Adjective or Another Adverb Page 66 of 133 1
2
Adverbs come immediately before the adjective or adverb they qualify: 3
4
German : sehr gut ganz hoch weiter rechts 5
English: very good/well quite tall/high further (along) on the right6
7
German : immer länger äußerst dünn viel lieber 8
English: longer and longer extremely thin(ly) much rather 9
0
1
WORD¢Order ADVERBSÆ TABLE[of Contents 2
Qualifying a Verb Page 67 of 133 1
2
1. In statements the normal position of the adverb is at the end of the 3
clause, but before a past participle, infinitive, separable prefix and, in4
a subordinate clause, before the finite verb: 5
6
G: Herr Braun liest nicht oft G: sie hat neulich geschrieben 7
E: Mr Braun doesn't read much E: she wrote recently 8
9
G: Sie können mich direkt anrufen G: ich gebe es sofort auf 0
E: you can dial me direct E: I am giving it up immediately 1
2
Page 68 of 133 1
2. In direct questions the order of the subject and finite verb is reversed, 2
but the normal position of the adverb otherwise remains as in 1.: 3
4
G: liest Herr Braun nicht oft? G: hat sie neulich geschrieben? 5
E: does Mr Braun not often read? E: has she written recently? 6
7
3. In a simple command the normal position of the adverb is after Sie and wir8
or after the finite verb (in the case of the du and ihr form of the 9
imperative): 0
G: bleiben Sie da! G: gehen wir morgen baden! 1
E: stay here! E: let us go swimming tomorrow! 2
Page 69 of 133 1
G: fahr langsamer! G: eßt schnell euer Frühstück! 2
E: drive more slowly G: eat your breakfast quickly! 3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
WORD¢Order ADVERBSÆ TABLE[of Contents 2
Sequence of Adverbs Page 70 of 133 1
2
1. When two or more adverbs (or adverbial phrases) appear in the same 3
sentence, they usually do so in the following sequence: 4
5
Time Manner Place 6
G: ich bleibe oft alleine zu Hause 7
E: I often stay at home by myself 8
9
Time Manner Place 0
G: wer fährt diesen Sommer per Anhalter ins Ausland? 1
E: who is going hitching abroad this summer? 2
Page 71 of 133 1
2. If several adverbial items are used, it is common for one to be placed at 2
the beginning of the sentence. This may be for special emphasis or for 3
stylistic reasons, since a long string of items can be cumbersome. 4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
WORD¢Order ADVERBSÆ TABLE[of Contents 2
Pronouns Page 72 of 133 1
2
Pronouns are words which can substitute for nouns. They are divided into 3
personal, reflexive, indefinite, relative and interrogative pronouns: 4
1. PERSONALúPronouns 5
2. REFLEXIVE¿Pronouns 6
3. INDEFINITE⌐Pronouns 7
4. UNINFLECTED½Indefinite Pronouns 8
5. RELATIVE¼Pronouns 9
6. INTERROGATIVE¡Pronouns 0
1
TABLE[of Contents 2
Personal Pronouns Page 73 of 133 1
NOMINATIVEñ ACCUSATIVEÑ GENITIVEª DATIVEº 2
I ich mich meiner mir 3
you du dich deiner dir 4
he er ihn seiner ihm 5
she sie sie ihrer ihr 6
it es es seiner ihm 7
we wir uns unser uns 8
you ihr euch euer euch 9
you Sie Sie Ihrer Ihnen 0
they sie sie ihrer ihnen 1
PRONOUNSó TABLE[of Contents 2
Use of the Nominative Page 74 of 133 1
2
The nominative is used for the subjects of verbs and following the verb sein:3
4
German : ich sehe kannst du kommen? ich bin es 5
English: I see can you come? it's me 6
7
German : das sind wir morgen gehen wir 8
English: that's us we are going tomorrow 9
0
1
PERSONALúPronouns PRONOUNSó TABLE[of Contents 2
Use of the Accusative Page 75 of 133 1
2
The accusative is used for the direct object of verbs and after certain 3
prepositions: 4
5
German : ich mag ihn nimm uns mit! ein Brief an dich 6
English: I like him take us too a letter to you 7
8
9
0
1
PERSONALúPronouns PRONOUNSó TABLE[of Contents 2
Use of the Genitive Page 76 of 133 1
2
The genitive of the pronouns is rare and is only used with a small number of 3
verbs, prepositions and adjectives which are followed by the genitive: 4
5
German : erinnerst du dich meiner? 6
English: do you remember me? 7
8
German : er war ihrer satt trotz seiner 9
English: he was tired of her in spite of him 0
1
PERSONALúPronouns PRONOUNSó TABLE[of Contents 2
Use of the Dative Page 77 of 133 1
2
The dative is used for the indirect object of verbs and after certain 3
prepositions: 4
5
German : ich gebe es dir folgen Sie Ihr 6
English: I'm giving it to you follow her 7
8
German : nach Ihnen bei uns 9
English: after you at our house 0
1
PERSONALúPronouns PRONOUNSó TABLE[of Contents 2
Refelxive Pronouns Page 78 of 133 1
Person English German 2
English German Accusative Dative 3
I ich myself mich mir 4
you du yourself dich dir 5
he/she/it er/sie/es him-,her-,itself sich sich 6
we wir ourselves uns uns 7
you ihr yourself euch euch 8
you (polite) Sie yourself sich sich 9
they sie themselves sich sich 0
1
PRONOUNSó TABLE[of Contents 2
Indefinite Pronouns Page 79 of 133 1
2
German man jemand niemand unsereiner 3
4
English one, you anyone, no-one, people of our sort, 5
people, someone, nobody class 6
they, we somebody 7
8
Nominative man jemand niemand -- 9
0
Accusative einen jemand(en) niemand(en) unsereinen 1
2
Page 80 of 133 1
Genitive -- jemand(e)s niemand(e)s -- 2
3
Dative einem jemand(em) niemand(em) unsereinem 4
5
Reflexive sich sich sich -- 6
7
Possessive sein sein sein -- 8
9
0
1
PRONOUNSó TABLE[of Contents 2
Uninflected Indefinite Pronouns Page 81 of 133 1
2
There is a group of indefinite pronouns which remain the same whatever case 3
they are in: 4
5
German English German English 6
etwas something ein bißchen a little 7
nichts nothing ein paar a few 8
jederman everyone ein wenig a little 9
0
1
PRONOUNSó TABLE[of Contents 2
Relative Pronouns Page 82 of 133 1
2
German generally uses the definite article for the relative pronoun: 3
4
Singular Plural 5
Masculine Feminine Neuter All Genders 6
Nominative der die das die 7
Accusative den die das die 8
Genitive densen deren dessen deren 9
Dative dem der dem denen 0
1
PRONOUNSó TABLE[of Contents 2
Interrogative Pronouns Page 83 of 133 1
2
Personal Impersonal 3
(for persons) (for things) 4
5
Nominative wer was 6
Accusative wen was 7
Genitive wessen wessen 8
Dative wem -- 9
0
1
PRONOUNSó TABLE[of Contents 2
Prepositions Page 84 of 133 1
2
Prepositions are words such as 'from', 'in', 'with'. They are followed by 3
nouns or pronouns, which, in German, must be in the case determined by the 4
preposition. 5
Prepositions with: 6
1. DATIVE»only 7
2. ACCUSATIVE▓only 8
3. DATIVE╡or accusative 9
4. GENITIVE╖ 0
5. GENITIVE║or dative 1
TABLE[of Contents 2
Prepositions With Dative Only Page 85 of 133 1
2
Preposition Meaning(s) Example of usage 3
in German in English 4
5
aus out of, G: er lief aus dem Haus 6
from, E: he ran out of the house 7
made of 8
9
ausser apart from, G: außer Kontrolle 0
out of, out E: out of control 1
2
Page 86 of 133 1
bei near, at, G: bei Woolworth 2
on, with, E: at Woolworth's 3
in, by 4
5
gegenüber opposite, G: er ist mir gegenüber sehr freundlich 6
facing, E: he's very friendly towards me 7
towards, 8
compared with 9
0
gemäss in accordance with G: unseren Wünschen gemäß 1
E: in accordance with our wishes 2
mit with, by, at, in G: mit 30 Jahren Page 87 of 133 1
E: at 30 years of age 2
3
nach to, after, past G: nach rechts unten gehen 4
E: to go right downstairs 5
6
von from, of, by G: von 6 bis 9 Uhr abends 7
E: from 6 to 9 in the evening 8
9
zu to, at, for, on G: zur Zeit 0
E: at present 1
PREPOSITIONS« TABLE[of Contents 2
Prepositions With Accusative Only Page 88 of 133 1
2
Preposition Meaning(s) Example of usage 3
in German in English 4
5
bis till, by G: bis nächstes Jahr! 6
E: till next year 7
8
durch through, by G: durch Zufall 9
along E: by chance 0
1
2
Page 89 of 133 1
entlang along G: sie rannte die Straße entlang 2
E: she ran along the street 3
4
für for G: sie ging für ein Jahr ins Ausland5
E: she went abroad for a year 6
7
gegen against, about, G: gegen 6 Uhr 8
towards, for E: at about 6 o'clock 9
in return for, 0
contrary to 1
2
Page 90 of 133 1
ohne without G: sie kam ohne ihre Eltern 2
E: she came without her parents 3
4
per by G: per Post 5
E: by mail 6
7
um round, at, G: um 11 Uhr 8
around E: at 11 o'clock 9
0
1
PREPOSITIONS« TABLE[of Contents 2
Prepositions With Dative or Accusative Page 91 of 133 1
2
German Preposition English Meaning(s) 3
an on, onto, against, to, at, in 4
auf (donwn) on(to) 5
hinter behind 6
in in(to) 7
neben next to, beside 8
über above, over 9
unter under(neath), below 0
vor in front of, before 1
zwischen between 2
Page 92 of 133 1
The dative case is used where the position or location of a person, thing 2
or action is signified. (wo?) 3
4
The accusative case indicates movement to, in the direction of, or a new 5
position. (wohin?) 6
7
8
9
0
1
PREPOSITIONS« TABLE[of Contents 2
Prepositions With Genitive Page 93 of 133 1
2
Preposition Meaning(s) Example of usage 3
in German in English 4
5
anhand by means of G: er erläuterte seine Theorie anhand 6
eines Beispiels 7
E: he explained his theory by means 8
of an example 9
0
ausserhalb outside G: außerhalb der Arbeitszeit 1
E: outside working hours 2
Page 94 of 133 1
diesseits on this side of G: diesseits der Straße 2
E: on this side of the street 3
4
innerhalb inside, within G: innerhalb einer Sekunde 5
E: within a second 6
7
jenseits on the other G: jenseits des Flusses 8
side of E: on the other side of the river 9
0
kraft by virtue of G: kraft seines Amtes 1
E: by virtue of his office 2
Page 95 of 133 1
mittels by means of G: mittels eines Zweitschüssels 2
E: by means of a duplicate key 3
4
statt instead of G: statt des Bürgermeisters 5
E: instead of the mayor 6
7
um...willen for...sake G: um Gottes willen! 8
E: for God's sake! 9
0
1
PREPOSITIONS« TABLE[of Contents 2
Prepositions with Genitive or Dative Page 96 of 133 1
2
Preposition Meaning(s) Example of usage 3
in German in English 4
5
dank thanks to Gen.: dank meines guten Gedächtnisses 6
Dat.: dank meinem guten Gedächtnis 7
Eng.: thanks to my good memory 8
9
trotz in spite of Gen.: trotz strömenden Regens 0
Dat.: trotz strömendem Regen 1
Eng.: in spite of the pouring rain 2
Page 97 of 133 1
wegen because of, Gen.: wegen meines Kindes 2
for...sake Dat.: wegen meinem Kind 3
Eng.: for my child's sake 4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
PREPOSITIONS« TABLE[of Contents 2
Conjunctions Page 98 of 133 1
2
Conjunctions link words, phrases and clauses. 3
They fall into two categories: 4
5
1. Co-ORDINATING╜Conjunctions 6
2. SUBORDINATING└Conjunctions 7
8
9
0
1
TABLE[of Contents 2
Co-ordinating Conjunctions Page 99 of 133 1
2
Co-ordinating conjunctions link two similar words or groups of words (e.g. 3
nouns, pronouns, adjectie, adverbs, prepositions, phrases or clauses). 4
5
1. Main co-ordinating conjuctions: 6
German : aber denn oder und sondern sowie 7
English: but because or and but as well as 8
9
2. Conjunctions consisting of two parts: 0
German English 1
sowohl...als auch both...and 2
Page 100 of 133 1
nicht nur...sondern auch not only...but also 2
entweder...oder either...or 3
weder...noch neither...nor 4
5
3. Adverbs 6
Some adverbs also function as co-ordinating conjunctions. In such cases 7
the order of the following subject and finite verb are reversed. Among 8
the most common of these adverbs are: 9
0
1
2
Page 101 of 133 1
German English German English 2
3
also so, therefore inzwischen meanwhile 4
außerdem in any case sonst otherwise 5
deshalb therefore trotzdem despite that 6
7
8
9
0
1
CONJUNCTIONS╝ TABLE[of Contents 2
Subordinating Conjunctions Page 102 of 133 1
2
Subordinating conjunctions join a subordinate clause to another clause. The 3
finite verb comes at the end of a subordinate cluase. 4
5
1. Main subordinating conjunctions: 6
German English German English German English 7
daß that als when bevor/ehe before 8
nachdem after seit(dem) since während while 9
wenn if,when(ever) als ob as if damit so that 0
da/weil because so daß with the sobald as soon as 1
result that 2
Page 103 of 133 1
obwohl/ although ohne(...)zu wihtout um(...)zu in order to2
obgleich 3
4
2. Omission 5
6
On occasion a subordinating conjuntion my be ommited: 7
8
G: hatten wir nur Zeit, würden wir so viel tun 9
E: had we only the time, we would do so much 0
1
2
Page 104 of 133 1
3. Interrogatives 2
3
Interrogatives (was?, welcher?, and wie?) function as subordinating 4
conjunctions in indirect questions: 5
6
G: dann fragte er mich, was ich gehört hätte 7
E: then he asked me what I had heard 8
9
0
1
CONJUNCTIONS╝ TABLE[of Contents 2
Time And Numbers Page 105 of 133 1
2
1. The TIME─ 3
2. The DATE╞ 4
3. NUMBERS╦ 5
6
7
8
9
0
1
TABLE[of Contents 2
The Time Page 106 of 133 1
2
G: wie spät ist es? G: wievile Uhr ist es? G: wieviel Uhr haben Sie? 3
E: what is the time? E: what is the time? E: what do you make the time? 4
5
1. Full Hours 6
G: es ist ein Uhr G: es ist Mittag 7
E: it is 1 o'clock E: it is 12 noon 8
9
2. Half Hours 0
G: es ist halb vier G: es ist halb 1
E: it is half past three E: it is 11.30 2
Page 107 of 133 1
3. Quarter Hours 2
G: es ist Viertel nach elf G: es ist Viertel vor zehn 3
E: it is 11.15 E: it is 9.45 4
5
4. Minutes 6
G: es ist acht Minuten nach neun G: es ist sechzehn Minuten vor sechs 7
E: it is 9.08 E: it is 5.44 8
9
5. a.m. and p.m. 0
G: es ist zehn Uhr vormittags/nachts E: it is 2 a.m. 1
TIME├and Numbers TABLE[of Contents 2
The Date Page 108 of 133 1
1. Months 2
German English German English 3
Januar January Juli July 4
Februar February August August 5
März March September September 6
April April Oktober October 7
Mai May November November 8
Juni June Dezember December 9
0
1
2
Page 109 of 133 1
2. Days of the week 2
German English 3
Montag Monday 4
Dienstag Tuesday 5
Mittwoch Wednesday 6
Donnerstag Thursday 7
Freitag Friday 8
Samstag/Sonnabend Saturday 9
Sonntag Sunday 0
1
2
Page 110 of 133 1
3. Seasons 2
3
German English 4
der Frühling spring 5
der Sommer summer 6
der Herbst autumn 7
der Winter winter 8
9
0
1
2
Page 111 of 133 1
4. The Date 2
3
a) Ordinal numbers are used for the dates of the month, as in English, but4
'of' is not translated into German: 5
G: der 1. (spoken: erste) Mai G: am 11. (spoken: elften) April 6
E: the first of May E: on the 11th of April 7
8
b) Dates on letters and card are usually written: 9
Dortmund, (den) 3.7.1988 0
(read: den dritten siebten neunzehnhundertachtundachtzig) 1
or Dortmund, den 3. Juli 1988 2
Page 112 of 133 1
c) 'what is the date today?' is translated as: 2
der wieveilte ist heute? or 3
den wievielten haben wir heute? 4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
TIME├and Numbers TABLE[of Contents 2
Numbers Page 113 of 133 1
2
1. CARDINAL╠numbers 3
2. ORDINAL╬numbers 4
3. MEASUREMENTS╨ 5
4. PRICES╤ 6
7
8
9
0
1
TIME├and Numbers TABLE[of Contents 2
Cardinal Numbers Page 114 of 133 1
0 null 11 elf 30 dreißig 2
1 eins 12 zwölf 40 vierzig 3
2 zwei 13 dreizehn 60 sechzig 4
3 drei 14 vierzhen 70 siebzig 5
4 vier 15 fünfzehn 80 achtzig 6
5 fünf 16 sechzehn 90 neunzig 7
6 sechs 17 siebzehn 100 hundert 8
7 sieben 18 achtzehn 101 hunderteins 9
8 acht 19 neunzehn 130 hundertdreißig 0
9 neun 20 zwanzig 200 zweihundert 1
10 zehn 21 einundzwanzig 1000 tausend 2
Page 115 of 133 1
1,001 tausendundeins 2
1,234 tausendzweihundertvierunddreißig 3
1990 neunzehnhundertneunzig (date) 4
2,000 zweitausend 5
10,000 zehntausend 6
1,000,000 eine Million 7
1,198,369 einen Million hundertachtundneunzigtausenddreihundertneunundsechzig8
2,000,000 zwei Millionen 9
1,000,000,000 eine Milliarde 0
1,000,000,000,000 eine Billion 1
NUMBERS╦ TIME├and Numbers TABLE[of Contents 2
Ordinal Numbers Page 116 of 133 1
2
The following numbers are usually preceded by an article and are always 3
declined (i.e. they agree with the noun that follows them in gender and 4
case): 5
6
1st erst- 11th elft- 21st einundzwanzigst- 7
2nd zweit- 12th zwölft- 30th dreißigst- 8
3rd dritt- 13th dreizehnt- 100th hundertst- 9
4th viert- 14th vierzehnt- 101st hunderterst- 0
5th fünft- 15th fünfzehnt- 200th zweihundertst- 1
6th sechst- 16th sechzehnt- 1000th tausendst- 2
Page 117 of 133 1
7th siebt- 17th siebzehnt- 10,000th zehntausendst- 2
8th acht- 18th achtzehnt- 1,000,000th millionst- 3
9th neunt- 19th neunzehnt- 4
10th zehnt- 20th zwanzigst- 5
6
7
8
9
0
1
NUMBERS╦ TIME├and Numbers TABLE[of Contents 2
Measurements Page 118 of 133 1
2
Germany uses the metric system and therefore everything is measured in 3
kilometers, meters, centimeters, milimeters, kilograms, grams etc. 4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
NUMBERS╦ TIME├and Numbers TABLE[of Contents 2
Prices Page 119 of 133 1
Examples: 2
3
G1: was kosten die Umschläge? G2: sie kosten zwei Mark zehn (Dm 2.10) 4
E1: how much are the envelopes? E2: they are 2 marks 10 5
6
G3: 75 Pfening das Stück G4: 5 Mark das Kilo 7
E3: 75 pfenings each E4: 5 marks a kilo 8
9
0
1
NUMBERS╦ TIME├and Numbers TABLE[of Contents 2
Sentence Structure Page 120 of 133 1
2
1. WORD╙Order 3
2. NEGATIVES╒ 4
3. DIRECT╫and Indirect Questions 5
4. ANSWERS█('yes' and 'no') 6
5. TRANSLATION▌Problems 7
8
9
0
1
TABLE[of Contents 2
Word Order Page 121 of 133 1
Main Clauses 2
3
1. In a simple sentence the basic word order is: 4
Subject + Finite Verb (+ object(s)) (+ complement) 5
6
2. If there is both a direct and an indirect object the normal order depends 7
on whether they are nouns or pronouns. 8
9
3. Past participles, dependent infinitives, separable prefixes and adverbial 0
complements usually come at the end of a sentence. 1
2
Page 122 of 133 1
4. Inversion: It is quite common to begin a sentence with something other 2
than the subject in German. Not only adverbs and adverbial phrases but 3
also direct and indirect objects regularly function in this way. 4
5
Subordinate Clauses 6
7
1. After relative pronouns (derm dessen, an dem, worauf, etc.) and 8
subordinating conjunctions (daß, warum, obwohl, etc.) the finite verb goes9
to the end of the clause. 0
1
SENTENCE╥Structure TABLE[of Contents 2
Negatives Page 123 of 133 1
Main Negative Words: 2
German English 3
kein, keine, kein not a, no 4
keiner, keine, ekin(e)s nobody, none 5
keinerlei no...of any sort 6
keineswegs by no means 7
nicht not 8
nicht nur...sondern auch not only...but also 9
nicht mehr no more 0
nichts nothing 1
nie, niemals never 2
Page 124 of 133 1
niemand nobody 2
nirgends, nirgendwo nowhere 3
nirgenwohin (to) nowhere 4
weder...noch neither...nor 5
6
7
8
9
0
1
SENTENCE╥Structure TABLE[of Contents 2
Direct and Indirect Questions Page 125 of 133 1
2
Direct Questions: 3
4
There are four basic ways of forming direct questions in German: 5
6
1. Inversion of the normal word order of a statement: 7
8
German : sprechen Sie Deutsch? 9
English: do you speak German? 0
1
2
Page 126 of 133 1
2. Question word(s) + finite verb (+ subject) (+ complement) 2
List of question words: 3
German English German English 4
wer? who? wann? when? 5
(an) wen? (to) who(m)? warum? why? 6
wessen? whose? was? what? 7
(mit) wem? (with) whom? was für? what kind of? 8
welch-? which-? wie? how? 9
wo? where? woher? where...from? 0
wohin? where...to? 1
2
Page 127 of 133 1
3. Subject + finite verb (+ complement) 2
3
German : das soll billig sein?! 4
English: that's suposed to be cheap?! 5
6
4. Subject + finite verb (+ complement) + tag 7
8
Tags in English: isn't it, aren't you, doesn't he, can't she, etc. 9
0
Tags in German: nicht (wahr), gell/gelt, oder. 1
2
Indirect Questions Page 128 of 133 1
2
1. Indirect questions follow a verb or a clause and are introduced by an 3
interrogative word: 'explain why you are angry'. 4
5
2. The two clauses are always separated by a comma and the finite verb comes 6
at the end of the indirect question. 7
8
9
0
1
SENTENCE╥Structure TABLE[of Contents 2
Answers ('yes' and 'no') Page 129 of 133 1
2
1. 'ja' and 'doch' both mean yes, but 'ja' is used to answer an affirmative 3
question, and doch to contradict a negative question: 4
Question Answer 5
German : gehst du schon? ja, ich muß jetzt gehen 6
English: are you going already? yes, I have to go now 7
8
German : liebst du mich nicht mehr? doch 9
English: don't you love me any more? yes, I do love you 0
1
2
Page 130 of 133 1
2. 'nein' means no: 2
Question Answer 3
German : war es interessant? nein, es war langweilig 4
English: was it interesting? no, it was boring 5
6
7
8
9
0
1
SENTENCE╥Structure TABLE[of Contents 2
Translation Problems Page 131 of 133 1
2
English words not translated into German: 3
4
1. Articles 5
6
a) The indefinite article is often left out in German where it is present 7
in English: 8
German : er ist leider Popsänger geworden 9
English: unfortunately he has become a pop singer 0
1
b) The definite article is often used where it is omitted in English: 2
Page 132 of 133 1
German : ich verstehe nichts von der Gärtnerei 2
English: I know nothing about gardening 3
4
2. 'daß' and the relative pronoun are often omitted in English but must be 5
kept in German: 6
7
German : das Getränk, dass ich am liebsten mag 8
English: the drink I like best 9
0
3. After modal verbs a verb expressing motion is very often omitted if there 1
is an adverb or phrase indicating direction: 2
Page 133 of 133 1
German : ich spüre nichts 2
English: I cannot feel anything 3
4
4. 'can' is sometimes omitted with verbs of preception where it is present in5
English: 6
7
German : hörst du mich? 8
English: can you hear me? 9
0
1
SENTENCE╥Structure TABLE[of Contents 2
