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1996-04-27
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Chromosome Probes at the University of Toronto
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Uploaded: November 29, 1986.
Sensitive chromosome probes recently discovered by a
University of Toronto geneticist will make it easier
to detect certain types of genetic and prenatal
diseases, as well as being used to determine paternity
and provide forensic evidence in criminal cases.
Probes are short pieces of DNA which bind to, and
actually pinpoint, particular sites on a chromosome.
Because these new probes are actually repeated hundreds
or thousands of time at a particular site, they are
much more sensitive than previously available ones.
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Of the 23 pairs of human chromosomes, Dr. F.H. Willard
has discovered repeated probes or markers for six plus
the gender determining X and Y chromosomes. "What
we're trying to decide now is whether to isolate probes
for the other chromosomes, or whether we should
utilize the eight we have," he says.
Dr. Willard is currently negotiating with an American
company to develop prenatal diagnostic tests, which,
because the current tests are time consuming and
technically difficult to do, are restricted to women
over 35 and those who have a family history of
chromosomal abnormalities. Prenatal tests using
Willard's probes would be much simpler and faster to
perform and could be available to all pregnant women
who wish to take advantage of the technology.
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Current prenatal testing involves growing fetal cells
in vitro and examining them, over one or two months, to
see if there are two copies of a particular chromosome,
which is normal, or one or three, which is abnormal. A
test using Willard's probes would require only a few
cells and a few days to detect abnormalities. "I don't
think it's beyond the realm of possibility that these
kinds of tests could eventually be done by an
obstetrician in the office during the early stages of
pregnancy," he adds.
The determination of gender is another possible use for
the probes. Many diseases, such as Duschene's muscular
dystrophy, show up on the X chromosome, manifesting
only in boys. Willard thinks it is possible to develop
a test which would quickly indicate the fetus' sex.
This would benefit parents whose only option is to have
no children or to have only girls.
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Confirming gender in children with ambiguous genitalia
is another medical reason for using the test. A quick
examination of the X and Y chromosomes of the child
would indicate whether genetically the child is male or
female.
As yet, Willard has been unable to develop a probe for
chromosome 21. Down's Syndrome results from three
copies of chromosome 21 (trisomy 21). "I think we'll
know within a year whether a test to detect trisomy 21
is feasible, " he says hopefully.
The other six chromosome probes which Willard has
developed do not immediately lend themselves to
diagnostic tests, except for certain cancers, he says.
"We have a probe for chromosome 7 and we know that
trisomy 7 is a signal for certain types of cancer.
Chromosome abnormalities of all kinds are a signpost
of tumors." Theoretically, an oncologist could use a
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chromosome probe test to examine tissue and obtain a
reading for a specific cancer. " It wouldn't suggest a
mode of therapy," he points out, "but would be a speedy
test and would have prognostic implications for the
kind of tumor discovered."
As a basic research tool, Willard's probes could be used
to develop a genetic linkage map for human
chromosomes. "It's important to know the location of
genes in the human genome, particularly disease genes.
The leading approach to try to sort out disease genes is
to use genetic linkage. Because our sequences are at the
centromere it would allow us to develop a map."
The third application for the probes is in forensic
biology. Willard believes his markers are as unique to
each each individual as are fingerprints. According to
the geneticist, it will be possible to make a DNA
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'fingerprint' from blood or sperm, which could be used
as evidence in rape or murder cases. "We haven't yet
done the analysis which confirms that our probes are
DNA fingerprints, but once we do, we will make them
available for development into tests."
As research progresses in all these areas, Willard
hopes to collaborate with other departments at the U of
T to conduct clinical trials. His work is funded by the
March of Dimes, the Hospital for Sick Children
Foundation and the Medical Research Council.
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