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- FACT SHEET: TOPEX/POSEIDON
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- NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory and the Centre National
- d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES), the French space agency, are turning
- their scientific sights on Earth with a joint satellite mission
- designed to map the circulation of the world's oceans.
-
- The Ocean Topography Experiment, or Topex, has been combined
- with France's Poseidon mission. Together, the Topex/Poseidon
- satellite is the most sophisticated attempt yet to measure and
- map sea level from space.
-
- Topex/Poseidon was launched on Aug. 10, 1992 by an Ariane
- 42P booster rocket from the Arianespace Guiana Space Center in
- Kourou, French Guiana.
-
- Designed for a three- to five-year mission, Topex/Poseidon's
- primary science goal is to improve our understanding of how the
- oceans circulate. Such information will allow oceanographers to
- study the way the oceans transport heat and nutrients and how the
- oceans interact with weather patterns. Such studies will
- increase our understanding of the ocean's role in global change.
-
- In the past, oceanographers have studied the sea from
- ships. This provided only a snapshot of the oceans' character
- because the ships took spotty measurements from fixed locations.
- Topex/Poseidon will provide a long-term, coherent, panoramic
- picture of the oceans. Such global information offers potential
- societal benefits such as improved long-range weather
- forecasting.
-
- Topex/Poseidon will also aid in efforts to predict phenomena
- such as El Nino, an unusual water warming that occurs in the
- eastern Pacific and has been associated with global weather
- changes that have caused billions of dollars in damage worldwide.
-
- Scientists have analyzed a prominent Kelvin wave which has
- appeared in Topex/Poseidon altimetry data. A Kelvin wave is a
- pool of warm water that moves along the equator in the Pacific
- and can contribute to El Nino conditions in the eastern
- equitorial Pacific.
-
- Scientists at the Naval Research Laboratory at the Stennis
- Space Center in Mississippi report that their analysis of
- Topex/Poseidon data, as well as measurements taken by tide gauges
- and buoys, confirms that the Kelvin wave pulse which they
- predicted in February 1993 arrived at the South American Coast as
- they anticipated.
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- MISSION OVERVIEW
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- The main instrument on the Topex/Poseidon satellite is a
- radar altimeter. This device is similar to ones that were flown
- on NASA's GEOS 3 satellite in 1975, on Seasat in 1978 and on the
- U.S. Navy's Geosat in 1985.
-
- As Topex/Poseidon orbits the Earth, the altimeter bounces
- radar signals off the ocean's surface. The device records the
- time it takes the signal to return to the satellite and that
- gives it a precise measurement of the distance between
- Topex/Poseidon and the sea surface.
-
- This data will be combined with measurements from other
- instruments that pinpoint the satellite's exact location in
- space. Scientists will then be able to produce a detailed map of
- ocean topography, or sea level relative to the Earth's center.
- Sea level is directly related to ocean currents, eddies and
- other features of the ocean surface. When they examine the
- influence of the Earth's gravity field on sea level, researchers
- will also be able to study major features on the ocean floor.
- Information contained in the radar return signals can also be
- used to calculate wave height and wind speed, two elements that
- are important for monitoring the global sea state.
-
- Planning by NASA and CNES calls for the United States to
- provide the satellite, altimeter, a microwave radiometer, an
- experimental satellite tracking receiver and various spacecraft
- subsystems. The French will supply the launch vehicle and two
- other instruments -- a solid-state altimeter and a Doppler
- tracking receiver.
-
- In 1987, an international team of 38 principal investigators
- was selected to participate in the Topex/Poseidon mission through
- a joint U.S.-French announcement of opportunity. These
- scientists have been working closely with the project to refine
- the mission design and scientific plans. After launch they will
- conduct a wide range of oceanographic and geophysical studies to
- accomplish the mission science goals.
-
- Topex/Poseidon will complement other important oceanographic
- experiments planned for the 1990s:
-
- -- The European Remote Sensing Satellite (ERS-1), launched
- by the European Space Agency, carries an altimeter and a
- scatterometer in addition to other instruments. The altimeter,
- when used in conjunction with Topex/Poseidon data, will increase
- the sampling and coverage area. The scatterometer's measurements
- of global wind speed and direction, together with the altimetric
- sea-level measurements, will help scientists study how winds
- produce ocean currents and waves.
-
- -- The NASA Scatterometer (NSCAT) is a JPL-managed
- instrument scheduled for launch aboard the Japanese Advanced
- Earth Observing Satellite (ADEOS) in February 1995. NSCAT will
- make frequent measurements of wind speeds and direction over the
- global ocean.
-
- Oceanographers from around the world will also conduct
- studies using Topex/Poseidon data as part of the World Ocean
- Circulation Experiment (WOCE) and the Tropical Oceans Global
- Atmospheres Experiment (TOGA). These decade-long programs are
- sponsored by the World Climate Research Program.
-
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- SATELLITE DESIGN
-
- Fairchild Space of Germantown, Maryland, is providing the
- spacecraft which is based on NASA's Multi-Mission Spacecraft
- (MMS) design.
-
- Topex/Poseidon will orbit the Earth at a relatively high
- altitude of 830 miles (about 1,340 kilometers). This will
- minimize atmospheric drag on the spacecraft, reduce the influence
- of errors in measuring Earth's gravity field, and simplify
- maneuvers needed to maintain the orbit position. The satellite
- orbit will be inclined 66 degrees from Earth's equator.
-
- The satellite's position in space must be known as precisely
- as possible in order to produce extremely accurate maps of sea
- level. Special laser and radio tracking on the ground will
- pinpoint Topex/Poseidon's position to within five inches (13
- centimeters). By comparison, the orbit of Seasat was known to an
- accuracy of 20 to 40 inches (50 to 100 centimeters).
-
- The NASA radar altimeter will operate at two frequencies,
- 13.6 and 5.3 gigahertz. Measurements of the same ocean area
- taken at both frequencies will help correct for path-delay errors
- caused by electrons in the ionosphere. It is provided by Johns
- Hopkins University's Applied Physics Laboratory.
-
- A microwave radiometer, built by JPL, will measure radiation
- emitted from water vapor between the satellite and the ocean.
- This will be used to correct for path-delay errors caused by
- atmospheric water vapor.
-
- The French space agency will provide an experimental solid-
- state altimeter on board the satellite. This altimeter operates
- at the single frequency of 13.65 gigahertz. It is provided under
- contract to CNES Toulouse Space Center by Alcatel Espace Systems.
- The two altimeters will share the same antenna with the NASA
- altimeter being turned off a small part of the time so the French
- instrument can operate without interference.
-
- The French will also provide a new radio-tracking system
- that will measure the position and velocity of the spacecraft.
- It is called Doppler Orbitography and Radiopositioning Integrated
- by Satellite (DORIS) and is a dual Doppler receiver which
- operates with a network of 50 uplink ground stations. DORIS is
- provided under contract to CNES by Electronique Serge Dassault
- and will be used with the laser tracking system.
-
- The United States is conducting a Global Positioning System
- precision orbit determination experiment along with this mission
- to test a new high-precision tracking system. A GPS
- demonstration receiver is being built by Motorola Inc. of
- Chandler, Arizona, under contract to NASA/JPL. It receives
- tracking signals from the constellation of Navstar satellites
- established under the GPS program. Tracking information is sent
- to the ground for processing in the test ground operations
- system.
-
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- MISSION BENEFITS
-
- The results of the scientific studies using data from
- Topex/Poseidon will increase our understanding of the ocean's
- role in global change and are expected to provide information
- about specific environmental problems.
-
- -- Carbon Dioxide. The burning of fossil fuels, combined
- with deforestation, is causing a significant increase of carbon
- dioxide in the atmosphere. This could ultimately produce
- catastrophic warming of the Earth. The impact appears to be
- critically dependent upon how fast carbon dioxide is absorbed by
- the ocean and how efficient the ocean interacts with the
- atmosphere to slow down the potential global warming. Both
- factors rely, in part, on ocean currents. Detailed knowledge of
- ocean circulation could help scientists determine what threat
- increased carbon dioxide in the atmosphere may pose for the
- Earth's future.
-
- -- Weather Forecasting. Weather patterns in North America
- are heavily influenced by events over the ocean -- in this case,
- the Pacific. Analysis of Topex/Poseidon data will eventually
- help forecasters predict general weather trends a season ahead,
- enabling the agriculture industry to adjust crop selection. Such
- predictions would also benefit energy planning in the Northeast
- United States by forecasting unusually cold or warm winters.
-
- -- Offshore oil, mining, and coastal power plants. Such
- facilities must be designed to withstand severe wave and storm
- surges, such as those caused by hurricanes along the United
- States' Gulf Coast. Observations from Topex/Poseidon will
- provide information for better planning in the location and
- construction of oil rigs, drill ships, mining operations and
- coastal nuclear power plants.
-
- -- Seabed disposal of dangerous wastes. The safety of
- such disposal depends partly on the rate at which currents may
- carry potentially hazardous leakage from disposal sites toward
- fishing grounds and coastal areas.
-
- Topex/Poseidon is managed by JPL for NASA's Office of
- Mission to Planet Earth. Charles Yamarone of JPL is the project
- manager and Dr. Lee-Lueng Fu of JPL is project scientist.
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- 6-93 MAH