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= Volume 1 , P/HUN Issue #2 , Phile #7 of 9 =
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Guide to The Pick Operating System
----------------------------------
Mr. Slippery
Phreakers/Hackers Underground Network (c)
-------------
Introduction:
-------------
This is an unfamiliar operating system to many in spite of its
being wide spread. It was created by Dick Pick (no kidding) a
number of years ago and can now be found on everything from
IBM PC's through mainframes. One reason it is unfamiliar is
that it has been sold under a number of names such as Mentor,
Ultimate and Reality. It resembles a data base management
system and is also sold as a DBMS on top of MSDOS as Revelation,
as well as running as an application on UNIX and VM/CMS. Its also
unfamiliar to many since its basically sold to do business
functions like accounting in small to medium size businesses and
is therefore less likely to be found by people such as those
reading this article :-)
This is a bare-bones introduction to the system. It does not
include details on the languages nor specific system manager
functions such as how to stop and restart the system. Also, there
is a new version out, open access, that I don't know anything
about. Its supposed to allow for easier integration of Pick with
other operating systems, such as UNIX.
--------------------
Structure of System:
--------------------
Everything outside of the basic operating system (ABS for
absolute addresses) is based on items in files. Even files are
items in other files. The system is laid out in a four level
hierarchy:
----------
- SYSTEM - (user accounts)
----------
/ | \
/ | \
------------- -------- ---------
- Master- -M/DICT- - MD - (synonyms for user)
- Dictionary- - - - - (account level )
------------- -------- ---------
/ / | \ \
/ / | \ \
---------- ------------ ---------
- DICT - - File - - -
- - -Dictionary- - -
---------- ------------ ---------
/ / | \ \
/ / | \ \
-------- -------- -------
- DATA - - File - - -
- - - Data - - -
-------- -------- -------
The System Dictionary (SYSTEM) is a file that contains the user
accounts and passwords. It points to the user's master dictionary
which contains pointers to the dictionary parts of the user's
files and also has commands (VERBS), dictionary defining items
and procedures (PROCS). The data files are divided into two
pieces the dictionary which points to the data portion and
contains items that can be used to retrieve items from the data
portion of the file.
The structure is more complicated as some of these files can
point to themselves and you can therefore have 'one level' data
files.
Each file has ITEMS in it. These items are always in ASCII format
even the numbers so all DICTIONARIES and DATA files can be
displayed and edited. Each ITEM is composed of ATTRIBUTES (what
is typically called fields). The key is called the "ITEM-ID".
Attributes can have multiple values which may also have multiple
subvalues. A danger in the ability to edit everything is that you
can edit the file pointers and make them point at garbage.
This will cause what is known as a "group format error" which is
a phrase meaning that the operating system says your files are
garbaged.
Certain files have predefined DICTIONARY items. For example the
M/DICT first ATTRIBUTE is the D/CODE which tells what kind of
item is in the M/DICT. An "A" is an ATTRIBUTE defining item, "D"
is a file defining item, "P" is a verb, "PQ" is a PROC, "Q" is a
file synonym item and so forth.
-------------------
Command Processors:
-------------------
The languages you find are an extended BASIC, a retrieval
language called ACCESS, ENGLISH and other names depending on
which version of PICK you have and an interpreted procedure
language called PROC. The command interpreter is called TCL for
Terminal Control Language.
-------------------------------
How to recognize a PICK system:
-------------------------------
The prompt you get is typically "LOGON PLEASE: ". There will
always be a "SYSPROG" (system programmer) account and this one
has the highest privileges. If you have your user-id wrong, it
will say "USER_ID?" followed by the LOGON PLEASE prompt. If you
have a bad password, it will prompt "PASSWORD?" followed by the
logon prompt.
---------------------------------
How to see what is on the system:
---------------------------------
Once you are on, you can see what accounts there are by saying
"LIST ONLY DICT SYSTEM". Besides SYSPROG, you will see POINTER-
FILE (items pointing to binary data strings), SYSPROG-PL (system
maintenance PROCS, NEWAC (new account template), ACC (accounting
history file), ERRMSG (system error messages), PROCLIB (PROC
library) and BLOCK-CONVERT (format of characters printed by use
of the BLOCK-PRINT command)
To see the files you can type "LIST ONLY MD WITH D/CODE "D]" or
LISTFILES (which is a PROC). LISTVERBS and LISTPROCS will tell
you what commands are available.
------------------------
Common Commands (VERBS):
------------------------
AS - Assembler
BLOCK-PRINT - Print letters as blocks
CHARACTERS - Print ASCII character set
CHARGES - Total time logged on and CPU activity stats
COPY - Copies an item
CREATE-FILE - Creates a new dictionary & data file
CT file item - Copy an item to terminal
DTR radix # - Convert Decimal to Radix (default 16)
DUMP frameid - Binary dump of virtual disk frames
ECHO ON/OFF - Terminal echoing ON or OFF
LISTFILES - List of files
LISTPROCS - List of PROCs
LISTU - PROC showing who is on the computer
LISTVERBS - List all VERBS
LOGTO name - Change to another user
LOGOFF - Logout
MSG - Sends a message to another user.
POVF - Print OVerFlow tells how much disc is free
PRINT-ERR - Output specified error message number (ERRMSG)
RECOVER-FD - Recover editor deleted (FD) item.
RUNOFF - Output processor (like VMS runoff and UNIX nroff)
SAVE - Backup system to tape or floppy
SET-FILE - Create a synonym file called QFILE in your MD
SETUP-ASSY - Setup account for assembler (run from SYSPROG)
SLEEP - Take a nap for n seconds or until given time
SP-STATUS - Printer spooler status
T-ATT - Attach the tape drive
T-READ - Read from the tape drive
T-DET - Detach the tape drive
TABS - Display tab stops
TERM - Specifies terminal characteristics
TIME - Shows current date & time
TA-ON/OFF - Typeahead ON or OFF
WHAT - Displays system configuration
WHERE - Current information on processes
WHO - Display your account name (WHO * is for all)
--------------
File creation:
--------------
CREATE-FILE filename dictmod,dictsep datamod,datasep
modulo or mod is the number of contiguous disk groups allocated
for a given file and separation is the size of a group. Typically
the separation is set to 1. Deleting a file: "DELETE-FILE filename"
----------------
Copying an item:
----------------
"COPY FILE ITEM <CR>"
The machine will print: TO:
Enter: (optional file) item. Here if you want to copy an item to
another name in the same file leave off the filename else put in
the file name you want. To delete an item type: "DELETE file item".
----------------------
Access/Recall/English:
----------------------
To look at an item you can either use the editor or the retrieval
processor. The two basic commands are LIST and SORT. SORT sorts
the file and then does a LIST. To see what dictionary items (such
as "SALARY" exist for a file, type "LISTDICTS filename".
The structure of the retrieval command is:
COMMAND FILE-NAME SELECTION-CRITERIA SORT-CRITERIA OUTPUT-CRITERIA
An example is "LIST PAYROLL WITH SALARY > "10000"
Another is "SORT M/DICT BY D/CODE"
-------
Editor:
-------
Pick has a fairly simple text editor. You call it up by typing
"ED Filename Itemname". Commands include DEn (delete n lines),
EX (exit, don't save), FI (file item), Ln (list n lines), Gn
(go to line number 'n'), R/a/b (replace 'a' with 'b') and X
(cancel last command). 'I' puts you in insert mode; a <cr> as the
first character in the line terminates insert mode.
------
BASIC:
------
Mostly you program the system in a very extended version of
BASIC. After editing in your program, you have to compile it by
typing "BASIC file item". Actually its not a compilation into
machine code. It compiles into a meta-code like some versions of
PASCAL compile into P-code. To execute the program, type "RUN
file item". Some programs are "cataloged" which means that an item
is stored in a special format and a pointer with the name of the
program written in the master dictionary so all you have to do is
type the name of the program instead of "RUN file item".
Some of the commands are familiar like "GOTO", "GOSUB" and "FOR"
while many are unique to Pick like those dealing with opening,
reading and writing to files. Pick Basic has a number of neat
things in it like conversion between ascii and ebcdic which is
useful for dealing with stuff from an IBM mainframe.
-----
PROC:
-----
Proc is the stored procedure langage. The first line of all of
them begin with "PQ". Some versions have a different language so
you might also see "PQN". PROCs have subroutine calls shown by
parenthese () or brackets []. Some commands: C - comment, G - go
to a linenumber, IF - Test, IP - input from terminal, O - output
text to terminal, P - process commands in output buffer, RI -
reset input buffers to null, T - terminal output with special
functions like screen clear and X - exit PROC. The processor has
two input buffers and two output buffers and if you want to know
more you should consult a PROC manual or book.
----
TCL:
----
Many commands take options of (N) for do not stop between pages
and (P) for send data to the line printer. For example: "COPY foo
bar (n,t)" means copy item 'bar' from file 'foo' to the terminal and
do not stop between pages.
There are a number of useful terminal control characters:
Control-H - Backspace a character
" -I - Tab
" -Q - XON (restart output - after XOFF)
" -R - Retype last line
" -S - XOFF (stop output)
" -W - Backspace a word
" -X - Cancel current input line
--------------
Communication:
--------------
Pick is not a good communicator. The vast majority of systems are
stand-alone running a canned application. Some of the vendors
have added some file transfer and networking functions, but
typically this is done by another OS when Pick is a guest (such
as VM and UNIX).
-----------
Privileges:
-----------
The Pick system has 3 privilege levels. The lowest does not allow
the user to update the master dictionary or use the tape drive.
The second does not allow the use of interesting parts of the
debugger and certain system maintenance commands. The highest
allows full privileges.
---------
Security:
---------
The system has very little security. Any intermediate hacker can
break thru it very easily. You don't have to be elite. Its based
on codes put in attributes 5 and 6 of file defining items. The
retrieval lock is put in attribute 5 and the update lock in
attribute 6. When you logon, the values in attributes 5 and 6 of
your account are stored and compared against any file you want to
access. A match and your in otherwise you'll get a message that
says the file is access protected.
You put security on a file by editing the file defining items
which means that if you can edit the 'D'-pointer, you can add and
remove the security on the items in the file.
By the way, if you think the security section is skimpy its
because there's not much of it. In earlier versions of the system
the passwords were not even encrypted and anyone could get at
them if they had a little knowledge and access to the editor!
------------------------------
System Messages (ERRMSG) file:
------------------------------
The messages the system prints out are stored in a file, ERRMSG.
So if you are tired of a message like "THE WORD 'item' is
ILLEGAL", all you have to do is "ED ERRMSG 5" and say whatever
you like.
-----------------
That's all Folks:
-----------------
There are a few books on the operating system. A WELL equipped
bookstore will have some. One source (at least according to the
documentation I have is JES & Associates, PO Box 19274, Irvine,
CA 92714; phone (714) 786-2211.
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DOWNLOADED FROM P-80 SYSTEMS 304-744-2253
Downloaded From P-80 International Information Systems 304-744-2253 12yrs+