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1992-10-03
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------------------------------------------------------------
CIVILIAN SPACE RESEARCH SHIPS OPERATED BY
THE SOVIET ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
------------------------------------------------------------
Submitted by Sam Ricks [76367,2640]
Introduction:
-------------
The following ships are operated by the Soviet Academy of Sciences
in support of manned spaceflight activities and are considered to be
civilian research/tracking vessels. The Soviet Academy of Sciences also
operates a much larger fleet of oceanographic and weather research
ships.
The Soviet Navy operates a separate fleet of missile range ships
in support of ballistic missile tests. These ships are based in the Pacific.
The largest and newest (1984) of these ships is the AGI Marshall M.I. Nedelin,
based at the Pacific Ocean Fleet headquarters in Vladivostok.
GAGARIN Class
-------------
Kosmonaut Yuri Gagarin [UKFI]
The Gagarin is the largest Soviet research ship, displacing 45,000 tons.
Launched in 1970 at Leningrad, the Gagarin has a hull design similar to
that of a tanker. The 773 ft. long ship has 4 dish type antennas arrayed
in-line amid-ships.
This spacecraft/satellite tracking vessel is based in the Black Sea,
probably at Odessa. The ship was named after the Soviet Union's first
cosmonaut, who died in a 1968 aircraft accident.
KOMAROV Class
-------------
Kosmonaut Vladimir Komarov [UUVO]
The Komarov was originally launched in 1966 as the dry cargo
vessel, Genichesk. The Komarov, named in honor of the Soviet Union's first
space fatality, was converted for use as a tracking ship at Leningrad in
1967.
The 510 ft. Komarov displaces 17,500 tons, and has 2 large/1 small
radome type antennas. The Komarov's home port is Odessa.
KOROLEV Class
-------------
Akademik Sergei Korolev [UISZ]
The 21,500 ton Korolev was launched at Nikolayev in 1970 and was
named after the director of the early Soviet space program. The 596 ft.
tracking vessel has 2 dish type and 1 small radome type antennas.
An older, much smaller ship, with a similar name, the Akademik Korolev,
is an Akademik Kurchatov Class research ship assigned to Hydromet and is based
in Vladivostok.
The Akademik Sergei Korolev is based in Odessa, on the Black Sea. From
September 1987 to February 1988, the Korolev was operating off Nova Scotia
in support of the orbiting MIR space complex.
BELYAYEV Class
--------------
Kosmonaut Pavel Belyayev [UTDX]
Kosmonaut Georgy Dobrovolsky [UZZV]
Kosmonaut Vladislav Volkov [UIVZ]
Kosmonaut Viktor Patsayev [UZYY]
All of the above ships were formerly Vytegrales class freighters
converted to spaceflight tracking ships at Leningrad between 1977 and 1978.
The Patsayev, Volkov, and Dobrovolsky were named after three cosmonauts
who died during the landing of Soyuz 11 in 1971.
These 400 ft., 5,970 ton ships have atleast one dish type antenna
amid-ships. They are based in the Baltic port of Tallinn.
VYTEGRALES Class
----------------
Borovichi [UVAU]
Kegostrov [UKBH]
Morzhovets [UUYG]
Nevel [UUYZ]
This class of satellite/spaceflight tracking ships were formerly
timber carriers. They were converted to their present role at Leningrad
in 1967. They have various arrays of tracking and directional antennas.
All are based in the Baltic, at Tallinn.
Communications via RTTY
-----------------------
Soviet Academy of Sciences operated research ships contact their
home ports via radioteletype on maritime shortwave frequencies.
Scientific data and telemetry are transmitted back to various control
centers, such as Flight Control at Kaliningrad, via satellite.
The message traffic consists mainly of crew telegrams to their
families. These are similar to our military's MARSGRAMS. In addition,
message traffic between various scientific organizations and other
Academy of Sciences vessels can be seen.
Soviet ships transmit RTTY at 50 Baud, 170 HZ shifts. In some cases, 75
and 100 baud, normal and reverse polarity have been seen. Frequencies
around 4178, 6268, 8297.5-8299.5, 8344-8357, 12492-12526, 16696-16705 KHZ
are the most active RTTY frequencies for Soviet ships. Soviet coastal
stations can be found throughout the shortwave maritime bands.
Soviet tracking ships monitor scheduled broadcasts of "traffic lists"
from either their home port or UAT Moscow Radio. "Traffic lists"
from coastal radio stations are broadcast in high speed CW and RTTY.
When the vessel's radio operator spots his call sign, contact is made with the
coastal station in CW. The coastal station will acknowledge and assign the
vessel a frequency to TRANSMIT its' messages.
The vessel RECEIVES RTTY traffic from the coastal station on a different
frequency. The tracking ships usually contact URD Leningrad, UFB Odessa, and
UAT Moscow almost exclusively. UAT is monitored for message traffic
originating from other ships at sea.
The following is an example of the "RY" test tapes which precede message
traffic between ship and coastal station. UFB is the call sign of
Odessa Radio. UISZ is the call sign of the tracking ship Akademik Sergei
Korolev.
RYRYRYRYRYRYRYRYRYRY UFB UFB DE UISZ UISZ K
RYRYRYRYRYRYRYRYRYRY UFB UFB DE UISZ UISZ K
RYRYRYRYRYRYRYRYRYRY UFB UFB DE UISZ UISZ K
RYRYRYRYRYRYRYRYRYRY UFB UFB DE UISZ UISZ K
The following are message headers from various tracking ships.
NIS AK S KOROLEW ODS/..! 340 WE QTXQW PWPPV
NIS KOSM WL KOMAROW ODS/..! 384 WY QYXR PTPPV
NIS KOSM P BELQEW LNG/..! 240 WU QUXR PEPPV
NIS MORVOWEC LNG/..! 106 WI QPXY PTPPV
NIS KOSM G DOBROWOLXSKIJ LNG/..! 149 WP QYXY PEPPV
NIS KOSMONAWT WL WOLKOW LNG/..! 22 WW PWXPR PRPPV
"NIS" is the Cyrillic/Baudot keyboard abbreviation for the Russian
words "Scientific Research Vessel." Cyrillic spellings of ship names
differ in some cases from the "Latin" transliterations appearing in Jane's
Fighting Ships. For example, MORVOWEC, in Cyrillic, appears as Morzhovets in
"Latin" versions of ship names. Without the "NIS" designator, the
Gagarin and Komarov can be confused with fish carrier vessels with similar
names.
Tracking ships usually remain at sea for 120 days before being relieved.
However, due to the availability of these ships, they may be ordered into a
foreign port to transfer crew and then return to their previous position.
Crews in the North Atlantic are usually exchanged at Rotterdam and Cueta, a
Spanish port opposite Gibralter.
During their deployment, these vessels may visit nearby ports for crew
"rest and relaxation." For tracking ships in the South Atlantic, port calls
are usually made at Las Palmas, in the Canary Islands. Vessels in the
Carribean have visited Willemstad, Curacao; Vera Cruz, Mexico; and Havana.
Operations
----------
The Soviets usually position a large tracking ship such as the
Gagarin, Komarov, or the Korolev, in the North Atlantic off Canada's Sable
Island. During manned spaceflights, such as the current MIR missions,
Soviet tracking ships monitor voice, telemetry, and TV signals from the
spacecraft. This data is then relayed back to Flight Control in Kaliningrad
(a suburb of Moscow) via polar orbiting nongeosynchronus communications
satellites.
Soviet Molniya communications satellites rise and set over Hudson's
Bay in the Canadian Arctic. Because of winter ice and spring/summer ice berg
seasons, the most favorable position for a tracking ship is off Nova Scotia.
The Molniya's have an operational period of 6 hours over the Arctic. For
an hour, at appogee, they "hang" almost motionless over Hudson's Bay. As one
satellite sets, another one is rising. Thus, the tracking ships can maintain
continous contact with the Soviet Union.
During the MIR's hour and a half orbit, it is "in sight" of atleast one
of these tracking ships for approximately 7-10 minutes. This is
when telemetry is monitored.
Other tracking ships are positioned off the West coast of Africa
near Togo and Montevideo, Uruguay. These tracking ships monitor the MIR
when it is out of "sight" of the North Atlantic tracking ships.
Tracking ships frequently change position, depending on orbital
parameters, in order to keep the spacecraft "in sight" during subsequent
orbits.
Occasionally, you will see numerical data transmitted in
"QWERTYUIOP" shorthand between tracking ships via a coastal station, usually
UAT Moscow. With the aid of a word processor, with search and replace
features, this data can be decoded. The numbers 1,2,3,4 .... are
substituted for Q,W,E,R .... with (/) and (.) substituted for X and M.
The following is an example of decoded data. These are apparently
"look up angles" used to aim dish antennas at orbiting spacecraft. No
identifying column headings are transmitted. However, the tracking
ships' call sign, latitude and longitude, and sometimes an orbit
number is sent in a header accompanying each block of data. Usually, the
position is reported as, for example, "35001 53001," meaning latitude 35 00
South, longitude 53 00 West. The last digit, in this case "1" may refer to
the quadrant, North, South, East, or West.
0.29.17 227.46 0. 0
0.29.30 227H42 00.46
0.30. 0 227.33 2.49
0.20.50 227.23 5V10
0.30.50 227.15 6.59
V.31. 0 227.12 7.54
0.31.30 226.57 11.16
0.32.0 VVV39 15.35
0.32.30 226.14 21.33
0.33. 0 225.32 30.36
0.33.30 224. 0 45.52
0.34. 0 216X3 72.34
0.34.30 57.35 71. 9
0.35. 0 50.53844.48
0.35.30 49.26 29. 6
0.36. 0 48.45 20.50
0.36.30 48.21 14.55
0.37. 0 48. J 10.38
0.3KV30 47.52 7.18
0.37.33 47.50 6.59
0.38. 0 47.41 4.
0.38.30 47.33 2.04
0.39. 0 47.25 0.10
0.39. 2 47.24 0. 0V
In this example, elapsed time, azimuth, and degrees above horizon for
one orbit were sent. The ten minute period covered in this data indicates
the time necessary for the object to cross the horizon and is consistent
with a low earth orbit. This particular object crossed almost
directly overhead, which accounts for the abrupt change in azimuth from
southwest to northeast.
Conclusion:
----------
Tracking ships in the North Atlantic, particularly those off the
coast of Nova Scotia, have strong signals for SWL's on the East Coast.
At present, there are atleast 6 tracking ships in the Atlantic, (2 in
the North, 2 in the South, 1 in the Carribean, and 1 enroute to the South
Atlantic). As with most Soviet commercial vessels, tracking ships are
in daily contact with their home ports. Tracking ships are usually the most
active of the Soviet Academy of Sciences research vessels.
------------------------------------------------------------
Sources: Janes Fighting Ships 1984-85
"The Soviet Space Challenge," U.S. Dept. of Defense, November 1987.
Downloaded From P-80 Systems 394-744-2253