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1993-04-19
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SB-941
SERVICE MANUAL RX SECTION LEVEL DIAGRAMS 10/28/88
INTRODUCTION
This bulletin will explain the development and use of
Kenwood Service Manual receiver section level diagrams.
Since they list typical RF and audio levels, the diagrams
provide the most efficient means of locating a faulty RX
circuit in a transceiver.
In the past, Kenwood has recorded RF levels in volts (V),
decibels (dB), and more recently dBu and dBm. Conversion
tables and an equation are provided at the end of this text
so you can change the RF levels to the form of your choice.
Using the level diagrams require basic test equipment and a
couple of test fixtures. One fixture is an 8 ohm non
inductive load that replaces the internal speaker. The other
is an injection probe. It is used to inject RF from your
signal generator into specific sections of the receiver.
Both fixtures are discussed at the end of this text.
HOW THE RX SECTION LEVEL DIAGRAM IS DEVELOPED
This section will describe how the level diagrams are made
for CW and SSB transceivers. It will then discuss the
different methods used for FM transceivers.
A working transceiver is tuned to its center frequency. For
HF rigs, this would be 14.200MHz. A Standard Signal
Generator (SSG) set to the same frequency is connected to
the antenna terminal of the transceiver. The SSG is set to a
level that will not allow the AGC circuits to function (no
S-METER reading). For HF rigs, this would typically be 0dBu
(0.5uV).
An 8 ohm load is inserted into the external speaker jack and
the AF gain control is adjusted to obtain 0.68V across the
load (measured with an AF VTVM). The AF gain setting is not
changed from this point on. The SSG is replaced with a 50
ohm load to terminate the antenna input.
An injection probe is connected to the SSG. The ground clip
is attached to the chassis of the transceiver. The probe is
placed at the first point listed on the level diagram just
past the antenna input. The SSG level is adjusted until the
audio output is again 0.68V. The SSG level is then listed on
the diagram as a typical reference for that point. This
process is repeated until all measuring points are assigned
a reference level.
NOTES
After each mixer stage, the SSG must be adjusted to the
respective IF frequency. As an example, after the first
mixer on the TS-940S, the frequency would be set to
45.05MHz. After the second mixer, the frequency would be set
to 8.83MHz.
The levels in the audio stage of the receiver are measured
with an AF VTVM. These measurements are made when the SSG is
connected to antenna terminal (just after the AF gain is
set).
FM RX SECTION LEVEL DIAGRAMS
FM transceiver level diagrams are made in the same fashion
as CW/SSB diagrams. The transceiver is tuned to its center
frequency (or close to it). A low level signal is applied to
the antenna terminal. The audio output is held constant
while the injection method is used. The differences are as
follows:
On some FM transceivers, the injected signal is modulated
(typically a 1KHz tone at +/- 3.0KHz deviation is used).
Other transceivers are tested without modulation.
On some transceivers, the constant output is measured at
12dB SINAD. On others it is measured at 20dB of noise
quieting (NQ).
Each Service Manual level diagram contains footnotes that
describe the method used. Due to the variations and
available test equipment, it may be necessary to change the
initial set up and then write your own level diagram.
USING THE LEVEL DIAGRAM TO TROUBLESHOOT A FAULTY RECEIVER
It is not practical to set the audio output to a specified
level by injecting a signal into the antenna terminal of a
transceiver that has low sensitivity. In many cases, the
input signal would be so strong that it would attack the AGC
circuits. This would cause all measurements in the receiver
to vary from the typical levels in the diagram. The best
approach to this situation is to start at the end of the
receiver circuit and work towards the antenna.
Connect a 50 ohm load to the antenna terminal and an 8 ohm
load to the external speaker jack. Inject a signal at the
end of the IF stage. The IF frequency and required level are
listed on the Service Manual level diagram. Adjust the AF
gain control to obtain the specified audio level at the 8
ohm load. Do not change the AF gain setting from this point
on. Inject the next signal in the middle of the receiver
chain (again refer to the level diagram for the frequency
and level). If the audio comes up to the specified level,
the faulty component is somewhere between the antenna
terminal and the middle of the receiver. If the audio does
not come up, the bad component is between the two injection
points.
The next injection point would again cut the chain in half
in order to work towards the faulty component. For instance,
if the problem is between the antenna terminal and the
middle of the receiver, inject the next signal in the middle
of those two points. Continue in this manner until the
problem can be isolated to a small portion of the circuit.
NOTE
Do not forget that D.C. measurements around an isolated
circuit are necessary. For instance, an amplifier will not
have any gain if an open resistor cuts off the supply
voltage.
INJECTION PROBE
An injection probe is a coax that connects to your SSG, has
a 0.01uF capacitor on the center conductor of the coax, and
a tip connected to the other end of the capacitor. The
shield of the coax connects to a ground clip. Many
electronic supply shops sale injection probes. If you decide
to purchase one, make sure it contains a 0.01uF capacitor
between the tip and center conductor of the coax (used to
block D.C.). If you decide to fabricate your own cable, it
can be done with a few simple parts as shown in Figure 1.
8 OHM LOAD
An 8 ohm non inductive load is used to substitute the
internal speaker on the transceiver. The load is connected
to the external speaker jack for convenience. For the
purpose of troubleshooting a faulty receiver, it is not
necessary to purchase a precision 8 ohm resistor (also,
precision resistors are inductive). Six carbon composite 47
ohm, 1/2 watt resistors connected in parallel make an
adequate load. Figure 2 shows a typical 8 ohm load
fabrication.
DECIBELS
As mentioned in the introduction, Kenwood Service Manuals
have listed levels in V, dB, dBu, and dBm. Unless otherwise
specified in the footnotes on the level diagram, dB and dBu
levels are equal.
Aside from the conversion tables on page 6, a conversion
equation and examples are provided.
V(out)
EQUATION: dB = 20 log --------
V(in)
In the equation, solving for dB would yield a value that is
the difference between the two voltages. In other words,
suppose you already know that 2uV = 12dBu and 15.8uV =
30dBu. You can see that the difference is 18dBu. Plugging
these uV values into the equation would yield the same
result. With this in mind, one can plug in a known voltage
from a conversion table, plug in a voltage not listed in the
table, and find the dB difference. To make the answer
simplistic, use 0.5uV for dB/dBu and 224mV for dBm. Since
they equal 0dB/0dBu/0dBm respectively, the difference is the
actual value of the unknown voltage.
Japanese "SSG" American "SSG"
-6dB ------------------------------ 0.25uV
0dB ------------------------------ 0.5uV
6dB ------------------------------ 1uV
12dB ------------------------------ 2uV
24dB ------------------------------ 8uV
30dB ------------------------------ 15.8uV
40dB ------------------------------ 50uV
50dB ------------------------------ 158uV
60dB ------------------------------ 500uV
70dB ------------------------------ 1.58mV
80dB ------------------------------ 5mV
90dB ------------------------------ 15.8mV
100dB ------------------------------ 50mV
120dB ------------------------------ 0.5V
TABLE 1 (dB or dBu to V conversion)
Japanese "SSG" American "SSG"
-119dBm ------------------------------ 0.25uV
-113dBm ------------------------------ 0.5uV
-107dBm ------------------------------ 1uV
-101dBm ------------------------------ 2uV
-88.9dBm ----------------------------- 8uV
-83dBm ------------------------------- 15.8uV
-73dBm ------------------------------- 50uV
-63dBm ------------------------------- 158uV
-53dBm ------------------------------- 500uV
-43dBm ------------------------------- 1.58mV
-33dBm ------------------------------- 5mV
-23dBm ------------------------------- 15.8mV
-13dBm ------------------------------- 50mV
0dBm ------------------------------- 224mV
7dBm ------------------------------- .5V
TABLE 2 (dBm to V conversion)
Downloaded From P-80 International Information Systems 304-744-2253