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Hacker Chronicles 2
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1985-11-26
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NOTICE
This software is offered as "user supported." It may be
freely copied and distributed as requred by the needs of the
user community, provided all copyright and ownership notices
remain intact, and subject to the restrictions of copyright
ownership. Resale or disstribution for profit by any indivi-
dual or organization other than the author, except by prior
written agreement, is hereby expressly forbidden.
In consideration of the time and effort represented by
this software, and in support of further development
efforts, the author is requesting a $35.00 registration fee.
Registered users will be notified directly of future updates
and/or new releases.
Please send your registration to:
Jack B. Klein
1708 Aberdeen, N.E.
Grand Rapids, MI 49355
Be sure to include your name and mailing address for update
notification, and please indicate whether you are using the
PC-DOS or CP/M 80 version of the software.
While every effort has been made to insure that this
software and documentation are complete and error-free, no
guarantees can be made. The author assumes no liability for
damages caused by the use or misuse of this software, or of
the results generated by it.
Any problems, comments, or questions about this
software may be directed to the author in writing at the
above address, or by electronic mail to CIS 72457,2604.
Thank you.
xx x
x x x
x x
x y y
x x y y
x x x y y
x xx yyyyy
y
y
y y (c)
yyyy
b k
b k
j b k k
bbbb k kk
by j b b kk k
j bbbb k k
j j
jjjj
xy v1.2/PC, copyright 1985, Jack B. Klein
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
OVERVIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS . . . . . . . . . 2
THE MAIN MENU . . . . . . . . . . . 3
THE FUNCTIONS IN DETAIL . . . . . . . . 5
READ IN DATA . . . . . . . . . . 5
CURVE FIT TO DATA . . . . . . . . 7
DELETE/UNDELETE POINTS . . . . . . . 8
PLOT DATA . . . . . . . . . . . 9
CALCULATE X OR Y . . . . . . . . . 14
SAVE DATA . . . . . . . . . . . 15
EXIT . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
INSTALLATION . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
INTRODUCTION
xy provides a powerful combination of data analysis and graphic
presentation. While xy is particularly suited to laboratory applications, it's
utility is by no means restricted, and may be readily applied to any
application requiring line graphics. While no claim is made that xy is the
most powerful data analysis program available, nor the most versatile graphics
processor, it is felt that it offers a unique combination of computation and
graphics which is not readily available in any comparable piece of software.
OVERVIEW
xy provides facilities for data input and selection, curve fitting,
calculating results from previous curve fits, plotting data and curves, and
saving data to disk. Used in appropriate sequence, these facilities enable the
user to generate high quality graphic output of data in a form which can
readily be included in reports or kept as part of his records.
Basic elements
In order to use xy most effectively, it is helpful to understand how the
program handles the raw data and calculated curves.
At any time, there is only one set of raw data within the program. This
data is kept in an ordered list which is at all times sorted in order of
increasing x-coordinate. Each data point also carries a flag allowing it to be
marked "deleted." During data selection, data which is "deleted" is merely
flagged to be removed from consideration during subsequent operations, and
thus may be "undeleted" if desired.
Two separate curves may be fit to the data: a straight line, and a
polynomial up to the fifth power of x. Each curve is determined by least
squares fit to the data selected at the time of calculation. Once calculated,
the curve parameters are stored independent of the raw data and of each other,
and are retained until a new curve is calculated or the program exits. Thus, a
straight line could be fit to one set of data, a new set of data read in, a
polynomial fit to the new data, a third set of data read in, and both the
straight line and the polynomial could be plotted with the third set of data.
A third option is also available when plotting hardcopy: a simple
connect-the-dots plot. This option is not a calculated curve and is thus
totally dependent on the data selected at plot time.
xy v1.2/PC Page 1
SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS
xy requires PC-DOS Version 2.11 or later. Any IBM/PC or compatible
running under this operating system should be able to run xy without
difficulty. Although xy does not use any graphics display options, the
display handling is hardware specific, and therefore no claims can be
made for MS-DOS compatability.
The printer control codes as distributed are for the IBM/PC printer,
or any compatible printer (e.g., Star SG-10 in PC mode). Other printers
with similar codes may be installed by changing the control sequences as
described below.
xy v1.2/PC Page 2
THE MAIN MENU
All the primary functions are dispatched from the main menu:
1. Read in new data
2. Curve fit to data
3. Delete/Undelete points
4. Plot data
5. Calculate X or Y
6. Save data to disk
7. EXIT
1. Read in new data
This is the starting point of the program. Since all the other options
are meaningless without data, the main menu is skipped on entry to the program
and execution is transferred immediately to this routine.
Data may be input either from the keyboard, or from a data file. Input
from a data file is treated exactly the same as input from the keyboard,
allowing the same flexibility of delimiters, etc., and providing the same
character-by-character syntax checking.
2. Curve fit to data
The power of the program begins here! Either a straight line fit or a
polynomial fit may be chosen. If the polynomial is chosen, the degree of
polynomial may be specified, up to fifth order, provided sufficient data
exists. The maximum available order is determined from the data at run time.
3. Delete/Undelete points
Not all data is good data. If it is determined that some of the points in
the data set are outliers and should not be used for determining the best
curve, or if some data is included for comparative purposes, or if, for any
reason, it is desired to hide certain data points for a time, come here to do
it. Data points may be "deleted" and "undeleted" at will without losing a
single value. Data which is "deleted" is not plotted, is not used in fitting
curves, and is not saved to disk, but it is not erased and may be restored at
any time.
4. Plot data
Now let's see what we've got. The data is in and the curves are fit, so
take a look. Unfortunately, CP/M doesn't support display graphics, so we have
to fake it on the screen using o's and *'s, but that's usually enough to get
the scaling set for the hardcopy.
5. Calculate X or Y
But what were the unknowns? Once a curve fit has been calculated, it is
possible to calculate the Y value corresponding to any given X value, and in
the case of a linear fit, the X value corresponding to any given Y. The most
recent curve fit (either linear or polynomial) is used to perform the
calculations. Either curve may be extrapolated to the point of absurdity, but
be forwarned: a polynomial curve is guaranteed to blow up, possibly to the
point of program fatal numeric overflow, if extrapolated too far in either
direction.
xy v1.2/PC Page 3
6. Save data to disk
No need to re-enter all that data if you want to use it again! Data may
be written to disk on any valid drive. Data files written by the program are
in simple ASCII format, one X-Y pair per line, space delimited, with fourteen
digits of floating point precision. Data which is marked "deleted" is not
stored, so the effects of data selection are made permanent for future use.
7. EXIT
All done, bye-bye.
xy v1.2/PC Page 4
THE FUNCTIONS IN DETAIL
1. Read in new data
On entry to this module, if there is currently data in memory, you
are optionally presented with one or two questions on what to do with the
existing data:
Erase current data? N
A Yes answer to this question results in the existing data
being removed from memory. This is the only point in the
program where DATA IS ACTUALLY ERASED! Default response is No,
which results in no action, and data is left unchanged.
Mark current data deleted? Y
If the existing data was not erased by the previous response,
this question is asked. The default response is Yes, which
causes ALL existing data to be marked "deleted" to
differentiate it from the new data about to be read in. A
response of No results in no action, the existing data is left
unchanged, and it becomes totally indistinguishable from the
new data.
Once the treatment of any existing data has been established, you
are given the option of input from the keyboard (the default), or from a
disk file:
Is input from
1. Keyboard
2. Text file
Option number [1]
1. Keyboard
Data is read from the keyboard as X-Y pairs. Input is echoed at
the bottom of the screen as it is typed, and when the pair is
complete it is added to a running list in the upper part of the
screen. The default value for any X or Y is the last previously
entered value for the respective variable.
During data input, each character is checked as it is typed for
legal syntax. If an illegal character is detected, a warning bell is
sounded, the character is echoed if it is a printable character, and
the cursor remains stationary over the illegal character. Illegal
characters are ignored in the input stream and thus need not be
deleted.
Input format for data has been made as flexible as possible
while still allowing meaningful syntax checking, with particular
consideration for numeric keypad input:
Leading spaces are ignored.
Signs (+ or -) are legal only as the first non-blank character.
Only one (the first) decimal point is legal.
A number is terminated by any one of
a. space b. tab
c. comma d. carriage return
Entry of a terminator character other than space as the first
character enters the default value.
Any character other than the digits 0-9 and those specifically
mentioned above is illegal and is ignored, except for ^Z,
which terminates the input session.
xy v1.2/PC Page 5
2. Text file
If input is to be from a file on disk, obviously the next thing
that is required is
File name:
The name of the file is specified in standard format
[d:]name[.ext]
Items in brackets are optional; only the name of the file is
required. If not specified, the following defaults apply:
[d:] : current logged drive
[.ext] : file extension .DAT
If the specified file is not found, you are prompted for a new file
name. If no file name is entered, the command is cancelled and you
are returned to the main menu.
Unfortunately, xy, having been born in the 8-bit CP/M world,
does not know about hierarchical directories or path names.
Therefore, any attempt to prefix a path name to the file
specification will be rejected as an invalid name.
Once the file has been successfully opened, input is performed
exactly the same as keyboard input, including console echo.
Therefore, all the format and syntax rules given above apply equally
to disk input files. Thus, a great deal of flexibility is available
in the format of input files.
xy v1.2/PC Page 6
2. Curve fit to data
Three options are available for fitting curves to the data:
Straight line fit [1],
Straight line forced through zero [2],
or polynomial [3]? 1
Whichever equation is chosen, the coefficients are calculated using
standard least squares regression methods. The straight line fit, being
the most commonly used in laboratory applications, is the default choice.
After the coefficients have been calculated, the equation and
calculated coefficients are displayed in the lower left portion of the
screen, along with the correlation statistic. This curve descriptor will
remain in place until either function 1 or 3 is selected, providing a
reference of the most recently performed curve fit (this is particularly
important when using function 5, explained below).
The results of a curve fit ot either type remain in effect until a
new curve fit of the same type is calculated, independent of any changes
in the data in memory. Thus a set of data can be compared to a curve
calculated from a completely diferent set of data. Likewise, a straight
line and a polynomial calculated from two different sets of data can
coexist with a third set of data.
1. Straight line fit
If this curve is chosen, no further dialog is needed, and the
calculations are performed immediately. In adition to the curve
descriptor, the individual data points are listed, along with the
distance from the caculated line to each Y data point (the resi-
duals). Examination of the residuals can allow the user to detect
obviously bad data, and, in many cases, departure from linearity in
the data very quickly. "Deleted" data is also shown here for compa-
rative purposes.
2. Straight line forced through zero
This is a slight variation on option 1, using the same
procedures, but slightly modified so that the resulting curve will
always have an intercept of zero.
3. Polynomial
If a polynomial curve fit is chosen, the maximum degree of the
polynomial (the highest power of X to be used) must be given:
Degree of polynomial (1-5)? 5
The actual maximum available is determined from the amount of
data: to fit a polynomial of degree N, at least N+1 data points must
be given. The absolute maximum degree available is 5, for data sets
of 6 or more points. Default degree is the maximum available.
WARNING: The program does not check the magnitude of the X and
Y values before performing calculations. If the magnitude of the
data is too large, numeric overflow can occur while calculating X^N,
causing the program to terminate immediately.
xy v1.2/PC Page 7
3. Delete/Undelete points
This function provides a facility for limiting which data is
included in further calculations and displays. Data which is marked
deleted is ignored while performing any data-specific functions; i.e.,
curve fitting, plotting data, saving data. Thus, although in some
instances it is displayed for reference purposes, deleted data is
functionally invisible to the program. Data values are displayed
as a single column of X-Y pairs, in order of increasing X. If the most
recently calculated curve fit from function 2 was a straight line fit,
the residuals are also shown. (NOTE: The data currently in use is not
required to be the same data that was used to calculate the curve.) All
data in memory is displayed here, with data currently marked deleted
shown using the defined video attribute (usually low intensity).
Data is marked by first moving the cursor to a particular data point
using ^E to move the cursor up and ^X to move the cursor down (a la
Wordstar). Since there is no editing function here, and data must be
marked as a value pair, there are no other cursor control keys defined.
Once the cursor has been moved to the desired data point, ^G is used to
mark the point "deleted", and ^O is used to undelete. These four
characters, plus ^Q to return to the main menu, are the only characters
recognized in this function; all other characters are ignored.
xy v1.2/PC Page 8
4. Plot data
The primary purpose of this program is to provide graphic output of
data, so this function is, predictably, the most extensive. There are
actually two subfunctions here: screen plot and hardcopy graphics. Since
CP/M does not support any graphics, the screen plot is a very low
resolution character plot intended only for gross examination and scaling
purposes in preparation for generating hardcopy. However, in special
cases it is possible to expand a small portion of the graph to provide
sufficient detail for close examination. The screen plot alse provides
access only to the most recently calculated curve fit, while hardcopy
graphics allows use of both curves as well as a point-to-point plot.
The first question asked is
Use current scale [1],
or autoscale [2]? 1
The current scale is the scale used for the last previous plot,
and is the default. Autoscale determines limits for the X and Y axes
so that no data point will be placed more than 6/7 of the distance
from the origin to the axis limit. The origin is always included in
the scale.
If no previous scale has been determined, there is no current
scale, this question is skipped, and an autoscale is performed.
Plot data [1],
or residuals [2]? 1
If a curve fit has been performed, either the actual data, or
the residual errors from the curve fit may be plotted. If the
residuals are chosen, they are based on the most recently calculated
curve fit. If no curve fit has been performed, this question is
not asked. The default is to plot data.
Plot on terminal [1],
or hardcopy [2]? 1
The data or residuals, as chosen above, will be plotted either
on the display screen or, after appropriate setup, on the printer.
If the screen plot is chosen, the most recently calculated curve
fit, if there is one, is automatically included.
Screen plot
If the screen plot is chosen, it is performed immediately.
Since CP/M does not support true graphics on the console
device, the screen plot is represented with standard printing
characters; lowercase 'o' to represent the curve, if there is
one, and asterisks ('*') to represent the data points.
Resolution on the screen plot is nineteen rows by 66 columns,
and is thus only good enough for a rough estimation of the
overall appearance of the graph.
Would you like to rescale the graph?
Once the screen plot has been presented, you are given the
opportunity to adjust the axis scales to match the specific
xy v1.2/PC Page 9
presentation desired. A positive response to this question
gives you the chance to adjust the lower and upper limits
of both axes, thus providing a completely flexible window on
the graph.
X-axis minimum [nn.nnnn]
X-axis maximum [nn.nnnn]
Y-axis minimum [nn.nnnn]
Y-axis maximum [nn.nnnn]
Each value is requested in turn, with the current value
shown in brackets. The current value shown is also the default.
The only restriction on the values given is that the minimum
must be algebraically less than the maximum. If this is not
true, the maximum is set to be the chosen minimum plus 1.00.
The values resulting from this dialog become the current scale
and will be used in all further plotting until explicitly
changed.
Once the new scale has been determined, the screen is
replotted, and you are once again given the opportunity to
rescale. This cycle is repeated until no further scaling is
requested.
Hardcopy plot
If a hardcopy plot is chosen, a more extended dialog
follows, gathering the information needed to provide a
suitably annotated hardcopy graph.
Print to disk? N
The option is provided to write the "hardcopy" output to a
disk file, rather than directly to the printer. This may be
advantageous if multiple copies of the same plot are required.
While it is only marginally faster while creating the plot, the
use of PIP or a similar file copy utility to pass multiple
copies to the printer (possibly by way of a submit file) is
noticeably faster than regenerating the output data on-line for
each copy. The penalty is the requirement of disk space,
approximately 24K for a low resolution plot and 86K for a high
resolution plot. It remains the user's obligation to insure
that sufficient space is available before generating a disk
copy. If the disk becomes full while writing the file, a
program fatal error will occur and xy will exit immediately to
the operating system with no chance of recovery.
File name:
If disk output is chosen, a file name is required. As
in other cases, xy will accept a drive name in the file
name. The default file type, if not given, is '.PRN'. If a
file of the same name already exists, it is deleted before
beginning to write the new file. No backup files are
retained.
xy v1.2/PC Page 10
Plot low resolution [1],
or high resolution [2]? 1
The IBM printer provides several graphic modes. xy was
written to use two of them: 60 dots per inch (low resolution)
and 120 dots per inch (high resolution). The trade-off here is
processing time versus dot resolution of the output. In high
resolution mode, four times as many dots are plotted in the
same space, thus providing a crisper looking plot, with better
detail. However, this mode also requires approximately four
time as long to create. It is suggested that for routine work
the low resolution mode be used, with high resolution reserved
for special cases such as permanent archive or published
reports.
List raw data? N
The raw input data may be listed at the top of the plot in
a tabular form for comparison to the graph. Deleted data are
not included in the table. Numbers are presented in fixed
format, with the number of columns adjusted according to the
number of data points to provide a reasonably proportioned
table. If residuals are being plotted, then the Y error is
listed in place of the Y data points.
Depending on which curve fits are available, if any, the
next set of questions are asked conditionally. If the
corresponding curve does not exist, the question is not asked:
Plot linear fit? Y
A positive response results in the line described by the
linear fit equation being included in the graphic output. If
the fit is to be plotted, the curve descriptor may also be
printed. If the curve is not requested, then the option for
printing the curve descriptor is skipped.
Print curve descriptor? N
If requested, the curve descriptor is printed at the top
of the graph. It will include the same information and be
formatted similarly to the descriptor displayed in the lower
left portion of the screen following calculation of the curve.
Plot polynomial fit? Y
Print curve descriptor? N
These questions perform the same functions for the
polynomial curve as the above. If both curve descriptors are
requested, the linear descriptor is printed above the
polynomial descriptor. Both curves may be included in the same
plot.
xy v1.2/PC Page 11
Plot point-to-point? N
No matter what options were selected for the calculated
curves, a point-to-point line may be included in the plot. This
provides straight line segments connecting the raw data points.
If two or more data points are included at the same X value,
the line segments will be drawn to the average Y value. Since
this is not a calculated equation, it is totally dependent on
the data currently in use and cannot be used in other parts of
the program as a basis for calculation.
Suppress plotting raw data? N
Raw data is normally indicated in the plot with small
crosshairs. However, is some cases, particularly if a large
number of data points are to be plotted, these crosshairs can
interfere with the readability of the graph. A positive
response to this question will "turn off" the raw data markers,
allowing a clearer view of the plotted lines.
Graph title:
A title line up to forty characters may be entered. If a
previous title has been entered, it will be displayed and
becomes the default. To erase a title line without entering a
new one, enter a space. The title will be printed in boldface,
enlarged characters, centered on the page, either above or
below the graph.
Put title at graph top [1],
or bottom [2]? 2
Normally, the title will be printed at the bottom of the
graph, like a caption. However, if desired, it may be placed at
the top, positioned between the raw data listing and the curve
descriptor, if these are included.
X-axis label:
Y-axis label:
Up to forty character axis labels may be entered, to be
placed below the X-axis scale and to the left of the Y-axis
scale. If previous labels have been entered, they are displayed
and become the defaults, like the graph title. The axis labels
are centered along the axes, with the Y-axis label printed
vertically in a column. Because of the vertical format of the
Y-axis label, certain characters, if present, are changed to
representations which are somewhat more suitable for a vertical
presentation: parentheses become quarter circles and hyphens
become slashes. The labels, as well as the scales, are printed
in condensed (17 character per inch) typeface.
xy v1.2/PC Page 12
At this point, setup is complete, and the plot is
generated. While the plot is being printed, the graph title and
axis labels are displayed in the lower right portion of the
screen in the area where the setup dialog took place. The line
number being plotted is also shown, from 1 to 45. During this
time, the plot may be interrupted by striking any key, with the
option to abort the output. It is important to allow xy to
continue through it's processing, even if the plot is aborted,
or it may be necessary to turn the printer off and back on
before it can be used again.
At the beginning of the plot, the printer is moved to the
top of the next page with a form-feed, and then reset, to
insure that no previous printer control commands have put the
printer into a mode that may conflict with the print controls
used by xy. Multiple plots may be generated without any
operator adjustment of the paper, and each will begin at the
top of a new page.
After the current plot is completed, whether screen plot or
hardcopy, you are asked if you want to
Continue plotting? N
This allows you to loop back to the beginning of the data plotting
routine without returning to the main menu. This is primarily a time
saving feature, so that various graphic presentations may be
generated and examined without having to re-select the plotting
function.
xy v1.2/PC Page 13
5. Calculate X or Y
In applications where a best-fit curve is calculated from raw data,
it is generally desired to use the resulting function to determine the
value of one of the variables from an arbitrary value for the other. For
example, one very common application is the calibration of an analytical
procedure, expressing the analytical response as a function of standard
concentration: once the response function has been determined, it is
desired to back-calculate an unknown concentration from the observed
response. This function provides facilities for performing these
calculations.
The most recent curve fit, either straight line or polynomial, is
used in performing the calculations, and also determines what
calculations may be performed:
a. Straight line fit
Calculation from a straight line fit will allow either X or Y
to be determined. The display first prompts for a known X to
calculate Y. If no value is given, you are prompted for a known Y
value, and the X value will be determined. If neither X nor Y is
given, the routine exits to the main menu.
b. Polynomial fit
Calculation from a polynomial fit will only allow Y to be
determined for a known X. If no X value is given, the routine exits
to the main menu.
Numeric input syntax and error checking are the same as for data
input under function 1. Reslulting X-Y pairs are displayed in a single
column in the upper 19 lines of the screen. When this space is filled,
display of new data begins again on line 1, overwriteng the oldest data
on the screen. Regrettably, there is no facility for saving these
results or passing them to hardcopy, so they must be hand-copied from
the screen for preservation before returning to the main menu.
xy v1.2/PC Page 14
6. Save data to disk
Once a set of data has been entered into the program, it should not
be necessary to retype the data in order to examine it again at a later
time. This function provides a simple and rapid means for saving a set
of data in a disk file. The only input required is the name of the
destination file. As in data file input, the drive may be specified
if other than the current default is desired. and the file type, if not
given, is .DAT.
Data output files are ASCII, space delimited files with one X-Y pair
per line, totally compatable with the data input function. Individual
values are written in free format with enough digits to preserve the full
precision of the program's internal storage format, so there is no chance
of losing numerical accuracy by writing to disk. These files may be
edited, if desired; however, the resulting file must contain only valid
ASCII characters if it is to be read back in to the program.
If a file already exists by the given output file name, the existing
file is renamed to the file type .BAK before the new file is created. If
a .BAK file already exists, it is first deleted. DO NOT specify an output
file type of .BAK, as this can lead to two files in the same directory
with the same name, making both of them unreadable.
7. EXIT
xy always returns to the operating system by executing a warm boot,
insuring the integrity of the system and its data structures.
xy v1.2/PC Page 15
INSTALLATION
As distributed, xy is pre-installed for the IBM/PC printer, or any other
dot-matrix printer which is IBM compatible. If you are using a different
printer which uses different command strings, but in the same general format,
you can probably modify xy to work properly with your printer by patching in
your particular control codes at the addresses below. The addresses given are
relative to CSEG when the program is loaded by DEBUG at the default starting
address (CSEG:0100).
Strings are given as <bytes to follow> <data bytes>, and 'xx' represents
unused space which is available for extension of the string. All values are
given in hexadecimal.
label address value description
_____ _______ _____ ___________
xy xy87
hres: 2dcd 2880 02 1b 4c xx xx xx ; string to introduce a line of 120 dot
; per inch graphics
lres: 2dd5 2888 02 1b 4b xx xx xx ; string to introduce a line of 60 dot
; per inch graphics
endgrlin: 2ddd 2890 02 0d 0a xx xx xx ; string to end graphics line and
; advance paper one line feed length
shortlf: 2de3 2896 03 1b 33 01 xx xx ; string to set line feed length to
; the shortest available..1/216" on
; IBM printers, 1/144" on Epson
; compatibles.
lflen: 2de9 289c 18 ; number of above line feeds needed
; to advance paper one print-head
; distance (8/72").
rstlf: 2deb 289e 05 1b 41 0c 1b 32 ; string to return line feed length to
xx xx xx ; normal.
pica: 2df4 28a7 02 1b 50 xx xx xx ; string to set 10 CPI pitch.
condense: 2e00 28b3 02 1b 0f xx xx xx ; string to set 17 CPI pitch.
super: 2e06 28b9 03 1b 53 00 xx xx ; string to begin superscript mode.
unsuper: 2e0c 28bf 02 1b 54 xx xx xx ; string to terminate superscript mode
dblwide: 2e12 28c5 01 0e xx xx xx xx ; string to begin double wide mode
dblstrike:2e18 28cb 02 1b 47 xx xx xx ; string to begin double strike mode
nostrike: 2e1e 28d1 02 1b 48 xx xx xx ; string to end double strike mode
nowide: 2e24 28d1 01 14 xx xx xx xx ; string to end double wide mode
prinit: 2e2a 28dd 03 0c 1b 40 xx xx ; initialization string for printer..
xx xx xx xx xx ; sent at beginning of every graph.
; Currently <FF><ESC>'@'.
prdeinit: 2e35 28e8 02 1b 4d xx xx xx ; de-initialization string.. sent at
xx xx xx xx xx ; end of every graph. Currently
; sets 12 CPI print pitch.
The following two addresses contain the characters used for displaying
the screen plot:
linechar: 2e40 28f3 f9 ; Centered block graphic dot used for
; displaying curves.
datachar: 2e41 28f4 2a ; Asterisk, used for displaying data
; points.
xy v1.2/PC Page 16
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