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Hacker Chronicles 2
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779.SKY47.NEW
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1993-06-11
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Mods from SkyMap 4.6 to 4.7
---------------------------
o STARNAME.TXT has been modified to contain both Arabic star names
(e.g. Betelgeuse, Pollux) and abbreviated Bayer (Greek) designa-
tions (e.g. Alp Ori, Bet Gem). Many stars brighter than magnitude
5.0 don't have a Bayer designation, but do have a Flamsteed number
(e.g. 50 Cas), and many of these are included in STARNAME.TXT.
There are now 758 stars in this file.
A toggle has been added to the STAR CATALOGUE MENU under F9 to
allow you to switch between Greek and Arabic star name labels.
The corresponding keyword in the configuration file is "Greek", as
in "Greek=True" for Bayer labels, and "Greek=False" for common name
labels.
Due to the increased size of the star label database, a "dimmest
label" parameter has been added (STAR CATALOGUE MENU, F10) to
allow you to control the density of labels. The default is 4.0.
The corresponding keyword in the configuration file is "LabelMag",
as in "LabelMag=4."
o SkyMap will translate the 3-letter english abbreviations of the
greek letters (appearing in STARNAME.TXT) into actual greek symbols
when plotting them on your screen (as well as to an HPGL output
file). With the exception of the ambiguity between omega and
omicron, SkyMap will also translate two-letter abbreviations of the
greek letters (e.g. al, be, ga, de, ep, ...) Note that 'om' will be
parsed as omicron; use 'ome' for omega.
o In addition to repointing a map using a star's arabic name (a
feature added in version 3.11), you can now also use its greek
name. Use a 3-letter abbreviation for the greek letter, followed
by a space and a 3-letter constellation abbreviation. For example,
"alp ori". If the greek letter has a superscript, include it before
the space, as in "xi2 cet" and "tau3 eri".
o SkyMap now supports a database of deep-sky objects, DEEPSKY.TXT.
I created this file from the Arizona Deep Sky Database (which
contains some 9400 objects, some as dim as 17th magnitude). I've
created two subsets of this database, one to 12th magnitude which
contains 1276 objects, and the other to 15th magnitude which
contains 5925 objects. The 12th-magnitude subset is the default
for use with SkyMap. Due to its large size, the 15th-magnitude
file is available separately as DEEP15.TXT. If you wish to use
this file with SkyMap, you must rename it to DEEPSKY.TXT. (Contact
me if you want the COMPLETE Arizona Database.)
Whichever deep-sky catalogue subset you choose to use, the file
format is the same as that for STARNAME.TXT. The first line of the
file is the epoch of the database (J2000), and subsequent lines list
the objects in order or right ascension. All objects have a primary
name, and some have secondary names. The primary name is almost
always the NGC number (New General Catalogue of Nebulae & Clusters of
Stars), while the secondary name (if it exists) is often a Messier
number, PK number (Perek & Kohoutek, planetary nebulae), or IC number
(1st and 2nd Index Catalogues to the NGC). A "Deep Sky Menu" has been
added to SkyMap (which you call from the Main Menu by hitting D or d),
where you can control which name, primary or secondary, is used to
label deep sky objects. The default is primary (or "NGC"); the
alternative is "2nd". F2 toggles between the two.
F1 in the Deep Sky Menu turns deep sky objects on and off. F3
controls the magnitude of the dimmest deep sky object you want to
see plotted. To make deep sky objects easy to distinguish from the
stars, they are represented by small 8-segment circles and colored
blue (along with their labels).
o When the satellite lighting constraint is set to "Sunlit Only",
the penumbral portions of any tracks now appear blue on the
screen (fully sunlit portions remain red). For a satellite going
from sunlit to shadowed, this feature allows you to tell when and
where it should begin to noticeably dim. SkyMap assumes that the
penumbral phase begins when the edge of the [refracted] sun closest
to the earth (as seen from the satellite) reaches a tangent height
of 20 km in spring-summer, or 15 km in fall-winter. This change
affects only the "Sunlit Only" case -- "No Constraint" and "Umbra
Only" tracks still appear red.
o Maximum allowed satellite duration has been increased from 23:59:59
to 999:59:59 (more than a month). This change was made primarily
to allow users to generate report files covering up to a month of
passes for a small number of satellites.
Mods from SkyMap 4.5 to 4.6
---------------------------
o Developed a better algorithm for determining when a satellite
enters the earth's shadow. All prior versions of SkyMap assumed
that the sun was visible all the way down to a tangent height of
zero -- in other words the hard earth. This was far too optimistic.
The fact is that atmospheric transmission in the visible waveband is
always less than 5% at even a 15-km tangent height, and often less
than 1% (depending on time of year, geographic location, recent
volcanic activity, etc.). SkyMap now uses a 20-km tangent height
for spring and summer, and a 15-km tangent height for fall and
winter. (The season is determined based on the sign of the sun's
latitude, and the sign of the earthlimb's latitude where the sun is
rising/setting). For the 20-km tangent height, 0.1° of atmospheric
refraction is included; for the 15-km tangent height case, 0.2° of
refraction is included. These changes should lead to far more
accurate estimates of shadow entry times.
o Bjorn Gimle found a bug involving shadow entry times for polar and
rectangular maps. The shadow entry time was seemingly dependent on
the map equinox. Bug found and fixed.
Mods from SkyMap 4.4 to 4.5
---------------------------
o Fixed minor bug with the checking of user-input dates. If you
changed the month, SKYMAP erroneously used the *old* month to
check the acceptable range of dates. For example, if you tried
to change the date from 2/28/93 to 3/31/93, the program would
wrongly inform you that "That month has only 28 days." Conversely,
if you changed the date from say 3/1/93 to 2/31/93, it would let
you get away with it. Bjorn Gimle mentioned this bug to me once
many months ago, but neither of us seemed to be able to reproduce
it. From the above explanation, it is clear why the bug only
rarely appeared.
o Attempting to plot satellite trajectories with resolutions
greater than 120 seconds lead to problems in versions 4.4 and
earlier. This is because the internal interpolation interval was
hardcoded to two minutes. For long satellite durations, the
interpolator would fall further and further behind the satellite.
Since most users use resolutions under a minute, this bug would
never appear for them. Bjorn Gimle found the problem while using
SkyMap with a geosynchronous satellite and a 5-minute resolution.
The bug has been fixed. Furthermore, the interpolation interval
is no longer hardwired to two minutes, but instead is a function
of the satellite's perigee. (This speeds up the code a little).
o Stereographic map projections are now ALWAYS plotted for epoch
and equinox of date, regardless of user settings in the STAR
CATALOGUE MENU. These are the only logical settings since the
coordinate system is tied to the equinox-of-date. Epoch and
equinox settings will still affect Polar and Rectangular maps as
in earlier versions since the RA/Dec coordinate system is not
tied to the ground.
o Some legitimate satellites would fail to be found by the Auto-
locate and All-File search functions depending on the duration
setting. This bug was particularly noticeable for short duration
values (< 30 minutes). The bug has been found and fixed. Again,
thanks to Bjorn for discovering this problem!
Mods from SkyMap 4.3 to 4.4
---------------------------
o Command added in All-Satellite Menu to generate a report file
without plotting a map. This is a much faster alternative,
particularly for long search durations of a file with hundreds
of satellites.
o XZ zodiacal star catalogue now supported (32210 stars from
magnitude 0.8 to 12.3 in roughly a 15-degree band around the
ecliptic). Map can be centered on a specific XZ star using
its 5-digit catalogue number.
o For polar and rectangular maps, the RA/Dec coordinates of the
screen center crosshair appear at the top of the screen and are
updated real time as the cursor is moved. For stereographic
maps, the azimuth and elevation of the crosshair appear instead.
o "MinMag" keyword added to configuration file. Unlike "MaxMag"
which sets the maximum visual magnitude (dimmest) star to display,
any star as bright as MinMag or brighter will have the maximum
apparent star size (roughly 5.3mm diameter on hardcopy). For
example if MinMag = 1.0, then a star with magnitude 1.0 will
appear as a large 5.3mm-diameter dot and will be indistinguish-
able from stars of magnitude 0.5, -0.8 or any other value less
than 1. The default value for MinMag is -1. The Star Catalogue
Menu command F8 has been changed accordingly such that MinMag and
MaxMag are changed as a pair. Naturally, MaxMag must be greater
than MinMag.
o "T" Function added to Map Attributes Menu to toggle displayed
RA/Dec or Azim/Elev coordinates between degs/mins/secs (DD:MM:SS)
and decimal. (HH:MM:SS for right ascension). "HDMS" logical
keyword added to configuration file. Set HDMS=True for HH:MM:SS
and DD:MM:SS, False for decimal.
o For polar and rectangular maps, map center right ascensions and
declinations can now be entered either as decimals (the old way)
or in HMS format. For example, the following three inputs for
RA,Dec are equivalent and all acceptable:
12.875, -40.376
12:52.5, -40:22.56
12:52:30, -40:22:33.6
o Bug discovered by Bjorn Gimle: when recentering option is used,
Moon shifts positions on redraw if using All-File satellite
tracking mode. (Bug also affects positions of sun and planets,
but is less noticeable due to their slower apparent motions.)
If any lighting constraints have been set, this bug could also
occur in the regular (i.e. specific) satellite tracking mode
and in the rocket mode. Bug has been fixed.
Mods from SkyMap 4.2 to 4.3
---------------------------
o Bjorn Gimle noted that SkyMap failed to find all acceptable
satellite passes when used with MinElev > 0. The failure rate
increased as the minimum peak elevation increased. I thought
I could get away with a quadratic interpolation technique with
minimum peak elevation (MinElev) as a variable, but the algorithm
was clearly flawed. I've rewritten the FindPass routine (used
by All-File searches and Autolocate) to use a more analytical
approach. When tested against the old program using a MinElev
of 30 degrees, the new algorithm found 35-50% more passes, and
the number of satellite passes found per second improved by over
40%. When the minimum peak elevation was increased to 50 deg,
the new algorithm found 180% more passes, with an efficiency
increase of 135%.
Obviously the new algorithm is far superior, but it is very time-
consuming to test it exhaustively. Thus it is possible that a
small fraction of acceptable passes may still slip by undetected.
I have yet to find one, but will continue to search for a failure.
If anyone out there DOES find such a case, please leave me a
message detailing the settings you used (site location, start
date/time/duration, minimum peak elevation, propagation algorithm,
maximum range, maximum perigee height, and lighting constraints),
the NORAD # of the object that failed to be found by SkyMap, and
the element set (NASAxxx, N2L-xxx, etc.) that you used. Even one
failure can be quite revealing, indicating an entire class of cases
that could fail. Thanks in advance to all of my "beta testers" out
there in bulletin board land!
Mods from SkyMap 4.1 to 4.2
---------------------------
o Space Command's FORTRAN implementation of the SGP4 algorithm in
the high drag regime does not protect the eccentricity from being
updated to a negative value. High drag orbits should have a ten-
dency toward circularization, which is modeled in the algorithm by
decreasing the eccentricity as time passes; however, once the eccen-
tricity reaches zero (circular) the code lacks protection against
further decreases (which would make the ecc < 0). I have changed
the code so that negative eccentricities are avoided.
o The FindPass subroutine (used in Autotracking and All-File searches)
has been completely rewritten to better support the generation of
report files. Previously, report files were generated for All-File
searches only when the map type was "Stereographic" and the tracking
mode was toggled to "Horizon". Now, for All-File searches a report
file with local horizon coordinates is created even if the map type
is "Rectangular" or "Polar", and the coordinates reported are insen-
sitive to the tracking mode. For example, if the tracking mode is
"Equatorial" the satellite tracks plotted will be correct relative
to the stars, yet the report file will still contain true azimuth
and elevation angles at the start, peak, and end of each pass.
o The old report file was riddled with problems, sometimes missing
satellite passes entirely, and often reporting peak elevation times
outside the window defined by the start and end times of a pass!
Also, if all other constraints were met, satellite start and end
times were reported for zero-degree elevation angle regardless of
the minimum peak elevation set by the user. The report file is
now much more accurate: start and end times are calculated to the
second based on ANDing of the time window of the search, ground and
satellite lighting constraints, AM/PM time filters, and minimum
desired elevation angle. The peak of each pass between its start
and end times is also calculated to the nearest second for the
report file. (Note that the maximum range filter does not affect
the report file output. It just prevents plotting any portion of a
trajectory beyond the specified range.)
Mods from SkyMap 4.0 to 4.1
---------------------------
o Some graphics card/BIOS combinations would not clear graphics
screen before replotting when using the recentering option (e.g.
Ron Lee). Problem circumvented by changing graphics mode to text
mode and back again before replotting.
o Bjorn Gimle wanted to be able to process TLE files with long
satellite names/comments and names starting with spaces -- 4.1
now allows this.
o Added trap for out-of-range eccentricity in SGP4 and HANDE propa-
gation models. Previously, large BStar values could cause the
eccentricity to become negative, leading to a square root problem.
Also, satellites with eccentricities close to 1 could produce a
fatal error if propagated too far into the future. Trap prevents
this from happening.
Mods from SkyMap 3.11 to 4.0
----------------------------
o Added recentering with arrow keys to Polar map projection (now all
map projections support arrow-key recentering). The red crosshair
in version 3.11 has been replaced with a brighter green crosshair.
(The red crosshair was difficult to see against red satellite tracks.)
The crosshair can now also be moved diagonally using the <Home>,
<End>, <PgUp> and <PgDn> keys.
o User can now zoom in (i.e. higher magnification) on a portion of the
field of view using the + key. (The minus key can be used to zoom
back out again, but no larger than the original FOV). Green corner
fiducial marks have been added to indicate the new field of view.
o Fast recentering with <Shift> arrow-keys has been superceded by an
improved method. If an arrow key is held down longer than .25 secs,
the cursor accelerates in that direction until either a border is
reached or the key is released. The same acceleration technique
applies to zooming with + and - keys.
o Recentering on an object by typing its name did not work if the user
changed the time/date prior to re-centering -- bug fixed.
o SKYMAP switched back to plotting sun, moon, planets and stars PRIOR
to plotting satellite tracks. The major argument for plotting
satellite tracks last is so that the sun and moon don't obscure
portions of the tracks (particularly at high zoom).
o Graphic title page added to SkyMap introduction. Configuration
loading messages no longer appear unless the configuration file
was missing or contained erroneous entries.
o The number of stars in the currently opened star file now appears
in brackets in the Main Menu and Star File Menu.
o There were a number of bugs in the report file generation, especially
when satellites made multiple passes during the search. Report file
is now generated only for stereographic maps with "horizon" track-
type. (Report file was erroneously being generated for polar and
rectangular maps in 3.11)
o All-file searches have been sped up considerably with improved logic.
Mods from SkyMap 3.10 to 3.11
-----------------------------
o User now has option of entering an object name to center the map on.
Acceptable inputs include the sun, moon, and planets, any object
names in STARNAME.TXT, or a star's SAO number. MAG6.IDX contains
the SAO numbers for stars in MAG6.DAT, and MAG65.IDX contains the
SAO numbers for stars in MAG65.DAT.
o Once a map has been drawn, user can re-center the field of view using
the arrow keys. A small red crosshair indicates the FOV center. The
arrow keys move the crosshair one pixel left, right, up or down. Use
<Shift> with the arrow keys to move faster (5 pixels at a time). At
present time, this feature only works with Rectangular and Stereo-
graphic map projections.
o Bug discovered by author: rocket track interpolation problem if user
sets time interval larger than the time intervals in the trajectory
file -- fixed.
o Keyword 'NORAD(n)=xxxxx' added to configuration file. When loading
satellite elements for the first time from the configuration file,
if a NORAD number exists for a particular satellite index (1-10),
then the ephemeris file is searched using that number; otherwise,
the satellite name is used. (Prior to 3.11, SkyMap always searched
using the satellite name. This occasionally caused problems since
some satellite names are similar. For example "Miranda" could be
confused with "Mir" since "Mir" is a substring of both. Using the
NORAD # is unambiguous.) Upward compatibility is maintained with
.CFG files created by SkyMap 3.10 since the satellite name will be
used if the NORAD number has not been defined.
o A report file is now generated each time an All-File search is
performed. Each line of this file contains the starting date/time
of the satellite track and its location (azimuth, elevation), the
time and location of the peak elevation of the track, and the
ending time and location. If the user has set lighting constraints
such that the satellite must be sunlit, then the end of the track is
defined by the time of shadow entry or horizon contact, whichever
comes first. The report file keyword REPORT[FILE] = <filename> has
been added to the configuration file. The default is ALLSAT.REP.
This filename can be changed using F8 in the All-File Search Menu.
Mods from SkyMap 3.9 to 3.10
----------------------------
o User now controls the spacing of tick marks using F3 in the Satellite
Information Menu. Previously, a tick mark was plotted at all calculated
trajectory points (i.e. the trajectory resolution). Tick marks can be
turned off by entering 0 for the tick mark resolution.
o Time-tags that previously appeared only in the hardcopy have now been
added to the video, along with the NORAD # label for the first labeled
point. Track labels are green, and tick marks have been changed from
red to green to make them more visible.
o An additional decimal point of accuracy has been added to right ascension,
declination, altitude and azimuth labels so that maps at high zoom can
better be interpreted.
o Bug discovered by Dave Rasmussen -- tracks beginning out of the field
of view and crossing the map such that a track point fell precisely
on the border would cause a fatal division by zero. (The probability
of the bug appearing was quite low unless a wide FOV was combined with
a low track resolution, say < 5 seconds.) Bug has been removed.
o Bug discovered by Bjorn Gimle: for Stereographic maps with very small
FOVs, if the flag is set to occult objects below the horizon, azimuth
grid lines could be missing. Bug has been removed.
o Bugs discovered by Bjorn Gimle: if field-of-view set to less than about
.06 degrees, an NDP overflow error occurs when attempting to plot stars.
Stars also occasionally missing on maps with small FOV. Both problems
found and fixed.
o Polar plot bug discovered by Bjorn Gimle: declination lines could be
missing for small FOVs. This problem occurred primarily due to a lack
of program "brains" when determining the range of right ascension and
declination within the FOV. (The same deficiency led to VERY slow
polar grid plotting for small FOVs). Appropriate logic has now been
added, solving both of these problems.
Mods from SkyMap 3.8 to 3.9
---------------------------
o Under some rare circumstances involving field of view, map center,
and the sun or moon positioned well out of the field of view, some or
all of the stars would not be plotted. Surprisingly, this bug has
been present at least as far back as version 2.7, which gives you an
idea of how rarely it comes up. The bug was caused by an integer
multiplication that could exceed 2^31, and has been corrected.
o Can now leave out year on date entries (year remains unchanged).
o Site latitude and longitude can be changed independently.
o Failed city file searches no longer ask for manual input of lat, long,
altitude and timezone.
o Default now accepted on return for start date, start time, and duration
in Edit Satellite Menu and All Satellite Menu.
o Many menus are no longer cleared and redrawn following minor parameter
changes. Instead, the user-input portion of the screen is erased, and
the applicable parameters are updated.
Mods from SkyMap 3.7 to 3.8
---------------------------
o Fixed rare fatal bug which occurred when track durations were slightly
shorter than an even multiple of the track resolution.
o Star labels were being truncated at 15 characters -- fixed. This only
affected Asellus Borealis and Asellus Australis.
o Colon character was missing from graphic screen labels -- added.
o Bomb-proof date entry. Two-digit years are now treated as the last
two digits of 19xx (e.g. 5/29/92 works the same as 5/29/1992).
o Key strokes minimized in Edit Satellite Menu by adding index/range
as a menu item. This allows autolocation of all active satellites
with a single keystroke.
o The autolocation search duration and minimum peak elevation are now
stored in the configuration file. Keywords are SEARCHDUR(ation) =
X (in days), and MINELEV(ation) = X (in degrees).
o When autolocate finds a pass meeting the user's constraints, the user
can now accept it, or continue searching for other passes.
o All-file searches now make use of the autolocate routine logic.
Searches are sped up by a factor of 4 or more.
Mods from SkyMap 3.6 to 3.7
---------------------------
o Repaired bug in land file plotting section which was causing improperly
connected coastline segments near the earthlimb when passing through
zero azimuth (north).
o F9 tabular sun/moon/planet data was not being updated when the user
changed the date/time (tabular data would not update until a map was
plotted). Simple bug: was missing a subroutine call. Fixed.
o Added satellite load status to Satellite Information Menu: unknown,
not found, loaded, autotracked, autopointed.
o The Special Command Menu has been deleted. Autopointing and track
coordinate type (which were set in this submenu) have been moved up to
the Satellite Information Menu. An All Satellite Search Menu has been
added for setting parameters for complete searches of an ephemeris file.
Track all satellites is now a toggle (F1) rather than a command in the
old Special Command Menu. When track all satellites is selected, the
Main Menu indicates this by displaying "[All satellites in NASAxxx.TXT]"
following the F7 menu line.
o A maximum satellite perigee height and maximum satellite range filter
has been added to the all-satellite search. Satellites in the ephemeris
file with perigee heights (at ephemeris epoch) greater than the user-set
maximum will be skipped. Only those portions of satellite tracks that
are lower than the maximum range will be plotted. These filters only
apply during full-file searches.
o Variables related to complete searches of an ephemeris file are now
stored in the configuration file. The start date and time are combined
in SatJD(0). The all-file search duration is stored in Duration(0).
The status of the all-file search (F1 on/off) is stored in the logical
variable AllSats. Maximum satellite perigee is saved in MaxAlt, and
maximum satellite range is saved in MaxRange, both in km.
o If only one satellite appears in the satellite list, you no longer have
to supply the index # when changing the start date, time or duration.
o Tick marks are now plotted at the trajectory resolution. An autotagging
feature has been added which plots timetags at roughly two-inch intervals
on the hardcopy. To select autotagging, enter a tag resolution of zero
or less in the Satellite Information Menu. This feature is particularly
handy when using the All Satellite tracking mode since a single time tag
interval is unsuitable when plotting sats of widely varying altitude.
Mods from SkyMap 3.5 to 3.6
---------------------------
o HPGL output file menu still exited using <ESCAPE> in version 3.5 --
now changed to <ENTER> in version 3.6.
o Change start date, start time and duration moved from Satellite
Menu to Edit Satellite Menu. Add satellite, delete satellite and
change satellite moved to Edit Satellite Menu.
o Can now change or delete a range of satellites from the index list
by using a dash between the starting index and ending index. For
example,
Enter satellite number(s) to change (1-10): 4-8
changes satellites 4 through 8. (Can still change or delete
single satellites by entering a single index number).
o Same dash format as above can be used when changing satellite
start dates, times or durations.