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CONSTITUTION
OF THE
STATE OF WASHINGTON
PREAMBLE
We, the people of the State of Washington, grateful to the
Supreme Ruler of the Universe for our liberties, do ordain
this Constitution.
ARTICLE I
DECLARATION OF RIGHTS
Sec. 1. All political power is inherent in the people, and govern-
ments derive their just powers from the consent of the gov-
erned, and are established to protect and maintain individ-
ual rights.
Sec. 2. The Constitution of the United States is the supreme law of
the land.
Sec. 3. No person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property,
without due process of law.
Sec. 4. The right of petition and of the people peaceably to assem-
ble for the common good shall never be abridged.
Sec. 5. Every person may freely speak, write and publish on all
subjects, being responsible for the abuse of that right.
Sec. 6. The mode of administering an oath, or affirmation, shall be
such as may be most consistent with and binding upon the
conscience of the person to whom such oath, or affirmation,
may be administered.
Sec. 7. No person shall be disturbed in his private affairs, or his
home invaded, without authority of law.
Sec. 8. No law granting irrevocably any privilege, franchise or im-
munity, shall be passed by the Legislature.
Sec. 9. No person shall be compelled in any criminal case to give
evidence against himself, or be twice put in jeopardy for
the same offense.
Sec. 10. Justice in all cases shall be administered openly, and with-
out unnecessary delay.
Sec. 11. Absolute freedom of conscience in all matters of religious
sentiment, belief and worship, shall be guaranteed to every
individual, and no one shall be molested or disturbed in
person or property on account of religion; but the liberty
of conscience hereby secured shall not be so construed as to
excuse acts of licentiousness or justify practices incon-
sistent with the peace and safety of the state. No public
money or property shall be appropriated for or applied to
any religious worship, exercise or instruction, or the sup-
port of any religious establishment: Provided, however, That
this article shall not be so construed as to forbid the em-
ployment by the state of a chaplain for such of the state
custodial, correctional and mental institutions as in the
discretion of the Legislature may seem justified. No relig-
ious qualification shall be required for any public office
or employment, nor shall any person be incompetent as a
witness or juror, in consequence of his opinion on matters
of religion, nor be questioned in any court of justice
touching his religious belief to affect the weight of his
testimony.
Sec. 12. No law shall be passed granting to any citizen, class of
citizens, or corporation other than municipal, privileges
or immunities which upon the same terms shall not equally
belong to all citizens, or corporations.
Sec. 13. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be
suspended, unless in case of rebellion or invasion the
public safety requires it.
Sec. 14. Excessive bail shall not be required, excessive fines im-
posed, nor cruel punishment inflicted.
Sec. 15. No conviction shall work corruption of blood, nor forfeiture
of estate.
Sec. 16. Private property shall not be taken for private use, except
for private ways of necessity, and for drains, flumes, or
ditches on or across the lands of others for agricultural,
domestic, or sanitary purposes. No private property shall be
taken or damaged for public or private use without just
compensation having been first made, or paid into court for
the owner, and no right-of-way shall be appropriated to the
use of any corporation other than municipal until full com-
pensation therefor be first made in money, or ascertained
and paid into court for the owner, irrespective of any ben-
efit from any improvement proposed by such corporation,
which compensation shall be ascertained by a jury, unless a
jury be waived, as in other civil cases in courts of record,
in the manner prescribed by law. Whenever an attempt is made
to take private property for a use alleged to be public, the
question whether the contemplated use be really public shall
be a judicial question, and determined as such, without
regard to ant Legislative assertion that the use is public:
Provided, That the taking of private property by the state
for land reclamation and settlement purposes is hereby
declared to be for public use.
Sec. 17. There shall be no imprisonment for debt, except in cases of
absconding debtors.
Sec. 18. The military shall be in strict subordination to the civil
power.
Sec. 19. All elections shall be free and equal, and no power, civil
or military, shall at any time interfere to prevent the free
exercise of the right of suffrage.
Sec. 20. All persons charged with crime shall be bailable by suffic-
ient sureties, except for capital offenses when the proof is
evident, or the presumption great.
Sec. 21. The right of trial by jury shall remain inviolate, but the
legislature may provide for a jury of any number less than
twelve in courts not of record, and for a verdict by nine or
more jurors in civil cases in any court of record, and for
waiving of the jury in civil cases where the consent of the
parties interested is given thereto.
Sec. 22. In criminal prosecutions the accused shall have the right to
appear and defend in person, or by counsel, to demand the
nature and cause of the accusation against him, to have a
copy thereof, to testify in his own behalf, to meet the
witnesses against him face to face, to have compulsory
process to compel the attendance of witnesses in his own
behalf, to have a speedy public trial by an impartial jury
of the county in which the offense is charged to have been
committed and the right to appeal in all cases: Provided,
the route traversed by any railroad coach, train or public
conveyance, and the water traversed by any boat shall be
criminal districts; and the jurisdiction of all public
offenses committed on any such railroad car, coach, train,
boat or other public conveyance, or at any station or depot
upon such route, shall be in any county through which the
said car, coach, train, boat or other public conveyance may
pass during the trip or voyage, or in which the trip or
voyage may begin or terminate. In no instance shall any
accused person before final judgement be compelled to
advance money or fees to secure the rights herein guaran-
teed.
Sec. 23. No bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or law impairing
the obligations of contracts shall ever be passed.
Sec. 24. The right of the individual citizen to bear arms in defense
of himself, or the state, shall not be impaired, but nothing
in this section shall be construed as authorizing individ-
uals or corporations to organize, maintain or employ an
armed body of men.
Sec. 25. Offenses heretofore required to be prosecuted by indictment
may be prosecuted by information, or by indictment, as shall
be prescribed by law.
Sec. 26. No grand jury shall be drawn or summoned in any county, ex-
cept the superior judge thereof shall so order.
Sec. 27. Treason against the state shall consist only in levying war
against the state, or adhering to its enemies, or in giving
them aid and comfort. No person shall be convicted of trea-
son unless on the testimony of two witnesses to the same
overt act, or confession in open court.
Sec. 28. No hereditary emoluments, privileges, or powers, shall be
granted or conferred in this state.
Sec. 29. The provisions of this Constitution are mandatory, unless by
express words they are declared to be otherwise.
Sec. 30. The enumeration in this Constitution of certain rights shall
not be construed to deny others retained by the people.
Sec. 31. No standing army shall be kept up by this state in time of
peace, and no soldier shall in time of peace be quartered in
any house without the consent of the owner, nor in time of
war except in the manner prescribed by law.
Sec. 32. A frequent recurrence to fundamental principles is essential
to the security of individual right and the perpetuity of
free government.
Sec. 33. Every elective public officer of the state of Washington
expect [except] judges of courts of record is subject to
recall and discharge by the legal voters of the state, or of
the political subdivision of the state, from which he was
elected whenever a petition demanding his recall, reciting
that such officer has committed some act or acts of malfea-
sance or misfeasance while in office, or who has violated
his oath of office, stating the matters complained of, sign-
ed by the percentages of the qualified electors thereof,
hereinafter provided, the percentage required to be computed
from the total number of votes cast for all candidates for
his said office to which he was elected at the preceding
election, is filed with the officer with whom a petition for
nomination, or certificate for nomination, to such office
must be filed under the laws of this state, and the same
officer shall call a special election as provided by the
general election laws of this state, and the result deter-
mined as therein provided.
Sec. 34. The Legislature shall pass the necessary laws to carry out
the provisions of section thirty-three (33) of this article,
and to facilitate its operation and effect without delay:
Provided, That the authority hereby conferred upon the
Legislature shall not be construed to grant to the Legis-
lature any exclusive power of law making nor in any way
limit the initiative and referendum powers reserved by the
people. The percentages required shall be, state officers of
cities of the first class, school district boards in cities
of the first class; county officers of counties of the
first, second and third classes, twenty-five percent. Offi-
cers of all other political subdivisions, cities, towns,
townships, precincts and school districts not herein men-
tioned, and state senators and Representatives, thirty-five
percent.