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CONSTITUTION
OF THE
STATE OF WISCONSIN
(as amended to 1975)
PREAMBLE
We, the people of Wisconsin, grateful to Almighty God for
our freedom, in order to secure its blessings, form a more
perfect government, insure domestic tranquility and promote
the general welfare, do establish this Constitution.
ARTICLE I
DECLARATION OF RIGHTS
Sec. 1. All men are born equally free and independent, and have cer-
tain inherent rights; among these are life, liberty, and the
pursuit of happiness; to secure these rights, governments
are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from
the consent of the governed.
Sec. 2. There shall be neither slavery, nor involuntary servitude in
this state, otherwise than for the punishment of crime,
whereof the party shall have been duly convicted.
Sec. 3. Every person may freely speak, write and publish his senti-
ments on all subjects, being responsible for the abuse of
that right, and no laws shall be passed to restrain or
abridge the liberty of speech or of the press. In all crim-
inal prosecutions or indictments for libel, the truth may be
given in evidence, and if it shall appear to the jury that
the matter charged as libelous is true, and was published
with good motives and for justifiable ends, the party shall
be acquitted; and the jury shall have the right to determine
the law and the fact.
Sec. 4. The right of the people peaceably to assemble, to consult
for the common good, and to petition the government, or any
department thereof, shall never be abridged.
Sec. 5. The right of trial by jury shall remain inviolate, and shall
extend to all cases at law without regard to the amount in
controversy; but a jury trial may be waived by the parties
in all cases in the manner prescribed by law. Provided, how-
ever, that the Legislature may, from time to time, by statue
provide that a valid verdict, in civil cases, may be based
on the votes of a specified number of the jury, not less
than five-sixths thereof.[as amended Nov. 1922]
Sec. 6. Excessive bail shall not be required nor shall excessive
fines be imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments
inflicted.
Sec. 7. In all criminal prosecutions the accused shall enjoy the
right to be heard by himself and counsel; to demand the
nature and cause of the accusation against him; to meet the
witnesses face to face; to have compulsory process to
compel the attendance of witnesses in his behalf; and in
prosecution by indictment, or information, to a speedy
public trial by an impartial jury of the county or district
wherein the offense shall have been committed; which county
or district shall have been previously ascertained by law.
Sec. 8. No person shall be held to answer for a criminal offense
without due process of law, and no person for the same
offense shall be put twice in jeopardy of punishment, nor
shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness
against himself. All persons shall, before conviction, be
bailable by sufficient sureties, except for capital offenses
when the proof is evident or the presumption great; and the
privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be sus-
pended unless when, in cases of rebellion or invasion, the
public safety may require it. [As amended Nov. 1870]
Sec. 9. Every person is entitled to a certain remedy in the laws for
all injuries, or wrongs which he may receive in his person,
property, or character; he ought to obtain justice freely,
and without being obliged to purchase it, completely and
without denial, promptly and without delay, conformably to
the laws.
Sec. 10. Treason against the state shall consist only in levying war
against the same, or in adhering to its enemies, giving them
aid and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason
unless on the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt
act, or on confession in open court.
Sec. 11 The right of the people to be secure in their persons,
houses, papers and effects against unreasonable searches and
seizures shall not be violated; and no warrant shall issue
but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation,
and particularly describing the place to be searched, and
the persons or things to be seized.
Sec. 12. No bill of attainder, ex post facto law, nor any law impair-
ing the obligation of contracts, shall ever be passed, and
no conviction shall work corruption of blood or forfeiture
of estate.
Sec. 13. The property of no person shall be taken for public use
without just compensation therefor.
Sec. 14. All lands within the state are declared to be allodial, and
feudal tenures are prohibited. Leases and grants of agricul-
tural land for a longer term than fifteen years in which
rent or service of any kind shall be reserved, and all fines
and like restraints upon alienation reserved in any grant of
land, hereafter made, are declared to be void.
Sec. 15. No distinction shall ever be made by law between resident
aliens and citizens, in reference to the possession, enjoy-
ment or descent of property.
Sec. 16. No person shall be imprisoned for debt arising out of or
founded on contract, expressed or implied.
Sec. 17. The privilege of the debtor to enjoy the necessary comforts
of life shall be recognized by wholesome laws, exempting a
reasonable amount of property from seizure or sale for the
payment of any debt or liability hereafter contracted.
Sec. 18. The right of every man to worship Almighty God according to
the dictates of his own conscience shall never be infringed;
nor shall any man be compelled to attend, erect or support
any place of worship, or to maintain any ministry, against
his consent; nor shall any control of, or interference with,
the rights of conscience be permitted, or any preference be
given by law to any religious establishments or modes of
worship; nor shall any money be drawn from the treasury for
the benefit of religious societies, or religious or
theological seminaries.
Sec. 19. No religious tests shall ever be required as a qualification
for any office of public trust under the state, and no per-
son shall be rendered incompetent to give evidence in any
court of law or equity in consequence of his opinions on the
subject of religion.
Sec. 20. The military shall be in strict subordination to the civil
power.
Sec. 21. Writs of error shall never be prohibited by law.
Sec. 22. The blessings of free government can only be maintained by a
firm adherence to justice, moderation, temperance, frugality
and virtue, and by frequent recurrence to fundamental prin-
ciples.
Sec. 23. Nothing in this constitution shall prohibit the legislature
from providing for the safety and welfare of children by
providing for the transportation of children to and from any
parochial or private school or institution of learning.[As
created April 1967]
Sec. 24. Nothing in this constitution shall prohibit the legislature
from authorizing, by law, the use of public school buildings
by civic, religious or charitable organizations during
non-school hours upon payment by the organization to the
school district of reasonable compensation for such use.