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916.PENNSYLV.TXT
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CONSTITUTION
OF THE
STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA
PREAMBLE
WE, the people of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, grateful
to Almighty God for the blessings of civil and religious
liberty, and humbly invoking His guidance, do ordain and
establish this Constitution.
ARTICLE I
DECLARATION OF RIGHTS
That the general, great and essential principles of liberty
and free government may be recognized and unalterably estab-
lished, WE DECLARE THAT:
Sec. 1. All men are born equally free and independent, and have cer-
tain inherent and indefeasible rights, among which are those
of enjoying and defending life and liberty, of acquiring,
possessing and protecting property and reputation, and of
pursuing their own happiness.
Sec. 2. All power is inherent in the people, and all free govern-
ments are founded on their authority and instituted for
their peace, safety and happiness. For the advancement of
these ends they have at all times an inalienable and in-
defeasible right to alter, reform or abolish their govern-
ment in such manner as they may think proper.
Sec. 3. All men have a natural and indefeasible right to worship
Almighty God according to the dictates of their own con-
sciences; no man can of right be compelled to attend, erect
or support any place of worship, or to maintain any ministry
against his consent; no human authority can, in any case
whatever, control or interfere with the rights of consci-
ence, and no preference shall ever be given by law to any
religious establishment or modes of worship.
Sec. 4. No person who acknowledges the being of a God and a future
state of rewards and punishments shall, on account of his
religious sentiments, be disqualified to hold any office or
place of trust or profit under this Commonwealth.
Sec. 5. Elections shall be free and equal; and no power, civil or
military, shall at any time interfere to prevent the free
exercise of the right of suffrage.
Sec. 6. Trial by jury shall be as heretofore, and the right thereof
remain inviolate. The General Assembly may provide, however,
by law, that a verdict may be rendered by not less than
five/sixths of the jury in any civil case.
Sec. 7. The printing press shall be free to every person who may
undertake to examine the proceedings of the Legislature or
any branch of government, and no law shall ever be made to
restrain the right thereof. The free communication of
thoughts and opinions is one of the invaluable rights of
man, and every citizen may freely speak, write and print on
any subject, being responsible for the abuse of that lib-
erty. No conviction shall be had in any prosecution for the
publication of papers relating to official conduct of offi-
cers or men in public capacity, or to any other matter pro-
per for public investigation or information, where the fact
that such publication was not maliciously or negligently
made shall be established to the satisfaction of the jury;
and in all indictments for libels the jury shall have the
right to determine the law and the facts, under the
direction of the court, as in other cases.
Sec. 8. The people shall be secure in their persons, houses, papers
and possessions from unreasonable searches and seizures, and
no warrant to search any place or to seize any person or
things shall issue without describing them as nearly as may
be, nor without probable cause, supported by oath or affirm-
ation subscribed to by the affiant.
Sec. 9. In all criminal prosecutions the accused hath a right to be
heard by himself and his counsel, to demand the nature and
cause of the accusation against him, to meet the witnesses
face to face, to have compulsory process for obtaining
witnesses in his favor, and, in prosecutions by indictment
or information, a speedy public trial by an impartial jury
of the vicinage; he cannot be compelled to give evidence
against himself, nor can he be deprived of his life, liberty
or property, unless by the judgement of his peers or the law
of the land.
Sec. 10. Except as hereinafter provided no person shall, for any in-
dictable offense, be proceeded against criminally by inform-
ation, except in cases arising in the land and naval forces,
or in the militia, when in actual service, in time of war or
public danger, or by leave of the court for oppression or
misdemeanor in office. Each of the several courts of common
pleas may, with the approval of the Supreme Court, provide
for the initiation of criminal proceedings therein by in-
formation filed in the manner provided by law. No person
shall, for the same offence, be twice put in jeopardy of
life or limb; nor shall private property be taken or applied
to public use, without authority of law and without just
compensation being first made or secured.
Sec. 11. All courts shall be open; and every man for an injury done
him in his lands, goods, person or reputation shall have
remedy by due course of law, and right and justice admin-
istered without sale, denial or delay. Suits may be brought
against the Commonwealth in such manner, in such courts and
in such cases as the Legislature may by law direct.
Sec. 12. No power of suspending laws shall be exercised unless by the
Legislature or by its authority.
Sec. 13. Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines
imposed, nor cruel punishments inflicted.
Sec. 14. All prisoners shall be bailable by sufficient sureties, un-
less for capital offenses when the proof is evident or pre-
sumption great; and the privilege of the writ of habeas cor-
pus shall not be suspended, unless when in case of rebellion
or invasion the public safety may require it.
Sec. 15. No commission shall issue creating special temporary crimi-
nal tribunals to try particular individuals or particular
classes of cases.
Sec. 16. The person of a debtor, where there is not strong presump-
tion of fraud, shall not be continued in prison after deliv-
ering up his estate for the benefit of his creditors in such
manner as shall be prescribed by law.
Sec. 17. No ex post facto law, nor any law impairing the obligation
of contracts, or making irrevocable any grant of special
privileges or immunities, shall be passed.
Sec. 18. No person shall be attainted of treason or felony by the
Legislature.
Sec. 19. No attainder shall work corruption of blood, nor, except
during the life of the offender, forfeiture of estate to
the Commonwealth.
Sec. 20. The citizens have a right in a peaceable manner to assemble
together for their common good, and to apply to those in-
vested with the powers of government for redress of griev-
ances or other proper purposes, by petition, address or re-
monstrance.
Sec. 21. The right of the citizens to bear arms in defense of them-
selves and the State shall not be questioned.
Sec. 22. No standing army shall, in time of peace, be kept up without
the consent of the Legislature, and the military shall in
all cases and at all times be in strict subordination to the
civil power.
Sec. 23. No soldier shall in time of peace be quartered in any house
without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war but in
a manner to be prescribed by law.
Sec. 24. The Legislature shall not grant any title of nobility or
hereditary distinction, nor create any office the appoint-
ment to which shall be for a longer term than during good
behavior.
Sec. 25. To guard against transgressions of the high powers which we
have delegated, we declare that everything in this article
is excepted out of the general powers of government and
shall forever remain inviolate.
Sec. 26. Neither the Commonwealth nor any political subdivision
thereof shall deny to any person the enjoyment of any civ-
il right, nor discriminate against any person in the exer-
cise of any civil right.
Sec. 27. The people have a right to clean air, pure water, and to the
preservation of the natural, scenic, historic and esthetic
values of the environment. Pennsylvania's public natural
resources are the common property of all the people, includ-
ing generations yet to come. As trustee of these resources,
the Commonwealth shall conserve and maintain them for the
benefit of all the people.
Sec. 28. Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or
abridged in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania because of the
sex of the individual.