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Hacker Chronicles 2
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932.TWO.TXT
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1993-05-07
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THE ART OF THE IMPOSSIBLE
The solution requires a digression through estate
planning. This is necessitated by the laws and
procedures that have evolved to protect creditors from
certain common and proscribed acts by debtors. So
first lets examine what cannot be accomplished.
Badges of Fraud
All 50 states have laws that guard against the
common practice of dodging judgments by transferring
assets. Example: Dr. Paul gives Mrs. Paul all of his
assets. He tells his judgment creditor "all I have is
yours, but..." This does not work. any transfer made
for less than valid consideration can and will be
undone. The transferee (Mrs. Paul) will be treated as
a trustee for the transferor (Dr. Paul). The court
will unzip the transfer without a degree of difficulty
and the value of the asset will be available to satisfy
the judgment. Any transfer that leaves the transferee
insolvent or substantially unable to pay his current
creditors may be treated as a fraud on the creditors.
However, there is no prohibition on the transfer of
assets to a different form of ownership, such as into a
corporation or partnership. There are several tests
that determine that a transfer does not have the badges
of fraud, and the transferor must pass all of them; in
this case a transfer is guilty until proven innocent!
As part of an estate plan it is permissible to transfer
assets to a family limited partnership provided that
you receive back an equal value of the partnership
itself. In other words, instead of owning $1,000,000
of real estate in fee simple which is easily attachable
by your creditor, owning $1,000,000 of limited
partnership interest is not a fraud on creditors; any
resulting difficulty in attachment is a result of the
laws of partnership and does not wear any badges of
fraud.
The Thin Corporate Veil
The use of a corporation to shield one from
liability may be crucial and effective. Too often,
however, a corporation is only usable as a first line
of defense, while many individuals mistakenly
completely rely on it. The first problem is that the
corporation may be penetrated (piercing the corporate
veil is the legal term) exposing all officers,
directors, and even shareholders to direct and personal
liability. Many minor failures on the corporate
owner's or officer's part may lead to its failure in
asset protection. Such failures include, but are not
limited to:
1) Failure to ever capitalize the corporation --
did you really pay for the stock?
2) Failure to hold annual meetings -- did you stop
treating the corporation as a separate entity?
3) Commingle the corporate bank accounts with your
individual check book - do you occasionally (or
frequently) use the corporate checks or credit card to
fund personal expenses?
4) Fail to file all necessary corporate papers
with the state - have you ever done business in
California with your Nevada corporation, or in New York
with your Delaware corporation?
5) Failure to keep all incorporation papers
current - have you filed your corporate reports with
your state of incorporation.
6) Failure to file tax returns - your inactive
corporation didn't need one? Well, now it does!
7) Failure to hold corporate meetings - do you
corporate minutes reflect the type, change in, and ebb
and flow of your business.
If you cannot correctly answer all of the above,
then your corporation may not provide the shelter you
expected of it.
The Folly of Corporate Control
Over the years substantial abuses have been
visited upon shareholders of corporations by
"insiders." As a result any majority of shareholders
have the right to force the sale of the corporation,
its dissolution, distribution of assets, etc. As a
share of stock is an item of personal property, similar
to a bank account, certificate of deposit, or cash, it
can be ordered sold, or, in effect, transferred to the
creditor, to (partially) satisfy a judgment debt. Thus
a person who hides behind corporate ownership may soon
find himself the former owner, or, the president voted
out of office.
Worthless Insurance
Less than one in a hundred readers of this report
have actually read their insurance policies. Insurance
companies are in business to make money. They do this
by limiting risks. Probably only one in five know
where they are to read them if they wanted to. Most
insurance covers you for only a portion of the risks
that you assume. For example, if you are sued because
of unlawful discharge of an employee (average verdict:
$300,000) are you covered? Does your automobile
coverage protect you when you drive your vehicle off
road to a picnic site? The fire that started in your
bushes and spread to your neighbor's property - are you
covered? Are your limits adequate, or were they set
years ago and never adjusted? Make sure that you have
a separate Umbrella Coverage policy that fills in the
cracks left by your other policies. Many people in the
United States have recently found that the coverage
afforded by their medical plans was no better than the
financial well being of their now defunct insurance
companies. After the savings and loan mess, are we
absolutely sure that the insurance industry is fiscally
sound?