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The Education Master 1994 (4th Edition)
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DEC_MAN.DAT
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1994-01-25
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Declaration of the rights of man and of the citizen
Approved by the National Assembly of France, August 26, 1789
The representatives of the French people, organized as a National
Assembly, believing that the ignorance, neglect, or contempt of
the rights of man are the sole cause of public calamities and of
the corruption of governments, have determined to set forth in a
solemn declaration the natural, unalienable, and sacred rights of
man, in order that this declaration, being constantly before all
the members of the Social body, shall remind them continually of
their rights and duties; in order that the acts of the
legislative power, as well as those of the executive power,
may be compared at any moment with the objects and purposes of
all political institutions and may thus be more respected, and,
lastly, in order that the grievances of the citizens, based
hereafter upon simple and incontestable principles, shall tend
to the maintenance of the constitution and redound to the
happiness of all. Therefore the National Assembly recognizes
and proclaims, in the presence and under the auspices of the
Supreme Being, the following rights of man and of the citizen:
Articles:
1. Men are born and remain free and equal in rights. Social
distinctions may be founded only upon the general good.
2. The aim of all political association is the preservation of
the natural and imprescriptible rights of man. These rights
are liberty, property, security, and resistance to
oppression.
3. The principle of all sovereignty resides essentially in the
nation. No body nor individual may exercise any authority
which does not proceed directly from the nation.
4. Liberty consists in the freedom to do everything which
injures no one else; hence the exercise of the natural rights
of each man has no limits except those which assure to the
other members of the society the enjoyment of the same
rights. These limits can only be determined by law.
5. Law can only prohibit such actions as are hurtful to
society. Nothing may be prevented which is not forbidden
by law, and no one may be forced to do anything not provided
for by law.
6. Law is the expression of the general will. Every citizen
has a right to participate personally, or through his
representative, in its foundation. It must be the same
for all, whether it protects or punishes. All citizens,
being equal in the eyes of the law, are equally eligible to
all dignities and to all public positions and occupations,
according to their abilities, and without distinction except
that of their virtues and talents.
7. No person shall be accused, arrested, or imprisoned except
in the cases and according to the forms prescribed by law.
Any one soliciting, transmitting, executing, or causing to
be executed, any arbitrary order, shall be punished. But
any citizen summoned or arrested in virtue of the law shall
submit without delay, as resistance constitutes an offense.
8. The law shall provide for such punishments only as are
strictly and obviously necessary, and no one shall suffer
punishment except it be legally inflicted in virtue of a law
passed and promulgated before the commission of the offense.
9. As all persons are held innocent until they shall have been
declared guilty, if arrest shall be deemed indispensable,
all harshness not essential to the securing of the
prisoner's person shall be severely repressed by law.
10. No one shall be disquieted on account of his opinions,
including his religious views, provided their manifestation
does not disturb the public order established by law.
11. The free communication of ideas and opinions is one of the
most precious of the rights of man. Every citizen may,
accordingly, speak, write, and print with freedom, but shall
be responsible for such abuses of this freedom as shall be
defined by law.
12. The security of the rights of man and of the citizen requires
public military forces. These forces are, therefore,
established for the good of all and not for the personal
advantage of those to whom they shall be intrusted.
13. A common contribution is essential for the maintenance of
the public forces and for the cost of administration. This
should be equitably distributed among all the citizens in
proportion to their means.
14. All the citizens have a right to decide, either personally
or by their representatives, as to the necessity of the
public contribution; to grant this freely; to know to what
uses it is put; and to fix the proportion, the mode of
assessment and of collection and the duration of the taxes.
15. Society has the right to require of every public agent an
account of his administration.
16. A society in which the observance of the law is not assured,
nor the separation of powers defined, has no constitution at
all.
17. Since property is an inviolable and sacred right, no one
shall be deprived thereof except where public necessity,
legally determined, shall clearly demand it, and then only
on condition that the owner shall have been previously and
equitably indemnified.