Encyclopedia of Graphics File Formats Companion/GFF_CD.ISO/formats/msrtf/spec/rtf.txt

Text File | 1994-06-20 | 141KB | 5,133 lines

Rich-Text Format Specification v. 1.2




Introduction    2
RTF Syntax    2
Conventions of an RTF Reader    4
Change Destination    4
Change Formatting Property    5
Insert Special Character    5
Insert Special Character and Perform Action    5
Formal Syntax    5
Contents of an RTF File    5
Header    6
RTF Version    6
Character Set    6
Font Table    6
Code Page Support    8
Font Embedding    8
The File Table    8
Color Table    9
Style Sheet    10
Revision Marks    11
Document Area    12
Information Group    12
Document-Formatting Properties    13
Section Text    17
Section-Formatting Properties    17
Headers and Footers    19
Paragraph Text    20
Paragraph-Formatting Properties    20
Tabs    21
Bullets and Numbering    22
Paragraph Borders    24
Paragraph Shading    24
Absolute-Positioned Objects and Frames    25
Table Definitions    26
Character Text    29
Character-Formatting Properties    29
Associated Character Properties    32
Special Characters    33
Bookmarks    35
Pictures    35
Objects    38
Macintosh Edition Manager Publisher Objects    40
Drawing Objects    40
Footnotes    45
Annotations    46
Fields    46
Index Entries    47
Table of Contents Entries    48
Bidirectional language support    48
Alphabetic List of RTF Keywords    49




Introduction

The rich-text format (RTF) standard is a method of encoding formatted text
and graphics for easy transfer between applications. Currently, users
depend on special translation software to move word-processing
documents between different MS-DOS, Windows, OS/2 applications,
and Apple Macintosh applications.

The RTF standard provides a format for text and graphics interchange
that can be used with different output devices, operating environments,
and operating systems. RTF uses the ANSI, PC-8, Macintosh, or
IBM PC character set to control the representation and formatting of
a document, both on the screen and in print. With the RTF standard,
documents created under different operating systems and with different
software applications can be transferred among those operating systems
and applications.

Software that takes a formatted file and turns it into an RTF file is
called a writer. Software that translates an RTF file into a formatted
file is called a reader. An RTF writer separates the application's control
information from the actual text and writes a new file containing the text
and the RTF groups associated with that text. An RTF reader does the
converse of this procedure.

RTF Syntax

An RTF file consists of unformatted text, control words, control symbols,
and groups. For ease of transport, a standard RTF file can consist of
only 7-bit ASCII characters. (Converters that communicate with Microsoft
Word for Windows or Microsoft Word for the Macintosh should expect
8-bit characters.)

A control word is a specially formatted command that RTF uses to mark
printer control codes and information that applications use to manage
documents. A control word takes the following form:

\ LetterSequence<Delimiter>

Note that a backslash begins each control word.

The LetterSequence is made up of lowercase alphabetic characters between æ
aÆ and æzÆ inclusive. RTF case sensitive, and all RTF keywords should be
lowercase.

The Delimiter marks the end of an RTF control word, and  can be one of
the following:

* A space. In this case, the space is part of the control word.

* A digit or a hyphen (-), which indicates that a numeric parameter
follows. The subsequent digit sequence is then delimited by a space or
any character other than a letter or a digit. In other words, the parameter
can be a positive or negative number. The range of the values for the
number is -32767 through 32767. However, Microsoft Word for Windows,
Word for OS/2, and Word for the Macintosh restrict the range to -31680
through 31680. If a numeric parameter immediately follows the control
word, this parameter becomes part of the control word. The control word
is then delimited by a space or a non alphabetic or non-numeric character
in the same manner as any control word.

* Any character other than a letter or a digit. In this case, the
delimiting character terminates the control word but is not actually
part of the control word.

If a space delimits the control word, space does not appear in the
document. Any characters following the delimiter, including spaces,
will appear in the document. For this reason, you should use spaces only
where necessary; do not use spaces merely to break up RTF code.

A control symbol consists of a backslash followed by a single,
non-alphabetic character. For example, \ ~ represents a non-breaking
space. Control symbols take no delimiters.

A group consists of text and control words or control symbols enclosed in
braces ({}). The opening brace ({) indicates the start of the group and
the closing brace (}) indicates the end of the group. Each group
specifies the text affected by the group and the different attributes
of that text. The RTF file can also include groups for fonts, styles,
screen color, pictures, footnotes, annotations, headers and footers,
summary information, fields, and bookmarks, as well as document-,
section-, paragraph-, and character-formatting properties. If the font,
style, screen-color, and summary-information groups and document-
formatting properties are included, they must precede the first plain-text
character in the document. These groups form the RTF file header. If the
group for fonts is included, it should precede the group for styles.
If any group is not used, it can be omitted. The groups are discussed in
the following sections.

Certain control words control properties (such as bold, italic, keep
together, and so forth) that have only two states. When such a control
word has no parameter or has a non-zero parameter, it is assumed that the
control word turns on the property. When such a control word has a
parameter of 0 (zero), it is assumed that the control word turns off the
property. For example, \ b turns on bold, whereas \ b0 turns off bold.

Certain control words, referred to as destinations, mark the beginning
of a collection of related text which could appear at another position,
or destination, within the document. Destinations may also be text which
is used but should not appear within the document at all. An example of
a destination is the \ footnote group, where the footnote text follows
the control word. Destination control words and their following text
must be enclosed in braces. Destinations added after the RTF specification
published in the March 1987 Microsoft Systems Journal may be preceded
by the control symbol \ *. This control symbol identifies destinations
whose related text should be ignored if the RTF reader does not
recognize the destination. (RTF writers should follow the convention
of using this control symbol when adding new destinations or groups.)
Destinations whose related text should be inserted into the document
even if the RTF reader does not recognize the destination should not use \ *.
All destinations that were not included in the March 1987 revision of the
RTF specification are shown with \ * as part of the control word.

Formatting specified within a group affects only the text within that
group. Generally, text within a group inherits the formatting of the
text in the preceding group. However, Microsoft implementations of RTF
assume that the footnote, annotation, header, and footer groups (described
later in this chapter) do not inherit the formatting of the preceding
text. Therefore, to ensure that these groups are always formatted
correctly, you should set the formatting within these groups to the
default with the \ sectd, \ pard, and \ plain control words, and then
add any desired formatting.

The control words, control symbols, and braces constitute control
information. All other characters in the file are plain text. Here is
an example of plain text that does not exist within a group:

{\rtf\ansi\deff0{\fonttbl{\f0\froman Tms Rmn;}{\f1\fdecor
Symbol;}{\f2\fswiss Helv;}}{\colortbl;\red0\green0\blue0;
\red0\green0\blue255;\red0\green255\blue255;\red0\green255\
blue0;\red255\green0\blue255;\red255\green0\blue0;\red255\
green255\blue0;\red255\green255\blue255;}{\stylesheet{\fs20 \snext0Normal;}}{\info{\author
John Doe}
{\creatim\yr1990\mo7\dy30\hr10\min48}{\version1}{\edmins0}
{\nofpages1}{\nofwords0}{\nofchars0}{\vern8351}}\widoctrl\ftnbj \sectd\linex0\endnhere
\pard\plain \fs20 This is plain text.\par}

The phrase ôThis is plain textö is not part of a group and is treateds
document text.

As previously mentioned, the backslash ( \ ) and braces ({ }) have special
meaning in RTF. To use these characters as text, precede them with a
backslash, as in \ \ , \ {, and \ }.

Conventions of an RTF Reader

The reader of an RTF stream is concerned with the following:

* Separating control information from plain text.

* Acting on control information.

* Collecting and properly inserting text into the document, as directed
by the current group state.

Acting on control information is designed to be a relatively simple
process. Some control information simply contributes special characters
to the plain text stream. Other information serves to change the
program state, which includes properties of the document as a whole, or
to change any of a collection of group states, which apply to parts of
the document.

As previously mentioned, a group state can specify the following:

* The destination, or part of the document that the plain text is constructing.

* Character-formatting properties, such as bold or italic.

* Paragraph-formatting properties, such as justified or centered.

* Section-formatting properties, such as the number of columns.

* Table-formatting properties, which define the number of cells and
dimensions of a table row.

In practice, an RTF reader will evaluate each character it reads in
sequence as follows:

* If the character is an opening brace ({), the reader stores its current
state on the stack. If the character is a closing brace (}), the reader
retrieves the current state from the stack.

* If the character is a backslash, the reader collects the control word
or control symbol and its parameter, if any, and looks up the control
word or control symbol in a table that maps control words to actions.
It then carries out the action prescribed in the table. (The possible
actions are discussed below.) The read pointer is left before or after
a control-word delimiter, as appropriate.

* If the character is anything other than opening brace ({), closing
brace (}), or backslash (\) , the reader assumes that the character
is plain text and writes the character to the current destination using
current formatting properties.

If the RTF reader cannot find a particular control word or control
symbol in the look-up table described above, the control word
or control symbol should be ignored. If a control word or control symbol is
preceded by an opening brace ({), it is part of a group. The current
state should be saved on the stack, but no state change should occur.
When a closing brace (}) is encountered, the current state should be
retrieved from the stack, thereby resetting the current state. If
the \ * control symbol precedes a control word, then it defines a
destination group and was itself preceded by an opening brace ({).
The RTF reader should discard all text up to and including the
closing brace (}) that closes this group. All RTF readers must recognize
all destinations defined in the March 1987 RTF specification. The
reader may skip past the group, but it is not allowed to simply discard
the control word. Destinations defined since March 1987 are marked
with the \* control symbol.

Note
All RTF readers must implement the \* control symbol to be able to
read RTF files written by newer RTF writers.

For control words or control symbols that the RTF reader can find in
the look-up table, the possible actions are as follows.

Change Destination

The RTF reader changes the destination to the destination described in
the table entry. Destination changes are legal only immediately after
an opening brace ({). (Other restrictions may also apply; for example,
footnotes cannot be nested.) Many destination changes imply that the
current property settings will be reset to their default settings.
Examples of control words that change destination are \ footnote,
\ header, \ footer, \ pict, \ info, \ fonttbl, \ stylesheet,
and \ colortbl. This chapter identifies all destination control words
where they appear in control-word tables.

Change Formatting Property

The RTF reader changes the property as described in the table entry.
The entry will specify whether a parameter is required. ôAlphabetic
List of RTF Keywords,ö later in this chapter, also specifies which
control words require parameters. If a parameter is needed and not
specified, then a default will be used. The default value used depends
on the control word. If the control word does not specify a default, then
all RTF readers should assume a default of 0.

Insert Special Character

The reader inserts into the document the character code or codes
described in the table entry.

Insert Special Character and Perform Action

The reader inserts into the document the character code or codes
described in the table entry and performs whatever other action the entry
specifies. For example, when Microsoft Word interprets \ par, a paragraph
mark is inserted in the document and special code is run to record
the paragraph properties belonging to that paragraph mark.

Formal Syntax

This chapter describes RTF using the following syntax, based on
Backus-Naur Form:

Syntax        Meaning

#PCDATA        Text (without control words)

#SDATA        Hexadecimal data

#BDATA        Binary data

'c'        A literal

<text>        A non-terminal

a        The (terminal) control word a, without a parameter.

a        The (terminal) control word a, with a parameter

a?        Item a is optional.

a+        One or more repetitions of item a.

a*        Zero or more repetitions of item a.

a b        Item a followed by item b.

a | b        Item a or item b

a & b        Item a and/or item b, in any order


Contents of an RTF File

An RTF file has the following syntax:

<File>    '{' <header> <document>'}'

This syntax is overly strict; all RTF readers must read RTF that does not
conform to this syntax. However, all RTF readers must correctly read RTF
written according to this syntax. If you write RTF that conforms
to this syntax, all correct RTF readers will read it.

Header

The header has the following syntax:

<header>
\ rtf <charset> \ deff? <fonttbl> <colortbl> <stylesheet>?


RTF Version

An entire RTF file is considered a group and must be enclosed in
braces. The control word \ rtfN must follow the opening brace. The
numeric parameter N identifies the version of the RTF standard used. The
RTF standard described in this chapter corresponds to RTF Specification
Version 1.

Character Set

After specifying the RTF version, you must declare the character set
used in this document. The control word for the character set must
precede any plain text or any table control words. The RTF specification
currently supports the following character sets:

Control word    Character set

\ ansi        ANSI (default)

\ mac        Apple Macintosh

\ pc        IBM PC code page 437

\ pca        IBM PC code page 850, used by IBM Personal System/2
        (not implemented in version 1 of Word for OS/2)


Font Table

The \ fonttbl control word introduces the font table group. This group
defines the fonts available in the document and has the following syntax:

<fonttbl>    '{' \ fonttbl (<fontinfo> | ('{' <fontinfo> '}'))+  '}'

<fontinfo>    <fontnum><fontfamily><fcharset><fprq><fontemb>?<codepage>?
        <fontname><fontaltname> ';'

<fontnum>    \ f

<fontfamily>    \ fnil | \ froman | \ fswiss | \ fmodern | \ fscript |
        \ fdecor | \ ftech | \ fbidi

<fcharset     \ fcharset

<fprq>        \ fprq

<fontname>    #PCDATA

<fontaltname>    '{\*' \falt #PCDATA '}'

<fontemb>    '{\ *' \ fontemb <fonttype> <fontfname>? <data>? '}'

<fonttype>    \ ftnil | \ fttruetype

<fontfname>    '{\ * \ fontfile <codepage>? #PCDATA '}'

<codepage>    \ cpg


Note for <fontemb> that either  <fontname> or <data> must be present,
although both may be present.  All fonts available to the RTF writer
can be included in the font table, even if the document doesn't use all
the fonts.

RTF also supports font families, so that applications can attempt to
intelligently choose fonts if the exact font is not present on the
reading system. RTF uses the following control words to describe the various
font families.

Control word    Font family

\ fnil        Unknown or default fonts (default)

\ froman    Roman, proportionally spaced serif fonts (Tms Rmn,
        Palatino, etc.)

\ fswiss    Swiss, proportionally spaced sans serif fonts (Swiss, etc.)

\ fmodern    Fixed-pitch serif and sans serif fonts (Courier, Pica, etc.)

\ fscript    Script fonts (Cursive, etc.)

\ fdecor    Decorative fonts (Old English, ITC Zapf Chancery, etc.)

\ ftech        Technical, symbol, and mathematical fonts (Symbol, etc.)

\ fbidi        Arabic, Hebrew, or other bi-directional font (Miriam, etc.)


If an RTF file uses a default font, the default font number is specified
with the \ deffN control word, which must precede the font-table group.
The RTF writer supplies the default font number used in the creation of
the document as the numeric argument N. The RTF reader then translates
this number through the font table into the most similar font available
on the reader's system.

The following control words specify the character set and pitch of
a font in the font table:

Control word    Definition

\ fcharsetN    Specifies the character set of a font in the font table.

\ fprqN        Specifies the pitch of a font in the font table.


If \fcharset is specified, the N argument can be one of the following
types:

Character set        N value

ANSI_CHARSET        0

SYMBOL_CHARSET        2

SHIFTJIS_CHARSET    128

GREEK_CHARSET        161

TURKISH_CHARSET        162

HEBREW_CHARSET        177

ARABICSIMPLIFIED_CHARSET 178

ARABICTRADITIONAL_CHARSET 179

ARABICUSER_CHARSET    180

HEBREWUSER_CHARSET    181

CYRILLIC_CHARSET    204

EASTERNEUROPE_CHARSET    238

PC437_CHARSET        254

OEM_CHARSET        255


If \fprq is specified, the N argument can be one of the following
values:

Pitch        Value

Default pitch    0

Fixed pitch    1

Variable pitch    2


Code Page Support

A font may have a different character set from the character set of
the document. For example, the Symbol font has the same characters in
the same positions on both the Macintosh and Windows. RTF describes
this with the \ cpg control word, which names the character set used by
the font. In addition, file names (used in field instructions and in
embedded fonts) may not necessarily be the same as the character set of
the document, and the \ cpg control word can change the character set
for these file names, as well. However, all RTF documents must still
declare a character set, to maintain backwards compatibility with
older RTF readers.

The table below describes valid values for \ cpg:

Value    Description

437    United States IBM

708    Arabic (ASMO 708)

709    Arabic (ASMO 449+, BCON V4)

710    Arabic (Transparent Arabic)

711    Arabic (Nafitha Enhanced)

720    Arabic (Transparent ASMO)

819    Windows 3.1 (United States & Western Europe)

850    IBM Multilingual

852    Eastern European

860    Portuguese

862    Hebrew

863    French Canadian

864    Arabic

865    Norwegian

866    Soviet Union

932    Japanese

1250    Windows 3.1 (Eastern European)

1251    Windows 3.1 (Soviet Union)


Font Embedding

RTF supports embedded fonts with the \ fontemb group located inside a
font definition. An embedded font can be specified by a file name, or
the actual font data may be located inside the group. If a file name is
specified, it is contained in the \ fontfile group. The \ cpg control
word can be used to specify the character set for the file name.

RTF supports TrueType* and other embedded fonts. The type of the embedded
font is described by the following control words:

Control word    Embedded font type

\ ftnil        Unknown or default font type (default)

\ fttruetype    TrueType* font


The File Table

The \ filetbl control word introduces the file table destination, a
new destination. This group defines the files referenced in the document
and has the following syntax:

<filetbl>    '{\ *'  \ filetbl ('{' <fileinfo> '}')+  '}'

<fileinfo>    '{' \ file <filenum><relpath>?<osnum>?
        <filesource>+ <filename> ';}'

<filenum>    \ fid

<relpath>    \ frelative

<osnum>        \ fosnum

<filesource>    \ fvalidmac | \ fvaliddos | \ fvalidntfs |
        \ fvalidhpfs | \ fnetwork

<filename>    #PCDATA


Note that the filename can be any valid alphanumeric string for the named
file system, giving the complete path and filename.

Control word    Definition

\ filetbl    A structure analogous to the style or font table, the
        file table is a list of documents referenced by the
        current document. This is a destination control word
        output as part of the document header.

\ file        This marks the beginning of a file group, which lists
        relevant information about the referenced file. This is
        a destination control word.

\ fidN        File ID number. Files are referenced later in the document
        using this number.

\ frelativeN    The character position within the path (starting at zero)
        where the referenced file's path starts to be relative to
        the path of the owning document. For example, a document is
        saved to the path c:\ private\ resume\ foo.doc and its
        file table contains the path c:\ private\ resume\ edu\ bar.doc,
        then that entry in the file table will be \ frelative18,
        to point at the character 'e' in "edu". This is to allow
        preservation of relative paths.

\ fosnumN    Currently only filled in for paths from the Macintosh
        file system. It is a OS-specific number for identifying
        the file, which may be used to speed up access to the file,
        or find it if it has been moved to another folder on disk.
        The MacOS name for this number is the "file id". Additional
        meanings of the \ fosnumN may be defined for other file
        systems in the future.

\ fvalidmac    Macintosh file system.

\ fvaliddos    MS-DOS file system.

\ fvalidntfs    NTFS file system.

\ fvalidhpfs    HPFS file system.

\ fnetwork    Network file system. This keyword may be used in conjunction
        with any of the previous file source keywords.


Color Table

The \ colortbl control word introduces the color table group, which defines
screen colors, character colors, and other color information. This group has
the following syntax:

<colortbl>    '{' \ colortbl <colordef>+ '}'

<colordef>    \ red ? & \ green ? & \ blue ? ';'


The following are valid control words for this group:

Control word    Meaning

\ redN        Red index

\ greenN    Green index

\ blueN        Blue index


Each definition must be delimited by a semicolon, even if the definition
is omitted. If a color definition is omitted, the RTF reader uses its
default color. In the example below, three colors are defined. The first
color is omitted, as shown by the semicolon following the \ colortbl control
word.

{\colortbl;\red0\green0\blue0;\red0\green0\blue255;}

The foreground and background colors use indexes into the color table
to define a color. For more information on color setup, see your Windows
documentation.

The following example defines a block of text in color (where supported).
Note that the cf/cb index is the index of an entry in the color table,
which represents a red/green/blue color combination.

{\f1\cb1\cf2 This is colored text. The background is color
1 and the foreground is color 2.}

If the file is translated for software that does not display color,
the reader ignores the color-table group.

Style Sheet

The \ stylesheet control word introduces the style sheet group,  which
contains definitions and descriptions of the various styles used in the
document. All styles in the document's style sheet can be included, even if
not all the styles are used. In RTF, a style is a shorthand used to
specify a set of character, paragraph, or section formatting.

The style-sheet group has the following syntax:

<stylesheet>    '{' \ stylesheet <style>+ '}'

<style>        '{' <styledef>?<keycode>? <formatting> <additive>?
        <based>? <next>? <stylename>? ';'
        '}'

<styledef>    \ s  | \ cs  | \ ds

<keycode>    '{' \ keycode <keys> '}'

<additive>    \additive

<based>        \ sbasedon

<next>        \ snext

<formatting>    (<brdrdef> | <parfmt> | <apoctl> | <tabdef> |
        <shading> | <chrfmt>)+

<stylename>    #PCDATA

<keys>        ( \ shift? & \ ctrl? & \ alt?) <key>

<key>        \ fn | #PCDATA


For <style>, both <styledef> and <stylename> are optional; the default
is paragraph style 0. Note for <stylename> that Microsoft Word for the
Macintosh interprets commas in #PCDATA as separating style
synonyms. Also, for <key>, the data must be exactly one character.

Control word    Meaning

\ additive    Used in a character style definition ({\ *\ cs╝).
        Indicates that style attributes are to be applied in
        addition to current attributes, rather than setting the
        character attributes to only the style definition.

\ sbasedonN    Defines the number of the style on which the current style
        is based (default is 222-no style).

\ snextN    Defines the next style associated with the current style;
        if omitted, the next style is the current style.

\ keycode    This group is specified within the description of a style
        in the style sheet in the RTF header. The syntax for this
        group is {\ *\ keycode Keys} where Keys are the characters
        used in the key code. For example, a style, Normal, may
        be defined {\ s0 {\ *\ keycode \ shift\ ctrl n}Normal;}
        within the RTF style sheet. See the Special Character control
        words for the characters outside of the alphanumeric range
        that may be used.

\ alt        The ALT modifier key. Used to describe quick-key codes
        for styles.

\ shift        The SHIFT modifier key. Used to describe quick-key codes
        for styles.

\ ctrl        The CTRL modifier key. Used to describe quick-key codes
        for styles.

\ fnN        Specifies a function key where N is the function key
        number. Used to describe quick-key codes for styles.


The following is an example of an RTF style sheet:

{\stylesheet{\fs20 \sbasedon222\snext0{\*\keycode \shift\ctrl n}
Normal;}{\s1\ar \fs20 \sbasedon0\snext1 FLUSHRIGHT;}{\s2\fi-
720\li720\fs20\ri2880\sbasedon0\snext2 IND;}}

and RTF paragraphs to which the styles are applied:

\widowctrl\ftnbj\ftnrestart \sectd \linex0\endnhere \pard\plain
\fs20 This is Normal style.
\par \pard\plain \s1
This is right justified. I call this style FLUSHRIGHT.
\par \pard\plain \s2
This is an indented paragraph. I call this style IND. It produces
a hanging indent.
\par}

In the preceding example, the PostScript style is declared but not used.
Some of the control words in this example are discussed in later sections.

Revision Marks

This table allows tracking of multiple authors and reviewers of a document,
and is used in conjunction with the character properties for revision marks.

Control word    Definition

\ revtbl    This group consists of subgroups that each identify the
        author of a revision in the document, as in {Author1;}.
        This is a destination control word.  Revision conflicts,
        such as one author deleting another's additions, are stored as
        one group, in the following form:

        CurrentAuthor\'00\'<length of previousauthor's
        name>PreviousAuthor\'00
        PreviousRevisionTime

        The four bytes of the DTTM strucutre are emitted as ASCII
        characters, so values > 127 should be emitted as quoted hex
        values.

All time references for revision marks use the following bit field
structure, DTTM:

Bit numbers    Information     Range

0-5        Minute        0-59

6-10        Hour        0-23

11-15        Day of month    1-31

16-19        Month        1-12

20-28        Year        = Year - 1900

29-31        Day of week    0 (Sun) - 6 (Sat)


Document Area

Once the RTF header is defined, the RTF reader has enough information
to correctly read the actual document text. The document area has the
following syntax:

<document>    <info>? <docfmt>* <section>+


Information Group

The \ info control word introduces the information group, which contains
information about the document. This can include the title, author,
keywords, comments, and other information specific to the file. This
information is for use by a document-management utility, if available.
This group has the following syntax:

<info>        '{' <title>? & <subject>? & <author>? & <operator>? &
        <keywords>? & <comment>? & \ version? & <doccomm>? &
        \ vern? & <creatim>? & <revtim>? & <printim>? &
        <buptim>? & \ edmins? & \ nofpages? & \ nofwords? & \ id? '}'

<title>        '{' \ title #PCDATA '}'

<subject>    '{' \ subject #PCDATA '}'

<author>    '{' \ author #PCDATA '}'

<operator>    '{' \ operator #PCDATA '}'

<keywords>    '{' \ keywords #PCDATA '}'

<comment>    '{' \ comment #PCDATA '}'

<doccomm>    '{' \ doccomm #PCDATA '}'

<creatim>    '{' \ creatim <time> '}'

<revtim>    '{' \ revtim <time> '}'

<printim>    '{' \ printim <time> '}'

<buptim>    '{' \ buptim <time> '}'

<time>        \ yr? \ mo? \ dy? \ hr? \ min? \ sec?


Some applications, such as Word, ask a user to type this information when
saving the document in its native format. If the document is then saved
as an RTF file or translated into RTF, the RTF writer specifies this
information using the following control words. These control words
are destinations and both the control words and the text should be
enclosed in braces ({}).

Control word    Meaning

\ title        Title of the document. This is a destination control word.

\ subject    Subject of the document. This is a destination control word.

\ author    Author of the document. This is a destination control word.

\ operator    Person who last made changes to the document. This is a
        destination control word.

\ keywords    Selected keywords for the document. This is a destination
        control word.

\ comment    Comments; text is ignored. This is a destination control word.

\ versionN    Version number of the document.

\ doccomm    Comments displayed in Word's Edit Summary Info dialog box.
        This is a destination control word.


The RTF writer may automatically enter other control words, including the
following:

Control word    Meaning

\ vernN        Internal version number

\ creatim    Creation time

\ revtim    Revision time

\ printim    Last print time

\ buptim    Backup time

\ edminsN    Total editing time (in minutes)

\ yrN        Year

\ moN        Month

\ dyN        Day

\ hrN        Hour

\ minN        Minute

\ secN        Seconds

\ nofpagesN    Number of pages

\ nofwordsN    Number of words

\ nofcharsN    Number of characters

\ idN        Internal ID number


Any control word described in the previous table that does not have
a numeric parameter specifies a date; all dates are specified with
the \ yr \ mo \ dy \ hr \ min \ sec controls. An example of an information
group follows:

{\info{\title The Panda's Thumb}{\author Stephen J Gould}{\keywords
science natural history }}

Document-Formatting Properties

After the information group (if any), there may be some document formatting
control words (described as  <docfmt> in the syntax description.). These
control words specify the attributes of the document, such as margins
and footnote placement. These attributes must precede the first plain-text
character in the document.

The control words that specify document formatting are listed in the
following table (measurements are in twips). For omitted control words,
RTF uses the default values:

Control word    Meaning

\ deftabN    Default tab width in twips (default is 720).

\ hyphhotzN    Hyphenation hot zone in twips (amount of space at the
        right margin in which words are hyphenated).

\ hyphconsecN    N is the maximum number of consecutive lines that will
        be allowed to end in a hyphen. 0 means no limit.

\ hyphcaps    Toggles hyphenation of capitalized words (default is on).
        Append with 1 or leave keyword by itself to toggle property
        on; append 0 (zero) to turn it off.

\ hyphauto    Toggles automatic hyphenation (default is off).  Append with
        1 or leave keyword by itself to toggle property on; append
        0 (zero) to turn it off.

\ linestartN    Beginning line number (default is 1).

\ fracwidth    Uses fractional character widths when printing (QuickDraw only).

\ *\ nextfile    Destination; the argument is the name of the file to print
        or index next; must be enclosed in braces. This is a
        destination control word.

\ *\ template    Destination; the argument is the name of a related template
        file; must be enclosed in braces. This is a destination
        control word.

\ makebackup    Backup copy is made automatically when the document is saved.

\ defformat    Tells the RTF reader that the document should be saved in
        RTF format.

\ psover    Prints PostScript over the text.

\ doctemp    Document is a boilerplate document. For Word for Windows,
        this is a template, for Word for the Macintosh this is
        a stationery file.

\ deflangN    Defines the default language used in the document used
        with a \ plain. See the section "Character-Formatting
        Properties" for a list of possible values for N.

Footnotes and endnotes


\ fetN        Footnote/endnote type. This indicates what type of notes
        are present in the document.

        0    Footnotes only or nothing at all (default).
        1    Endnotes only.
        2    Footnotes and endnotes both.

        For backwards compatibility, if \ fet1 is emitted,
        \ endnotes or \ enddoc will be emitted along with
        \ aendnotes or \ aenddoc. Readers that understand \ fet will
        need to ignore the footnote positioning keywords, and use
        the endnote keywords instead.

\ ftnsep    Text argument separates footnotes from the document. This
        is a destination control word.

\ ftnsepc    Text argument separates continued footnotes from the document.
        This is a destination control word.

\ ftncn        Text argument is a notice for continued footnotes. This is
        a destination control word.

\ aftnsep    Text argument separates endnotes from the document. This is
        a destination control word.

\ aftnsepc    Text argument separates continued endnotes from the document.
        This is a destination control word.

\ aftncn    Text argument is a notice for continued endnotes. This is
        a destination control word.

\ endnotes    Footnotes at the end of the section (default).

\ enddoc    Footnotes at the end of the document.

\ ftnj        Footnotes beneath text.

\ ftnbj        Footnotes at the bottom of the page.

\ aendnotes    Position endnotes at end of section. (default)

\ aenddoc    Position endnotes at end of document.

\ aftnbj    Position endnotes at bottom of page (bottom justified).

\ aftntj    Position endnotes beneath text (top justified).

\ ftnstartN    Beginning footnote number (default is 1).

\ aftnstartN    Beginning endnote number (default is 1).

\ ftnrstpg    Restart footnote numbering each page.

\ ftnrestart    Footnote numbers restart at each section. Microsoft Word for
        the Macintosh uses this control to restart footnote numbering
        at each page.

\ ftnrstcont    Continuous footnote numbering. (default)

\ aftnrestart    Restart endnote numbering each section.

\ aftnrstcont    Continuous endnote numbering (default).

\ ftnnar    Footnote numbering - Arabic numbering (1, 2, 3, ╝)

\ ftnnalc    Footnote numbering - Alphabetic lowercase (a, b, c, ╝)

\ ftnnauc    Footnote numbering - Alphabetic uppercase (A, B, C, ╝)

\ ftnnrlc    Footnote numbering - Roman lowercase (i, ii, iii, ╝)

\ ftnnruc    Footnote numbering - Roman uppercase (I, II, III, ╝)

\ ftnnchi    Footnote numbering - Chicago Manual of Style (*, å, ç, º)

\ aftnnar    Endnote numbering - Arabic numbering (1, 2, 3, ╝)

\ aftnnalc    Endnote numbering - Alphabetic lowercase (a, b, c, ╝)

\ aftnnauc    Endnote numbering - Alphabetic uppercase (A, B, C, ╝)

\ aftnnrlc    Endnote numbering - Roman lowercase (i, ii, iii, ╝)

\ aftnnruc    Endnote numbering - Roman uppercase (I, II, III, ╝)

\ aftnnchi    Endnote numbering - Chicago Manual of Style (*, å, ç, º)


Page information

\ paperwN    Paper width in twips (default is 12,240).

\ paperhN    Paper height in twips (default is 15,840).

\ pszN        Used to disambiguate between paper sizes with identical
        dimensions under Windows NT. Values 1û41 correspond to paper
        sizes defiend in DRIVINI.H in the Windows 3.1 SDK
        (DMPAPER_ values). Values >=42 correspond to user-
        defined forms under Windows NT.

\ marglN    Left margin in twips (default is 1,800).

\ margrN    Right margin in twips (default is 1,800).

\ margtN    Top margin in twips (default is 1,440).

\ margbN    Bottom margin in twips (default is 1,440).

\ facingp    Facing pages (activates odd/even headers and gutters).

\ gutterN    Gutter width in twips (default is 0).

\ margmirror    Switches margin definitions on left and right pages.

\ landscape    Landscape format.

\ pgnstartN    Beginning page number (default is 1).

\ widowctrl    Enable widow and orphan control.


Linked styles

\ linkstyles    Update document styles automatically based on template.


Compatibility options

\ notabind    Don't add automatic tab stop for hanging indent.

\ wraptrsp    Wrap trailing spaces onto the next line.

\ prcolbl    Print all colors as black.

\ noextrasprl    Don't add extra space to line height for showing
        raised/lowered characters.

\ nocolbal    Don't balance columns.

\ cvmme        Treat old-style escaped quotation marks (\ ") as current
        style ("") in mail merge data documents.

\ sprstsp    Suppress extra line spacing at top of page. Basically,
        this means to ignore any line spacing larger than Auto
        at the top of a page.

\ sprsspbf    Suppress space before paragraph property after hard page
        or column break.

\ otblrul    Combine table borders like Word for Macintosh 5.x.
        Contradictory table border information is resolved in
        favor of the first cell.

\ transmf    Metafiles are considered transparent; don't blank the area
        behind metafiles.

\ swpbdr    If a paragraph has a left border (not a box) and the
        Different Odd And Even or Mirror Margins check box is
        selected, Word will print the border on the right for
        odd-numbered pages.

\ brkfrm    Show hard (manual) page breaks and column breaks in frames.


Forms

\ formprot    This document is protected for forms.

\ allprot    This document has no unprotected areas.

\ formshade    This document has form field shading on.

\ formdisp    This document currently has a forms drop down or check box
        selected.

\ printdata    This document has print form data only on.


Revision marks

\ revprot    This document is protected for revisions. The user can
        edit the document, but revision marking cannot be disabled.

\ revisions    Turns on revision marking.

\ revpropN    Argument indicates how revised text will be displayed:
        0 for no properties shown; 1 for bold; 2 for italic;
        3 for underline (default); 4 for double underline.

\ revbarN    Vertical lines mark altered text, based on the argument:
        0 for no marking; 1 for left margin; 2 for right margin;
        3 for outside (left on left pages, right on right pages;
        default).


Annotations

\ annotprotq    This document is protected for annotations. The user cannot
        edit the document, but can insert annotations.


Bidirectional controls

\ rtldoc    This document will be formatted to have Arabic style pagination.

\ ltrdoc    This document will have English style pagination. This is
        the default.


Note that the three document protections keywords (\ formprot, \ revprot,
and \ annotprot)  are mutually exclusive; only one of the three can apply
to any given document. Also, there is currently no method for passing
passwords in RTF, so any document which associates a password with a
protection level will lose the password protection in RTF.

For more information about bidirection controls, see ôBidirectional
Writing Order,ö later in this chapter.

Section Text

Each section in the RTF file has the following syntax:

<section>    <secfmt>* <hdrftr>? <para>+ ( \ sect <section>)?


Section-Formatting Properties

At the beginning of each section, there may be some section formatting
control words (described as <secfmt> in the syntax description). These control
words specify section-formatting properties, which apply to the text following
the control word, with the exception of the section-break control words (those
beginning with \ sbk). Section-break control words describe the break
preceding the text. These control words can appear anywhere in the section,
not just at the start.

Note that if the \sectd control word is not present, the current
section inherits all section properties defined in the previous section.

The section-formatting control words are listed in the following table:

Control word    Meaning

\ sectd        Reset to default section properties.

\ endnhere    Endnotes included in the section.

\ binfsxnN    N is the printer bin used for the first page of the
        section. If this control is not defined then the first
        page uses the same printer bin as defined by the \ binsxnN
        control.

\ binsxnN    N is the printer bin used for the pages of the section.

\ dsN        Designates section style; if a section style is specified,
        style properties must be specified with the section.

\ sectunlocked    This section is unlocked for forms.


Section break

\ sbknone    No section break.

\ sbkcol    Section break starts a new column.

\ sbkpage    Section break starts a new page (default).

\ sbkeven    Section break starts at an even page.

\ sbkodd    Section break starts at an odd page.


Columns

\ colsN        Number of columns for "snaking" (default is 1).

\ colsxN    Space between columns in twips (default is 720).

\ colnoN    Column number to be formatted; used to specify
        formatting for variable-width columns.

\ colsrN    Space to right of column in twips; used to specify
        formatting for variable-width columns.

\ colwN        Width of column in twips; used to override the default
        constant width setting for variable-width columns.

\ linebetcol    Line between columns.


Line numbering

\ linemodN    Line-number modulus-amount to increase each line number
        (default is 1).

\ linexN    Distance from the line number to the left text margin in
        twips (default is 360). The automatic distance is 0.

\ linestartsN    Beginning line number (default is 1).

\ linerestart    Line numbers restart at \ linestarts value.

\ lineppage    Line numbers restart on each page.

\ linecont    Line numbers continue from the preceding section.


Page information

\ pgwsxnN    N is the page width in twips. A \ sectd resets the value
        to that specified by \ paperwN in the document properties.

\ pghsxnN    N is the page height in twips. A \ sectd resets the value
        to that specified by \ paperhN in the document properties.

\ marglsxnN    N is the left margin of the page in twips. A \ sectd
        resets the value to that specified by \ marglN in the
        document properties.

\ margrsxnN    N is the right margin of the page in twips. A \ sectd
        resets the value to that specified by \ margrN in the
        document properties.

\ margtsxnN    N is the right margin of the page in twips. A \ sectd
        resets the value to that specified by \ margrN in the document
        properties.

\ margbsxnN    N is the top margin of the page in twips. A \ sectd resets
        the value to that specified by \ margtN in the document
        properties.

\ guttersxnN    N is the width of the gutter margin for the section in
        twips. A \ sectd resets the value to that specified by
        \ gutterN from the document properties. If Facing Pages
        is turned off, the gutter will be added to the left
        margin of all pages. If Facing Pages is turned on, the
        gutter will be added to the left side of odd-numbered pages
        and the right side of even-numbered pages.

\ lndscpsxn    Page orientation is in landscape format. In order to mix
        portrait and landscape sections within a document, the
        \ landscape control should not be used so that the
        default for a section is portrait which may be overridden by
        the \ lndscpsxn control.

\ titlepg    First page has a special format.

\ headeryN    Header is n twips from the top of the page (default is 720).

\ footeryN    Footer is n twips from the bottom of the page (default is 720).


Page numbers

\ pgnstartsN    Beginning page number (default is 1).

\ pgncont    Continuous page numbering (default).

\ pgnrestart    Page numbers restart at \ pgnstarts value.

\ pgnxN        Page-number is n twips from the right margin (default is 720).

\ pgnyN        Page-number is n twips from the top margin (default is 720).

\ pgndec    Page-number format is decimal.

\ pgnucrm    Page-number format is uppercase roman numeral.

\ pgnlcrm    Page-number format is lowercase roman numeral.

\ pgnucltr    Page-number format is uppercase letter.

\ pgnlcltr    Page-number format is lowercase letter.

\ pgnhnN     Indicates which heading level to prepend to the page number.
        0 specifies to not show heading level (default). Values
        1-9 correspond to heading levels 1 through 9. This is
        a destination control word.

\ pgnhnsh    Hyphen separator character.

\ pgnhnsp    Period separator character.

\ pgnhnsc    Colon separator character.

\ pgnhnsm    Em-dash separator character.

\ pgnhnsn    En-dash separator character.

\ pnseclvlN    Used for multilevel lists. This property sets the default
        numbering style for each corresponding \ pnlvlN (bullets
        and numbering property for paragraphs) within that section.
        This is a destination control word.


Vertical alignment

\ vertalt    Text is top-aligned (default).

\ vertalb    Text is bottom-aligned.

\ vertalc    Text is centered vertically.

\ vertalj    Text is justified vertically.


Bidirectional controls

\ rtlsect    This section will thread columns from right to left.

\ ltrsect    This section will thread columns from left to right. This
        is the default.

Headers and Footers

Headers and footers are RTF destinations. Each section in the document may
have its own set of headers and footers. If no headers or footers are
defined for a given section, the headers and footers from the previous
section (if any) are used. The syntax for headers and footers are as follows:

<hdrftr>    '{' <hdrctl> <para>+ '}' <hdrftr>?

<hdrctl>    \ header | \ footer | \ headerl | \ headerr |
        \ headerf | \ footerl | \ footerr | \ footerf


Note that each separate <hdrftr> group must have a distinct <hdrctl>
introducing it.

Control word    Meaning

\ header    Header on all pages. This is a destination control word.

\ footer    Footer on all pages. This is a destination control word.

\ headerl    Header on left pages only. This is a destination control word.

\ headerr    Header on right pages only. This is a destination control word.

\ headerf    Header on first page only. This is a destination control word.

\ footerl    Footer on left pages only. This is a destination control word.

\ footerr    Footer on right pages only. This is a destination control word.

\ footerf    Footer on first page only. This is a destination control word.

The \ headerl, \ headerr, \ footerl and \ footerr control words are used
in conjunction with the \ facingp control word, and the \ headerf and
\ footerf control words are used in conjunction with the \ titlepg
control word. Many RTF readers will not function correctly if the
appropriate document properties are not set. In particular, if \facingp
is not set, then only \header  and \footer should be used; if \facingp is set,
then only \headerl, \headerr, \footerl, and \footerr should be used.
You should not use \header to set the headers for both pages when
\facingp is set. You can use \headerf if \titlepg is not set, but no
header will appear. For more information, see "Document-Formatting Properties"
and "Section-Formatting Properties".

If the previous section had a first page header or footer and had \ titlepg
set, and the current section does not, then the previous section's first
page header or footer is disabled. It is not, however destroyed; if
subsequent sections have \ titlepg set, then the first page header or
footer will be restored.

Paragraph Text

There are two kinds of paragraphs: plain paragraphs and table paragraphs.
A table is a collection of paragraphs and a table row is a continuous
sequence of paragraphs partitioned into cells. The \ intbl paragraph-
formatting control word identifies the paragraph as part of a table.
For more information, see "Table Definitions". This control is inherited
between paragraphs which do not have paragraph properties reset with a \ pard.

<para>        <textpar> | <row>

<textpar>    <pn>? <brdrdef>? <parfmt>* <apoctl>* <tabdef>? <shading>?
        (\subdocument | <char>+) ( \ par <para>)?

<row>        <tbldef> <cell>+ \ row

<cell>        <textpar>+ \ cell


Paragraph-Formatting Properties

These control words (described as <parfmt> in the syntax description) specify
generic paragraph formatting properties. These control words can appear
anywhere in the body of the paragraph, not just at the beginning.

Note that if the \pard control word is not present, the current paragraph
inherits all paragraph properties defined in the previous paragraph.

The paragraph formatting control words are listed in the following table:

Control word    Meaning

\ pard        Resets to default paragraph properties.

\ sN        Designates paragraph style; if a paragraph style is
        specified, style properties must be specified with the
        paragraph.

\ hyphpar    Toggles automatic hyphenation for the paragraph.  Append
        with 1 or leave keyword by itself to toggle property on;
        append 0 (zero) to turn it off.

\ intbl        Paragraph is part of a table.

\ keep        Keep paragraph intact.

\ nowidctlpar    No widow/orphan control. This is a paragraph-level property
        and is used to override the document-level \ widowctrl.

\ keepn        Keep paragraph with the next paragraph.

\ levelN    N is the outline level of the paragraph.

\ noline    No line numbering.

\ pagebb    Break page before the paragraph.

\ sbys        Side-by-side paragraphs.


Alignment

\ ql        Left-aligned (default).

\qr        Right-aligned.

\ qj        Justified.

\ qc        Centered.

Indentation


\ fiN        First-line indent (default is 0).

\ liN        Left indent (default is 0).

\ riN        Right indent (default is 0).


Spacing

\ sbN        Space before (default is 0).

\ saN        Space after (default is 0).

\ slN        Space between lines: if this control word is missing or
        if \ s1000 is used, the line spacing is automatically
        determined by the tallest character in the line; if n is a
        positive value, uses this size only if it is taller than
        the tallest character (otherwise uses the tallest character);
        if n is a negative value, uses the absolute value of n,
        even if it is shorter than the tallest character.

\ slmultN    Line spacing multiple; indicates that the current line
        spacing is a multiple of "Single" line spacing. This
        keyword can only follow the \ sl keyword and works in
        conjunction with it.

        0    "At Least" or "Exactly" line spacing.
        1    Multiple line spacing, relative to "Single".

Subdocuments

\ subdocumentN    This indicates that a subdocument in a Master Document/
        Subdocument relationship should occur here. N represents
        an index into the file table. This control word must
        be the only item in a paragraph.


Bidirectional controls

\ rtlpar    Text in this paragraph will be displayed with right to left
        precedence.

\ ltrpar    Text in this paragraph will be displayed with left to right
        precedence. This is the default.

Tabs

Any paragraph may have its own set of tabs. Tabs must follow this syntax:

<tabdef>    (<tab> | <bartab>) +

<tab>        <tabkind>? <tablead>? \ tx

<bartab>    <tablead>? \ tb

<tabkind>    \ tqr | \ tqc | \ tqdec

<tablead>    \ tldot | \ tlhyph | \ tlul | \ tleq


Control word    Meaning

\ txN        Tab position in twips from the left margin.

\ tqr        Flush-right tab.

\ tqc        Centered tab.

\ tqdec        Decimal tab.

\ tbN        Bar tab position in twips from the left margin.

\ tldot        Leader dots.

\ tlhyph    Leader hyphens.

\ tlul        Leader underline.

\ tlth        Leader thick line.

\ tleq        Leader equal sign.


Bullets and Numbering

To provide compatibility with existing RTF readers, all applications with
the ability to automatically bullet or number paragraphs will also emit
the generated text as plain text in the \ pntext group. This will
allow existing RTF readers to capture the plain text, and safely ignore
the autonumber instructions. This group precedes all bulleted or numbered
paragraphs, and will contain all the text and formatting that
would be auto-generated. It should precede the {\ *\ pn ╝ } destination,
and it is the responsibility of RTF readers that understand the
{\ *\ pn ╝ } destination to ignore the \ pntext group.

<pn>        <pnseclvl> | <pnpara>

<pnseclvl>    {\*' \pnseclvl <pndesc>'}'

<pnpara>    <pntext> <pnprops>

<pntext>    '{' \pntext <char> '}'

<pnprops>    \*' \pn <pnlevel> <pndesc>'}'

<pnlevel>    \pnlvl | \pnlvlblt | \pnlvlbody | \pnlvlcont

<pndesc>    <pnnstyle> & <pnchrfmt> & <pntxtb> & <pntxta> & <pnfmt>

<pnnstyle>    \pncard | \pndec | \pnucltr | \pnucrm | \pnlcltr |
        \pnlcrm | \pnord | \pnordt

<pnchrfmt>    \pnf? & \pnfs? & \pnb? & \pni? & \pncaps? & \pnscaps?
        & <pnul>? & \pnstrike? & \pncf?

<pnul>        \pnul | \pnuld | \pnuldb | \pnulnone | \pnulw

<pnfmt>        \pnnumonce? & \pnacross? & \pnindent? & \pnsp? & \pnprev?
        & <pnjust>? & \pnstart? & \pnhang? & \pnrestart?

<pnjust>    \pnqc | \pnql | \pnqr

<pntxtb>    '{' \pntxtb #PCDATA'}'

<pntxta>    '{' \pntxta #PCDATA'}'


Settings marked with an asterisk can be turned off by appending 0 (zero)
to the control word.

Control word    Definition

\ pntext    This group precedes all numbered/bulleted paragraphs,
        and contains all auto-generated text and formatting. It should
        precede the {\ *\ pn ╝ } destination, and it is the
        responsibility of RTF readers that understand the
        {\ *\ pn ╝ } destination to ignore this preceding group.
        This is a destination control word.

\ pn        Turns on paragraph numbering. This is a destination control
        word.

\ pnlvlN    Paragraph level, where N is a level from 1 to 9. Default
        set by \pnseclvlN section-formatting property.

\ pnlvlblt    Bulleted paragraph (corresponds to level 11). The actual
        character used for the bullet is stored in the \ pntxtb group.

\ pnlvlbody    Simple paragraph numbering (corresponds to level 10).

\ pnlvlcont    Continue numbering, but do not display number (ôskip
         numberingö).

\ pnnumonce    Number each cell only once in a table (default is to number
        each paragraph in a table).

\ pnacross    Number across rows (Default is to number down columns).

\ pnhang    Paragraph uses a hanging indent.

\ pnrestart    Restart numbering after each section break. Note that this
        keyword is only used in conjunction with Heading Numbering
        (applying multilevel numbering to Heading style definitions).

\ pncard    Cardinal numbering (One, Two, Three).

\ pndec        Decimal numbering (1, 2, 3).

\ pnucltr    Uppercase alphabetic numbering (A, B, C).

\ pnucrm    Uppercase roman numbering (I, II, III).

\ pnlcltr    Lowercase alphabetic numbering (a, b, c).

\ pnlcrm    Lowercase roman numbering. (i, ii, iii).

\ pnord        Ordinal numbering (1st, 2nd, 3rd).

\ pnordt    Ordinal text numbering (First, Second, Third).

\ pnb        Bold numbering.*

\ pni        Italic numbering.*

\ pncaps    All Caps numbering.*

\ pnscaps    Small Caps numbering.*

\ pnul        Continuous underline.*

\ pnuld        Dotted underline.

\ pnuldb    Double underline.

\ pnulnone    Turns off underlining.

\ pnulw        Word underline.

\ pnstrike    Strikethrough numbering.*

\ pncfN        Foreground color - index into color table. Default is zero.

\ pnfN        Font number.

\ pnfsN        Font size (in half-points).

\ pnindentN    Minimum distance from margin to body text.

\ pnspN        Distance from number text to body text.

\ pnprev    Used for multilevel lists. Include information from previous
        level in this level; for example, 1, 1.1, 1.1.1, 1.1.1.1

\ pnqc        Centered numbering.

\ pnql        Left justified numbering.

\ pnqr        Right justified numbering.

\ pnstartN    Start At number.

\ pntxta    Text after. This group contains the text that succeeds the
        number. This is a destination control word.

\ pntxtb    Text before. This group contains the text that precedes
        the number. This is a destination control word.


Note that there is a limit of 32 characters total for the sum of text
before and text after for simple numbering. Mulilevel numbering has a
limit of 64 characters total for the sum of all levels.

Paragraph Borders

Paragraph borders have the following syntax:

<brdrdef>    (<brdrseg> <brdr> )+

<brdrseg>    \ brdrt | \ brdrb | \ brdrl | \ brdrr | \ brdrbtw |
        \ brdrbar | \ box

<brdr>        <brdrk>  \ brdrw? \ brsp? \ brdrcf?

<brdrk>        \ brdrs | \ brdrth | \ brdrsh | \ brdrdb | \ brdrdot
        | \brdrdash | \ brdrhair


Control word    Meaning

\ brdrt        Border top.

\ brdrb        Border bottom.

\ brdrl        Border left.

\ brdrr        Border right.

\ brdrbtw    Consecutive paragraphs with identical border formatting are
        considered to be part of a single group with the border
        information applying to the entire group. In order to have
        borders around individual paragraphs within the group,
        the \ brdrbtw control must be specified for that paragraph.

\ brdrbar    Border outside (right side of odd-numbered pages, left
        side of even-numbered pages).

\ box        Border around the paragraph (box paragraph).

\ brdrs        Single-thickness border.

\ brdrth    Double-thickness border.

\ brdrsh    Shadowed border.

\ brdrdb    Double border.

\ brdrdot    Dotted border.

\brdrdash    Dashed border.

\ brdrhair    Hairline border.

\ brdrwN    N is the width in twips of the pen used to draw the
        paragraph border line.

\ brdrcfN    N is the color of the paragraph border; specified as an
        index into the color table in the RTF header.

\ brspN        Space in twips between borders and the paragraph.


Paragraph Shading

Paragraph shading has the following syntax:

<shading>    ( \ shading | <pat>) \ cfpat? \ cbpat?

<pat>        \ bghoriz | \ bgvert | \ bgfdiag | \ bgbdiag | \ bgcross
        | \ bgdkhoriz | \ bgdkvert |
        \ bgdkfdiag | \ bgdkbdiag | \ bgdkcross | \ bgdkdcross


Control word    Meaning

\ shadingN    N is the shading of the paragraph in hundredths of a percent.

\ bghoriz    Specifies a horizontal background pattern for the paragraph.

\ bgvert    Specifies a vertical background pattern for the paragraph.

\ bgfdiag    Specifies a forward diagonal background pattern for the
        paragraph ( \ \ \ \ )

\ bgbdiag    Specifies a backward diagonal background pattern for the
        paragraph (//// ).

\ bgcross    Specifies a cross background pattern for the paragraph.

\ bgdcross    Specifies a diagonal cross background pattern for the paragraph.

\ bgdkhoriz    Specifies a dark horizontal background pattern for the
        paragraph.

\ bgdkvert    Specifies a dark vertical background pattern for the paragraph.

\ bgdkfdiag    Specifies a dark forward diagonal background pattern for the
        paragraph ( \ \ \ \ )

\ bgdkbdiag    Specifies a dark backward diagonal background pattern for the
        paragraph (//// ).

\ bgdkcross    Specifies a dark cross background pattern for the paragraph.

\ bgdkdcross    Specifies a dark diagonal cross background pattern for the
        paragraph.

\ cfpatN    N is the line color of the background pattern, specified as
        an index into the document's color table.

\ cbpatN    N is the background color of the background pattern,
        specified as an index into the document's color table.


Absolute-Positioned Objects and Frames

The following paragraph-formatting control words specify the location of
a paragraph on the page. Consecutive paragraphs with the same frame
formatting are considered to be part of the same frame. In order for
two framed paragraphs to appear at the same position on a page, they
must be separated by a paragraph with different, or no frame information.

Note that if any paragraph in a table row has any of these control words
specified, then all paragraphs in the table row must have the same control
words specified, either by inheriting the properties from the previous
paragraph or by respecifying the controls.

Paragraph positioning has the following syntax:

<apoctl>    <framesize> & <horzpos> & <vertpos> & <txtwrap> & <dropcap>

<framesize>    \ absw? & \ absh?

<horzpos>    <hframe> & <hdist>

<vertpos>    <vframe> & <vdist>

<txtwrap>    \ nowrap? & \ dxfrtext? & \ dfrmtxtx? &\ dfrmtxty?

<dropcap>    \dropcapli? & \dropcapt?

<hframe>    \ phmrg? | \ phpg? | \ phcol?

<hdist>        \ posx? | \ posnegx? | \ posxc? | \ posxi? | \ posxo?
        | \ posxl? | \ posxr?

<vframe>    \ pvmrg? | \ pvpg? | \ pvpara?

<vdist>        \ posy? | \ posnegy? | \ posyt? | \ posyil? | \ posyb?
        | \ posyc?


Control word    Meaning

\ abswN        N is the width of the frame in twips.

\ abshN        N is the height of the frame in twips. A positive number
        indicates the minimum height of the frame and a negative
        number indicates the exact height of the frame. A value
        of zero indicates that the height of the frame adjusts
        to the contents of the frame. This is the default for
        frames where no height is given.


Horizontal position

\ phmrg        Use the margin as the horizontal reference frame

\ phpg        Use the page as the horizontal reference frame

\ phcol        Use the column as the horizontal reference frame. This is
        the default if no horizontal reference frame is given.

\ posxN        Positions the frame n twips from the left edge of the
        reference frame.

\ posnegxN    Same as \ posx, but allows arbitrary negative values.

\ posxc        Centers the frame horizontally within the reference frame.

\ posxi        Positions the paragraph horizontally inside the reference
        frame.

\ posxo        Positions the paragraph horizontally outside the reference
        frame.

\ posxr        Positions the paragraph to the right within the reference frame.

\ posxl        Positions the paragraph to the left within the reference
        frame. This is the default if no horizontal positioning
        information is given.


Vertical position

\ pvmrg        Positions the reference frame vertically relative to the
        margin. This is the default if no vertical frame positioning
        information is given.

\ pvpg        Positions the reference frame vertically relative to the page.

\ pvpara    Positions the reference frame vertically relative to the top
        of the top left corner of the next unframed paragraph in
        the RTF stream.

\ posyN        Positions the paragraph n twips from the top edge of the
        reference frame.

\ posnegyN    Same as \ posy, but allows arbitrary negative values.

\ posyil    Positions the paragraph vertically to be in-line.

\ posyt        Positions the paragraph at the top of the reference frame.

\ posyc        Centers the paragraph vertically within the reference frame.

\ posyb        Positions the paragraph at the bottom of the reference frame.


Text wrapping

\ nowrap    Prevents text from flowing around the APO.

\ dxfrtextN    Distance in twips of an absolute-positioned paragraph from
        text in the main text flow in all directions.

\ dfrmtxtxN    N is the horizontal distance in twips from text on both
        sides of the frame.

\ dfrmtxtyN    N is the vertical distance in twips from text on both sides
        of the frame.


Drop caps

\ dropcapliN    Number of lines drop cap is to occupy. Range is 1 through 10.

\ dropcaptN    Type of drop cap:

        1    In-text drop cap.
        2    Margin drop cap.

The following is an example of absolute-positioned text in a document:

\par \pard \pvpg\phpg\posxc\posyt\absw5040\dxfrtest173 First APO para
\par \pard \phmrg\posxo\posyc\dxfrtext1152 Second APO para

Table Definitions

There is no RTF table group; instead, tables are specified as paragraph
properties. A table is represented as a sequence of table rows. A table
row is a continuous sequence of paragraphs partitioned into cells. The
table row begins with the \ trowd control word and ends with the
\ row control word. Every paragraph that is contained in a table row
must have the \ intbl control word specified or inherited from the previous
paragraph. A cell may have more than one paragraph in it; the cell is
terminated by a cell mark (the \ cell control word), and the row is
terminated by a row mark (the \ row control word). Table rows can also be
absolutely positioned. In this case, every paragraph in a table row must
have the same positioning controls (see the <apoctl> controls in
ôAbsolute-Positioned Objects and Framesö). Table properties may be
inherited from the previous row; therefore, a series of table rows may
be introduced by a single <tbldef>.

An RTF table row has the following syntax, as shown in the general
paragraph-text syntax given earlier.

<row>    <tbldef> <cell>+ \ row

<cell>    <textpar>+ \ cell


A table definition has the following syntax:

<tbldef>    \ trowd \ trgaph <rowjust>?  & <rowwrite>? & \ trleft?
        \trheader? & \trkeep?
        <celldef>+

<rowjust>    \ trql | \ trqr | \ trqc

<celldef>    ( \ clmgf? & \ clmrg? <celltop>? & <cellleft>? &
        <cellbot>? & <cellright>? &
        <cellshad>?) \ cellx

<celltop>    \ clbrdrt <brdr>

<cellleft>    \ clbrdrl <brdr>

<cellbot>    \ clbrdrb <brdr>

<cellright>    \ clbrdrr <brdr>

<cellshad>    <cellpat>? \ clcfpat? & \ clcbpat? & \ clshdng

<cellpat>    \ clbghoriz | \ clbgvert | \ clbgfdiag | \ clbgbdiag |
        \ clbgcross | \ clbgdkhor |
        \ clbgdkvert | \ clbgdkfdiag | \ clbgdkbdiag |
        \ clbgdkcross | \ clbgdkdcross

<rowwrite>    \ ltrrow | \ rtlrow


Note for <tbldef> that the number of cellxs must match the number of
\cells in the \row.

The following control words further define options for each row of the table:

Control word    Meaning

\ trowd        Sets table row defaults.

\ trgaphN    Half the space between the cells of a table row in twips.

\ cellxN    Defines the right boundary of a table cell, including its
        half of the space between cells.

\ clmgf        The first cell in a range of table cells to be merged.

\ clmrg        Contents of the table cell are merged with those of the
        preceding cell.


Row formatting

\ trql        Left-justifies a table row with respect to its containing
        column.

\ trqr        Right-justifies a table row with respect to its containing
        column.

\ trqc        Centers a table row with respect to its containing column.

\ trleftN    Position of the leftmost edge of the table with respect to
        the left edge of its column.

\ trrhN        Height of a table row in twips; when 0, the height is
        sufficient for all the text in the line; when positive,
        the height is guaranteed to be at least the specified height;
        when negative, the absolute value of the height is used,
        regardless of the height of the text in the line.

\ trhdr        Table row header; this row should appear at the top of
        every page the current table appears on.

\ trkeep    Table row keep; this row cannot be split by a page break.
        This property is assumed off unless the keyword is present.


Bidirectional controls

\ rtlrow    Cells in this table row will have right to left precedence.

\ ltrrow    Cells in this table row will have right to left precedence.
        This is the default.


Row borders

\ trbrdrt    Table row border top.

\ trbrdrl    Table row border left.

\ trbrdrb    Table row border bottom.

\ trbrdrr    Table row border right.

\ trbrdrh    Table row border horizontal (inside).

\ trbrdrv    Table row border vertical (inside).


Cell borders

\ clbrdrb    Bottom table cell border.

\ clbrdrt    Top table cell border.

\ clbrdrl    Left table cell border.

\ clbrdrr    Right table cell border.


Cell shading and background pattern

\ clshdngN    N is the shading of a table cell in hundredths of a percent.
        This control should be included in RTF along with cell
        border information.

\ clbghoriz    Specifies a horizontal background pattern for the cell.

\ clbgvert    Specifies a vertical background pattern for the cell.

\ clbgfdiag    Specifies a forward diagonal background pattern for the
        cell ( \ \ \ \ )

\ clbgbdiag    Specifies a backward diagonal background pattern for the
        cell (//// ).

\ clbgcross    Specifies a cross background pattern for the cell.

\ clbgdcross    Specifies a diagonal cross background pattern for the cell.

\ clbgdkhor    Specifies a dark horizontal background pattern for the cell.

\ clbgdkvert    Specifies a dark vertical background pattern for the cell.

\ clbgdkfdiag    Specifies a dark forward diagonal background pattern for
        the cell ( \ \ \ \ )

\ clbgdkbdiag    Specifies a dark backward diagonal background pattern for
        the cell (//// ).

\ clbgdkcross    Specifies a dark cross background pattern for the cell.

\ clbgdkdcross    Specifies a dark diagonal cross background pattern for the cell.

\ clcfpatN    N is the line color of the background pattern.

\ clcbpatN    N is the background color of the background pattern.


The following is an example of table text:

\par \trowd \trqc\trgaph108\trrh280\trleft36
\clbrdrt\brdrth \clbrdrl\brdrth \clbrdrb\brdrdb
\clbrdrr\brdrdb \cellx3636\clbrdrt\brdrth
\clbrdrl\brdrdb \clbrdrb\brdrdb \clbrdrr\brdrdb
\cellx7236\clbrdrt\brdrth \clbrdrl\brdrdb
\clbrdrb\brdrdb \clbrdrr\brdrdb \cellx10836\pard \intbl
\cell \pard \intbl \cell \pard \intbl \cell \pard \intbl \row
\trowd \trqc\trgaph108\trrh280\trleft36 \clbrdrt\brdrdb
\clbrdrl\brdrth \clbrdrb \brdrsh\brdrs \clbrdrr\brdrdb
\cellx3636\clbrdrt\brdrdb \clbrdr \brdrdb
\clbrdrb\brdrsh\brdrs \clbrdrr\brdrdb
\cellx7236\clbrdrt\brdrdb \clbrdr \brdrdb
\clbrdrb\brdrsh\brdrs \clbrdrr\brdrdb \cellx10836\pard
\intbl \cell \pard \intbl \cell \pard \intbl \cell \pard
\intbl \row \pard

Character Text

Character text has the following syntax:

<char>        <ptext> | <atext> | '{' <char> '}'

<ptext>        (<chrfmt>* <data>+ )+

<data>        #PCDATA | <spec> | <pict> | <obj> | <do> | <foot>
        | <annot> | <field> | <idx> | <toc> | <book>


Character-Formatting Properties

These control words (described as <chrfmt> in the syntax description)
change character-formatting properties. A control word preceding plain
text turns on the specified attribute. Some control words (indicated
in the following table by an asterisk following the description) can
be turned off by the control word followed by 0 (zero). For example,
\ b turns on bold, while \ b0 turns off bold.

The character-formatting control words are listed in the following table:

Control word    Meaning

\ plain        Reset character-formatting properties to a default value
        defined by the application. The associated character
        formatting properties (described in the section "Associated
        Character Properties") are also reset.

\ b        Bold*

\ caps        All capitals*

\ deleted    Marks the text as deletion revision marked*

\ dnN        Subscript position in half-points (default is 6)

\ sub        Subscripts text and shrinks point size according to font
        information.

\ nosupersub    Turns off superscripting or subscripting.

\ expndN    Expansion or compression of the space between characters
        in quarter-points; a negative value compresses (default is 0)

\ expndtwN    Expansion or compression of the space between characters in
        twips; a negative value compresses. For backwards
        compatibility, both \ expndtw and \ expnd should be emitted.

\ kerningN    Point size (in half-points) above which to kern character
        pairs. \ kerning0 turns off kerning.

\ fN        Font number

\ fsN        Font size in half-points (default is 24)

\ i        Italic*

\ outl        Outline*

\ revised    Text has been added since revision marking was turned on

\ revauthN    Index into the revision table. The content of the Nth group
        in the revision table is considered to be the author of
        that revision.

\ revdttmN    Time of the revision. The 32-bit DTTM structure is emitted
        as a long integer.

\ scaps        Small capitals*

\ shad        Shadow*

\ strike    Strikethrough*

\ ul        Continuous underline. \ ul0 turns off all underlining

\ uld        Dotted underline

\ uldb        Double underline

\ ulnone    Stops all underlining

\ ulw        Word underline

\ upN        Superscript position in half-points (default is 6)

\ super        Superscripts text and shrinks point size according to font
        information.

\ v        Hidden text*

\ cfN        Foreground color (default is 0)

\ cbN        Background color (default is 0)

\ rtlch        The character data following this control word will be
        treated as a right to left run.

\ ltrch        The character data following this control word will be
        treated as a left to right run. This is the default.

\ csN        Designates character style; if a character style is
        specified, style properties must be specified with the
        character run.

\ cchsN        Indicates any characters not belonging to the default
        document character set and which character set they do
        belong to. Macintosh character sets are represented by values
        greater than 255. The values for N correspond to the values
        for the \ fcharset keyword.

\ langN        Applies a language to a character. N is a number
        corresponding to a language. A \ plain resets the language
        property to the language defined by \ deflangN in the document
        properties.


The following table defines the standard languages used by Microsoft. This
table was generated by the Unicode group for use with TrueType and Unicode.

Language name        Language ID

No Language        0x0400

Albanian        0x041c

Arabic            0x0401

Bahasa            0x0421

Belgian Dutch        0x0813

Belgian French        0x080c

Brazilian Portuguese    0x0416

Bulgarian        0x0402

Catalan            0x0403

Croato-Serbian (Latin)    0x041a

Czech            0x0405

Danish            0x0406

Dutch            0x0413

English (Aus.)        0x0c09

English (UK)        0x0809

English (US)        0x0409

Finnish            0x040b

French            0x040c

French (Canadian)    0x0c0c

German            0x0407

Greek            0x0408

Hebrew            0x040d

Hungarian        0x040e

Icelandic        0x040f

Italian            0x0410

Japanese        0x0411

Korean            0x0412

Norwegian (Bokmal)    0x0414

Norwegian (Nynorsk)    0x0814

Polish            0x0415

Portuguese        0x0816

Rhaeto-Romanic        0x0417

Romanian        0x0418

Russian            0x0419

Serbo-Croatian (Cyrillic) 0x081a

Simplified Chinese    0x0804

Slovak            0x041b

Spanish (Castilian)    0x040a

Spanish (Mexican)    0x080a

Swedish            0x041d

Swiss French        0x100c

Swiss German        0x0807

Swiss Italian        0x0810

Thai            0x041e

Traditional Chinesei    0x0404

Turkish            0x041f

Urdu            0x0420


To read negative \ expnd values from Word for the Macintosh, an RTF
reader should use only the low- order 6 bits of the value read. Word for
the Macintosh does not emit negative values for \ expnd. Instead,
it treats values from 57 through 63 as -7 through -1, respectively
(the low-order 6 bits of 57 through 63 are the same as -7 through -1).

Associated Character Properties

Bi-directional aware text processors often need to associate a Latin
(or other left to right) font with an Arabic or Hebrew (or other right to
left) font. The association is needed to match commonly used pairs of
fonts in name, size and other attributes. While RTF defines a broad variety
of associated character properties, any implementation may choose to not
implement a particular associated character property and share the property
between the Latin and Arabic fonts.

Property association uses the following syntax:

<atext>        <ltrrun> | <rtlrun>

<ltrrun>    \ rtlch \ af & <aprops>* \ ltrch <ptext>

<rtlrun>    \ ltrch \ af & <aprops>* \ rtlch <ptext>

Here are some examples of property association:

\ ltrch\ af2\ ab\ au\ rtlch\ u Sample Text

This is a right-to-left run. Text will use the default bi-directional font,
and will be underlined. The left-to-right font associated with this run is
font 2 (in the font table) with bolding and underlining.

\ plain\ rtlch\ ltrch Sample Text

This is a left to right run. The right to left font and the left to right
font use the default font (specified by \ deff).

\ rtlch\ af5\ ab\ ai\ ltrch\ u Sample Text

This is a left to right run. The right to left font is font 5, bold and
italicized. The left to right font is the default font, underlined. If
the reader does not support underlining in the associated font, then both fonts
will be underlined.  The property association control words (described as
<aprops> in the syntax description) are listed in the following table.
Some control words (indicated in the following table by an asterisk
following the description) can be turned off by the control word followed by
0 (zero).

Control word    Meaning

\ ab        Associated font is Bold*

\ acaps        Associated font is All capitals*

\ acfN        Associated Foreground color (default is 0)

\ adnN        Associated font is Subscript position in half-points
        (default is 6)

\ aexpndN    Expansion or compression of the space between characters in
        quarter-points; a negative value compresses (default is 0)

\ afN        Associated Font number (default is 0)

\ afsN        Associated Font size in half-points (default is 24)

\ ai        Associated font is Italic*

\ alangN    Language ID for the Associated font. (This uses the same
        language ID codes described above.)

\ aoutl        Associated font is Outline*

\ ascaps    Associated font is Small capitals*

\ ashad        Associated font is Shadow*

\ astrike    Associated font is Strikethrough*

\ aul        Associated font is continuous underlined. \ aul0 turns off
        all underlining for the alternate font.

\ auld        Associated font is dotted underlined

\ auldb        Associated font is double underlined

\ aulnone    Associated font is no longer underlined.

\ aulw        Associated font is word underlined.

\ aupN        Superscript position in half-points (default is 6)


Special Characters

The RTF standard includes control words for special characters (described
as <spec> in the syntax description). If a special-character control word is
not recognized by the RTF reader, it is ignored and the text following it
is considered plain text. The RTF specification is flexible enough to allow
new special characters to be added for interchange with other software.
The special RTF characters are listed in the following table:

Control word    Meaning

\ chdate    Current date (as in headers).

\ chdpl        Current date in long format, e.g. Thursday, October 28, 1993

\ chdpa        Current date in abbreviated format, e.g. Thu, Oct 28, 1993

\ chtime    Current time (as in headers).

\ chpgn        Current page number (as in headers).

\ sectnum    Current section number (as in headers).

\ chftn        Automatic footnote reference (footnotes follow in a group).

\ chatn        Annotation reference (annotation text follows in a group).

\ chftnsep    Anchoring character for footnote separator.

\ chftnsepc    Anchoring character for footnote continuation.

\ cell        End of table cell.

\ row        End of table row.

\ par        End of paragraph.

\ sect        End of section and paragraph.

\ page        Required page break.

\ column    Required column break.

\ line        Required line break (no paragraph break).

\ softpage    Non-required page break. Emitted as it appears in galley view.

\ softcol    Non-required column break. Emitted as it appears in galley view.

\ softline    Non-required line break. Emitted as it appears in galley view.

\ softlheightN    Non-required line height. This is emitted as a prefix to
        each line.

\ tab        Tab character; same as ASCII 9.

\ emdash    Em-dash (long hyphen).

\ endash    En-dash (short hyphen).

\ emspace    Non-breaking space equal to width of character "m" in current
        font.

\ enspace    Non-breaking space equal to width of character "n" in
        current font.

\ bullet    Bullet character.

\ lquote    Left single quotation mark.

\ rquote    Right single quotation mark.

\ ldblquote    Left double quotation mark.

\ rdblquote    Right double quotation mark.

\ |        Formula character.

\ ~        Non-breaking space.

\ -        Optional hyphen.

\ _        Non-breaking hyphen.

\ :        Specifies a sub-entry in an index entry.

\ *        Marks a destination whose text should be ignored if not
        understood by the RTF reader.

\ 'hh        A hexadecimal value, based on the specified character set (
        may be used to identify 8-bit values).

\ ltrmark    The following characters should be displayed from left to
        right; usually found at the start of \ltrch runs.

\ rtlmark    The following characters should be displayed from right to
        left; usually found at the start of \rtlch runs.

\ zwj        Zero Width Joiner. This is used to ligate words.

\ zwnj        Zero-Width Non-Joiner. This is used for unligating a word.


Note that an ASCII 9 is accepted as a tab character. A carriage return
(character value 13) or line feed (character value 10) will be treated as
a \ par control if the character is preceded by a backslash. You must
include the backslash or RTF ignores the control word. (You may also want
to insert a carriage-return/line-feed pair without backslashes at least every
255 characters for better text transmission over communication lines.)

Here are the code values for the following special characters:

Keyword        Word for Windows and OS/2    Apple Macintosh

\ bullet    149                0xA5

\ endash    150                0xD1

\ emdash    151                0xD0

\ lquote    145                0xD4

\ rquote    146                0xD5

\ ldblquote    147                0xD2

\ rdblquote    148                0xD3


Bookmarks

This destination may specify one of two control words: \ *\ bkmkstart,
which indicates the start of the specified bookmark, and \ *\ bkmkend,
which indicates the end of the specified bookmark.

Bookmarks have the following syntax:

<book>        <bookstart> | <bookend>

<bookstart>    '{\ *' \ bkmkstart ( \ bkmkcolf? &  \ bkmkcoll?) #PCDATA '}'

<bookend>    '{\ *' \ bkmkend #PCDATA '}'

A bookmark is shown in the following example:

\pard\plain \fs20 Kuhn believes that science, rather than
discovering in experience certain structured
relationships, actually creates (or already participates in)
a presupposed structure to which it fits the data.
{\bkmkstart paradigm} Kuhn calls such a presupposed
structure a paradigm.{\bkmkend paradigm}

The bookmark start and the bookmark end are matched via the bookmark tag.
In the example, the bookmark tag was paradigm. Each bookmark start should
have a matching bookmark end; however, the bookmark start and the bookmark
end may be in any order.

\ bkmkcolfN is used to denote the first column of a table covered by a
bookmark. If it is not included then the first column will be assumed.
\ bkmkcollN is used to denote the last column. If it is not used then the
last column will be assumed. These controls are used within the
\ *\ bkmkstart destination following the \ bkmkstart control. For
example, {\ *\ bkmkstart\ bkmkcolf2\ bkmkcoll5 Table1} will place the bookmark
"Table1" on columns two through five of a table.

Pictures

An RTF file can include pictures created with other applications. These
pictures can be in hexadecimal (default) or binary format. Pictures are
destinations, and begin with the \ pict control word. A picture destination
has the following syntax:

<pict>        '{' \ pict (<brdr>? & <shading>? & <picttype> & <pictsize>
        & <metafileinfo>?) <data>
        '}'

<picttype>    \ macpict | \ pmmetafile | \ wmetafile | \ dibitmap
        <bitmapinfo> | \ wbitmap <bitmapinfo>

<bitmapinfo>    \ wbmbitspixel  & \ wbmplanes & \ wbmwidthbytes

<pictsize>    ( \ picw? & \ pich?) \ picscalex? & \ picscaley? &
        \ picscaled? & \ piccropt? & \ piccropb?
        & \ piccropr? & \ piccropl?

<metafileinfo>    \picbmp & \picbpp

<data>        ( \ bin #BDATA) | #SDATA


These control words are described in the following table (some measurements
in this table are in twips; a twip is one-twentieth of a point):

Control word    Meaning

\ macpict    Source of the picture is QuickDraw.

\ pmmetafileN    Source of the picture is an OS/2 metafile; the n argument
        identifies the metafile type.

\ wmetafileN    Source of the picture is a Windows metafile; the n argument
        identifies the metafile type (default is 1).

\ dibitmapN    Source of the picture is a Windows Device Independent bitmap;
        the n argument identifies the bitmap type (default is 0).

\ wbitmapN    Source of the picture is a Windows Device dependent bitmap;
        the n argument identifies the bitmap type (default is
        0-monochrome bitmap).


Bitmap information

\ wbmbitspixelN        Number of adjacent color bits on each plane
            needed to define a pixel (default is 1)

\ wbmplanesN        Number of bitmap color planes (default is 1).

\ wbmwidthbytesN    Specifies the number of bytes in each raster line.
            This value must be an even number since the Windows
            graphics device interface (GDI) assumes that the bit
            values of a bitmap form an array of integer (two-byte)
            values. In other words, wbmwidthbytes x 8 must be the
            next multiple of 16 greater than or equal to the
            picw (bitmap width in pixels) value.


Picture size, scaling, and cropping

\ picwN        xExt field if the picture is a metafile; picture width in
        pixels if the picture is a bitmap or from QuickDraw.

\ pichN        yExt field if the picture is a metafile; picture height in
        pixels if the picture is a bitmap or from QuickDraw.

\ picwgoalN    Desired width of the picture in twips.

\ pichgoalN    Desired height of the picture in twips.

\ picscalexN    Horizontal scaling value; the n argument is a value
        representing a percentage (default is 100).

\ picscaleyN    Vertical scaling value; the n argument is a value representing
        a percentage (default is 100).

\ picscaled    Scales the picture to fit within the specified frame; used
        only with \ macpict pictures.

\ piccroptN    Top cropping value in twips; a positive value crops toward
        the center of the picture; a negative value crops away
        from the center, adding a space border around picture
        (default is 0).

\ piccropbN    Bottom cropping value in twips; a positive value crops toward
        the center of the picture; a negative value crops away from
        the center, adding a space border around picture (default is 0).

\ piccroplN    Left cropping value in twips; a positive value crops toward
        the center of the picture; a negative value crops away from
        the center, adding a space border around picture (default is 0).

\ piccroprN    Right cropping value in twips; a positive value crops toward
        the center of the picture; a negative value crops away from
        the center, adding a space border around picture (default is 0).


Metafile information

\ picbmp    Specifies whether a metafile contains a bitmap.

\ picbppN    Specifies the bits per pixel in a metafile bitmap. Valid
        range is 1û32, with 1, 4, 8, and 24 being recognized.


Picture data

\ binN        Picture is in binary format; the numeric parameter n is
        the number of bytes that follow. Unlike all other controls,
        this keyword takes a 32-bit parameter.

The \ wbitmap control word is optional; if no other picture type is
specified, the picture is assumed to be a Windows bitmap. If \ wmetafile is
specified, the n argument can be one of the following types:

Type        n argument

MM_TEXT        1

MM_LOMETRIC    2

MM_HIMETRIC    3

MM_LOENGLISH    4

MM_HIENGLISH    5

MM_TWIPS    6

MM_ISOTROPIC    7

MM_ANISOTROPIC    8

For more information about these types, see Volume 1 of the Programmer's
Reference in the Microsoft Windows 3.1 SDK.

If \ pmmetafile is specified, the n argument can be one of the following
types:

Type        n argument

PU_ARBITRARY    0x0004

PU_PELS        0x0008

PU_LOMETRIC    0x000C

PU_HIMETRIC    0x0010

PU_LOENGLISH    0x0014

PU_HIENGLISH    0x0018

PU_TWIPS    0x001C


For more information about these types, see Volume 2 of the OS/2 ProgrammerÆs
Reference.

Be careful with spaces following control words when dealing with pictures
in binary format. When reading files, RTF considers the first space after
a control word the delimiter and subsequent spaces part of the document text.
Therefore, any extra spaces are attached to the picture, with unpredictable
results.  RTF writers should not use the carriage-return/line-feed (CRLF)
combination to break up pictures in binary format. If they do, the CRLF
is treated as literal text and considered part of the picture data.
The picture in hexadecimal or binary format follows the picture-destination
control words.

The following example illustrates the destination format:

{\pict\wbitmap0\picw170\pich77\wbmbitspixel1\wbmplanes1\wmbwidthbytes22
\picwgoal505
\pichgoal221
\picscalex172
\picscaley172
49f2000000000273023d1101a030
3901000a000000000273023d98
0048000200000275
02040000200010275023e000000000
273023d000002b90002b90002
b90002b90002b9
0002b90002b90002b90002b90002b90002
b92222b90002b90002b90
002b90002b9
0002b90002b90002b90002b9000

Objects

Microsoft OLE Links, Microsoft OLE Embedded Objects, and Macintosh Edition
Manager Subscriber Objects are represented in RTF as objects. Objects
are destinations that contain a data part and a result part. The data
part is generally hidden to the application that produced the document.
A separate application uses the data and supplies the appearance of
the data. This appearance is the result part of the object.

The representation of objects in RTF is designed to allow RTF readers
that don't understand objects or don't use a particular type of object
to use the current result in place of the object. This allows the
appearance of the object to be maintained through the conversion even
though the object functionality is lost. Each object comes with optional
information about the object, a required destination that contains the
object data, and an optional result that contains the current appearance
of the object. This result contains standard RTF. It is an important
responsibility of the RTF writer to provide the result so that existing RTF
readers that either do not support objects or that do not support
the particular type of object will be able to display the object.

When the object is an OLE embedded or linked object, the data part of the
object is the structure produced by the OLESaveToStream function. Some
OLE clients rely on the OLE system to render the object and a
copy of the result is not available to the RTF writer for that
application. For these cases, the object result may be extracted from
the structure produced by the OLESaveToStream function. For information about
the OLESaveToStream function, see the Microsoft Object Linking and
Embedding SDK.

The syntax for this destination is:

<obj>        ( '{' \ object (<objtype> & <objmod>? & <objclass>? &
        <objname>? & <objtime>? & <objsize>? & <rsltmod>?)
        <objdata> <result> '}' ) | <pubobject>

<objtype>    \ objemb | \ objlink | \ objautlink | \ objsub | \ objpub
        | \ objicemb

<objmod>    \ linkself? & \ objlock? | \objupdate?

<objclass>    '{\ *' \ objclass #PCDATA '}'

<objname>    '{\ *' \ objname #PCDATA '}'

<objtime>    '{\ *' \ objtime <time> '}'

<rsltmod>    \ rsltmerge? & <rslttype>?

<rslttype>    \ rsltrtf | \ rslttxt | \ rsltpict | \ rsltbmp

<objsize>    \ objsetsize? & \ objalign? & \ objtransy? & <objhw>? &
        \ objcropt? & \ objcropb? & \ objcropl? & \ objcropr? &
        \ objscalex? & \ objscaley?

<objhw>        \ objh & \ objw

<objdata>    '{\ *' \ objdata (<objalias>? & <objsect>?) <data> '}'

<objalias>    '{\ *' \ objalias <data> '}'

<objsect>    '{\ *' \ objsect <data> '}'

<result>    '{' \ result <para>+ '}'


Control word    Meaning


Object type

\ objemb    An object type of OLE embedded object. If no type is given
        for the object then the object is assumed to be of type
        \ objemb.

\ objlink    An object type of OLE link

\ objautlink    An object type of OLE autolink

\ objsub    An object type of Macintosh Edition Manager Subscriber

\ objpub    An object type of Macintosh Edition Manager Publisher

\ objicemb    An object type of MS Word for the Macintosh IC Embedder


Object information

\ linkself    The object is a link to another part of the same document.

\ objlock    Locks the object from any updates.

\ objupdate    Force an update to the object before displaying it.

\ objclass    The text argument is the object class to use for this
        object; ignore the class specified in the object data.
        This is a destination control word.

\ objname    The text argument is the name of this object. This is a
        destination control word.

\ objtime    Describes the time that the object was last updated.


Object size, position,
cropping, and scaling

\ objhN        N is the original object height in twips, assuming the object
        has a graphical representation.

\ objwN        N is the original object width in twips, assuming the object
        has a graphical representation.

\ objsetsize    Forces the object server to set the object's dimensions to
        that specified by the client

\ objalignN    N is the distance in twips from the left edge of the
        objects that should be aligned on a tab stop. This will be
        needed to place Math Type equations correctly in line.

\ objtransyN    N is the distance in twips the objects should be moved
        vertically with respect to the baseline. This will be
        needed to place Math Type equations correctly in line.

\ objcroptN    N is the top cropping distance in twips.

\ objcropbN    N is the bottom cropping distance in twips.

\ objcroplN    N is the left cropping distance in twips.

\ objcroprN    N is the right cropping distance in twips.

\ objscalexN    N is the horizontal scaling percentage.

\ objscaleyN    N is the vertical scaling percentage.


Object data

\ objdata    This sub-destination contains the data for the object in
        the appropriate format; OLE objects are in OLESaveToStream
        format. This is a destination control word.

\ objalias    This sub-destination contains the Alias Record for the
        publisher object for the Macintosh Edition Manager. This
        is a destination control word.

\ objsect    This sub-destination contains the Section Record for the
        publisher object for the Macintosh Edition Manager. This
        is a destination control word.


Object result

\ rsltrtf    Forces the result to be Rich Text, if possible.

\ rsltpict    Forces the result to be a Windows metafile or MacPict image,
        if possible.

\ rsltbmp    Forces the result to be a bitmap, if possible.

\ rslttxt    Forces the result to be plain text, if possible.

\ rsltmerge    Uses the formatting of the current result whenever a new
        result is obtained.

\ result    The result destination is optional in the \ object
        destination. It contains the last update of the result of
        the object. The data of the result destination should be
        standard RTF so that RTF readers which don't understand
        objects or the type of object represented will be able to
        use the current result in the objects place to maintain
        appearance. This is a destination control word.


Macintosh Edition Manager Publisher Objects

Word for the Macintosh writes Publisher Objects for the Macintosh Edition
Manager in terms of bookmarks (see "Bookmarks" earlier in the document).
The range of Publisher objects are marked as bookmarks so these controls
are all used within the \ bkmkstart destination. The RTF syntax for a
Publisher Object is:

<pubobject>    '{\ *' \ bkmkstart \ bkmkpub \ pubauto? (<objalias>?
        & <objsect>) #PCDATA '}'


Control word    Meaning

\ bkmkpub    The bookmark marks a Macintosh Edition Manager Publisher Object.

\ pubauto    The publisher object will update all Macintosh Edition Manager
        Subscribers of this object automatically whenever it is edited.


Drawing Objects

Drawing objects and the drawn primitives enumerated within drawing object
groups use the syntax described by the following tables.

<do>        '{\ *' \ do <dohead> <dpinfo>'}'

<dohead>    <dobx> <doby> <dodhgt> <dolock>?

<dobx>        \ dobxpage | \ dobxcolumn | \ dobxmargin

<doby>        \ dobypage | \ dobypara | \ dobymargin

<dodhgt>    \ dodhgt

<dolock>    \ dolock

<dpinfo>    <dpgroup> | <dpcallout> | <dpsimple>

<dpgroup>    \ dpgroup \ dpcount <dphead> <dpinfo>+ \ dpendgroup <dphead>

<dpcallout>    \ dpcallout <cotype> <coangle>? <coaccent>? <cosmartattach>?
        <cobestfit>? <cominusx>? <cominusy>? <coborder>? <codescent>?
        \ dpcooffset \ dpcolength <dphead> <dppolyline> <dphead>
        <dpprops> <dptextbox> <dphead> <dpprops>

<dpsimple>    <dpsimpledpk> <dphead> <dpprops>

<dpsimpledpk>    <dpline> | <dprect> | <dptextbox> | <dpellipse> |
        <dppolyline> | <dparc>

<dpline>    \ dpline <dppt> <dppt>

<dprect>    \ dprect (\ dproundr)?

<dptextbox>    \ dptxbx \ dptxbxmar '{' \ dptxbxtext <para>+'}'

<dpellipse>    \ dpellipse

<dparc>        \ dparc \ dparcflipx? \ dparcflipy?

<dppolyline>    \ dppolyline (\ dppolygon)? \ dppolycount <dppt>+

<dppt>        \ dpptx \ dppty

<dphead>    \ dpx \ dpy \ dpxsize \ dpysize


Note that in <dpgroup> the number of <dpinfo>s is equal to the argument of
\ dpcount, while in <dppolyline> the number of <dppt>s is equal to the
argument of \ dppolycount.  The following elements of the drawing object
syntax pertain specifically to callout objects:

<cotype>    \ dpcotright | \ dpcotsingle | \ dpcotdouble | \ dpcottriple

<coangle>    \ dpcoa

<coaccent>    \ dpcoaccent

<cosmartattach>    \ dpcosmarta

<cobestfit>    \ dpcobestfit

<cominusx>    \ dpcominusx

<cominusy>    \ dpcominusy

<coborder>    \ dpcoborder

<codescent>    \ dpcodtop | \ dpcodcenter | \ dpcodbottom | \ dpcodabs


The remaining elements of the drawing object syntax are properties applied
to individual drawn primitives:

<dpprops>    <lineprops>? <fillprops>? <endstylestart>? <endstyleend>?
        <shadow>?

<lineprops>    <linestyle> <linecolor> \ dplinew

<linestyle>    \ dplinesolid | \ dplinehollow | \ dplinedash | \ dplinedot |
        \ dplinedado | \ dplinedadodo

<linecolor>    <linegray> | <linergb>

<linegray>    \ dplinegray

<linergb>    \ dplinecor \ dplinecog \ dplinecob<linepal>?

<linepal>    \ dplinepal

<fillprops>    <fillcolorfg> <fillcolorbg> \ dpfillpat

<fillcolorfg>    <fillfggray> | <fillfgrgb>

<fillfggray>    \ dpfillfggray

<fillfgrgb>    \ dpfillfgcr \ dpfillfgcg \ dpfillfgcb<fillfgpal>?

<fillfgpal>    \ dpfillfgpal

<fillcolorbg>    <fillbggray> | <fillbgrgb>

<fillbggray>    \ dpfillbggray

<fillbgrgb>     \ dpfillbgcr \ dpfillbgcg \ dpfillbgcb<fillbgpal>?

<fillbgpal>     \ dpfillbgpal

<endstylestart>    <arrowstartfill> \ dpastartl \ dpastartw

<arrowstartfill    \ dpastartsol | \ dpastarthol

<endstyleend>    <arrowendfill> \ dpaendl \ dpaendw

<arrowendfill>    \ dpaendsol | \ dpaendhol

<shadow>    \ dpshadow \ dpshadx \ dpshady


The following table describes the control words for the drawing object group
in detail. All color values are RGB values between 0-255. All distances
are in twips. All other values are as indicated.

Control word    Definition

\ do        Indicates a drawing object (drawing object) is to be
        inserted at this point in the character stream. This is
        a destination control word.

\ dolock    The drawing object's anchor is locked and cannot be moved.

\ dobxpage    The drawing object is page relative in the x-direction.

\ dobxcolumn    The drawing object is column relative in the x-direction.

\ dobxmargin    The drawing object is margin relative in the x-direction.

\ dobypage    The drawing object is page relative in the y-direction.

\ dobypara    The drawing object is paragraph relative in the y-direction.

\ dobymargin    The drawing object is margin relative in the y-direction.

\ dodhgtN    The drawing object is positioned at the following numeric
        address in the z-ordering.


Drawing primitives

\ dpgroup    Begin group of drawing primitives.

\ dpcountN    Number of drawing primitives in current group.

\ dpendgroup    End group of drawing primitives.

\ dparc        Arc drawing primitive.

\ dpcallout    Callout drawing primitive, which consists of both a
        polyline and a textbox.

\ dpellipse    Ellipse drawing primitive.

\ dpline    Line drawing primitive.

\ dppolygon    Polygon drawing primitive (closed polyline).

\ dppolyline    Polyline drawing primitive.

\ dprect    Rectangle drawing primitive.

\ dptxbx    Text box drawing primitive.


Position and size

\ dpxN        X-offset of the drawing primitive from its anchor.

\ dpxsizeN    X-size of the drawing primitive.

\ dpyN        Y-offset of the drawing primitive from its anchor.

\ dpysizeN    Y-size of the drawing primitive.


Callouts

\ dpcoaN    Angle of callout's diagonal line is restricted to one of
        the following: 0, 30, 45, 60, or 90. If this keyword is
        absent, the callout has an arbitrary angle, indicated by the
        coordinates of its primitives.

\ dpcoaccent    Accent bar on callout. (Vertical bar between polyline and
        textbox).

\ dpcobestfit    Best fit callout. (X-length of each line in callout is similar).

\ dpcoborder    Visible border on callout textbox.

\ dpcodabsN    Absolute distance attached polyline. N is the offset in
        twips from the corner that a auto-attached callout would
        attach to.

\ dpcodbottom    Bottom attached polyline.

\ dpcodcenter    Center attached polyline.

\ dpcodtp    Top attached callout.

\ dpcolengthN    Length of callout.

\ dpcominusx    Textbox falls in quadrants II or III relative to polyline
        origin.

\ dpcominusy    Textbox falls in quadrants III or IV relative to polyline
        origin.

\ dpcooffsetN    Offset of callout. This is the distance between the end of
        the polyline and the edge of the textbox.

\ dpcosmarta    Auto-attached callout. Polyline will attach to either the
        top or bottom of the textbox depending on the relative quadrant.

\ dpcotdouble    Double line callout.

\ dpcotright    Right angle callout.

\ dpcotsingle    Single line callout.

\ dpcottriple    Triple line callout.


Text boxes and rectangles

\ dptxbxmarN    Internal margin of the text box.

\ dptxbxtext    Group that contains the text of the text box.

\ dproundr    Rectangle is a round rectangle.


Lines and
polylines

\ dpptxN    X-coordinate of the current vertex (only for lines and
        polylines). The coordinate order for a point must be x, y.

\ dpptyN    Y-coordinate of the current vertex (only for lines and
        polylines). The coordinate order for a point must be x, y.

\ dppolycountN    Number of vertices in polyline drawing primitive.


Arcs

\ dparcflipx    This indicates that the end point of the arc is to the
        right of the start point. Arcs are drawn counter-clockwise.

\ dparcflipy    This indicates that the end point of the arc is below the
        start point. Arcs are drawn counter-clockwise.


Line style

\ dplinecobN    Blue value for line color.

\ dplinecogN    Green value for line color.

\ dplinecorN    Red value for line color.

\ dplinepal    Render line color using the PALETTERGB macro instead of the
        RGB macro in Windows.

\ dplinedado    Dashed-dotted line style.

\ dplinedadodo    Dashed-dotted-dotted line style.

\ dplinedash    Dashed line style.

\ dplinedot    Dotted line style.

\ dplinegrayN    Grayscale value for line color (in half-percentages).

\ dplinehollow    Hollow line style (no line color).

\ dplinesolid    Solid line style.

\ dplinewN    Thickness of line (in twips).


Arrow style

\ dpaendhol    Hollow end arrow (lines only).

\ dpaendlN    Length of end arrow, relative to pen width:
        1    Small
        2    Medium
        3    Large

\ dpaendsol    Solid end arrow (lines only).

\ dpaendwN    Width of end arrow, relative to pen width:
        1    Small
        2    Medium
        3    Large

\ dpastarthol    Hollow start arrow (lines only)

\ dpastartlN    Length of start arrow, relative to pen width
        1    Small
        2    Medium
        3    Large

\ dpastartsol    Solid start arrow (lines only)

\ dpastartwN    Width of start arrow, relative to pen width:
        1    Small
        2    Medium
        3    Large


Fill pattern

\ dpfillbgcbN    Blue value for background fill color.

\ dpfillbgcgN    Green value for background fill color.

\ dpfillbgcrN    Red value for background fill color.

\ dpfillbgpal    Render fill background color using the PALETTERGB macro
        instead of the RGB macro in Windows.

\ dpfillbggrayN    Grayscale value for background fill (in half-percentages).

\ dpfillfgcbN    Blue value for foreground fill color.

\ dpfillfgcgN    Green value for foreground fill color.

\ dpfillfgcrN    Red value for foreground fill color.

\ dpfillfgpal    Render fill foreground color using the PALETTERGB macro
        instead of the RGB macro in Windows.

\ dpfillfggrayN    Grayscale value for foreground fill (in half-percentages).

\ dpfillpatNx     Index into a list of fill patterns. See below for list.


Shadow

\ dpshadow    Current drawing primitive has a shadow.

\ dpshadxN    X-offset of the shadow.

\ dpshadyN    Y-offset of the shadow.


The following values are available for specifying fill patterns in drawing
objects with the \dpfillpat control word:

Value        Fill Pattern

0 (zero)    Clear (no pattern)

1        Solid (100%)

2        5%

3        10%

4        20%

5        25%

6        30%

7        40%

8        50%

9        60%

10        70%

11        75%

12        80%

13        90%

14        Dark horizontal lines

15        Dark vertical lines

16        Dark left-diagonal lines (\\\)

17        Dark right-diagonal lines (///)

18        Dark grid lines

19        Dark trellis lines

20        Light horizontal lines

21        Light vertical lines

22        Light left-diagonal lines (\\\)

23        Light right-diagonal lines (///)

24        Light grid lines

25        Light trellis lines


Footnotes

The \ footnote control word introduces a footnote. Footnotes are
destinations in RTF. A footnote is anchored to the character that
immediately precedes the footnote destination (that is, the footnote moves
with the character to which it is anchored). If automatic footnote numbering
is defined, the destination can be preceded by a footnote reference character,
identified by the control word \ chftn. No Microsoft product supports
footnotes within headers, footers, or annotations. Placing a footnote within
headers, footers, or annotations will often result in a corrupt document.

Footnotes have the following syntax:

<foot>    '{\ *' \ footnote <para>+ '}'

Here is an example of a destination containing footnotes.

\ftnbj\ftnrestart \sectd \linemod0\linex0\endnhere \pard\plain
\ri1170 \fs20 {\pu6 Mead's landmark study has been amply annotated.\chftn
{\*\footnote \pard\plain \s246 \fs20 {\up6\chftn }See Sahlins, Bateson, and
Geertz for a complete bibliography.}
It was here work in America during the Second World War, however, that forms
the basis for the paper. As others have noted, \chftn
{\*\footnote \pard\plain \s246 \fs20 {\up6\chftn}
A complete bibliography will be found at the end of this chapter.}
this period was a turning point for Margaret Mead.}
\par

To indicate endnotes, the following combination is emitted:
\ footnote\ ftnalt. Existing readers will ignore the \ ftnalt keyword
and treat everything as a footnote.

For other control words relating to footnotes, see the sections entitled
"Document-Formatting Properties",  "Section-Formatting Properties",  and
"Special Characters".

Annotations

RTF annotations have two parts; the author ID (introduced by the control
word \ atnid) and the annotation text (introduced by the control word
\ annotation ); there is no group enclosing both parts. No Microsoft
product supports annotations within headers, footers, or footnotes. Placing
an annotation within headers, footers, or footnotes will often result in a
corrupt document. Each part of the annotation is an RTF destination.
Annotations are anchored to the character that immediately precedes the
annotation.

If an annotation is associated with an annotation bookmark, the following
two destination control words precede and follow the bookmark. The
alphanumeric string N, such as a long integer, represents the bookmark name.

<atrfstart>    '{\ *' \ atrfstart N '}'

< atrfend>    '{\ *' \ atrfend N '}'

Annotations have the following syntax:

<annot>        <annotid> <atnauthor> <atntime>? \ chatn <atnicn>? <annotdef>

<annotid>    '{\ *' \ atnid #PCDATA '}'

< atnauthor>    '{\*' \atnauthor #PCDATA '}'

<annotdef>    '{\ *' \ annotation <atnref> <para>+ '}'

< atnref>    '{\ *' \ atnref N '}'

<atntime>    '{\ *' \ atntime <time> '}'

<atnicn>    '{\ *' \ atnicn <pict> '}'


An example of annotation text follows:

An example of a paradigm might be Newtonian physics or
Darwinian biology.{\v\fs16 {\atnid bz}\chatn{\*\annotation
\pard\plain \s224 \fs20 {\field{\fldinst page \\#'"Page:
'#'\line'"}{\fldrslt}}{\fs16 \chatn }
How about some examples that deal with social science?
That's what this paper is about.}}

Annotations may have optional time stamps (contained in the \ atntime
destination) or icons (contained in the \ atnicn destination).

Fields

The \ field control word introduces a field destination, which contains the
text of Word for Windows fields.

Fields have the following syntax:

<field>        '{' \ field <fieldmod>? <fieldinst> <fieldrslt> '}'

<fieldmod>    \ flddirty? & \ fldedit? & \ fldlock? & \ fldpriv?

<fieldinst>    '{\ *' \ fldinst <char>+ <fldalt>? '}'

<fldalt>    \ fldalt

<fieldrslt>    '{\ *' \ fldrslt <para>+ '}'

There are several control words that alter the interpretation of the field.
These control words are:

Control word    Meaning

\ flddirty    Formatting change has been made to the field result since
        the field was last updated.

\ fldedit    Text has been added to, or removed from, the field result
        since the field was last updated.

\ fldlock    Field is locked and cannot be updated.

\ fldpriv    Result is not in a form suitable for display (for example,
        binary data used by fields whose result is a picture).

Two sub-destinations are required within the \ field destination. They must
be enclosed in braces ({}) and begin with the following control words:

Control word    Meaning

\ fldinst    Field instructions. This is a destination control word.

\ fldrslt    Most recent calculated result of the field. This is a
        destination control word.

If the instruction for a field contains a file name, then the \ cpg control
can be used to define the character set of the file name. See ôCode Page
Supportö for details.

The \ fldrslt control word should be included even if no result has been
calculated, because even readers that do not recognize fields can generally
include the value of the \ fldrslt destination in the document.

An example of some field text follows:

{\field\fldedit{\fldinst author}{\fldrslt Joe Smith}}\par\pard
{\field{\fldinst time \\@ "h:mm AM/PM"}{\fldrslt 8:12 AM}}

You can use the \fldalt keyword to specify that the given field reference
is to an endnote. For example, the following field in RTF is a reference
to a footnote:

{\ field{\ *\ fldinst NOTEREF _RefNumber } {\ fldrslt 1}}

The following is an example of a reference to an endnote:

{\ field{\ *\ fldinst NOTEREF _RefNumber \ fldalt } {\ fldrslt I}}

If the specified field is a form field, the \*\datafield destination appears
as a part of <char> and contains the binary data of a form field instruction.
For example:

{\ field{\*\fldinst {\*\bkmkstart Text1} FORMTEXT {{\*\datafield
00000000000000000554657874310008476565207768697a0000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt Default
Result}}{\*\bkmkend Text1}

Note that the \datafield destination requires the \* prefix.

Index Entries

The \ xe control word introduces an index entry. Index entries in RTF are
destinations. An index entry has the following syntax:

<idx>    '{' \ xe (\xef? & \ bxe? & \ ixe?) <char>+ (<txe> | <rxe>)? '}'

<txe>    '{' \ txe <char>+ '}'

<rxe>    '{' \ rxe #PCDATA '}'

If the text of the index entry is not formatted as hidden text with the
\ v control word, the text is put into the document as well as into the
index. For more information on the \ v control word, see "Character-
Formatting Properties". Similarly, the text of the \ txe sub-destination,
described later in this section, becomes part of the document if it is
not formatted as hidden text.  The following control words may also be used:

Control word    Meaning

\ xefN        Allows multiple indices within the same document. N is
        an integer that corresponds to the ASCII value of a letter
        between A and Z.

\ bxe        Formats the page number or cross-reference in bold.

\ ixe        Formats the page number or cross-reference in italic.

\ txe Text    Text argument to be used instead of a page number. This is
        a destination control word.

\ rxe BookmarkName  Text argument is a bookmark for the range of page
        numbers. This is a destination control word.


Table of Contents Entries

The \ tc control word introduces a table of contents entry, which can be used
to build the actual table of contents. The \tcn control word marks a table of
contents entry that will not have a page number associated with it; this
is used in place of \ tc for such entries. Table of contents entries
are destinations, and they have the following syntax:

<toc>    '{' \ tc | \tcn ( \ tcf? & \ tcl?) <char>+ '}'

As with index entries, text that is not formatted as hidden with the
\ v character-formatting control word is put into the document. The
following control words can also be used in this destination:

Control word    Meaning

\ tcfN        Type of table being compiled; n is mapped by existing
        Microsoft software to a letter between A and Z (default is
        67, which maps to C, used for tables of contents).

\ tclN        Level number (default is 1).


Bidirectional language support

RTF supports bidirectional writing orders for languages such as Arabic.
The controls are described below (as well as in the appropriate sections).
Also refer to the associated character properties defined in ôAssociated
Character Properties,ö earlier in this chapter.  All the control words
relating to bidirectional language support are repeated here for convenience.

Control word    Meaning

\ rtlch        The character data following this control word will be
        treated as a right to left run.

\ ltrch        The character data following this control word will be
        treated as a left to right run. This is the default.

\ rtlmark    The following characters should be displayed from right to left.

\ ltrmark    The following characters should be displayed from left to right.

\ rtlpar    Text in this paragraph will be displayed with right to left
        precedence

\ ltrpar    Text in this paragraph will be displayed with left to right
        precedence. This is the default.

\ rtlrow    Cells in this table row will have right to left precedence.

\ ltrrow    Cells in this table row will have left to right precedence.
        This is the default.

\ rtlsect    This section will thread columns from right to left.

\ ltrsect    This section will thread columns from left to right. This is
        the default.

\ rtldoc    Text in this document will be displayed from right to left
        unless overridden by a more specific control.

\ ltrdoc    Text in this document will be displayed from left to right
        unless overridden by a more specific control. This is the
        default.

\ zwj        Zero Width Joiner. This is used for ligating words.

\ zwnj        Zero-Width Non-Joiner. This is used for unligating a word.


Alphabetic List of RTF Keywords

The following table contains a list of all RTF keywords, the name of the
section where it may be found, and a brief description of the type of
keyword. The types are described in the following table:

Type        Description

Flag        The keyword ignores any parameter.

Destination    This keyword starts a group or destination. It ignores any
        parameter.

Symbol        This keyword represents a special character.

Toggle        This keyword distinguishes between

Value        This keyword requires a parameter.


Note
In the following comprehensive table, the names of all control words that
are new to Microsoft Word version 6.0 are followed by an asterisk (*).

Control word        Described in section        Type

\ '            Special Character        Symbol

\ *            Special Character        Symbol

\ -            Special Character        Symbol

\ :            Special Character        Symbol

\ \            Special Character        Symbol

\ _            Special Character        Symbol

\ {            Special Character        Symbol

\ |            Special Character        Symbol

\ }            Special Character        Symbol

\ ~            Special Character        Symbol

\ ab            Character            Toggle

\ absh            Frame                Value

\ absw            Frame                Value

\ acaps            Character            Toggle

\ acf            Character            Value

\ additive *        Style Sheet            Flag

\ adn            Character            Value

\ aenddoc *        Document            Flag

\ aendnotes *        Document            Flag

\ aexpnd        Character            Value

\ af            Character            Value

\ afs            Character            Value

\ aftnbj *        Document            Flag

\ aftncn *        Document            Destination

\ aftnnalc *        Document            Flag

\ aftnnar *        Document            Flag

\ aftnnauc *        Document            Flag

\ aftnnchi *        Document            Flag

\ aftnnrlc *        Document            Flag

\ aftnnruc *        Document            Flag

\ aftnrestart *        Document            Flag

\ aftnrstcont *        Document            Flag

\ aftnsep *        Document            Destination

\ aftnsepc *        Document            Destination

\ aftnstart *        Document            Value

\ aftntj *        Document            Flag

\ ai            Character            Toggle

\ alang            Character            Value

\ allprot *        Document            Flag

\ alt            Style Sheet            Flag

\ annotation        Annotation            Destination

\ annotprot *        Document            Flag

\ ansi            Character Set            Flag

\ aoutl            Character            Toggle

\ ascaps        Character            Toggle

\ ashad            Character            Toggle

\ astrike        Character            Toggle

\ atnauthor *        Annotations            Destination

\ atnicn        Annotation            Destination

\ atnid            Annotation            Destination

\ atnref *        Annotations            Destination

\ atntime        Annotation            Destination

\ atrfend *        Annotations            Destination

\ atrfstart *        Annotations            Destination

\ aul            Character            Toggle

\ auld            Character            Toggle

\ auldb            Character            Toggle

\ aulnone        Character            Toggle

\ aulw            Character            Toggle

\ aup            Character            Value

\ author        Info                Destination

\ b            Character            Toggle

\ bgbdiag        Shading                Flag

\ bgcross        Shading                Flag

\ bgdcross        Shading                Flag

\ bgdkbdiag        Shading                Flag

\ bgdkcross        Shading                Flag

\ bgdkdcross        Shading                Flag

\ bgdkfdiag        Shading                Flag

\ bgdkhoriz        Shading                Flag

\ bgdkvert        Shading                Flag

\ bgfdiag        Shading                Flag

\ bghoriz        Shading                Flag

\ bgvert        Shading                Flag

\ bin            Picture                Value

\ binfsxn        Section                Value

\ binsxn        Section                Value

\ bkmkcolf        Bookmark            Value

\ bkmkcoll        Bookmark            Value

\ bkmkend        Bookmark            Destination

\ bkmkpub        Object                Flag

\ bkmkstart        Bookmark            Destination

\ blue            Color table            Value

\ box            Border                Flag

\ brdrb            Border                Flag

\ brdrbar        Border                Flag

\ brdrbtw        Border                Flag

\ brdrcf        Border                Value

\ brdrdash *        Border                Flag

\ brdrdb        Border                Flag

\ brdrdot        Border                Flag

\ brdrhair        Border                Flag

\ brdrl            Border                Flag

\ brdrr            Border                Flag

\ brdrs            Border                Flag

\ brdrsh        Border                Flag

\ brdrt            Border                Flag

\ brdrth        Border                Flag

\ brdrw            Border                Value

\ brkfrm *        Document            Flag

\ brsp            Border                Value

\ bullet        Special Character        Symbol

\ buptim        Info                Destination

\ bxe            Index                Flag

\ caps            Character            Toggle

\ cb            Character            Value

\ cbpat            Shading                Value

\ cchs *        Character            Value

\ cell            Special Character        Symbol

\ cellx            Table                Value

\ cf            Character            Value

\ cfpat            Shading             Value

\ chatn            Special Character        Symbol

\ chdate        Special Character        Symbol

\ chdpa            Special Character        Symbol

\ chdpl            Special Character        Symbol

\ chftn            Special Character        Symbol

\ chftnsep        Special Character        Symbol

\ chftnsepc        Special Character        Symbol

\ chpgn            Special Character        Symbol

\ chtime        Special Character        Symbol

\ clbgbdiag        Table                Flag

\ clbgcross        Table                Flag

\ clbgdcross        Table                Flag

\ clbgdkbdiag        Table                Flag

\ clbgdkcross        Table                Flag

\ clbgdkdcross        Table                Flag

\ clbgdkfdiag        Table                Flag

\ clbgdkhor        Table                Flag

\ clbgdkvert        Table                Flag

\ clbgfdiag        Table                Flag

\ clbghoriz        Table                Flag

\ clbgvert        Table                Flag

\ clbrdrb        Table                Flag

\ clbrdrl        Table                Flag

\ clbrdrr        Table                Flag

\ clbrdrt        Table                Flag

\ clcbpat        Table                Value

\ clcfpat        Table                Value

\ clmgf            Table                Flag

\ clmrg            Table                Flag

\ clshdng        Table                Value

\ colno *        Section                Value

\ colortbl        Color Table            Destination

\ cols            Section                Value

\ colsr *        Section                Value

\ colsx            Section                Value

\ column        Special Character        Symbol

\ colw *        Section                Value

\ comment        Info                Destination

\ cpg            Font                Value

\ creatim        Info                Destination

\ cs            Character            Value

\ ctrl            Style Sheet            Flag

\ cvmme *        Document            Flag

\ datafield *        Field                Destination

\ deff            Font                Value

\ defformat        Document            Flag

\ deflang        Document            Value

\ deftab        Document            Value

\ deleted        Character            Toggle

\ dfrmtxtx        Frame                Value

\ dfrmtxty        Frame                Value

\ dibitmap        Picture                Value

\ dn            Character            Value

\ do *            Drawing Object            Destination

\ dobxcolumn *        Drawing Object            Flag

\ dobxmargin *        Drawing Object            Flag

\ dobxpage *        Drawing Object            Flag

\ dobymargin *        Drawing Object            Flag

\ dobypage *        Drawing Object            Flag

\ dobypara *        Drawing Object            Flag

\ doccomm        Info                Destination

\ doctemp        Document            Flag

\ dodhgt  *        Drawing Object            Value

\ dolock *        Drawing Object            Flag

\ dpaendhol *        Drawing Object            Flag

\ dpaendl  *        Drawing Object            Value

\ dpaendsol *        Drawing Object            Flag

\ dpaendw  *        Drawing Object            Value

\ dparc  *        Drawing Object            Flag

\ dparcflipx *        Drawing Object            Flag

\ dparcflipy *        Drawing Object            Flag

\ dpastarthol *        Drawing Object            Flag

\ dpastartl  *        Drawing Object            Value

\ dpastartsol *        Drawing Object            Flag

\ dpastartw  *        Drawing Object            Value

\ dpcallout *        Drawing Object            Flag

\ dpcoa  *        Drawing Object            Value

\ dpcoaccent *        Drawing Object            Flag

\ dpcobestfit *        Drawing Object            Flag

\ dpcoborder *        Drawing Object            Flag

\ dpcodabs *        Drawing Object            Value

\ dpcodbottom *        Drawing Object            Flag

\ dpcodcenter *        Drawing Object            Flag

\ dpcodtop *        Drawing Object            Flag

\ dpcolength  *        Drawing Object            Value

\ dpcominusx *        Drawing Object            Flag

\ dpcominusy *        Drawing Object            Flag

\ dpcooffset  *        Drawing Object            Value

\ dpcosmarta *        Drawing Object            Flag

\ dpcotdouble *        Drawing Object            Flag

\ dpcotright *        Drawing Object            Flag

\ dpcotsingle *        Drawing Object            Flag

\ dpcottriple *        Drawing Object            Flag

\ dpcount  *        Drawing Object            Value

\ dpellipse *        Drawing Object            Flag

\ dpendgroup *        Drawing Object            Flag

\ dpfillbgcb  *        Drawing Object            Value

\ dpfillbgcg  *        Drawing Object            Value

\ dpfillbgcr  *        Drawing Object            Value

\ dpfillbggray  *    Drawing Object            Value

\ dpfillbgpal *        Drawing Object            Flag

\ dpfillfgcb  *        Drawing Object            Value

\ dpfillfgcg  *        Drawing Object            Value

\ dpfillfgcr  *        Drawing Object            Value

\ dpfillfggray  *    Drawing Object            Value

\ dpfillfgpal *        Drawing Object            Flag

\ dpfillpat  *        Drawing Object            Value

\ dpgroup  *        Drawing Object            Flag

\ dpline  *        Drawing Object            Flag

\ dplinecob  *        Drawing Object            Value

\ dplinecog  *        Drawing Object            Value

\ dplinecor  *        Drawing Object            Value

\ dplinedado *        Drawing Object            Flag

\ dplinedadodo  *    Drawing Object            Flag

\ dplinedash  *        Drawing Object            Flag

\ dplinedot  *        Drawing Object            Flag

\ dplinegray  *        Drawing Object            Value

\ dplinehollow  *    Drawing Object            Flag

\ dplinepal *        Drawing Object            Flag

\ dplinesolid  *    Drawing Object            Flag

\ dplinew  *        Drawing Object            Value

\ dppolycount  *    Drawing Object            Value

\ dppolygon  *        Drawing Object            Flag

\ dppolyline  *        Drawing Object            Flag

\ dpptx  *        Drawing Object            Value

\ dppty  *        Drawing Object            Value

\ dprect  *        Drawing Object            Flag

\ dproundr *        Drawing Object            Flag

\ dpshadow  *        Drawing Object            Flag

\ dpshadx  *        Drawing Object            Value

\ dpshady  *        Drawing Object            Value

\ dptxbx  *        Drawing Object            Flag

\ dptxbxmar  *        Drawing Object            Value

\ dptxbxtext  *        Drawing Object            Destination

\ dpx  *        Drawing Object            Value

\ dpxsize  *        Drawing Object            Value

\ dpy  *        Drawing Object            Value

\ dpysize  *        Drawing Object            Value

\ dropcapli  *        Frame                Value

\ dropcapt  *        Frame                Value

\ ds            Section                Value

\ dxfrtext        Frame                Value

\ dy            Info                Value

\ edmins        Info                Value

\ emdash        Special Character        Symbol

\ emspace *        Special Character        Symbol

\ endash        Special Character        Symbol

\ enddoc        Document            Flag

\ endnhere        Section                Flag

\ endnotes        Document            Flag

\ enspace *        Special Character        Symbol

\ expnd            Character            Value

\ expndtw *        Character            Value

\ f            Character            Value

\ facingp        Document            Flag

\ falt *        Font Table            Destination

\ fbidi            Font Table            Flag

\ fcharset  *        Font Table            Value

\ fdecor        Font Table            Flag

\ fet *            Document            Value

\ fi            Paragraph            Value

\ fid *            File Table            Value

\ field            Field                Destination

\ file *        File Table            Destination

\ filetbl *        File Table            Destination

\ fldalt *        Document            Flag

\ flddirty        Field                Flag

\ fldedit        Field                Flag

\ fldinst        Field                Destination

\ fldlock        Field                Flag

\ fldpriv        Field                Flag

\ fldrslt        Field                Destination

\ fmodern        Font Table            Flag

\ fn            Style Sheet            Value

\ fnetwork *        File Table            Flag

\ fnil            Font Table            Flag

\ fontemb        Font                Destination

\ fontfile        Font                Destination

\ fonttbl        Font Table            Destination

\ footer        Header/Footer            Destination

\ footerf        Header/Footer            Destination

\ footerl        Header/Footer            Destination

\ footerr        Header/Footer            Destination

\ footery        Section                Value

\ footnote        Footnote            Destination

\ formdisp *        Document            Flag

\ formprot *        Document            Flag

\ formshade *        Document            Flag

\ fosnum *        File Table            Value

\ fprq  *        Font Table            Value

\ fracwidth        Document            Flag

\ frelative *        File Table            Value

\ froman        Font Table            Flag

\ fs            Character            Value

\ fscript        Font Table            Flag

\ fswiss        Font Table            Flag

\ ftech            Font Table            Flag

\ ftnalt *        Document            Flag

\ ftnbj            Document            Flag

\ ftncn            Document            Destination

\ ftnil            Font                Flag

\ ftnnalc *        Document            Flag

\ ftnnar *        Document            Flag

\ ftnnauc *        Document            Flag

\ ftnnchi *        Document            Flag

\ ftnnrlc *        Document            Flag

\ ftnnruc *        Document            Flag

\ ftnrestart        Document            Flag

\ ftnrstcont *        Document            Flag

\ ftnrstpg *        Document            Flag

\ ftnsep        Document            Destination

\ ftnsepc        Document            Destination

\ ftnstart        Document            Value

\ ftntj            Document            Flag

\ fttruetype        Font                Flag

\ fvaliddos *        File Table            Flag

\ fvalidhpfs *        File Table            Flag

\ fvalidmac *        File Table            Flag

\ fvalidntfs *        File Table            Flag

\ green            Color table            Value

\ gutter        Document            Value

\ guttersxn        Section                Value

\ header        Header/Footer            Destination

\ headerf        Header/Footer            Destination

\ headerl        Header/Footer            Destination

\ headerr        Header/Footer            Destination

\ headery        Section                Value

\ hr            Info                Value

\ hyphauto *        Document            Toggle

\ hyphcaps *        Document            Toggle

\ hyphconsec *        Document            Value

\ hyphhotz        Document            Value

\ hyphpar *        Paragraph            Toggle

\ i            Character            Toggle

\ id            Info                Value

\ info            Info                Destination

\ intbl            Paragraph            Flag

\ ixe            Index                Flag

\ keep            Paragraph            Flag

\ keepn            Paragraph            Flag

\ kerning *        Character            Value

\ keycode        Style Sheet            Destination

\ keywords        Info                Destination

\ landscape        Document            Flag

\ lang            Character            Value

\ ldblquote        Special Character        Symbol

\ level            Paragraph            Value

\ li            Paragraph            Value

\ line            Special Character        Symbol

\ linebetcol        Section                Flag

\ linecont        Section                Flag

\ linemod        Section                Value

\ lineppage        Section                Flag

\ linerestart        Section                Flag

\ linestart        Document            Value

\ linestarts        Section                Value

\ linex            Section                Value

\ linkself        Object                Flag

\ linkstyles *        Document            Flag

\ lndscpsxn        Section                Flag

\ lquote        Special Character        Symbol

\ ltrch            Character            Flag

\ ltrdoc        Document            Flag

\ ltrmark        Character            Symbol

\ ltrpar        Paragraph            Flag

\ ltrrow        Table                Flag

\ ltrsect        Section                Flag

\ mac            Character Set            Flag

\ macpict        Picture                Flag

\ makebackup        Document            Flag

\ margb            Document            Value

\ margbsxn        Section                Value

\ margl            Document            Value

\ marglsxn        Section                Value

\ margmirror        Document            Flag

\ margr            Document            Value

\ margrsxn        Section                Value

\ margt            Document            Value

\ margtsxn        Section                Value

\ min            Info                Value

\ mo            Info                Value

\ nextfile        Document            Destination

\ nocolbal *        Document            Flag

\ noextrasprl *        Document            Flag

\ nofchars        Info                Value

\ nofpages        Info                Value

\ nofwords        Info                Value

\ noline        Paragraph            Flag

\ nosupersub *        Character            Flag

\ notabind *        Document            Flag

\ nowidctlpar *        Paragraph            Flag

\ nowrap        Frame                Flag

\ objalias        Object                Destination

\ objalign        Object                Value

\ objautlink        Object                Flag

\ objclass        Object                Destination

\ objcropb        Object                Value

\ objcropl        Object                Value

\ objcropr        Object                Value

\ objcropt        Object                Value

\ objdata        Object                Destination

\ object        Object                Destination

\ objemb        Object                Flag

\ objh            Object                Value

\ objicemb        Object                Flag

\ objlink        Object                Flag

\ objlock        Object                Flag

\ objname        Object                Destination

\ objpub        Object                Flag

\ objscalex        Object                Value

\ objscaley        Object                Value

\ objsect        Object                Destination

\ objsetsize        Object                Flag

\ objsub        Object                Flag

\ objtime        Object                Destination

\ objtransy        Object                Value

\ objupdate *        Object                Flag

\ objw            Object                Value

\ operator        Info                Destination

\ otblrul *        Document            Flag

\ outl            Character            Toggle

\ page            Special Character        Symbol

\ pagebb        Paragraph            Flag

\ paperh        Document            Value

\ paperw        Document            Value

\ par            Special Character        Symbol

\ pard            Paragraph            Flag

\ pc            Character Set            Flag

\ pca            Character Set            Flag

\ pghsxn        Section                Value

\ pgncont        Section                Flag

\ pgndec        Section                Flag

\ pgnhn  *        Section                Value

\ pgnhnsc *        Section                Flag

\ pgnhnsh *        Section                Flag

\ pgnhnsm *        Section                Flag

\ pgnhnsn *        Section                Flag

\ pgnhnsp *        Section                Flag

\ pgnlcltr        Section                Flag

\ pgnlcrm        Section                Flag

\ pgnrestart        Section                Flag

\ pgnstart        Document            Value

\ pgnstarts        Section                Value

\ pgnucltr        Section                Flag

\ pgnucrm        Section                Flag

\ pgnx            Section                Value

\ pgny            Section                Value

\ pgwsxn        Section                Value

\ phcol            Frame                Flag

\ phmrg            Frame                Flag

\ phpg            Frame                Flag

\ picbmp *        Picture                Flag

\ picbpp *        Picture                Value

\ piccropb        Picture                Value

\ piccropl        Picture                Value

\ piccropr        Picture                Value

\ piccropt        Picture                Value

\ pich            Picture                Value

\ pichgoal        Picture                Value

\ picscaled        Picture                Flag

\ picscalex        Picture                Value

\ picscaley        Picture                Value

\ pict            Picture                Destination

\ picw            Picture                Value

\ picwgoal        Picture                Value

\ plain            Character            Flag

\ pmmetafile        Picture                Value

\ pn *            Bullets and Numbering        Destination

\ pnacross *        Bullets and Numbering        Flag

\ pnb *            Bullets and Numbering        Toggle

\ pncaps *        Bullets and Numbering        Toggle

\ pncard *        Bullets and Numbering        Flag

\ pncf *        Bullets and Numbering        Value

\ pndec *        Bullets and Numbering        Flag

\ pnf *            Bullets and Numbering        Value

\ pnfs *        Bullets and Numbering        Value

\ pnhang *        Bullets and Numbering        Flag

\ pni *            Bullets and Numbering        Toggle

\ pnindent *        Bullets and Numbering        Value

\ pnlcltr *        Bullets and Numbering        Flag

\ pnlcrm *        Bullets and Numbering        Flag

\ pnlvl *        Bullets and Numbering        Value

\ pnlvlblt *        Bullets and Numbering        Flag

\ pnlvlbody *        Bullets and Numbering        Flag

\ pnlvlcont *        Bullets and Numbering        Flag

\ pnnumonce *        Bullets and Numbering        Flag

\ pnord *        Bullets and Numbering        Flag

\ pnordt *        Bullets and Numbering        Flag

\ pnprev *        Bullets and Numberingq        Flag

\ pnqc *        Bullets and Numbering        Flag

\ pnql *        Bullets and Numbering        Flag

\ pnqr *        Bullets and Numbering        Flag

\ pnrestart *        Bullets and Numbering        Flag

\ pnscaps *        Bullets and Numbering        Toggle

\ pnseclvl *        Bullets and Numbering        Destination

\ pnsp *        Bullets and Numbering        Value

\ pnstart *        Bullets and Numbering        Value

\ pnstrike *        Bullets and Numbering        Toggle

\ pntext *        Bullets and Numbering        Destination

\ pntxta *        Bullets and Numbering        Destination

\ pntxtb *        Bullets and Numbering        Destination

\ pnucltr *        Bullets and Numbering        Flag

\ pnucrm *        Bullets and Numbering        Flag

\ pnul *        Bullets and Numbering        Toggle

\ pnuld *        Bullets and Numbering        Flag

\ pnuldb *        Bullets and Numbering        Flag

\ pnulnone *        Bullets and Numbering        Flag

\ pnulw *        Bullets and Numbering        Flag

\ posnegx  *        Frame                Value

\ posnegy  *        Frame                Value

\ posx            Frame                Value

\ posxc            Frame                Flag

\ posxi            Frame                Flag

\ posxl            Frame                Flag

\ posxo            Frame                Flag

\ posxr            Frame                Flag

\ posy            Frame                Value

\ posyb            Frame                Flag

\ posyc            Frame                Flag

\ posyil        Frame                Flag

\ posyt            Frame                Flag

\ prcolbl *        Document            Flag

\ printdata *        Document            Flag

\ printim        Info                Destination

\ psover        Document            Flag

\ psz *            Document            Value

\ pubauto        Object                Flag

\ pvmrg            Frame                Flag

\ pvpara        Frame                Flag

\ pvpg            Frame                Flag

\ qc            Paragraph            Flag

\ qj            Paragraph            Flag

\ ql            Paragraph            Flag

\ qr            Paragraph            Flag

\ rdblquote        Special Character        Symbol

\ red            Color table            Value

\ result        Object                Destination

\ revauth *        Character            Value

\ revbar        Document            Value

\ revdttm *        Character            Value

\ revised        Character            Toggle

\ revisions        Document            Flag

\ revprop        Document            Value

\ revprot *        Document            Flag

\ revtbl *        Revision Marks            Destination

\ revtim        Info                Destination

\ ri            Paragraph            Value

\ row            Special Character        Symbol

\ rquote        Special Character        Symbol

\ rsltbmp        Object                Flag

\ rsltmerge        Object                Flag

\ rsltpict        Object                Flag

\ rsltrtf        Object                Flag

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