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- AVIATION WEEK & SPACE TECHNOLOGY
- ********************************
- 24 December 1990
- ***********************************
- Scientists' and Engineers' Dreams
- Taking to Skies as 'Black' Aircraft
- ***********************************
-
- Super-classified "black" aircraft developement programs have served the
- U.S. and its allies well during the last 40-plus years, providing specialized
- vehicles such as the U-2/TR-1, SR-71 and F-117A. Still unproven, but also
- products of this special access shadow world, are the B-2 bomber and Navy A-12,
- among others.
-
- How many additional air vehicles may have been developed, yet never
- revealed publicly, often is debated but rarely proven.
-
- It is certain, however, that eight years of Reagan Administration were
- good to the black world. For whatever reason, billions of dollars were pumped
- into highly classified, special access programs and new facilities, allowing
- creative scientists and bright engineers unprecedented opportunities to
- experiment and test their wildest dreams. Their only constraint, apparently,
- was that projects be linked to operational considerations and pragmatic
- applications.
-
- A number of those dreams have taken wing in the past few years, and
- increasing numbers of new, exotic vehicles have been reported by ground
- observers throughout the U.S. recently (AW&ST Dec. 18, 1989, p. 42; Oct. 1, p.
- 22). In addition, airline and military pilots have reported seeing unusual
- high-speed, high-altitude, maneuvering vehicles during the last few years.
-
- What these sightings add up to is this: The U.S. has developed a fleet of
- new aircraft and is either testing them or already flying several types in
- operational service. Because they are considered "super-super-black" programs,
- military and other government officials deny their existence.
-
- Those who are briefed and know such aircraft exist cannot admit it, and
- those who are not briefed simply do not know. The best guesses of experts -
- and those who think they should know, by virtue of their position - really are
- no more revealing than those of a technically minded layman extrapolating from
- the known state of "white world" technology.
-
- But for all those billions, what has the American taxpayer bought? Is the
- nation - and the world - any safer? Do we now possess the "ultimate" weapons
- featured in comic books - the ones so devastating any potential adversary would
- never think of disturbing the peace for fear of the good guys' retaliation?
- Are exotic black-world aircraft real peace-makers?
-
- Maybe.
-
- Briefings and well-choreographed show-and-tell sessions given to slected
- members of Congress and key government officials in the late 1980s would lead
- one to believe some of these exotic aircraft just might be such weapons. While
- unabashedly appealing for continued funding under the Bush Administration,
- proud hosts of these sessions referred to unique air vehicles on display as
- "the reasons the Iron Curtain Fell."
-
- Unfortunately, proving the existance of such aircraft is not a trivial
- task for those well-grounded on the unclassified side of the fence, despite
- bits and pieces of strong evidence in hand. So, most of the curious among us
- are reduced to watching the night sky, sifting through tons of technical
- literature and making educated deductions. Through this process, a natural
- first question any technical skeptic worth his salt might ask is: "What would
- such a vehicle look like, and what would be its mission?"
-
- For sake of argument, let's consider the following details as comprising a
- theoretical possibility of a hypersonic U.S.-developed aircraft which could be
- cruising the skies tonight:
-
- * An elongated, diamond-shaped unmanned vehicle measuring about 110 ft.
- long and 60 ft. wide at its midpoint. Call it a flattened football shape. But
- fore and aft end points, as well as the leading edges, are rounded rather than
- sharp. Although diamond-shaped, the aircraft's basic contours might be
- described as similar to those of a smooth "skipping stone." The vehicle has a
- heavy appearance, likened to the blocky sturdiness of a Caterpillar tractor or
- even the space shuttle.
-
- * All surfaces are covered with black ceramic tiles, quite similar to
- those now used on the shuttle orbiter. They have a scorched, heat-streaked
- appearance, and seem to be coated with a crystalline patina indicative of
- sustained exposure to high temperature. A burnt-carbon odor emanates from the
- surface. The aft body tiles are distinctly more pockmarked and degraded than
- those on the forward half of the aircraft, as if they had experienced the most
- heat.
-
- * Jet engines buried in the lower fuselage are fed by inlet ducts that
- open into the tile surface. These powerplants boost the aircraft to supersonic
- speeds, at which time an external burning mechanism takes over as the primary
- propulsion method. The turbojets are shut down, and their inlet/exhaust ports
- are closed until speed drops to the low Mach numbers again.
-
- In the high-Mach regine, misted fuel is ejected from the fuselage
- midsection - the "break point" of the elongated diamond - across the aft
- surface tiles, into the area between the fuselage and a shock wave attached to
- this break. In essence, the sloping, converging aft fuselage sections form the
- inside of a "nozzle," and the shock boundary constitutes the outer surface,
- creating and expanding exhaust effect, much like that on a conventional rocket.
-
- The fuel is ignited by surface heating - or other means - creating
- combustion that accelerates the aircraft up to the Mach 6-8 regime.
-
- * Narrow leading and trailing edge sections provide aerodynamic control in
- all axes.
-
- * On the fuselage underside, forward of the midsection and between the
- buried powerplants, is a clipped-diamond section covered with 121 tile-covered
- ports. Behind each cover - which is flush with the fuselage surface - rests a
- nuclear warhead which approximates the shape of either a reentry vehicle (RV)
- or an artillery shell. Each RV stands vertically, pointing down.
-
- When released, the cover tile is discarded, the weapon is ejected
- downward, and a second tile automatically is moved into position, closing the
- port and retaining a smooth aircraft surface. These weapons are dispensed only
- at subsonic speeds to enhance accuracy and avoid internal heating problems from
- opening a port in the lower, heated external surfaces, especially when in the
- hypersonic regime.
-
- * The unmanned vehicle is capable of onboard self-control, but also will
- accept external commands via satellite or a ground station. Sandia's Winged
- Energetic Reentry Vehicle Experiment project confirmed that electromagnetic
- signals can be received by such a vehicle, even through the ionized layer
- surrounding it at hypersonic speeds (AW&ST Aug, 6, p. 25).
-
- Clearly, an unmanned vehicle of this type would be a powerful strategic
- weapon, able to devastate targets over a wide area. Its Mach 6-8 speed would
- improve the ability to survive greatly, because fighters and ground-to-air
- missiles would be hard-pressed to intercept the vehicle. Even though it must
- slow to possibly subsonic speeds for weapons delivery, the aircraft's surface
- structure and low radar cross-section contours would give it a respectable low
- observable characteristics which could complicate targeting by defenders.
-
- Reconnaissance versions would have twice the speed capability of the now-
- retired SR-71, yet, being unmanned, would not risk the loss of a human crew
- when operating over high-threat areas. Once proven effective, such an aircraft
- would be a dream come true for any four-star in charge of the Strategic Air
- Command.
-
- Of course, it also would complicate the Air Force's arguments for funding
- expensive armaments such as the B-2 bomber, MX missile and small ICBM. Could
- these still be justified, in the numbers originally requested?
-
- Finally, as Persian Gulf tensions continue into 1991, one must question
- whether the U.S. commander in chief and his defense secretary are fully aware
- of super-black weapon systems' potential.
-
- Let's hope so.
-
- Hard as it may be to fathom, there is reason to wonder whether complete
- knowledge of the most exotic aircraft may reach "The Top," all for super-
- security.
-
- One would like to think America's staggering black-world expenditures have
- yielded weaponry that could neutralize Iraqi President Hussien's most valued
- military and political assets quickly. Some say that capability is in hand and
- could be used - albeit with conventional payloads - if the right people choose
- to do so. If they do not, why not?
-
- If so, why are almost 400,000 U.S. and allied troops dug into the sand in
- Saudi Arabia, prepared to slug it out in a bloody ground war?
-
- Maybe it's time for America's taxpayers to demand an accounting of their
- black-world investments.
-
- The tradeoffs between national security - the reason for keeping programs
- "black" in the first place - and the lives of those troops are worthy of wider
- consideration.
-
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- End of Article
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- A-12.ART
-