The skin and superficial fascia of the back will be reflected to study three groups of back muscles that are organized in layers: superficial, intermediate, and deep. Muscles of the superficial and intermediate groups are called extrinsic back muscles because they are involved in respiration and movements of the upper extremity. Muscles of the deep group are called intrinsic back muscles because they are involved in movement and stabilization of the vertebral column. The superficial and intermediate layers will be reflected to examine the deep muscles of the back.
38,47;Figure 1.2
53,101;168;169;170;171;172;173
ohen/Yokochi: 210, 211, 215, 222, and 223
ons of the Back
Overview
kin Incisions and Reflections of the Back
eflect the skin flaps laterally
from the midline.
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10218
p1.3.2
Laboratory 1. Muscles of the Back
the Back
borders of the trapezius
muscle and latissimus dorsi muscle (Figure 1.3).
Anatomically, two triangular shaped spaces can be identified: the triangle of auscultation
and the lumbar triangle. The triangle of auscultation is bordered by the trapezius muscle,
latissimus dorsi muscle, and the medial border of the scapula. The lumbar triangle is
bordered by the latissimus dorsi muscle, external abdominal oblique muscle, and iliac crest.
With the cadaver in the prone (face down) position, observe and palpate important landmarks of the back (Figure 1.1).
First, identify the occipital bone and external occipital protuberance (inion).
Next, palpate the spinous processes of the vertebrae and the following regions of the scapula: spine, acromion, superior and inferior angles, and vertebral (medial) border. Identify the iliac crest and posterior superior iliac spine.
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Grant's: 6.1
Netter: 396 and 397
Rohen/Yokochi: 348-350
Laboratory 1. Muscles of the Back
Muscles
1,106,115
ure 1.1
Osteology and Surface Anatomy
us Dorsi Muscles
196,219;185
225,243;187
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Figure 1.1
10218
p1.3.3
Laboratory 1. Muscles of the Back
b,3,100,114
Laboratory 1. Muscles of the Back
nd Transverse Cervical Vessels
185,IC1_J
g,226,244;187,IC1_K
Step 1. Skin Incisions and Reflections of the Back
Step 6. Rhomboid, Major and Minor, and Levator Scapulae Muscles
Step 7. Serratus Posterior Superior and Inferior Muscles
Step 8. Erector Spinae Muscles
Step 9. Splenius Capitis and Cervicis Muscles
Step 10. Muscles of the Suboccipital Region
Step 11. Suboccipital Triangle
Step 12. Intrinsic Back Muscles, Deepest Layer
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Laboratory Dissection Procedure
Muscle
f the Back
p1.3.4
Laboratory 1. Muscles of the Back
the Back
1. Muscles of the Back
Accessory Nerve (CN XI) and Transverse Cervical Vessels
Make the skin incisions indicated in Figure 1.2 and reflect the skin flaps laterally from the midline.
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ant's: 4.47
Netter:160 and 163
Rohen/Yokochi: 209
Procedure
1.3.4 Spinal Accessory Nerve (CN XI) and Transverse Cervical Vessels
1,38,47
1,53,101
69,170,171,172,173
1,172,173
Step 1. Skin Incisions and Reflections of the Back
e Cervical Vessels
IC1_A
IC1_A,IC1_A,IC1_A,IC1_A,IC1_A,IC1_A
Figure 1.2
168,169,170,171,172,173
and 397
p1.3.5
Laboratory 1. Muscles of the Back
Laboratory 1. Muscles of the Back
tion of Latissimus Dorsi Muscle
Scapulae Muscles
rse cervical artery and vein.
Remove the exposed superficial fascia and define the borders of the trapezius muscle and latissimus dorsi muscle (Figure 1.3).
Anatomically, two triangular shaped spaces can be identified: the triangle of auscultation and the lumbar triangle. The triangle of auscultation is bordered by the trapezius muscle, latissimus dorsi muscle, and the medial border of the scapula. The lumbar triangle is bordered by the latissimus dorsi muscle, external abdominal oblique muscle, and iliac crest.
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Grant's: 4.47
Netter:160 and 163
Rohen/Yokochi: 209
omboid minor muscle, and
levator scapulae muscle (Figure 1.4). Next, detach the rhomboid major and minor muscles
from their attachments to the spinous processes of the C7 to T5 vertebrae and reflect them
laterally. Finally, find the dorsal scapular nerve and the accompanying branches of the
transverse cervical vessels that lie on the deep surfaces of the levator scapulae and
rhomboid muscles.
1,69,84
1,90,112
1,115,124
3,67,90
3,100,114
7,245;187
Step 2. Trapezius and Latissimus Dorsi Muscles
n/Yokochi: 212 and 221
IC1_A
IC1_M
IC1_M
IC1_J
IC1_K
Figure 1.3
p1.3.6
Laboratory 1. Muscles of the Back
the Back
kochi: 212 and 221
homboid, Major and Minor, and Levator Scapulae Muscles
eep surface of the latissimus dorsi muscle, near its upper border, attempt to locate the thoracodorsal nerve and blood vessels which supply it. The nerve and accompanying vessels will be dissected in Laboratory Five.
Cut through the trapezius muscle near its attachment to the spinous processes and reflect it laterally. Begin the incision at the level of T 12 and proceed superiorly to the level of the external occipital protuberance (inion). As the trapezius muscle is reflected, detach it from the spine and acromion processes of the scapula.
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Grant's: 4.47
Netter:160 and 163
Rohen/Yokochi: 209
chi: 212 and 221
homboid, Major and Minor, and Levator Scapulae Muscles
1,1,32
1,267,328
76,177
Step 3. Reflection of Trapezius Muscle
evator Scapulae Muscles
] and serratus
posterior inferior muscle, [another specimen ] which are classified as the intermediate
muscles of the back (Figure 1.5). Detach these muscles from their attachments to the
spinous processes and reflect them laterally.
IC1_A
IC1_M
IC1_M,IC1_M,IC1_B
175,176,177
r musc
p1.3.7
Laboratory 1. Muscles of the Back
Laboratory 1. Muscles of the Back
erector spinae muscle is formed by three columns of muscles (Figure 1.6). The most
lateral column is the iliocostalis thoracis muscle; the intermediate column is the longissimus
thoracis muscle; and the most medial column is the spinalis muscle. There are three
divisions of iliocostalis muscle that are named for their regional location: iliocostalis
lumborum, iliocostalis thoracis, and iliocostalis cervicis. There are also three divisions of
the longissimus muscle: longissimus thoracis, longissimus cervicis, and longissimus
capitis and three divisions of the spinalis muscle: spinalis thoracis, spinalis cervicis, and
spinalis capitis.
On the deep surface of the trapezius muscle, examine the spinal accessory nerve (CN XI) and the superficial branch of the transverse cervical artery and vein.
Next cut the latissimus dorsi muscle, near its tendinous origin from the thoracolumbar fascia and reflect it laterally. On the deep surface of the latissimus dorsi muscle, near its upper border, attempt to locate the thoracodorsal nerve and blood vessels which supply it. The nerve and accompanying vessels will be dissected in Laboratory Five.
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Grant's: 4.47
Netter:160 and 163
Rohen/Yokochi: 209
chi: 212 and 221
rector Spinae Muscles
1,1,36
1,99,118
Step 5. Reflection of Latissimus Dorsi Muscle
b,3,40,40
b,3,64,64
Laboratory 1. Muscles of the Back
IC1_A
IC1_M
IC1_M,IC1_M
181,182
o the
p1.3.9
Laboratory 1. Muscles of the Back
255,281
b,1,318,332
Laboratory 1. Muscles of the Back
l Space
b,897,897
d,203,IC1_A
g,88,108;207,IC1_M
g,149,158;Figure 1.6
g,194,221;204,IC1_M
g,255,281;206,IC1_M
g,318,332;208,IC1_M
the longissimus thoracis muscle; and the most medial column is the spinalis muscle. There are three divisions of iliocostalis muscle that are named for their regional location: iliocostalis lumborum, iliocostalis thoracis, and iliocostalis cervicis. There are also three divisions of the longissimus muscle: longissimus thoracis, longissimus cervicis, and longissimus capitis and three divisions of the spinalis muscle: spinalis thoracis, spinalis cervicis, and spinalis capitis.
Helpful Mnemonic: The three columns of erector spinae muscles can be remembered with the phrase I Like Standing (Iliocostalis muscle, Longissimus muscle, and Spinalis muscle), which also reminds the student of the primary function of these muscles in keeping the body in the erect position.
Identify the rhomboid major muscle [upper forceps], rhomboid minor muscle, and levator scapulae muscle (Figure 1.4). Next, detach the rhomboid major and minor muscles from their attachments to the spinous processes of the C7 to T5 vertebrae and reflect them laterally. Finally, find the dorsal scapular nerve and the accompanying branches of the transverse cervical vessels that lie on the deep surfaces of the levator scapulae and rhomboid muscles.
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Grant's: 4.48 and 4.58
Netter: 161 and 163
Rohen/Yokochi: 212 and 221
nd 225
Capitis and Cervicis Muscles
873,873
b,897,897
d,203,IC1_A
g,88,108;207,IC1_M
g,149,158;Figure 1.6
g,194,221;204,IC1_M
g,255,281;206,IC1_M
g,318,332;208,IC1_M
1,1,34
1,53,73
1,80,102
1,105,114
Step 6. Rhomboid, Major and Minor, and Levator Scapulae Muscles
IC1_M
IC1_B
IC1_B
IC1_H
Figure 1.4
p1.3.10
Laboratory 1. Muscles of the Back
b,3,40,40
b,3,64,64
Laboratory 1. Muscles of the Back
plenius cervicis muscles, [indicated on the left], on one side only, at their attachment to the ligamentum nuchae and the spinous processes and reflect them laterally.
Identify the serratus posterior superior muscle [another specimen] and serratus posterior inferior muscle [another specimen] which are classified as the intermediate muscles of the back (Figure 1.5). Detach these muscles from their attachments to the spinous processes and reflect them laterally.
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Grant's: 4.48 and 4.58
Netter: 161 and 163
Rohen/Yokochi: 212 and 221
ctus capitis (posterior) major muscle
inferior oblique muscle
superior oblique muscle
Within the suboccipital triangle, identify the vertebral artery and the posterior (dorsal)
primary ramus of the first cervical [C1] spinal nerve.
Also identify the occipital artery, greater occipital nerve (the posterior primary ramus of the
second cervical [C2] spinal nerve), lesser occipital nerve (the anterior primary ramus of the
second cervical [C2] spinal nerve), and posterior (dorsal) primary ramus of the third
cervical [C3] spinal nerve.
1,14,47
1,50,65
1,72,105
1,108,123
1,188,197
Step 7. Serratus Posterior Superior and Inferior Muscles
n/Yokochi: 210, 211, 215, 222, and 223
IC1_L
IC1_L
IC1_R
IC1_M
IC1_T
Figure 1.5
p1.3.11
Laboratory 1. Muscles of the Back
1. Muscles of the Back
.3.11 Suboccipital Triangle
d Subarachnoid Space
pitis (posterior) major muscle, superior oblique muscle, and inferior oblique muscle (Figure 1.7). The rectus capitis posterior minor muscle attaches to the inferior nuchal line of the occipital bone and the posterior tubercle of the atlas (C1) vertebra. The rectus capitis (posterior) major and inferior oblique muscles attach to the spinous process of the axis (C2) vertebra. The transverse process of the atlas (C1) is an attachment site for superior and inferior oblique muscles.
Next, study the deep layer of the back muscles in the lumbar and thoracic regions. The erector spinae muscle is formed by three columns of muscles (Figure 1.6). The most lateral column is the iliocostalis thoracis muscle; the intermediate column is the longissimus thoracis muscle; and the most medial column is the spinalis muscle. There are three divisions of iliocostalis muscle that are named for their regional location: iliocostalis lumborum, iliocostalis thoracis, and iliocostalis cervicis. There are also three divisions of the longissimus muscle: longissimus thoracis, longissimus cervicis, and longissimus capitis and three divisions of the spinalis muscle: spinalis thoracis, spinalis cervicis, and spinalis capitis.
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Grant's: 4.48 and 4.58
Netter: 161 and 163
Rohen/Yokochi: 212 and 221
1,88,108
1,149,158
1,193,220
1,254,280
1,317,331
7,331;208
Step 8. Erector Spinae Muscles
ital Region
ongissimus muscles near their
attachments to the spinous and transverse processes of the vertebrae and reflect them
laterally to expose the deepest layer of intrinsic muscles of the back. Their names indicate
the processes to which they are attached, or their function. These muscles include the
transversospinalis, semispinalis, rotator longus and brevis, levator costalis, and multifidus
muscles. See a textbook or atlas for a description of these muscles.
IC1_A
IC1_M
IC1_M
IC1_M
IC1_M
Figure 1.6
p1.3.11
Laboratory 1. Muscles of the Back
180,202
b,1,205,214
Laboratory 1. Muscles of the Back
gaments
inferior oblique muscle
superior oblique muscle
Helpful Mnemonic: The three columns of erector spinae muscles can be remembered with the phrase:
I Like Standing (Iliocostalis muscle, Longissimus muscle, and Spinalis muscle),
which also reminds the student of the primary function of these muscles in keeping the body in the erect position...
Grant's: 4.48 and 4.58
Netter: 161 and 163
Rohen/Yokochi: 212 and 221
, 211, 215, 222, and 223
4;270,IC1_N
g,152,174;269,IC1_N
Step 8. Erector Spinae Muscles
IC1_A
b ` `
p1.3.12
Laboratory 1. Muscles of the Back
,7,73,144
b,9,19,34
b,9,37,59
b,9,133,154
b,9,232,303
Laboratory 1. Muscles of the Back
255,262;183
265,272;362
280,287;193
290,298;363
300,309;208
326,332;202
340,347;201
349,357;174
us of the second cervical [C2] spinal nerve), lesser occipital nerve (the anterior primary ramus of the second cervical [C2] spinal nerve), and posterior (dorsal) primary ramus of the third cervical [C3] spinal nerve.
Next, study the deep muscles of the back located in the cervical region. Detach both the splenius capitis and splenius cervicis muscles [indicated on the left], on one side only, at their attachment to the ligamentum nuchae and the spinous processes and reflect them laterally.
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Grant's: 4.48 and 4.58
Netter: 161 and 163
Rohen/Yokochi: 212 and 221
nd 225
271,IC1_N
g,83,154;297,IC1_D
g,164,192;298,IC1_D
g,195,217;295,IC1_D
g,291,312;300,IC1_D
g,390,461;297,IC1_D
, greater occipital nerve (the posterior primary ramus of the second cervical [C2] spinal nerve), lesser occipital nerve (the anterior primary ramus of the second cervical [C2] spinal nerve), and posterior (dorsal) primary ramus of the third cervical [C3] spinal nerve.
1,90,105
1,111,135
1,255,276
Step 9. Splenius Capitis and Cervicis Muscles
IC1_H
IC1_H
IC1_H
IC1_H
Laboratory 1. Muscles of the Back
Figures
Dissection Procedure
2.3.8 Regions of the Spinal Cord
verse processes of the vertebrae and reflect them laterally to expose the deepest layer of intrinsic muscles of the back. Their names indicate the processes to which they are attached, or their function. These muscles include the transversospinalis, semispinalis, rotator longus and brevis, levator costalis, and multifidus muscles. See a textbook or atlas for a description of these muscles.
Identify the four pairs of deep muscles of the suboccipital region: rectus capitis (posterior) minor muscle, rectus capitis (posterior) major muscle, superior oblique muscle, and inferior oblique muscle (Figure 1.7). The rectus capitis posterior minor muscle attaches to the inferior nuchal line of the occipital bone and the posterior tubercle of the atlas (C1) vertebra. The rectus capitis (posterior) major and inferior oblique muscles attach to the spinous process of the axis (C2) vertebra. The transverse process of the atlas (C1) is an attachment site for superior and inferior oblique muscles.
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Grant's: 4.48 and 4.58
Netter: 161 and 163
Rohen/Yokochi: 212 and 221
nd 225
1,69,107
1,110,148
1,151,173
1,180,202
1,205,214
Step 10. Muscles of the Suboccipital Region
IC1_C
IC1_N
IC1_N
IC1_N
IC1_N
Figure 1.7
Laboratory 1. Muscles of the Back
.1 Overview
Dissection Procedure
2.3.9 Spinal Ganglia, Posterior Root
3 Superficial layer of the extrinsic muscles of the back
Figure 1.4 Intermediate layer of the extrinsic muscles of the back
Figure 1.5 Intermediate layer of the extrinsic muscles of the back, deep muscles
Figure 1.6 Intrinsic muscles of the back
Figure 1.7 The suboccipital region
Identify the suboccipital triangle which is bounded by the:
rectus capitis (posterior) major muscle
inferior oblique muscle
superior oblique muscle
Within the suboccipital triangle, identify the vertebral artery and the posterior (dorsal) primary ramus of the first cervical [C1] spinal nerve.
Also identify the occipital artery, greater occipital nerve (the posterior primary ramus of the second cervical [C2] spinal nerve), lesser occipital nerve (the anterior primary ramus of the second cervical [C2] spinal nerve), and posterior (dorsal) primary ramus of the third cervical [C3] spinal nerve.
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Grant's: 4.51, 4.52, 4.53, 4.57 and 4.58
Netter: 162
Rohen/Yokochi: 210, 211, 215, 222, and 223
be removed to expose the laminae of the vertebrae. A laminectomy will be
performed (C3 to L5 levels) to expose the spinal cord and its coverings. Starting at the C3
level will preserve the dissection of the suboccipital triangle (Laboratory One).
Intrinsic muscles of the back
Figure 1.7 The suboccipital region
1,1,34
3,9,47
4,9,31
5,9,31
7,35,63
7,73,144
9,6,34
9,37,59
9,133,154
9,231,302
33;297
Step 11. Suboccipital Triangle
IC1_C
IC1_N
IC1_N
IC1_N
IC1_N
IC1_N
IC1_N,IC1_D
IC1_D
IC1_D
IC1_D
IC1_D
272,293
Laboratory 1. Muscles of the Back
Rohen and Yokochi: 184-191
edure
2.3.1 Expose the Vertebral Laminae
On one side of the body cut the spinalis and longissimus muscles near their attachments to the spinous and transverse processes of the vertebrae and reflect them laterally to expose the deepest layer of intrinsic muscles of the back. Their names indicate the processes to which they are attached, or their function. These muscles include the transversospinalis, semispinalis, rotator longus and brevis, levator costalis, and multifidus muscles. See a textbook or atlas for a description of these muscles.
Grant's: 4.51-4.55
Netter: 162
Rohen/Yokochi: 211
04,109;476;477
114,131;478;479
136,161;487
166,193;488
198,233;485
238,252;480
257,271;481
308,315;465;466;467;468
ormed (C3 to L5 levels) to expose the spinal cord and its coverings. Starting at the C3 level will preserve the dissection of the suboccipital triangle (Laboratory One).
Step 12. Intrinsic Back Muscles, Deepest Layer
ts of a vertebra (Figure 2.1):
body
pedicle
lamina
transverse process
superior articular process
inferior articular processes
costal facet for the head of the rib
spinous process
vertebral canal
Finally, with the assistance of a skeleton, study the components of the vertebral column: 7
vertebrae), and the coccyx (4 fused coccygeal vertebrae). Consult a text or an atlas to learn
about general similarities and differences between cervical, lumbar, and thoracic vertebrae.
p2.3.1
Laboratory 1. Muscles of the Back
cated between transverse process,
[upper probe] and spinous processes [lower probe] of the C3 to L5 vertebrae. Identify
several spinous processes in the lower thoracic or lumbar region and note the supraspinous
and interspinous ligaments, which connect individual spinous processes (Figure 2.2). In
the cervical region, identify the ligamentum nuchae which attaches to the external occipital
protuberance and spinous processes (C1 to C7).
Arteries
Muscles
Nerves
Triangles
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Summary Terms
Triangles
327,336;Figure 2.2
p2.3.2
Laboratory 1. Muscles of the Back
pinal Cord
52;Figure 2.3
ocedure
2.3.2 Perform a Laminectomy from Vertebral Levels C3 to L5
occipital; 2nd view
vertebrall
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ep 3. Vertebral Canal and Epidural Space
n and Yokochi: 190
16-218 and 225
1,1,9
1,12,19
2,1,9
Summary Terms
Arteries
tory 2. Vertebral Canal and Spinal Cord
IC1_N
IC1_D
IC1_N
p2.3.3
Laboratory 1. Muscles of the Back
pinal Cord
y Dissection Procedure
2.3.3 Vertebral Canal and Epidural Space
erector spinae
iliocostalis
latissimus dorsi
levator scapulae
longissimus
obliquus capitis
inferior
superior
rectus capitis, posterior
major
minor
rhomboid
major
minor
semispinalis capitis
serratus posterior
inferior; 2nd view
superior; 2nd view
spinalis
splenius
capitis
cervicis
trapeziussss
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ant's: 4.7 and 4.8
Netter: 143 and 144
Rohen and Yokochi: 184-191
and 225
1,1,14
2,1,12
3,1,16
4,1,16
5,1,11
7,7,14
8,7,14
10,7,11
11,7,11
13,7,11
14,7,11
15,1,20
17,7,14
17,17,24
18,7,14
18,17,24
19,1,8
21,7,13
22,7,14
23,1,9
Summary Terms
Muscles
Mater
IC1_M
IC1_M
IC1_M
IC1_H
IC1_M
IC1_N
IC1_N
IC1_N
IC1_N
IC1_B
IC1_B
IC1_H
IC1_M
IC1_T
IC1_L
IC1_R
IC1_M
IC1_H
IC1_H
IC1_M
p2.3.4
Laboratory 1. Muscles of the Back
Vertebral Canal and Spinal Cord
2.3.4 Incise the Dura Mater
oid Space
occipital (second cervical spinal)
greater; 2nd view
lesser
spinal
cervical, posterior (dorsal) primary ramus
first; 2nd view
third
spinal accessoryy
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ant's: 4.51-4.55
Netter: 161-162
Rohen and Yokochi: 210-211
of the probe]. In the
living state, this space contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
2,7,13
2,16,23
3,7,12
6,13,17
6,20,27
7,13,17
8,1,16
Summary Terms
Nerves
tebral Laminae
Rohen and Yokochi: 216-218 and 225
IC1_D
IC1_N
IC1_D
IC1_N
IC1_D
IC1_D
IC1_H
p2.3.5
Laboratory 1. Muscles of the Back
l Canal and Spinal Cord
-218 and 225
.5 Arachnoid and Subarachnoid Space
triangle of auscultation
lumbar triangle
suboccipital triangle
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ant's: 4.35-4.39
Netter: 146 and 147
Rohen and Yokochi: 190
16-218 and 225
1,1,24
2,1,15
3,1,21
Summary Terms
Triangles
tomy from Vertebral Levels C3 to L5
membrane that is firmly
adherent to the external surface of the brain and spinal cord. Next, identify the denticulate
ligaments, which are serrated, shelf-like lateral extensions of the pia mater. They fuse with
the arachnoid and dura mater between the anterior and posterior roots of the spinal nerves
throughout the length of the spinal cord. These denticulate ligaments anchor the spinal cord
in place within the vertebral canal.
IC1_J
IC1_K
IC1_N
p2.3.6
Laboratory 2. Vertebral Canal and Spinal Cord
Spinal Cord
s of the spinal
nerves (Figure 2.4 and Figure 2.5).
Overview
Osteology
Laboratory Dissection Procedure
Summary Terms
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Laboratory 2.
ral Canal and Epidural Space
107,116;Figure 2.5
p2.3.7
Laboratory 2. Vertebral Canal and Spinal Cord
414,424;431
430,442;426
492,509;432
Spinal Nerve
g jygggg
The muscles of the back that attach to the spinous and transverse processes of the vertebrae will be removed to expose the laminae of the vertebrae. A laminectomy will be performed (C3 to L5 levels) to expose the spinal cord and its coverings. Starting at the C3 level will preserve the dissection of the suboccipital triangle (Laboratory One).
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ant's: 4.63-4.69
Netter: 148 and 155-159
Rohen and Yokochi: 216-218 and 225
Overview
ncise the Dura Mater
7,4,18
b,8,4,16
b,10,48,65
Laboratory 2. Vertebral Canal and Spinal Cord
10218
10218
p2.3.8
Laboratory 2. Vertebral Canal and Spinal Cord
9,288
Laboratory 2. Vertebral Canal and Spinal Cord
Refer to a skeleton to identify the following parts of a vertebra (Figure 2.1):
body
pedicle
lamina
transverse process
superior articular process
inferior articular processes
costal facet for the head of the rib
spinous process
vertebral canal
Finally, with the assistance of a skeleton, study the components of the vertebral column: 7 cervical vertebrae, 12 thoracic vertebrae, 5 lumbar vertebrae, the sacrum (5 fused sacral vertebrae), and the coccyx (4 fused coccygeal vertebrae). Consult a text or an atlas to learn about general similarities and differences between cervical, lumbar, and thoracic vertebrae.
Step 2. Perform a Laminectomy from Vertebral Levels C3 to L5
Step 3. Vertebral Canal and Epidural Space
Step 4. Incise the Dura Mater
Step 5. Arachnoid and Subarachnoid Space
Step 6. Pia Mater and Denticulate Ligaments
Step 7. Roots of the Spinal Nerve
Step 8. Regions of the Spinal Cord
Step 9. Spinal Ganglia, Posterior Root
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Laboratory Dissection Procedure
e Ligaments
Laboratory 2. Vertebral Canal and Spinal Cord
Canal and Spinal Cord
Remove the deep back muscles, which are located between transverse process [upper probe] and spinous processes [lower probe] of the C3 to L5 vertebrae. Identify several spinous processes in the lower thoracic or lumbar region and note the supraspinous and interspinous ligaments, which connect individual spinous processes (Figure 2.2). In the cervical region, identify the ligamentum nuchae which attaches to the external occipital protuberance and spinous processes (C1 to C7).
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Grant's: 4.51-4.55
Netter: 161-162
Rohen and Yokochi: 210-211
16-218 and 225
1,1,74
1,94,150
1,325,334
re 2.2
Step 1. Expose the Vertebral Laminae
fine probe
,IC1_A5405405
404,405
Figure 2.2
Laboratory 2. Vertebral Canal and Spinal Cord
aboratory 2. Vertebral Canal and Spinal Cord
Use a Stryker saw to cut through the laminae of all of the vertebrae from the C3 to L5 vertebral levels and then remove the spinous processes and posterior portions of the neural arches. If all of the laminae are cut, all of the attached spinous processes and the posterior segments of the laminae can be removed as a segment. Identify the ligamentum flavum, one of the paired ligaments that bind together the laminae of adjacent vertebrae (Figure 2.3).
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Grant's: 4.35-4.39
Netter: 146 and 147
Rohen and Yokochi: 190
16-218 and 225
1,114,185
1,328,357
1,360,439
1,442,451
re 2.3
Step 2. Perform a Laminectomy from Vertebral Levels C3 to L5
IC1_A
IC1_A
IC1_F
IC1_A,IC1_A
407,408
Figure 2.3
Laboratory 2. Vertebral Canal and Spinal Cord
,48,65
Laboratory 2. Vertebral Canal and Spinal Cord
Upon completion of the laminectomy, examine the vertebral canal and identify the epidural (extradural) space. This space contains fatty tissue and the vertebral venous plexus.
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Grant's: 4.63-4.69
Netter: 148 and 155-159
Rohen and Yokochi: 216-218 and 225
1,37,108
Step 3. Vertebral Canal and Epidural Space
al Cord
IC1_A
IC1_E
Laboratory 2. Vertebral Canal and Spinal Cord
Spinal Cord
Incise the dura mater along the midline to expose the arachnoid mater. The space between the dura mater and arachnoid mater is called the subdural space. In the cadaver, the extent of this space is increased. In the living state, it is a narrow potential space (Figure 2.4 and Figure 2.5).
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Grant's: 4.63-4.69
Netter: 148 and 155-159
Rohen and Yokochi: 216-218 and 225
1,1,21
1,44,69
1,139,152
1,263,272
1,278,287
igure 2.5
287;Figure 2.5
Step 4. Incise the Dura Mater
IC1_E
IC1_E,IC1_E,IC1_E,IC1_E
IC1_E
IC1_E
414,415,416,417
Figure 2.4
Figure 2.5
Laboratory 2. Vertebral Canal and Spinal Cord
Incise the arachnoid mater to enter the subarachnoid space [tip of the probe]. In the living state, this space contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
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Grant's: 4.63-4.69
Netter: 148 and 155-159
Rohen and Yokochi: 216-218 and 225
1,41,58
Step 5. Arachnoid and Subarachnoid Space
IC1_E
IC1_E
Laboratory 2. Vertebral Canal and Spinal Cord
Identify the pia mater [fine probe]. It is a thin transparent membrane that is firmly adherent to the external surface of the brain and spinal cord. Next, identify the denticulate ligaments, which are serrated, shelf-like lateral extensions of the pia mater. They fuse with the arachnoid and dura mater between the anterior and posterior roots of the spinal nerves throughout the length of the spinal cord. These denticulate ligaments anchor the spinal cord in place within the vertebral canal.
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Grant's: 4.63-4.69
Netter: 148 and 155-159
Rohen and Yokochi: 216-218 and 225
1,1,22
1,156,189
Step 6. Pia Mater and Denticulate Ligaments
IC1_E
IC1_E
IC1_E
Laboratory 2. Vertebral Canal and Spinal Cord
Identify the anterior roots of the spinal nerves and posterior roots of the spinal nerves (Figure 2.4 and Figure 2.5).
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Grant's: 4.63-4.69
Netter: 148 and 155-159
Rohen and Yokochi: 216-218 and 225
1,1,48
1,54,89
1,92,101
1,107,116
igure 2.5
Step 7. Roots of the Spinal Nerve
IC1_E
IC1_E
IC1_E
Figure 2.4
Figure 2.5
Laboratory 2. Vertebral Canal and Spinal Cord
The spinal cord begins at the foramen magnum and ends at approximately the level of the L2 vertebra. Spinal nerves, called the cauda equina, extend form the end of the spinal cord. Identify the following characteristics of the spinal cord:
cervical enlargement (C3-T2)
lumbar enlargement (T9-T12)
conus medullaris (between L1-L2),
[left in an isolated specimen]
filum terminale [right probe]
cauda equina
The cauda equina consist of the lower pairs of spinal nerve roots.
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Grant's: 4.63-4.69
Netter: 148 and 155-159
Rohen and Yokochi: 216-218 and 225
3,4,31
4,4,30
5,4,35
7,4,18
7,21,31
8,4,15
10,48,65
Step 8. Regions of the Spinal Cord
IC1_A
IC1_A
IC1_A
IC1_F
IC1_G
IC1_F
IC1_G
IC1_F
Laboratory 2. Vertebral Canal and Spinal Cord
Identify a spinal posterior (dorsal) root ganglion. The posterior root ganglion lies at the level of the intervertebral foramen (Figure 2.4) and is located in the posterior root of the spinal nerve. .
To expose one of these ganglia, place a probe into an intervertebral foramen, between adjacent thoracic vertebrae, to protect the spinal nerve within it. Use bone pliers to remove the articular process lying posterior to this foramen.
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