Ako si vytvorφm splash screen pri b·tovanφ? (Aby sa mi pri ╣tarte systΘmu zobrazovalo logo...)?
(How to create boot splash screen?) Just follow this link.
Najprv je potrebnΘ si stiahnu╗ obrßzky, lebo mo╛n² je iba predurΦen² formßt. Tu s· obrßzky v jpg a tie nem⌠╛ete pou╛i╗. Cho∩te na tento anglick² site a stiahnite si obrßzky v pcx alebo bmp formßte. Potom obrßzok prekopφrujte do adresßra /boot a editujte s·bor /boot/loader.rc tak, ╛e doplnφte nasledovnΘ riadky:
FreeBSD 3.1
load kernel
load -t splash_image_data /boot/splash.bmp
load splash_bmp autoboot
FreeBSD 3.2
Umo╛≥uje aj pcx. /boot-loader.rc by mal obsahova╗:
include /boot/loader.4th
start
a /boot/loader.conf by mal obsahova╗:
include /boot/loader.4th start
Ako zistφm, akΘ preru╣enia (IRQ) pou╛φva m⌠j systΘm?
(How do I find what IRQ's is using my system?)
vmstat -i
Ako zistφm v megabajtoch, ko╡ko miesta mßm na disku?
(How do I find in megabytes how much free space I have left on my disks?)
df -h
Linux sa mi pripojφ iba ako read only. ╚o robi╗?
(When I mount Linux, I can only mount it as read only)
Sparse superblocks should be disabled on ext2 files system. Try tunefs command in your Linux box "tune2fs -s 0 /dev/hda1".
Treba odblokova╗ vo╡bu "sparse superblocks"
na partφcii ext2. Sk·ste pou╛i╗ linuxovsk· utilitu tune2fs, resp. prφkaz
"tune2fs -s 0 /dev/hda1", kde hda1 je vß╣ linuxovsk² disk. Operßciu musφte
urobi╗ tak, ╛e linuxovsk² disk nebude pripojen².
Ako spustφm grafick² login XDM pri ╣tarte poΦφtaΦa?
(How do I start XDM on boot?)
A: There are two schools of thought on how to start xdm. One school starts xdm from /etc/ttys using the supplied example, while the other simply runs xdm from rc.local or from a X.sh script in /usr/local/etc/rc.d. Both are equally valid, and one may work in situations where the other doesn't. In both cases the result is the same: X will popup a graphical login: prompt. The ttys method has the advantage of documenting which vty X will start on and passing the responsibility of restarting the X server on logout to init. The rc.local method makes it easy to kill xdm if there is a problem starting the X server. If loaded from rc.local, xdm should be started without any arguments (i.e., as a daemon). xdm must start AFTER getty runs, or else getty and xdm will conflict, locking out the console. The best way around this is to have the script sleep 10 seconds or so then launch xdm. If you are to start xdm from /etc/ttys, there still is a chance of conflict between xdm and getty. One way to avoid this is to add the vt number in the /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/xdm/Xservers file. :0 local /usr/X11R6/bin/X vt4 The above example will direct the X server to run in /dev/ttyv3. Note the number is offset by one. The X server counts the vty from one, whereas the FreeBSD kernel numbers the vty from zero.
Na spustenie XDM existuj· dva sp⌠soby. Jeden doporuΦuje sp·╣╗anie
zo s·boru /etc/ttys, zatia╡ Φo druh² sp⌠sob sa opiera o zadefinovanie XDM
do s·boru rc.local alebo ako X.sh skript v adresßri /usr/local/etc/rc.d.
Ak²ko╡vek skript dßte do tohto adresßra s prφponou *.sh, pri ╣tarte systΘmu
sa spustφ. Takto mo╛no spusti╗ XDM alebo zmaza╗ ne╛iad·ce s·bory z adresßra
/tmp.
Ako si vytvori╗ boot disketu?
(How to create a boot disk?)
Just run the following command, dd if=/dev/wd0 of=/dev/fd0 bs=512 count=1 - it will copy your Master Boot Record to a diskette and then you can boot from this diskette.
Pre FreeBSD existuje projekt PICOBSD. Nßjdete ho na strßnke www.freebsd.org v okienku "SEARCH". PICOBSD je aj ╣tandardnou s·Φas╗ou zdrojov²ch k≤dov FreeBSD. Ide o systΘmov· disketu, kde sa zmestφ zßkladn² systΘm spolu so sie╗ov²mi mo╛nos╗ami na jednu disketu, z ktorej sa pripojφte aj na Internet. Ak potrebujete r²chlo b·tova╗ z diskety, zadajte prφkaz
dd if=/dev/wd0 of=/dev/fd0 bs=512 count=1
Φφm prekopφrujete MBR (Master Boot Record) na disketu. Potom m⌠╛ete vymaza╗ MBR na hard disku a z diskety takto v╛dy nab·tujete FreeBSD.
Je e╣te mo╛nΘ aj vytvori╗ si MINI kernel, ktor² sa zmestφ na disketu.
PICOBSD pou╛φva t·to techniku.
╚o s aplikßciami in²ch unixov, ktorΘ nechc· φs╗?
(While running apps of other Unices, a command brandelf can help you)
Tento problΘm rie╣i utilita brandelf. Naprφklad antivφrov² program AVP pre Linux som spustil a╛ vtedy, ke∩ som zadal:
brandelf -t Linux AvpLinux
Φφm som implicitne povedal, ╛e AvpLinux je binßrny s·bor Linuxu. Samozrejme, m⌠╛ete zada╗ aj
brandelf -t FreeBSD s·bor.inΘho.unixu (unix.file)
POZOR! FreeBSD sp·╣╗a aplikßcie in²ch Unixov asi s 90% ·spe╣nos╗ou.
Naprφklad na verzii 3.3 mi nejde VMWare, ktor² v╣ak u╛ ide na verzii 4.0.
InteligentnΘ vyu╛itie s·boru motd v adresßri /etc - mo╛no pochopite╡ne pou╛i╗ aj pre Linux
(Intelligent usage of a motd file, just click here to download a modified motd file and then put it in your /etc directory)
Stiahnite si tento s·bor. Je zazipovan². Po rozbalenφ
ho prekopφrujte do adresßra /etc a potom zaka╛d²m, ke∩ sa nalogujete do
systΘmu, zobrazφ sa vßm mal² Φertφk. Ak chcete experimentova╗, tvorivos╗
nechßvam na vßs.
╚o robi╗, ke∩ zabudnem heslo?
(What to do if I forget a password?)
Raz ma zarazilo, ke∩ som pozeral mailing lists a jeden sprßvca siete nevedel, Φo robi╗, ke∩ na Linuxe zabudne heslo. FreeBSD mo╛no spusti╗ v "single" m≤de. Hne∩ pri b·tovanφ m⌠╛ete stlaΦi╗ in· klßvesnicu ako enter (na obrazovke sa zobrazφ Φosi ako "...press any other key..." a potom zadßte prφkaz
boot -s (run this command at boot time)
Ke∩ nabehnete do jedno (single) u╛φvate╡skΘho m≤du, zadajte tento prφkaz (lebo partφcia / je len read only):
mount -u / (then do this and after run passwd)
Potom staΦφ iba zada╗ prφkaz passwd a zmenφte si heslo.
Ako pripoji╗ intern² Zip/LS120?
(How to mount internal Zip/LS120 Drive)
mount -t msdos /dev/wfd0 /mnt
Ak mßte dve Zip mechaniky alebo jednu Zip a druh· LS120, sk·ste aj
/dev/wfd1
Ako pripoji╗ extern² Zip/LS120?
(How to mount external Zip/LS120 external Drive?)
mount -t msdos /dev/da0s4 /mnt POZOR! Φφslo 4 (da0s4) sa m⌠╛e t²ka╗ iba DOSU!
Keby ste mali problΘmy pripoji╗ linuxovsk²
Zip disk, sk·ste meni╗ koneΦnΘ Φφsla zariadenia da0s4 na da0s2 a podobne.
Ako pripoji╗ partφciu Linuxu (ext2)
(How to mount a Linux ext2 partition?)
mount -t ext2fs /dev/wd1s1 /mnt Poznßmka: wd1s1 je len prφklad. M⌠╛e to by╗ aj wd0s1,
wd0 je prv² fyzick² disk, wd1 je druh² fyzick²
disk, "s" je slice.
Ako pripoji╗ dosovskΘ "extended" partφcie?
(How to mount DOS extended partitions?)
FreeBSD oznaΦuje dosovskΘ "extended" partφcie a╛ od Φφsla 5 vy╣╣ie. To znamenß, ╛e ak mßm na prvom disku iba dve partφcie, napr. Windows a extended dosovsk· partφciu, t· sprφstupnim z FreeBSD nasledovne:
mount -t msdos /dev/wd0s5 /mnt (Φφslo 5 sa m⌠╛e meni╗ pod╡a poΦtu partφciφ; ke∩ toto nep⌠jde, sk·ste vy╣╣ie Φφsla)
Nasledovnß tabu╡ka by mohla tie╛ pom⌠c╗:
Pozor! FreeBSD od verzie 4.0 pou╛φva novΘ oznaΦenie diskov, namiest wd je ad,
teda wd0s5 je vo FreeBSD 4.0 ad0s5.
Use this table as an example for device files (e.g., /dev/wd0s5 etc.)
for first disk for second disk
Pre prv² disk: Pre druh² disk:
wd0s5 -- extended part. #1 (D) wd1s5 -- extended part. #1
wd0s6 -- extended part. #2 (E) wd1s6 -- extended part. #2
wd0s7 -- extended part. #3 (F) wd1s7 -- extended part. #3
wd0s8 -- extended part. #4 (G)
wd1s8 -- extended part. #4
NEZAB┌DAJTE, ╛e na prvom disku m⌠╛ete ma╗ DVE (alebo aj tri Φi ╣tyri) primßrne partφcie, ktorΘ bud· ma╗ nasledovnΘ oznaΦenie:
wd0s1 (ak ide o FAT32 alebo FAT16 Windows)
wd0s1a ak ide o FreeBSD kore≥ov· partφciu), nßsledne v╣ak bude aj:
wd0s1b - napr. /var
wd0s1c - swap
wd0s1f - /usr
wd0s2 (ak ide o primßrnu FAT32 alebo FAT16 Windows partφciu)
wd0s2a (ak ide o FreeBSD kore≥ov· partφciu), nßsledne v╣ak bude aj:
wd0s2b - napr. /var
wd0s2c - swap
wd0s2f - /usr
Ak budete chcie╗ pripoji╗ s·borov² systΘm FreeBSD z diskety, musφte
pripoji╗ ka╛d· partφciu zvlß╣╗, t.j.: mount wd0s2f /mnt pripojφ iba partφciu
/usr, nie root partφciu /.
Ako pripoji╗ s·bor, ktor² by som potom pou╛φval ako disk?
(To mount a file as device is done by vnconfig)
Na toto sl·╛i prφkaz vnconfig, ale vo╡bu vn treba zadefinova╗ v jadre kompilßciou. Pozri MYKERNEL na konci.
Ak je vo╡ba zadefinovanß v jadrei, potom treba napφsa╗:
vnconfig /dev/vn0c /myfile.fs
mount -t msdos /dev/vn0c /mnt Za vo╡bou -t m⌠╛e φs╗ aj ext2fs, zßle╛φ to toti╛ od povahy s·boru. Samozrejme, ╛e m⌠╛em ma╗ r⌠zne typy diskovΘho s·boru - RockRidge, Minix, HPFS at∩. Napr. prφkazom
dd if=/dev/fd0 of=/1.44MB vytvorφm image dosovskej
diskety ako s·bor pod nßzvom 1.44MB v aktußlnom adresßri (ak je dosovskß
disketa v disketovej mechanike, ak je linuxovskß disketa v mechanike, potom
vytvorφm s·bor s povahou ext2), ktor· potom m⌠╛em primountova╗ ako s·bor
pod╡a horeuveden²ch in╣trukciφ.
Ako zjednodu╣i╗ pakovanie a rozba╡ovanie gz a tgz s·borov?
(An easy way to unpack or pack files)
Rozbali╗: tar zxpvf file (to pack)
Zabali╗: tar zcfvp /file.tgz /Moje ("/Moje" je v tomto pripade adresßr a tar zabalφ aj jeho podadresßre) (to unpack)
V⌠bec nechßpem, preΦo inΘ zdroje uvßdzaj· nekoneΦne dlhΘ prφkazy.
Napr. jednoduch² prφklad tu uveden² ("tar zxpvf file") je "predσ╛en²" v
in²ch zdrojoch na: gunzip -9c tarfile.tar.gz | tar xvf a v⌠bec sa neuvßdza,
╛e sa to dß poveda╗ aj krat╣ie.
Ako si vytvori╗ s·borov² systΘm FreeBSD?
(How to make a BSD file system for FreeBSD?)
Mßte naprφklad Zip disk a chete na ≥om vytvori╗ Berkeley Fast File System. Zadßte tento prφkaz:
newfs -b 8192 1024 /dev/da0s4
Ke∩╛e Zip disk u╛ nie je dosovsk² (Φ.4), zmenφ
sa jeho oΦφslovanie na 1 - mount /dev/da0s1 /Zip. Ale na zaΦiatku ho musφte
primountova╗ ako da0s4, lebo Zip disky sa predßvaj· iba v dosovskom formßte.
Ako pripoji╗ CDROM?
(How to mount a CD device?)
mount -t cd9660 /dev/acd0c
Ako zistφm, Φi systΘm FreeBSD na╣iel moje sΘriovΘ porty?
(ow do I tell if FreeBSD found my serial ports?)
dmesg | grep sio sio2 (known as COM3 in DOS), is on /dev/cuaa2 for dial-out devices, and on /dev/ttyd2 for dial-in devices. What's the difference between these two classes of devices? stty -a -f /dev/ttyd1 (to see settings) For example, to turn on CLOCAL mode, 8 bits, and XON/XOFF flow control by default for ttyd5, do: stty -f /dev/ttyid5 clocal cs8 ixon ixoff For example, to lock the speed of ttyd5 to 57600 bps, do stty -f /dev/ttyld5 57600
dmesg | grep sio sio2 (COM3 pod DOSom), m⌠╛ete zada╗ aj dmesg | grep
sio sio1.
A Φo dlhΘ nßzvy vo Windowse?
(FreeBSD doesn't have a problem with long Windows 9.x filenames)
FreeBSD vidφ dlhΘ nßzvy aj na FAT32 Φi FAT16 partφcii. Ak pripßjate partφcie, staΦφ iba zada╗
mount -t msdos /dev/wd0s1 /mnt
Ako doin╣talova╗/odin╣talova╗ programy?
(How to install/uninstall programs?)
Na toto sl·╛i prφkaz "pkg_add". Pravda╛e, t²ka sa to iba s·borov
*.tgz, ktorΘ s· pripravenΘ tak, aby ich prφkaz pkg_add mohol nain╣talova╗.
Na odin╣talovanie sl·╛i prφkaz "pkg_delete".
InteligentnΘ pou╛itie klßvesy Scroll Lock
(Intelligent use of a Scroll Lock Key - press Scroll Lock to see a screen buffer, i.e. your last commands.)
Ke∩ pracujete s konzolou, stlaΦenφm klßvesy Scroll Lock si m⌠╛ete
prezrie╗ buffer, kde s· ulo╛enΘ va╣e poslednΘ prφkazy. Obrazovka sa "roluje"
podobne ako v Linuxe, ke∩ stlaΦφte klßvesu Shift (podr╛φte ju) a potom
Page Up.
Tu s· niektorΘ malΘ skripty (some scripts):