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$Unique_ID{BRK04171}
$Pretitle{}
$Title{Reiter's Syndrome}
$Subject{Reiter's Syndrome Blennorrheal Idiopathic Arthritis Arthritis
Urethritica Venereal Arthritis Conjunctivourethrosynovial Syndrome
Feissinger-Leroy-Reiter Syndrome Polyarthritis Enterica Ruhr's Syndrome
Urethro-Oculo-Articular Syndrome Waelsch's Syndrome }
$Volume{}
$Log{}
Copyright (C) 1986 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
105:
Reiter's Syndrome
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Reiter's Syndrome) is
not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the
synonyms and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
Synonyms
Blennorrheal Idiopathic Arthritis
Arthritis Urethritica
Venereal Arthritis
Conjunctivourethrosynovial Syndrome
Feissinger-Leroy-Reiter Syndrome
Polyarthritis Enterica
Ruhr's Syndrome
Urethro-Oculo-Articular Syndrome
Waelsch's Syndrome
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for
educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment
purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please
contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources"
section.
Reiter's syndrome is characterized by inflammation of the joints,
urethra, and conjunctiva of the eye, and by lesions of the skin and mucosal
surfaces. Symptoms do not necessarily appear simultaneously; they may
alternate, and there may be spontaneous remissions and recurrences. The
syndrome rarely disables its victims. It appears to result from abnormal
immune response in association with exposure (usually sexual) to an
infectious agent. It affects primarily men between the ages of 20 and 40
years.
Symptoms
Onset of Reiter's Syndrome is between 20 and 40 years of age. Urethritis is
usually the first symptom to appear, often after a sexual encounter. Urethral
symptoms may be so mild initially that they seem unremarkable until later
symptoms suggest the diagnosis. More often, though, urination may be
painful, there may be blood in the urine, and there may be a purulent
discharge. Later genitourinary symptoms can include inflammation of the
prostrate gland and/or seminal vesicles (but very seldom the epididymis or
the testes), and of the bladder (cystitis). Cystitis may cause increased
urinary frequency, pain, blood tinged urine, and in severe or prolonged
cases, obstruction of the ureters, the passages leading from the kidneys to
the bladder.
Other symptoms appear within 4 days to 4 weeks of the onset of
urethritis. Arthritis usually has a sudden onset, affecting more than one
joint. It is asymmetrical; joints of the legs and feet are involved most
often; the hips and shoulders are almost never affected. Joints are warm,
reddish, and painful. Although episodes of arthritis usually last at least 2
to 4 months, symptoms begin to subside within 2 to 6 weeks. Spontaneous
remission often occurs within the first year, but some attacks last several
years. In such cases, the involved joints may be permanently damaged.
Tendons may also become inflamed.
Conjunctivitis normally last only a few days, and seldom longer than a
month, although it commonly recurs. It is mild and affects both eyes. The
eyes burn, itch, and may discharge a viscous mucous. Occasionally, the uvea,
a layer of the eye that includes the iris and choroid, also becomes inflamed,
with possible symptoms of increased sensitivity to light, glaucoma,
cataracts, and blindness in severe cases. Similarly, the cornea may be
involved (keratitis) with pain and irritability of the eye, tearing,
increased light sensitivity, and the sensation that something is present in
the eye.
Lesions of the skin and mucous linings occur on the penis (especially the
glans), palms of the hands, soles of the feet, and in the mouth, urethra, and
bladder. They cause little pain, and disappear quickly. Initially, they
resemble small blisters, which then become eroded and reddish. Keratoderma
blennorrhagica refers to lesions of the skin, as opposed to those of the
mucosae; these lesions are scaly and crusty, eventually peeling off. They
are found primarily on the hands, trunk, and arms. Mucocutaneous lesions
leave no scars. The fingernails are often thick, opaque, and brittle, with
dead skin accumulated underneath.
Rarely, patients develop heart abnormalities including an incompetent
aortic valve. Nervous system abnormalities may include inflammation of
nerves, meningitis, paralysis, and psychosis.
Laboratory findings include elevated levels of white blood cells in the
blood and synovial fluids, and, frequently, the presence of an unusual cell
marker, HLA-B27 antigen.
Causes
Reiter's syndrome usually makes its appearance after sexual exposure,
although occasionally it follows an episode of acute diarrhea due to unknown
causes. This, and the fact that many patients have an unusual cell marker
(see section on Symptoms), suggests that the syndrome results from infection
of genetically susceptible individuals with some infectious agent, probably
shigella, or chlamydia or similar organisms.
Affected Population
Reiter's Syndrome predominantly affects men between the ages of 20 and 40
years.
Related Disorders
Arthritis with simultaneous urethritis due to gonorrhea may mimic some
symptoms of Reiter's syndrome. Behcet's syndrome has similar symptoms of
oral and genital ulcers and eye inflammation, and often arthritis, but the
lesions are different from those in Reiter's syndrome.
Therapies: Standard
Treatment for Reiter's Syndrome is symptomatic. Antiinflammatory drugs such
as aspirin, indomethacin, or phenylbutazone usually provide relief of
arthritis. In severe cases, folic acid antagonists such as methotrexate,
which act as immunosuppressants but can have serious side effects, may
relieve symptoms. Corticosteroids are ineffective in this disorder.
Urethritis may respond to tetracycline. Physical therapy may be useful
during recovery from arthritis.
Therapies: Investigational
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through March
1987. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every
entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please
check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current
information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Reiter's Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
The National Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases Information
Clearinghouse
Box AMS
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 495-4484
References
Petersdorf, Robert, G., et al, editors, Harrison's Principles of Internal
Medicine, tenth edition, pp. 1989-90. McGraw-Hill, New York: 1983.