Microsoft Bookshelf 1991/TheWorldAlmanacAndBookOfFacts1991.txt

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 The World Almanac And Book Of Facts 1991



                         Some Days Usually Observed

 Arbor Day (Apr. 26 in 1991). Tree-planting day. First observed April 10,
 1872, in Nebraska. Now observed in most states, usually on the last Friday
 in Apr.

 Armed Forces Day (May 18 in 1991). Alw ys third Saturday of May, by
 presidential proclamation. Replaces Army, Navy, and Air Force Days.

 Bill of Rights Day, Dec. 15. By Act of Congress. Bill of Rights took effect
 Dec. 15, 1791.

 Bird Day. Often observed with Arbor Day.

 Child Health Day (Oct. 7 in 1991). Always first Monday in Oct., by
 presidential proclamation.

 Citizenship Day, Sept. 17. President Truman, Feb. 29, 1952, signed bill
 designating Sept. 17 as annual Citizenship Day. It replaced I Am An American
 Day, formerly 3d Sunday in May, and Constitution Day, formerly Sept. 17.

 Easter Sunday (Mar. 31 in 1991).

 Easter Monday (Apr. 1 in 1991). A statutory day in Canada.

 Elizabeth Cady Stanton Day, Nov. 12. Birthday of pioneer leader for equal
 rights for women.

 Father's Day (June 16 in 1991). Always third Sunday in June.

 Flag Day, June 14.

 Forefathers' Day, Dec. 21. Landing on Plymouth Rock, in 1620. Is celebrated
 with dinners by New England societies, especially "Down East."

 Gen. Pulaski Memorial Day, Oct. 11. Native of Poland and Revolutionary War
 hero; died (Oct. 11, 1779) from wounds received at the siege of Savannah,
 Ga.

 Grandparents'  Day (Sept. 8 in 1991). Always first Sunday after Labor Day.
 Legislated in 1979.

 Groundhog Day, Feb. 2. A popular belief is that if the groundhog sees his
 shadow on this day, he returns to his burrow and winter continues 6 weeks
 longer.

 Halloween, Oct. 31. The evening before All Saints or All-Hallows Day.
 Informally observed in the U.S. with masquerading and pumpkin decorating.
 Traditionally an occasion for children to play pranks.

 May Day. Name popularly given to May 1st. Celebrated as Labor Day in most of
 the world, and by some groups in the U.S. Observed in many schools as a
 Spring Festival.

 Mother's Day (May 12 in 1991). Always  second Sunday in that month. First
 celebrated in Philadelphia in 1908, Mother's Day has become an international
 holiday.

 National Day of Prayer. By act of Congress, the first Thursday in May.

 National Freedom Day, Feb. 1. To commemorate the signing of the Thirteenth
 Amendment, abolishing slavery, Feb. 1, 1865. By presidential proclamation.

 National Maritime Day, May 22. First proclaimed 1935 in commemoration of the
 departure of the SS Savannah, from Savannah, Georgia, on May 22, 1819, on
 the first successful transatlantic voyage  under steam propulsion. By
 presidential proclamation.

 Pan American Day, Apr. 14. In 1890 the First Intl. Conference of American
 States, meeting in Washington, was held on that date. A resolution was
 adopted which resulted in the creation of the organization known today as
 the Pan American Union. By presidential proclamation.

 Primary Election Day. Observed usually only when presidential or general
 elections are held.

 Reformation Day, Oct. 31. Observed by Protestant groups.

 Sadie Hawkins Day (Nov. 2 in 1991). First Saturday in November (the day may
 vary in some places).

 St. Patrick's Day, Mar. 17. Observed by Irish societies, especially with
 parades.

 St. Valentine's Day, Feb. 14. Festival of a martyr beheaded at Rome under
 Emperor Claudius. Association of this day with lovers has no connection with
 the saint and probably had its origin in an old belief that on this day
 birds begin to choose their mates.

 Susan B. Anthony Day, Feb. 15. Birthday of a pioneer crusader for equal
 rights for women.

 United Nations Day, Oct. 24. By presidential proclamation, to commemorate
 founding of United Nations.

 Verrazano Day, Apr. 7. Observed by New York State, to commemorate the
 probable discovery of New York harbor by Giovanni da Verrazano in April,
 1524.

 Victoria Day (May 20 in 1991). Birthday of Queen Victoria, a statutory day
 in Canada, celebrated the first Monday before May 25.

 World Poetry Day, Oct. 15.

 Wright Brothers Day, Dec. 17. By presidential designation, to commemorate
 first successful flight by Orville and Wilbur Wright, Dec. 17, 1903.


                        Addenda, Late News, Changes


                                  Aerospace

 The space shuttle Discovery had a successful 4-day mission, Oct. 6-10.


                                   Awards

                          Broadcasting and Theater

 Emmy Awards, by Academy of Television Arts and Sciences, for nighttime
 programs, 1989-90: Dramatic series: L.A. Law, NBC; actress: Patricia Wettig,
 Thirtysomething, ABC; actor: Peter Falk, Columbo, ABC; supporting actress:
 Marg Helgenberger, China Beach, ABC; actor: Jimmy Smits, L.A. Law. Comedy
 series: Murphy Brown, CBS; actress: Candice Bergen, Murphy Brown; actor: Ted
 Danson, Cheers, NBC; supporting actress: Bebe Neuwirth, Cheers; supporting
 actor: Alex Rocco, The Famous Teddy Z, CBS. Mini-series: Drug Wars: The
 Camarena Story, NBC; actress: Barbara Hershey, A Killing in a Small Town,
 CBS; actor: Hume Cronyn, Age Old Friends, HBO. Music-variety: In Living
 Color, Fox; performer: Tracey Ullman, The Tracey Ullman Show, Fox. Special
 recognition: Jim Henson.

                               Miscellaneous

 Country Music Awards, Entertainer: George Strait; single: "When I Call Your
 Name," Vince Gill; album: "Pickin' on Nashville," The Kentucky Headhunters;
 song (songwriters): "Where've You Been," Jon Vezner/Don Henry; female
 vocalist: Kathy Mattea; male vocalist: Clint Black; vocal group: The
 Kentucky Headhunters; Vocal duo: The Judds; vocal event: Keith Whitley and
 Lorrie Morgan; musician: Johnny Gimble, fiddle; horizon award: Garth Brooks;
 music video: "The Dance," Garth Brooks; Hall of Fame: Tennessee Ernie Ford.


                                Nobel Prizes

 (Each 1990 Nobel Prize included a cash award of around $710,000.)

 Physiology or Medicine: Joseph E. Murray, a surgeon at the Brigham and
 Women's Hospital in Boston, who performed the first kidney transplants, and
 E. Donnall Thomas, of the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center in Seattle,
 who transplanted bone marrow from one person to another, shared the award.

 Physics: Richard E. Taylor, a Canadian professor at Stanford Univ., and
 Jerome I. Friedman and Henry W. Kendall, both of the Massachusetts Institute
 of Technology, shared the award for their "breakthrough in our understanding
 of matter" achieved by a series of experiments that confirmed the reality of
 quarks.

 Chemistry: Elias James Corey, a Harvard Univ. professor, received the
 chemistry prize for developing new ways to synthesize complex molecules
 ordinarily found only in nature.

 Peace: Pres. Mikhail S. Gorbachev of the Soviet Union won, in recognition of
 his initiatives in promoting international peace, including championing
 political change in Eastern Europe and helping to end the Cold War.

 Literature: Octavio Paz became the first Mexican to win the Nobel Prize in
 Literature, for his poetry and essays, "impassioned writing with wide
 horizons, characterized by sensuous intelligence and humanistic integrity."

 Memorial Prize in Economics: Three Americans, Harry M. Markowitz, of Baruch
 College, The City Univ. of New York; William F. Sharpe, Stanford Univ., and
 Merton H. Miller, The Univ. of Chicago, shared the prize for their
 pioneering theoretical insights into the economics of finance.


                                Miss America

 Marjorie Judith Vincent, Miss Illinois, was named Miss America 1991.


                                   Boxing

 Evander Holyfield knocked out James (Buster) Douglas in the 3rd round to win
 the world heavyweight championship in Las Vegas, Oct. 25.


                                Census, 1990

 Early spot-checks by Census Bureau workers have found that some cities,
 including New York and Boston, have made the same kinds of mistakes (putting
 houses where they do not exist) that the bureau has been accused of making.
 The bureau said it would recanvass nearly 150,000 blocks containing more
 than 5.4 million housing units in response to local governments' challenges.



                         International Organizations

 The Arab League voted to move its headquarters from Tunis back to Cairo.

 Portugal is no longer a member of the European Free Trade Association.
 Liechtenstein is a member of the European Free Trade Association.


                            Nations of the World

 China: The newest census established that the nation's population is a bit
 more than 1.13 billion.

 Germany: As of the closing date for this section, reunification had not yet
 taken place.

 India: The post WWI history was mistakenly dropped; for details see Index.

 Lebanon: Some 750 people were killed in a Syrian-lead offensive that toppled
 Michel Aoun, the Christian militia chief.

 Liberia: Pres. Samuel K. Doe was killed by rebel forces, Sept. 10.

 New Zealand: Prime Minister Geoffrey Palmer resigned, Sept. 4.

 Pakistan: Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto was ousted, Aug. 6.


                               U.S. Government

 Elizabeth Dole resigned as Sec. of Labor, Oct. 24.


                               U.S. Population

 The correct figures for Greece, N.Y. are 75,136 (1970) and 81,367 (1980).

 Census and Areas of Counties and States: The 1980 census was conducted on
 Apr. 1, 1980, not 1990.


                                  Zip Codes

 The correct zip code for Green River, Wyoming is 82935.


             Heroes of Young America: The Eleventh Annual Poll

 Paula Abdul, the dancer, singer, and choreographer of pop music, was named
 the "Top Heroine" of Young America in The World Almanac's eleventh annual
 poll of high school students. The students in grades 8 through 12 were asked
 to select those individuals in public life they admired most. The schools
 chosen to participate represented a geographic cross-section of the United
 States. In addition to choosing a top hero/heroine, the teenagers were asked
 to make selections in 8 other categories as well as answering 10 general
 questions on entertainment and current events and leaders.


                            The Top Heroine/Hero

 The selection of the 27-year-old Paula Abdul marks the first time in the
 history of the poll that a woman was named as the person most admired. Ms.
 Abdul grew up in California's San Fernando Valley, where she was an
 A-student at Van Nuys High School. While attending California State Univ. at
 Northridge, Abdul became a cheerleader for the Los Angeles Lakers and
 quickly became their choreographer. She went on to become a choreographer
 and dance teacher for such notables as Janet Jackson, Aretha Franklin, and
 George Michael. Her debut album produced four number one singles--"Straight
 Up," "Forever Your Girl," "Cold Hearted," and "Opposites Attract." Ms. Abdul
 has received many entertainment awards and has also produced many hit
 videos.

 The second place finisher was the write-in vote for "Mom," while the
 write-in for "Dad" finished in fourth place. The third place winner was last
 year's top hero, Michael Jordan, the basketball star of the Chicago Bulls.
 In a tie for fifth place were first lady Barbara Bush and television talk
 show host Oprah Winfrey. For the first time, a political leader of a nation
 other than the U.S. finished in the top ten as South African Nelson Mandela
 placed sixth in the poll. Headline-grabbing real estate tycoon Donald Trump,
 who was the leading vote getter in the newsmaker category, placed seventh,
 and President George Bush was the eighth-place winner. Former top hero Tom
 Cruise finished ninth, followed by Janet Jackson in tenth place. Others who
 received support for top hero/heroine included Soviet leader Mikhail
 Gorbachev, Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O'Connor, British Prime Minister
 Margaret Thatcher, Mother Theresa, and 13-year-old tennis player Jennifer
 Capriati.


                     Issues and Influential Individuals

 According to the poll, the "most important public issue" facing 8th-12th
 graders is drug abuse, which received more than double the number of votes
 as the second and third choices of AIDSand environmental issues. The quality
 of education, racism, and teen pregnancy also received substantial
 consideration.

 When asked to name the "foreign political leader you most admire," the teens
 narrowly chose Nelson Mandela over Mikhail Gorbachev. Others receiving
 support included Margaret Thatcher, Corazon Aquino, and Lech Walesa.

 Best Friends and teachers were named as the "person most directly
 influential in your life" (other than parents).


                     Books, Sports, Songs, and TV Shows

 The students chose S.E. Hinton's The Outsiders as their "all-time favorite
 book," followed by Stephen King's Pet Semetary, Harper Lee's To Kill a
 Mockingbird, and J.D. Salinger's The Catcher in the Rye.

 The overwhelming choice for "favorite participation sport" was basketball,
 followed by volleyball, football, softball, baseball, and tennis.

 When it came to "viewing sports events," the students' clear favorites were
 football and basketball, with baseball finishing a distant third.

 The "favorite song of 1990" was M.C. Hammer's "U Can't Touch This." A close
 second was "Nothing Compares 2 U" by Sinead O'Connor. The "least favorite
 song of 1990 was "Hangin' Tough" by New Kids on the Block.

 The runaway winner in the "favorite TV show of 1990" was "The Simpsons,"
 which received 4-times as many votes as the second place finisher, "The
 Wonder Years." Finishing in third place was "The Cosby Show." The "least
 favorite TV show of 1990" was "Roseanne" with "Married With Children" coming
 in a close second.

 Listed below are the top male and female vote-getters in each category. The
 winner is listed first.


                                  Top Hero

                 Paula Abdul, singer, dancer, choreographer

              Michael Jordan, basketball player, Chicago Bulls

                         Politicians and Newsmakers

 Donald Trump, businessman

 Sandra Day O'Connor, Supreme Court Justice

                        Artists, Writers, Filmmakers

 Matt Groenig, "The Simpsons"

 Judy Blume, Tiger Eyes

                            News and Sports Media

 Barbara Walters, "20/20"

 Tom Brokaw, NBC News

                                   Sports

 Michael Jordan, Chicago Bulls

 Jennifer Capriati, tennis player

                               Music and Dance

 Paula Abdul, singer/dancer

 M.C. Hammer, rap singer

                                   Comedy

 Eddie Murphy, Harlem Nights

 Roseanne Barr, "Roseanne"

                      Television Performers/Non-Comedy

 Johnny Depp, "21 Jump Street"

 Oprah Winfrey, "The Oprah Winfrey Show"

                         Movie Performers/Non-Comedy

 Mel Gibson, "Lethal Weapon" series

 Whoopi Goldberg, Ghost


                   Public Opinion Poll of Older Americans

 A phone survey conducted for The World Almanac and Maturity News Service
 between Oct. 17-28, 1990 polled nearly 1,000 respondents aged 50 years and
 older concerning various public issues, individuals and historic events. A
 summary of the results follows:

      1. Who do you consider to be the most influential political figure of
 your lifetime?--While John F. Kennedy received 25.8 percent of the total,
 Franklin D. Roosevelt was a close second with 21.4 percent. FDR received
 30.3 percent of the vote from those aged 65 and over, and JFK totalled 41.8
 percent from those between age 50-55.

      2. What would you consider to be the most important political event of
 your lifetime?--JFK's assassination (13.3%) edged out the end of World War
 II (11.8%), and the tearing down of the Berlin Wall received a surprisingly
 low 3.5 percent.

      3. What do you feel would be the most effective resolution to the
 current Middle East crisis?--Over 30 percent of the respondents said that
 the U.S. should continue to pressure allies for tougher sanctions against
 Iraq, while 22.2 percent said the U.S. should use military power to force
 Iraq out of Kuwait. Over 23 percent of the women polled said the U.S. should
 gradually withdraw its troops and hope Iraq has learned its lesson.

      4. Which living ex-president has conducted himself most appropriately
 and effectively since leaving office?--The overwhelming winner was Jimmy
 Carter (45.1%). Ronald Reagan (18.5%), Gerald Ford (14.5%), and Richard
 Nixon (9.0%) trailed Carter, whose approval rating is much higher since
 leaving office.

      5. Which living ex-first lady has conducted herself most graciously and
 effectively since leaving office?--Like their husbands, Rosalynn Carter
 received the most votes (26.0%), with Nancy Reagan and Betty Ford placing
 second and third.

      6. What is the best way to combat the growing problem of drug abuse and
 crime?--Almost half of the respondents (44.3%) said that the U.S. should
 offer more education and job training programs for youth; 22.6 percent said
 the military should be used to wipe out international drug supplies. A small
 percentage of those polled said the U.S. should offer more rehabilitation
 programs and build more and better prisons and hire more police.


                      1990 Census: Preliminary Results

 The preliminary count for the nation's 1990 population, released in late
 August 1990, was about 245.8 million, based on the mail return of census
 forms and follow-up door-to-door head counts. The Census Bureau said that
 efforts to count people missed in those initial surveys would add at least 3
 million people, bringing the total closer to the 250 million it had
 estimated earlier in the year.

 The data showed that at least 55 percent of Americans now live in the South
 and West, up from 52 percent in 1980, and that 20 percent live in the
 Northeast, a 1.7 percent decrease from 1980. The Midwest also showed a
 decrease by approximately 2 percent with 24 percent of Americans now
 residing there.

 The growth in the 1980s centered around metropolitan areas, with nearly 80
 percent of the U.S. population now residing in or near a large city. While
 metropolitan areas were growing in population, rural areas lost more than 1
 million people during the past decade. Reasons for the rural decline
 included the agricultural crises and general economic recession,
 particularly  in the early 80s, which had a prolonged impact in states such
 as Iowa, North Dakota, Wyoming, and Louisiana.


                                Immigration

 Almost 40 percent of the nation's population increase (23 million) was due
 to immigration, both legal and illegal, with 7-9 million immigrants (largely
 from Asia, Latin America, and the Caribbean) arriving between 1980-1990.
 This marked the largest impact on U.S. population by immigration since World
 War I. In California, as much as 30 percent of the state's growth was due to
 immigration. In New York, the estimated 1 million immigrants offset the
 out-migration and were responsible for its limited growth.


                                   States

 The preliminary 1990 census results showed that Nevada (49.1), Alaska
 (35.8), Arizona (33.1), and Florida (31.1) had the largest percentage
 increases in population since 1980. California, with an increase of 23.7
 percent from 1980, and a population of 29,279,000, is the largest state with
 almost 12 percent of the total U.S. population. The state's growth of 5.6
 million people nearly equaled the entire population of Massachusetts, as
 California now has more people than Canada or Australia. The second largest
 state remains New York with 17,627,000 (0.4% increase since 1980), while
 Texas with a 1980-1990 increase of 18.3 percent is the third largest state
 with a population of 16,625,000. Almost 40 percent of the nation's
 population now resides in these three states.

 The states that showed the largest percentage decreases in population from
 1980 to 1990 were West Virginia (-8.6), Iowa (-5.1), and Wyoming (-4.3),
 while Washington D.C. showed a drop of 9.9 percent, losing 63,000 residents.



                                   Cities

 Among the 12 largest cities in 1990, New York (-0.5) Chicago (-9.3),
 Philadelphia (-8.6), and Detroit (-19.4) showed percentage decreases in
 1980-1990 population. Los Angeles (15.3), Houston (0.9), San Diego (25.0),
 Dallas (9.6), Phoenix (23.0), San Antonio (17.9), San Jose (21.6), and
 Indianapolis (5.1) grew in population in the 1980s. During the decade, Los
 Angeles passed Chicago and became the country's second-largest city, and San
 Diego moved past Detroit and Dallas to become the sixth-largest. New York
 City is still the nation's largest city with 7,033,000 people, more than
 twice as many as Los Angeles (3,420,000).


                     Challenges to Preliminary Results

 In mid-September 1990, New York City officials challenged the Census
 Bureau's counts, claiming that they had found 254,534 housing units that
 were not counted. They said that this finding solidified their claim that
 almost 1 million New York City residents had not been counted. In a formal
 challenge to the 1990 count, the city officials, using city records, aerial
 photographs, and data from utility companies, said the Census Bureau had
 missed five or more residences on nearly 12,000 of the more than 28,000
 residential blocks in the city.

 All of the 51 largest cities, plus one-seventh of the towns, counties, and
 cities in the U.S., challenged the Census Bureau's counts of their housing
 units. As many as 500,000 housing units, half of them in New York City, may
 have been overlooked, according to figures provided by the 15 largest
 cities. Census  Bureau officials stated that they expect the preliminary
 results to rise as a result of some of the challenges. Census Bureau
 director, Barbara Everitt Bryant, appearing before a congressional committee
 in Sept. 1990, said that dwellings in 500,000 census blocks might be
 rechecked. The Bureau also stated that it had set aside money to recheck up
 to 2.1 million individual housing units.

                   1990 Census: Preliminary State Totals
                         U.S. Bureau of the Census


╓┌─────┌──────┌────────────┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────╖
 Rank  State  1990         % change 1980-90
 Rank  State  1990         % change 1980-90
 ────────────────────────────────────────────
 1     Cal.   29,279,000   23.7
 2     N.Y.   17,627,000   0.4
 3     Tex.   16,825,000   18.3
 4     Fla.   12,775,000   31.1
 5     Pa.    11,764,000   -0.8
 6     Ill.   11,325,000   -0.9
 7     Oh.    10,778,000   -0.2
 8     Mich.  9,179,000    -0.9
 9     N.J.   7,617,000    3.4
 10    N.C.   6,553,000    11.4
 11    Ga.    6,387,000    16.9
 12    Va.    6,128,000    14.6
 13    Mass.  5,928,000    3.3
 14    Ind.   5,499,000    0.2
 15    Mo.    5,079,000    3.3
 16    Wis.   4,870,000    3.5
 17    Wash.  4,827,000    16.8
 18    Tenn.  4,822,000    5.0
 19    Md.    4,733,000    12.2
 Rank  State  1990         % change 1980-90
 ────────────────────────────────────────────
19    Md.    4,733,000    12.2
 20    Minn.  4,359,000    6.9
 21    La.    4,181,000    -0.6
 22    Ala.   3,984,000    2.3
 23    Ky.    3,665,000    0.1
 24    Az.    3,619,000    33.1
 25    P.R.   3,599,000    12.6
 26    S.C.   3,407,000    9.1
 27    Col.   3,272,000    13.2
 28    Conn.  3,227,000    3.8
 29    Okla.  3,124,000    3.3
 30    Ore.   2,828,000    7.4
 31    Ia.    2,767,000    -5.1
 32    Miss.  2,535,000    0.6
 33    Kan.   2,467,000    4.4
 34    Ark.   2,337,000    2.2
 35    W.V.   1,783,000    -8.6
 36    Ut.    1,711,000    17.1
 37    Neb.   1,573,000    0.2
 Rank  State  1990         % change 1980-90
 ────────────────────────────────────────────
37    Neb.   1,573,000    0.2
 38    N.M.   1,490,000    14.4
 39    Me.    1,218,000    8.3
 40    Nev.   1,193,000    49.1
 41    N.H.   1,103,000    19.8
 42    Ha.    1,095,000    13.5
 43    Id.    1,004,000    6.4
 44    R.I.   989,000      4.4
 45    Mont.  794,000      0.9
 46    S.D.   693,000      0.3
 47    Del.   658,000      10.8
 48    N.D.   634,000      -2.9
 49    D.C.   575,000      -9.9
 50    Vt.    560,000      9.6
 51    Alas.  546,000      35.8
 52    Wy.    450,000      -4.3





              Projected Changes in Congressional Apportionment

 Based on the Census Bureau's preliminary figures for 1990, these states will
 have changes in their congressional representation: Calif. (+7); Fla. (+4);
 Tex. (+3); Wash., Ariz., Ga., N.C., and Va. (+1 each); N.Y. (-3); Mich.,
 Pa., Oh., and Ill. (-2 each); and W. Va., Ky., La., Kan., Ia., and Mon. (-1
 each).



                              The World Almanac

                         and Book of Facts for 1991


                          123rd ANNIVERSARY EDITION

                           The Top 10 News Stories

 After a 45-year division into Communist and non-Communist states, the
 reunification of Germany was formalized on Oct. 3; 1990 also brought
 dramatic movements towards democratization in other Warsaw Pact nations.

 Leaving Kuwait in ruins, Saddam Hussein's forces overran and annexed the
 oil-rich nation, which led to UN-backed economic sanctions against Iraq and
 U.S. military intervention to protect Saudi Arabia and American interests in
 the Persian Gulf.

 Economic hardships, calls for independence among Soviet republics, and
 political dissent marked a year of domestic conflict; Pres. Mikhail
 Gorbachev, winner of the 1990 Nobel Peace Prize, attempted to move the USSR
 from a long history of Communist authoritarian rule to democracy and
 capitalism.

 Xhosa, Zulu, and other South African tribes continued to clash in the wake
 of Nelson Mandela's release from prison and Pres. de Klerk's attempts to
 unify the nation and eliminate apartheid.

 As economists predicted another recession and oil prices rose, the U.S.
 Congress worked out a budget that tried to deal with the growing deficit,
 taxation changes, unemployment, health care, and other domestic problems
 including the huge costs of the S&L crisis.

 Navy, Army, Air Force, and Marine troops invaded Panama in Dec. 1989, as the
 U.S. overthrew the government of Manuel Noriega and arrested him on
 drug-trafficking charges.

 Drug abuse, crime, racial tensions, and financial difficulties plagued large
 U.S. cities, while the 1990 Census reported an increase in homelessness and
 a decline in cities' population.

 Exhibitions of Robert Mapplethorpe's photographs, 2 Live Crew's obscenity
 trial, NEA grants, and the new NC-17 movie rating were some of the
 particulars that exemplified the continuing debate over censorship and
 defining obscenity in the U.S.

 Retiring after almost 34 years on the bench, Supreme Court Justice William
 Brennan was replaced by David Souter; abortion and civil rights issues were
 the focus of the Senate confirmation hearings.

 HIV-2, a second strain of the AIDS virus originally found in West Africa,
 was found to be spreading; a report by the Centers for Disease Control
 estimated that 179,000-208,000 new cases of AIDS would be reported through
 the end of 1992.


                          The Decline of Communism

 From the time of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in the 19th century,
 advocates of communism had written many books on the techniques that
 revolutionaries could utilize to overthrow capitalism and install a
 socialist economic system. In fact, a rather detailed blueprint was offered
 by the founders of communism and by Vladimir Lenin and others that included
 such evolutionary stages as the dictatorship of the proletariat, the
 withering away of the state, and so forth.

 In 1990, the American writer George Will pointed out, however, that no one
 had ever written a book on the transfer of power in society from Communist
 authoritarian rule to a democracy. Nor had anyone ever offered a guide to
 the transition from a centrally planned economy to one driven by the demands
 of the marketplace.

 The leaders of the nations of Eastern Europe and of the Soviet Union
 itself--still the putative mecca of world communism--could have benefitted
 from such a textbook in 1990, a year of surprise and shock in the shrinking
 Communist sphere, from Germany to Mongolia. In its absence, the leaders and
 street demonstrators in many countries proceeded to write the history of
 their times in a somewhat haphazard way. In Eastern Europe, only the elderly
 had much recollection of the meaning and implementation of democracy and a
 free-market economy. In the Soviet Union, with no relevant history at all,
 these concepts had no meaning. Therefore, despite some individual
 demonstrations of real statesmanship, the whole process of change seemed to
 some degree to be an exercise in which the blind were leading the blind.

 In the now-discredited world of communist ideology, a comparative liberal
 was one so bold as to suggest that there was more than one road to
 socialism. It became apparent in 1990 that there were also several roads
 away from it, including a few cluttered with rough rocks and with branching
 byways that threatened to lead to dead ends.

                              The Soviet Union

 The first Communist government had been established in Russia in 1917. Since
 then, leaders or would-be leaders of Marxist-Leninist states around the
 world had looked to the Soviet Union for guidance, and indeed the USSR, from
 Joseph Stalin to Nikita Khrushchev to Leonid Brezhnev, had exercised a form
 of command and control over governments in Eastern Europe, Asia, Latin
 America, and Africa that exceeded even the reach of the colonial empires of
 the 19th century. Even the schism with China in the 1960s had not
 jeopardized the Soviet Union's paramount role as the fountainhead of
 Communist thought and practice, backed up with nuclear muscle.

 Hence, the inability of the Soviet system by 1990 to so much as put enough
 bread and meat on the tables of its citizens or cigarettes in their pockets
 exposed the ultimate bankruptcy of applied communism in the starkest way
 possible. But the travails of the Soviet Union went beyond the paralysis of
 industrial production and of agricultural planting and harvesting. The
 country, a jigsaw puzzle of 100 ethnic pieces, was at the point of falling
 apart. Almost all of the USSR's 15 constituent republics were demanding full
 independence or some degree of autonomy.

 Whatever their grievances, the long-suffering people of the Soviet Union
 were prepared to make use of tools of resistance as diverse as rifles and
 the ballot box. A student of the Kremlin had once observed, "Nothing ever
 happens by accident in the Soviet Union." But in 1990, the process of
 "reform," whatever that meant, appeared to be out of anyone's control.

 Pres. Mikhail Gorbachev, lionized in the West for allowing former Soviet
 satellites to choose their future course and for closing the books on the
 40-year-old Cold War, lost popularity at home when he demonstrated a less
 sure hand in his efforts to create a better life for his people. A brilliant
 tactician in the arcane world of Kremlin politics, he survived many
 predictions that he would be overthrown, and it was instead many of his
 adversaries who disappeared from the upper echelons of the government and
 the Communist Party. But in the larger processes of governing, he was swept
 along by events, yielding to pressure when he had to, somehow conveying the
 impression that the crowd of citizens to his rear were following him, not
 chasing him.

 Measured by his offical status in the party and the government, Gorbachev
 seemed firmly in control. As general secretary of the Communist Party, he
 held the post always recognized as the source of ultimate authority in the
 Soviet Union, and being president and chairman of the Defense Council made
 him perhaps less vulnerable to swift overthrow.

 Apparently confident that his grip on the reins of power was secure, and
 equally confident that the country would not reject the party that had led
 it for 73 years, Gorbachev supported repeal of the provision in the Soviet
 Constitution granting the Communist Party a monopoly of political power. The
 party's Central Committee agreed to this change in February, and the Soviet
 Congress of People's Deputies followed suit in March. Yegor Ligachev, leader
 of the conservatives within the ruling party Politburo who resisted this and
 other Gorbachev reforms, protested in vain against the party being reduced
 to what he called a "shapeless organization, a political club."

 No other political group seemed remotely ready to contest the Communist
 Party in nationwide elections, but it quickly became apparent that the party
 itself might break into factions. Liberals, working within the party,
 constantly pressing Gorbachev for more radical reform, had formed the
 Democratic Platform. They mobilized street demonstrations, and in March they
 scored some stunning upset victories in local elections, winning control of
 city councils in Moscow, Leningrad, and Kiev.

 May began with an embarrassing (to the leadership) demonstration by
 thousands of marchers in Moscow's May Day Parade, who jeered those on the
 reviewing stand and called for radical reform. The month ended with the
 election of Boris Yeltsin as president of the Russian Republic, by far the
 largest of the 15 republics. Yeltsin, a radical gadfly whose career
 Gorbachev had sought to suppress, thus reemerged as a formidable threat to
 Gorbachev's leadership. The president's attacks on him had helped make
 Yeltsin a hero, a role he exploited. Neither an intellectual nor an
 ideologue, Yeltsin was a man of action who attacked Gorbachev as being timid
 and a lover of the perks of office. As a delegate from Moscow to the
 national legislature, Yeltsin had become an idol of the masses, and the
 presidency of Russia provided the platform to put his ideas into action. He
 favored a loose confederation for the USSR.

 Yeltsin spoiled an otherwise successful--for Gorbachev--Congress of the
 Communist Party in July. Ligachev had denounced the draft platform for the
 28th Congress with its references to the rights of the individual and the
 right to earned private property. Gorbachev was reelected general secretary
 and Ligachev was defeated for the second position in the party.  A new
 Politburo was approved with the exclusion of most of its previous
 members--Gorbachev a notable exception-- and the thrust of these changes was
 to strengthen the government at the expense of the party. But then Yeltsin
 renounced the party and walked out of the congress, and was joined by the
 mayors of Moscow and Leningrad.

 In a curious footnote to the May summit meeting in the United States between
 Gorbachev and Pres. George Bush, White House Chief of Staff John Sununu
 agreed to go to Moscow to instruct the Soviets on the operation of a
 presidential office. Sununu, during his trip, dealt with such matters as
 scheduling, the flow of documents through the bureaucracy, and the
 techniques of decision-making and implementation of policy.


                          Unrest in the Republics

 Paradoxically, as Gorbachev tightened his control at the top, the nation he
 governed began to crumble. Movements arose in almost all of the republics
 for some form of autonomy or even outright independence. During World War
 II, the formerly independent Baltic states of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania
 had been absorbed by the Soviet Union and these, the youngest "republics" of
 the USSR, were the most aggressive in seeking to exploit the loosening of
 the Communist Party's grip on the country. Citizens of the Baltics generally
 seemed more optimistic than the citizens elsewhere in the USSR that their
 agriculture and industry would revive once the burden of central planning
 imposed on them 50 years earlier was removed.

 Gorbachev's trip in January to Vilnius, the capital of Lithuania, in an
 attempt to dissuade the Lithuania Communist Party from breaking with the
 mother party, was not a success. Candidates favoring independence for
 Lithuania ran strongly in elections to the Lithuanian parliament, and in
 March parliament voted unanimously for independence and then formed a
 noncommunist government. After Lithuania ignored a deadline to rescind the
 declaration, Gorbachev banned the sale or possession of firearms there, and
 a Soviet military convoy entered the capital. No shots were fired, but
 Soviet troops seized the headquarters of the Lithuanian Communist Party and
 Gorbachev stepped up the economic pressure, cutting off the flow of crude
 oil into Lithuania and shutting down 3 of 4 natural gas pipelines into the
 republic. Lithuania suspended enforcement of its declaration of independence
 in May, and talks with Moscow began. In June, the Lithuanian parliament
 agreed to suspend the declaration, and Moscow lifted the oil imbargo.

 Estonia and Latvia proceeded more cautiously, principally because their
 populations had been diluted by a substantial settlement of ethnic Russians
 who opposed secession. Estonia's parliament abolished the drafting of
 Estonians into the Soviet army and in May declared the birth of the Estonian
 Republic (dropping "Soviet Socialist" from the title). Latvia's parliament
 voted for secession in May, but it set no timetable for attaining that goal
 and avoided the brunt of Moscow's wrath.

 Elsewhere, the Moldavian Republic, populated mostly by persons of Romanian
 descent, seemed eager to break away and join Romania. The Ukraine, the
 so-called breadbasket of the Soviet Union, and crucial to the economic
 well-being of the USSR, was divided on its future course, and was also split
 between adherents of the Roman Catholic and Russian Orthodox churches.

 Unrest in other republics was punctuated by bursts of violence. Georgia,
 where a number of citizens demonstrating for independence were killed by
 soldiers in 1989, was quieter in 1990. But two neighboring republics,
 Armenia and Azerbaijan, fought each other openly. At issue was the region of
 Nagorno-Karabakh, and enclave populated by Armenians within Azerbaijan. In
 January, the Armenian parliament sought to integrate the economy of
 Nagorno-Karabakh into its own economy. Armenias are mostly Christian, the
 Azerbaijanis mostly Islamic. After Azerbaijanis attacked Armenians in Baku,
 the capital of Azerbaijan, and with guerrillas fighting each other in other
 locations, the Soviet government sent troops into Baku in January. The
 Azerbaijanis responded with a blockade, and 93 were reported killed in the
 ensuing fighting. The army prevailed, but at a price of profound hostility
 for Azerbaijan.

 Blood was spilled in two other Central Asian republics. Party and government
 leaders resigned in Tadzhikistan after 18 people were killed in riots in
 February. In Kirghizia, 148 were reportedly killed in June in clashes
 between Uzbeks and Kirghiz citizens. Again, Soviet troops intervened.

 The Red Army itself was wounded by the regional upheaval. Recruits from
 ethnic minorities had long been subjected to brutal hazing, and many
 soldiers had no stomach for firing on other Soviet citizens. Desertions and
 resistance to the draft became commonplace in some republics throughout the
 country.


                               Soviet Economy

 Ironically, even as nationalist ties threatened to pull the Soviet Union
 apart, its diverse citizenry seemed united only in the common frustration at
 the system's failure to provide basic goods and services. Gorbachev had
 studied law, but had no training in economics. In the economic sphere as
 elsewhere, he had proved to be a rather cautious revolutionary, taking half
 steps that disappointed some of his advisers. His objective was to reform
 the economic system, not scrap it. Five years into his era of perestroika,
 or the restructuring of Soviet institutions, the system of central planning
 was still in place. By early 1990, however, reforms were being drafted that
 would privatize most Soviet industry, sell small businesses to
 entrepreneurs, and lease large companies to their workers.

 By late summer, shortages in stores were getting worse. Bread riots had
 played a part in bringing the Bolsheviks to power in 1917. In 1990, long
 bread lines were forming throughout Moscow, and the price of bread, when
 available, rose sharply. Elsewhere, crowds rioted and stormed through stores
 looking for scarce foodstuffs. Meanwhile, tons of grain were rotting in the
 fields because collective farms lacked equipment, fuel, and means of
 transportation. Gorbachev said farmers were withholding grain and ordered
 local officials to take it from them by force. Medicine, coal, and soap were
 also scarce.

 The Russian Republic, under Yeltsin's leadership, responded to these
 circumstances with a 500-day plan that would see private property legalized,
 government subsidies abolished, price controls lifted, and the institution
 of private banks and a stock market. Meanwhile, Soviet Prime Minister
 Nikolai Ryzhkov had drawn up a more cautious plan that would preserve much
 of the central planning apparatus. But Gorbachev, in a candid statement to
 the Supreme Soviet in September, said, "The system is no longer there; it's
 gone." He supported an economic plan that would be a compromise between the
 Ryzkhov concept and the 500-day plan. Late in September, the Supreme Soviet
 agreed to work out the compromise, and at Gorbachev's request, it also
 granted the president emergency powers to put into effect new policies on
 wages, prices, finances, and the budget.

                          Reunification of Germany

 The reunification of Germany, after a 45-year division of the German people
 into Communist and non-Communist states, was 1990's biggest headline from
 Eastern Europe. Political union came far more swiftly than most had
 expected, but full economic integration would clearly take longer.

 In October 1989, Erich Honecker stepped down as leader of the Socialist
 Unity (Communist) Party in East Germany. His successor, Egon Krenz, who had
 declared, "Without the Communist Party, there is no German Democratic
 Republic," was unable to head off massive public demands for reform or
 removal of the regime. After East Germany opened its border with
 Czechoslovakia, thousands of East Germans sought permission to leave, and on
 Nov. 9 the East German government agreed to issue exit visas to those who
 asked for them. This was the day the Berlin Wall symbolically "came down,"
 with young citizens of both east and west sitting atop it in celebration.
 Throngs of East Berliners flocked into the western sectors of the city to
 taste freedom and enjoy such Western pleasures as fast food and shopping.

 The East German government collapsed, and the new premier, Hans Modrow,
 surpassed Krenz in popularity by calling for free elections and a multiparty
 system. The party was shaken up again, with Krenz departing, and parliament
 revoking the constitutional clause assuring the Communists a "leading role"
 in society. West German Chancellor Helmut Kohl called for confederation of
 the two Germanys. Public sentiment in East Germany soon rallied to this
 possibility, though a minority opposed any union with West Germany,
 preferring the security of the status quo and job guarantees available under
 communism.

 The obstacles to reunion seemed massive, but with the cooperation of the
 U.S., England, France and the USSR, negotiations moved swiftly and agreement
 on the future of one German state became a shocking reality. Strong impetus
 for reunion came in March when Conservatives supported by Kohl won the East
 German parliamentary election. Modrow had favored a united nation that would
 be neutral militarily, but the West German government insisted that the new
 Germany be a part of NATO--as West Germany already was. In April, a
 noncommunist government was installed under Lothar de Maiziere, leader of
 the Christian Democratic Union. At a July meeting with Kohl, Gorbachev
 dropped his objection to a united Germany in NATO. At the same time, Kohl
 agreed to the continued presence of Soviet troops in East Germany for up to
 four years, and the promised limitations on Germany weaponry. West Germany
 and the USSR later signed a pact of "friendship and cooperation," and Bonn
 promised Moscow $10 billion in economic aid.

 In still another breakthrough in July, the two Germanys and the four major
 allied powers of World War II guaranteed Poland's border with a united
 Germany. Thus, Poland would keep the former German territory awarded to it
 after World War II.

 The details of economic union were troublesome but not insurmountable. In a
 treaty signed in May, the two Germanys established a unified monetary system
 using the West German mark as the sole official currency. The treaty,
 ratified by both parliaments, took effect July 1. East German marks were
 exchanged with the Deutsche Mark at rates of 1-1 or 2-1. The West German
 Bundesbank took control over East German monetary policy. East Germany was
 plugged into West Germany's tax, pension, and unemployment-compensation
 systems.

 For all the euphoria and fireworks that accompanied formal reunification on
 Oct. 3, the two parts of the new Germany remained quite different. East
 Germans had no experience with free democratic and economic institutions,
 and their economy, once perceived as the strongest in East Europe, was, in
 fact, in bad shape. Manufactured goods were generally of poor quality, and
 East Germans, given a choice, spent their money on Western products.
 Unemployment in the East soared from almost nothing to 350,000 during the
 first eight months of 1990. Factories in the East were in disrepair and too
 few people had competent business skills.

                               Eastern Europe

 In the other Warsaw Pact countries of Eastern Europe, new leaders were
 thrust to the fore and had to work out their destiny with far less outside
 assistance.

 Romania's path to the future was the only one stained with bloodshed, and
 its route by late 1990 led only a short distance from standard
 Marxism-Leninism. Pres. Nicolae Ceausescu, in power for 24 years, was
 unanimously reelected Communist Party secretary in November 1989, but his
 days were numbered. The self-styled "Genius of the Carpathians" and "Danube
 of Thought" had squandered Romania's resources on grandiose public buildings
 and had sold off basic neccessities of life, including textiles and
 chickens, to pay foreign debts. Ceausescu exercised ruthless control through
 the Securitate, 60,000 well-armed police who had better weapons than the
 army and who were fiercely loyal to the president. In a country where it was
 said that half of the people were spying on the other half, even typewriters
 were illegal.

 News of the ferment in neighboring countries could not be kept out of
 Romania, and in December an incident occurred that quickly brought Romania
 into the maelstrom. A crowd in Timisoara, in Transylvania, protested the
 deportation of a Protestant minister who had supported the rights of ethnic
 Hungarians in the area. A demonstration for democracy emerged from this, and
 the army and Securitate moved in. A large number of civilians, later put at
 95, were killed, and the spark fired up the whole country. Within days,
 Ceausescu was shouted down when he attempted to speak at a rally in
 Bucharest. He and his wife, Elena, also a powerful figure in the government,
 fled by helicopter and car, but were captured, tried in an unidentified
 location, and executed on Christmas day on charges of genocide, abuse of
 power, and theft. A mixed bag of former Communists, military officers, and
 students sought to form a government, the National Salvation Front, and Ion
 Iliescu, a former party official, was made interim president. The Securitate
 fought on for days, but eventually was subdued.

 Amid the ensuing chaos, some reforms were introduced. Typewriters were back,
 food appeared on shelves, political prisoners were freed, and birth control
 was permitted again. Many citizens became convinced, however, that little
 had really changed, and some contended that the events of December had been
 nothing more than a coup by the Communist establishment against Ceausescu
 and his immediate circle, some of whom were later convicted of various
 charges. Large street protests were not matched by votes at the ballot box,
 however, and in the May election, the National Salvation Front turned back
 the challenge of a large number of parties, retaining about two thirds of
 the seats in parliament. Iliescu won about 85 percent of the vote for
 president.

 In a scene reminiscent of the old regime, riot police attacked demonstrators
 in June, the protestors fought back, and four were killed and 200 injured.
 Then, 10,000 miners poured into Burcharest on Iliescu's appeal to save
 Romania from a "fascist rebellion," and sacked the headquarters of
 opposition parties.

 Czechoslovakia's transition was accomplished virtually without violence, and
 its rejection of the past was more clear-cut. Here, a genuine popular hero
 emerged in Vaclav Havel, a dissident playwright who had been imprisoned by
 the Communists despite an international reputation based on plays that
 depicted misery under totalitarian rule. Havel organized an opposition
 group, Civic Forum, that began talks with the government in November 1989.
 Public protests in Prague grew swiftly, involving hundreds of thousands of
 people. Police brutality stirred the opposition. Confronted with the option
 of widespread repression, the party and the government backed down. Milos
 Jakes, the party leader, and 12 other members of the ruling Politburo
 resigned. General strikes and the power of Havel's moral leadership brought
 down the government as well, and by early December, Pres. Gustav Husak was
 out and the cabinet had a noncommunist majority.

 Another popular figure, Alexander Dubcek, who had led the 1968 reform
 movement known as the Prague Spring, also came to the fore. His attempt to
 introduce "socialism with a human face" had been crushed by Soviet tanks.
 Both he and Havel aspired to lead the new Czechoslovakia, but Dubcek was,
 after all, still a Communist, and the majority of the population appeared to
 want a more thorough break with the past. Dubcek agreed to serve as chairman
 of parliament, and on December 29, Havel was elected president. Havel had
 said, "We want democracy, we want to rejoin the European Community, we want
 social justice and a free-market economy. We may be socialists, but without
 these things there can be no socialism."

 Havel moved slowly in dealing with the entrenched bureaucracy, calling for
 forgiveness and saying he did not want a witch hunt. As the government
 explored options in moving to a market economy, and as the economy failed to
 respond to the desires of the people, Havel joined in blaming the
 Communists. In deference to the wishes of 5 million Slovaks, the country was
 formally renamed the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic. In June, Havel's
 party, Civic Forum, and its allied party easily won national parliamentary
 elections.

 Poland had led the way to a new day in Eastern Europe with ten years of
 ferment created by the Solidarity labor movement, and a noncommunist
 government was in place by mid-1989. Poland also made bold moves in the
 economic sphere. In a country where food shortages had become the norm, the
 new government adopted a free-market economy in one leap. Price controls
 were lifted, and costs of basic commodities skyrocketed. The cost of
 gasoline doubled, and coal was up 600 percent. The government announced a
 timetable for "privatizing" state enterprises. This demonstration of
 commitment to radical reform produced an outpouring of economic aid from the
 United States and West Germany. As prices of food found their proper market
 level and the economy stabilized, a poll put the popularity of the
 government at 85 percent.

 The pace was not fast enough, however, for Lech Walesa, the hero of the
 Solidarity movement, who announced in September that he would run for
 president. Tadeusz Mazowiecki, whom he had helped install as prime minister,
 also declared his candidacy for president. Pres. Wojciech Jarulzelski, a
 Communist who had run Poland until 1989, said he would not seek reelection.

 In Hungary, another country in which Communist control had collapsed during
 1989, elections to a national parliament were completed in April 1990. The
 center-right Democratic Forum and its allied parties captured almost 60
 percent of the seats, while the Socialist (formerly Communist) party won
 only 8.5 percent of the seats.

 Bulgaria also broke with its Stalinist past, but found both its government
 and economy in a state of uncertain transition. Pres. Todor Zhivkov, who as
 head of the Communist Party had run Bulgaria since 1954, resigned his
 presidency and party post in November 1989. In April, parliament approved
 free multiparty elections, which the Socialist (formerly Communist) Party
 won, but its margin over the opposition coalition was not overwhelming.
 Zhivkov's  successor as president, Petar Mladenov, resigned in July after a
 videotape revealed that he had called for tanks to put down a pro-democracy
 demonstration the previous December. Parliament, in August, chose Zhelyu
 Zhelov, the opposition leader, who had been expelled from the Communist
 Party for questioning Lenin's theories, as president.

 Bulgaria's economy suffered a setback when Iraq and the Soviet Union cut oil
 supplies. The economy was in decline in late 1990, with the rationing of
 electricity, gasoline, and some food. Bread was short in some areas,
 industrial production fell sharply, and drought reduced the grain harvets.

 Albania, the smallest and by far most isolated of the East European
 countries, had long remained aloof even from its neighboring Communist
 "comrades," and yet it also made at least a cosmetic gesture toward reform
 in May. The courts were reogranized, the number of capital offenses reduced,
 restrictions on worship were relaxed (in the only nation in the world that
 had banned religion outright), and citizens were granted the right to obtain
 passports.

 In July, police battled thousands of demonstrators in the capital, and, in
 apparent reaction, the regime removed hard-liners from the Workers'
 (Communist) Party Politburo. Albanians demanding the right to leave the
 country were granted their wish, and several thousand left for Italy and
 elsewhere.

 Yugoslavia had broken away from Moscow's domination shortly after World War
 II, but had remained both Communist and authoritarian. In 1990, too,
 Yugoslavia began exploring the path toward democracy, but was plagued by the
 polyglot nature of its citizenry. A "nation" containing a number of ethnic
 groups, languages, and religions, Yugoslavia was in danger of fragmenting.
 To complicate matters, the 1974 constitution gave each of Yugoslavia's 6
 republics virtual veto power over the Federal decision-making process. In
 Serbia, Croatia, and Slovenia, parliaments were drafting new constitutions,
 and the weakening of central authority made any forecast of the future
 difficult.

 The turmoil in Eastern Europe contained several common features and trends.
 Despite the show of force in Lithuania, the days of Red Army tanks rolling
 through the streets of Budapest and Prague were over, and the change of
 commands occurred without Soviet intervention. Indeed, Gorbachev repeatedly
 made it explicitly clear that hard-liners who had previously enjoyed
 Moscow's support could not count on a rescue from Big Brother. The Soviet
 News Agency called Romania's Ceausescu "one of the most odious dictators of
 the 20th century."

 When forced to leave Czechoslovakia on an early timetable, the soldiers of
 the Red Army were also obliged to take with them soil that they had
 contaminated with toxic chemicals and oil spills. In the Soviet Union, the
 soldiers faced a homecoming literally without homes, given the extent of the
 housing shortage. The East German army nearly fell apart, losing motivation
 and shrinking from 173,000 to 90,000 between November 1989 and March 1990,
 in large part through desertion. Some soldiers were assigned to civilian
 duty to replace refugees.

                            Communism Elsewhere

 China was quiet in 1990, at least on the surface, with public protests a
 thing of the past after the tanks of the People's Army crushed the
 student-led demonstrations in Beijing in June 1989. China's elderly leaders
 did not relax their iron grip on the country, and no reforms were
 introduced. Martial law was lifted in January, but the adoption of other
 laws kept a lid on the population.

 The Mongolian People's Republic, a vast and nearly empty land lying between
 the Soviet Union and China, stirred a bit in 1990. Jambyn Batmunh, general
 secretary of the Communist Party, announced in March that the party would
 work with others to seek political reform, and the party voted to drop its
 constitutional monopoly on power. Largely ignored by the world press,
 Mongolia pursued modest change in a communications vacuum.

 Cuba was not swept up in the winds of change, after 31 years of tight
 Communist control under Fidel Castro. The economy was a shambles, and the
 regime was forced to tighten food rations, but the availability of
 subsidized medical care, housing, and education apparently was enough to
 satisfy a large portion of the population. An annual $5 billion subsidy from
 the Soviet Union was put at risk by Castro's resistance to Gorbachev-style
 reform and by his patron's own economic woes.

 Under the leadership of the Sandinistas since 1979, Nicaragua had taken on
 many characteristics of a Marxist state, but Pres. Daniel Ortega was
 defeated by Violeta Barrios de Chamorro in an election in February. The
 Soviet Union had indicated to Ortega's government that it was no longer
 going to prop up Nicaragua's revolution. Nonetheless, the Sandinistas
 retained a large following, and Chamorro, faced with rehabilitating
 Nicaragua after many years of civil war, reappointed Ortega's brother,
 Humberto, as chief of the armed forces and developed a close working
 relationship with him.

                        Present and Future Problems

 The new governments of Eastern Europe faced the task of recovery under
 arduous circumstances. Addressing the situation in Romania, the dissident
 writer Norman Manea observed, "The dictator destroyed the entire political,
 economic and moral structure and it will be very difficult to reconstruct."

 From country to country, decay and deterioration of equipment and
 infrastructure were visible everywhere. Some bridges and roads had not been
 repaired since the Communists took over. Machines broke down and stood idle.
 In some cases, the workers who had operated them had disappeared in the
 night, across an international border.

 Businesspeople faced a new world of risk. They were unaccustomed to dealing
 with consumer demand. Almost no one had had the opportunity to acquire
 entrepreneurial skills. Unemployment grew. In several countries, the
 bureaucracies still groaned under the weight of Communist functionaries.

 The environment was in bad shape. The land was scarred for miles by deep
 holes dug to extract coal, and dirt was piled high. Towns were ringed by
 smokestacks, their citizens under an umbrella of brown air. Incidence of
 cancer and respiratory disease was high. Factories were often too obsolete
 to be upgraded to meet any environmental requirements.

 A Soviet offical said, "Crime is like a thermometer of social
 disintegration," and crime was up in the Soviet Union and elsewhere. So,
 too, was antisemitism. In the Soviet Union, where public antisemitism was
 one of the first results of new-found freedom of speech, Jews took advantage
 of relaxed emigration policies, as thousands left the country to resettle in
 Israel. The skinheads in East Germany, the newly jobless elsewhere, and
 others frustrated with an era of change all too often found familiar
 scapegoats. The Jews, only a few hundred in East Germany, and those in
 Poland, only a few thousand--compared with 3.3 million in 1939, at times
 were blamed for having introduced communism in the first place, and then,
 improbably, as planning to force capitalism on the East.

 Although political unrest and divisions within society were still a fact of
 life in Eastern Europe, none of this conflict made communism appear any
 better. In January 1990, in his New Year's Day address to the people of
 Czechoslovakia, Pres. Vaclav Havel looked back:

 "Notions such as love, friendship, compassion, humility and forgiveness have
 lost their depth and dimension  . . .  The previous regime, armed with its
 arrogant and intolerant ideology, denigrated man into a production force and
 nature into a production tool  . . .  It made talented people who were
 capable of managing their own affairs  . . .  into cogs in some kind of
 monstrous, ramshackle, smelly machine whose purpose no one can understand."

 (See Oct. 90 Chronology for additional details.)


               Democrats Score Small Gains in 1990 Elections

 Democrats added to their majorities in both houses of Congress in elections
 held on Nov. 6, and in races for governor they also maintained their control
 of a majority of the nation's statehouses.

 Public-opinion polls had shown that voters were unhappy, and often angry,
 because of the decline of the economy, and because of a prolonged fight over
 the adoption of a federal budget that had ended just 10 days before the
 election. However, only one incumbent senator was defeated and about 96
 percent of the incumbents seeking reelection to the House won.

 In the contests for governor, the Democrats, who held a 29-21 advantage
 before the voting, emerged with about the same margin. Displeasure with high
 state taxes seemed to be a common thread in gubernatorial elections in which
 the statehouse shifted from one party to the other.

 The results of these races was especially important because governors would
 play an influential role in the redistricting of Congressional and state
 legislative seats that would take place as a result of the 1990 census.
 Democrats captured statehouses in Florida and Texas, where several
 Congressional districts will be added. In Florida, former Sen. Lawton Chiles
 ousted Bob Martinez, whose popularity had plunged in 1989 after he sought
 unsuccessfully to get the legislature to approve curbs on abortion.

 In Texas, State Treasurer Ann Richards defeated a wealthy rancher and oil
 man, Clayton Williams, who spent $8 million of his own money in pursuit of
 the governorship.

 In California, though, Sen. Pete Wilson held the governorship for the
 Republicans, as he turned back former San Francisco Mayor Dianne Feinstein.
 Wilson opposed, and Feinstein supported, a ballot proposition known as "Big
 Green," which would have imposed a number of strict environmental controls.
 The proposition was defeated.

 Gov. Mario Cuomo, a Democrat, easily won a third term in New York against
 Pierre Rinfret. The surprise  here was Herbert London, the Conservative
 Party candidate, who got about 20 percent of the vote.

 However, Republicans kept the governorships in Illinois and captured the
 statehouses in Ohio and (apparently) Michigan. In Massachusetts, the
 governorship went to William Weld, a former assistant U.S. attorney general.
 He defeated John Silber, the outspoken president of Boston University.

 In Minnesota, the Republican candidate for governor, Jon Grunseth, withdrew
 from the race 2 weeks before the election following sexual misconduct
 charges. His replacement, Arne Carlson, defeated the incumbent, Rudy
 Perpich, in a very close race. Two independents, Lowell Weicker in
 Connecticut and Walter Hickel in Alaska, won governorships--both in
 political comebacks.

 Minnesota was also the only state to see a change in a U.S. Senate seat.
 Rudy Boschwitz, a Republican, lost narrowly to Paul Wellstone, a college
 professor with strong liberal views. This gave the Democrats a 56-44
 advantage in the new Senate.

 Sen. Jesse Helms of North Carolina swept to victory over Harvey Gantt, the
 former mayor of Charlotte, who was seeking to become the first black senator
 from the South since the Reconstruction era. Helms, the most conservative
 member of the Senate, took a strong stand against quotas in hiring.

 Abortion was the key issue in Iowa, where Sen. Tom Harkin, a Democrat, who
 was "pro-choice," turned back an opponent of abortion, Rep. Tom Tauke. Sen.
 Bill Bradley of New Jersey, a Democrat and strong vote-getter in the past,
 narrowly squeaked through to reelection, apparently because voters were
 angered by a package of state tax increases pushed through by Gov. Jim
 Florio, a Democrat.

 In the House of Representatives, the Democrats had held a 257-176 advantage
 before the election, with 2 vacancies. Late returns showed that they would
 control the new House by about 267-167. One Socialist, Bernie Sanders, the
 former mayor of Burlington, who ran as an independent, won in Vermont.

 Newt Gingrich of Georgia, the assistant Republican leader in the House,
 barely survived by a thousand votes. Gary Franks of Connecticut became the
 first black Republican elected to the House in more than 50 years.

 Sharon Pratt Dixon was elected mayor of Washington, D.C., succeeding Marion
 Barry, who did not seek reelection. She became the first black woman mayor
 of a major city. Barry sought election at-large to the City Council but was
 defeated. The Rev. Jesse Jackson won elective office for the first time,
 becoming the "shadow senator" from the District of Columbia, which gave him
 a voice in Congress but not a vote.


                      CHRONOLOGY OF THE YEAR'S EVENTS

 Reported Month by Month in 3 Categories: National, International, and
 General

                       Oct. 15, 1989 to Oct. 31, 1990


                                   OCTOBER


                                  National

 Severe Quake Hits Northern California -- One of the strongest earthquakes
 ever recorded in California struck along the San Andreas fault in the
 northern part of the state, Oct. 17. More than 60 people were killed and
 several thousand injured. Some 100,000 houses were reported damaged. The
 worst damage was in San Francisco and Oakland, 75 miles north of the
 epicenter of the quake. Most of the deaths, more than 40, occurred when the
 upper level of the double-decker Nimitz Freeway (Interstate Highway 880) in
 Oakland collapsed. The freeway was packed with rush-hour traffic at 5:04
 p.m., when the 15-second quake hit. In San Francisco, several fires broke
 out with the worst being in the Marina district, where a number of buildings
 were destroyed. Other cities that suffered heavily included Santa Cruz,
 where much of the downtown shopping district was leveled; San Jose; and Los
 Gatos. The tragedy struck just minutes before the start of the 3d game of
 baseball's World series between the Oakland Athletics and the San Fransisco
 Giants at San Francisco's Candlestick Park. The game was canceled and the
 crowd of 58,000 evacuated safely. The last survivor to be found, Buck Helm,
 a longshoreman, was pulled from the wreckage of the Nimitz Freeway, Oct. 21.
 The U.S. Geological Survey said, Oct. 24, that its estimate of the quake's
 intensity had been put at 7.1 on the Richter Scale, the 5th strongest of the
 century, though well below the impact of San Fransisco's great earthquake of
 1906. Congress, Oct. 25, approved an aid package totaling $4.15 billion. The
 World Series resumed, Oct. 27, at Candlestick Park, and Oakland completed a
 4-game sweep of the Giants, Oct. 28.

 Trade Gap Widens Again -- The Commerce Dept. reported, Oct. 17, that the
 U.S. merchandise trade deficit had risen to $10.77 billion in August. The
 gap, the largest in 8 months, was attributed to the stronger U.S. dollar,
 which had made imports cheaper and exports more expensive. The Census Bureau
 said, Oct. 18, that the median U.S. family income stood at $32,191 in 1988,
 a slight decline from the $32,251 in 1987. The figures were adjusted for
 inflation. The Labor Dept. said, Oct. 19, that consumer prices rose 0.2
 percent in September. The Commerce Dept. reported, Oct. 26, that the gross
 national product had grown at a 2.5 percent annual rate in the third
 quarter. The department said, Oct. 31, that its leading economic indicators
 had risen 0.2 percent in September.

 Flag Amendment Fails in Senate -- On Oct. 19, a week after Congress had
 completed action on a bill to outlaw desecration of the American flag, the
 Senate failed to approve an amendment to the U.S. Constitution that had the
 same purpose. The vote was 51-48, well below the two-thirds required for
 approval of amendments. Pres. George Bush, who feared that the law could be
 declared unconstitutional, had supported the amendment.

 Senate Removes Federal Judge -- U.S. District Judge Alcee Hastings of
 Florida was convicted of 8 articles of impeachment, Oct. 20, by the U.S.
 Senate. The convictions had the effect of removing him from the bench.
 Hastings, the 6th federal judge to be so removed, had been acquitted in 1983
 of accepting a bribe in a case before him. However, a federal judicial panel
 found "clear and convincing evidence" in 1987 that Hastings had conspired to
 accept the bribe.

 Congressman Convicted in Wedtech Scandal -- In the last major trial to grow
 out of the Wedtech investigation, Rep. Robert Garcia (D, N.Y.) and his wife,
 Jane Lee, were found guilty of extortion and conspiracy, Oct. 20.
 Prosecutors charged that Garcia, who represented the Bronx district in which
 the company had been located, had demanded payoffs from Wedtech. Mrs. Garcia
 had been accused of receiving payoffs from the company totalling more than
 $75,000.00. More than 20 prominent persons had been convicted in the
 scandal. Federal Judge Leonard Sand Jan. 19 sentenced the Garcias to 3 years
 in prison. On June 29, 1990 a federal appeals court overturned the
 convictions of the Garcias.

 Funding for Abortion Vetoed -- The Senate and House approved a spending bill
 for the departments of Education, Labor, and Health and Human Services that
 reinstated funding for Medicaid abortions in instances of rape or incest.
 Pres. George Bush vetoed the bill, Oct. 21. The House, Oct. 25, voted
 231-191 to override the veto, but this fell far short of the two-thirds vote
 needed, and the veto was sustained. Bush had supported federal funding only
 if the mother's life was in danger. Those who had supported the bill said
 the burden of the veto would fall most heavily on poor women who could not
 afford to pay for an abortion.


                                International

 German Communists Remove Honecker -- The 18 year rule of Erich Honecker in
 East Germany came to an end, Oct. 18, when he stepped down as head of the
 Socialist Unity (Communist) Party, chairman of the National Defense Council,
 and head of state. The Central Committee of the Party had clearly forced him
 out, though a statement said he had retired because of ill health. Honecker
 was succeeded by Egon Krenz, a member of the ruling Politburo. On Oct. 23
 and 30, 300,000 persons in Leipzig demonstrated on behalf of political
 reform.

 Hungary Proclaimed a Free Republic -- The Hungarian National Assembly
 amended the constitution, Oct. 18, to prepare for multiparty free elections
 in 1990 when a new constitution would be drafted. The Assembly ended the
 ruling party's monopoly on power, removed references to the "leading role"
 for the Communists, and renamed the country the Republic of Hungary, without
 reference to a "People's Republic." Acting Pres. Matyas Szuros, Oct. 23,
 proclaimed Hungary a free republic. The Assembly voted Oct. 31, to conduct a
 national referendum on how to choose a president.

 Soviets Admit Afghanistan Invasion was Illegal -- Foreign Minister Eduard
 Shevardnadze, in a speech to the Soviet legislature, Oct. 23, said his
 country's invasion of Afghanistan in 1979 was illegal. Saying that the
 intervention "violated the norms of proper behavior," he blamed it on
 then-Pres. Leonid Brezhnev and some others in the inner circle. He also
 acknowledged that the Soviet radar complex at Krasnoyarsk violated the 1972
 ABM treaty. The foreign minister said that historic changes in Poland and
 Hungary were acceptable to the Kremlin, and that the Soviet Union looked
 toward the eventual dissolution of the Warsaw Pact and NATO. Pres. George
 Bush said, Oct. 31, that he and Soviet Pres. Mikhail Gorbachev would hold an
 informal summit on ships in the Mediterranean Sea, Dec. 2-3.

 Police Break Up Prague Demonstration -- On Oct. 25, with political unrest in
 Czechoslovakia on the rise, Premier Ladislav Adamec rejected any dialogue
 between the government and those "who act for the liquidation of the
 socialist system  . . .  and the Communist Party." On Oct. 27, several
 prominent dissidents were placed under detention. On Oct. 28, some 10,000
 persons gathered in Wenceslas Square in Prague to observe the 71st
 anniversary of the founding of the republic. The demonstration was broken up
 by club-swinging police.

 Ortega Announces End to Truce -- On Oct. 27, on the first day of a 2-day
 summit meeting of heads of state of Western Hemisphere countries in San
 Jose, Costa Rica, Pres. Daniel Ortega of Nicaragua said he would end his
 regime's unilateral cease-fire against contra rebels. He claimed the contras
 had repeatedly violated the truce, leaving more than 3,000 Nicaraguans dead,
 wounded, or missing. Pres George Bush, who attended the summit, Oct. 28,
 attacked Ortega as a "little man" and as "an animal at a garden party."
 Ortega announced, Nov. 1, that the cease-fire had ended, and the contras
 reported that the army had resumed operations.


                                   General

 Spacecraft Begins Journey to Jupiter -- The space shuttle Atlantis was
 launched with a crew of 5 from Cape Canaveral, Fla., on Oct. 18, It carried
 the spacecraft Galileo, which separated from the shuttle on its 5th orbit
 and began a 6-year journey to the plant Jupiter. After arrival in the
 vicinity of Jupiter in 1995, the craft would explore the planet's atmosphere
 and moons. The shuttle landed at Edwards Air Force Base in California on
 Oct. 23.

 Evangelist Jim Bakker Sentenced -- Television evangelist Jim Bakker, who had
 been convicted of fraud and conspiracy, was sentenced, Oct. 24, to 45 years
 in prison and fined $500,000.00. He would be eligible for parole in 10
 years.

 Disasters -- The crash into the Caspian Sea, Oct. 18, of a Soviet military
 transport plane carrying paratroopers resulted in the death of all 57
 aboard.  . . .  The crash, Oct. 21, of a Honduran jetliner into the side of
 a mountain in Honduras took the lives of 131 of the 146 persons aboard.  . .
 .  More than 50 people burned to death, Oct. 21, in the Sudan after 2 buses
 collided.  . . .  A China Airlines Boeing 737 crashed into a mountain after
 taking off from Hualien, in eastern Taiwan, Oct. 26, killing all 54 people
 aboard.


                                  NOVEMBER


                                  National

 Minimum Wage Compromise Approved -- Congress approved a compromise worked
 out with the White House on the minimum wage. The agreement provided that
 the current minimum of $3.35 an hour be increased to $4.25 an hour by 1991.
 A training wage of $3.35 would be permitted for workers 16 to 19 years old
 during their first 3 months on a job. The House approved the bill, Nov. 1,
 and the Senate followed on Nov. 8.

 Flurry of Activity as Congress Adjourns -- With concern shifting toward the
 economies of Eastern Europe, the Senate and House, Nov. 20, approved a
 foreign aid bill that contained $532.8 million for Poland and Hungary. The
 House voted, Nov. 21, 352-63, to repeal the Medicare Catastrophic Coverage
 Act of 1988. Many elderly Americans had complained that they had to finance
 it even though it duplicated other coverage. Also on Nov. 21, the House
 approved a deficit-reduction bill aimed at producing $14.6 billion in
 savings and new revenues. By voice vote, Nov. 22, the Senate gave its assent
 to the insurance repeal and the deficit-reduction bill. Congress adjourned,
 Nov. 22.

 Cut in Capital Gains Dropped -- Pres. George Bush and Republican leaders in
 Congress, Nov. 2, shelved their effort, for the time being, to win approval
 for a reduction in the capital gains tax. The House, in September, had
 attached a reduction to a deficit-reduction bill, but the Senate had not
 included the capital gains issue in its version of the bill.

 Jobless Rate Steady -- The nation's unemployment rate held at 5.2 percent in
 October, the Labor Dept. said, Nov. 3. The department reported, Nov. 9, that
 producer prices had risen 0.4 percent in October. The Commerce Dept., Nov.
 16, put the merchandise trade deficit in September at $7.94 billion, the
 lowest since 1984. The Labor Dept. said, Nov. 21, that consumer prices had
 risen 0.5 percent in October.

 Another Judge Removed by Senate -- On Nov. 3, for the second time in 2
 weeks, the U.S. Senate convicted a federal judge on impeachment charges and
 removed him from the bench. The charges involving U.S. District Judge Walter
 Nixon Jr. of Biloxi, Miss. related to his conviction in 1986 for lying to a
 grand jury about intervening in a drug case on behalf of the son of a
 contractor with whom Nixon had had financial dealings. Nixon asserted that
 he had been "unjustly and wrongfully convicted."

 Quake Damage Put at $5.6 Billion -- As Californians continued to repair the
 damage from the October earthquake, Gov. George Deukmejian, Nov. 7, signed a
 bill raising the sales tax temporarily by one-quarter percent as a means of
 obtaining money for earthquake relief. State officials estimated property
 damage, Nov. 11, at $5.6 billion. The insurance industry estimated that only
 $2 billion was covered by insurance. Repair work was completed, Nov. 16, on
 the San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge. Buck Helm, a longshoreman who had been
 trapped in the wreckage of a freeway for 89 hours before being rescued,
 died, Nov. 19. California officials placed the death toll at 62 on Nov. 19.

 Democrats Strong in Off-Year Voting -- Democrats won most of the top offices
 at stake in off-year elections, Nov. 7. Black candidates also scored some
 major breakthroughs. In a very close race for governor of Virginia, Lt. Gov.
 L. Douglas Wilder, a black, appeared to be the winner by a few thousand
 votes over J. Marshall Coleman, the Republican nominee. No state had had a
 black governor since the Reconstruction era after the Civil War. Wilder
 appeared to have benefitted from his support of abortion rights for women.
 Abortion was also a major issue in the New Jersey gubernatorial campaign.
 U.S. Rep. James Florio, the Democratic candidate, who favored the right of a
 woman to choose an abortion, won in a landslide over the Republican, U.S.
 Rep. Jim Courter. Manhattan Borough Pres. David Dinkins, a Democrat, became
 the first black to be elected mayor of New York City. He defeated former
 U.S. Attorney Rudolph Giuliani, stressing the themes of unity and harmony.
 Seattle, New Haven., Conn., and Durham, N.C. all elected their first black
 mayors. Coleman Young of Detroit and Kathy Whitmire of Houston, both
 Democrats, were among the mayors who were re-elected. On Nov. 27, the
 Virginia Board of Elections certified Wilder as the winner of the
 governorship.

 Guilt Admitted in Arms Scandal -- Air Force Maj. Gen. Richard Secord (ret.)
 pleaded guilty, Nov. 8, to making a false statement to Congress regarding
 the Iran-contra scandal. He admitted that he lied in June 1987 when he said
 he did not know that Lt. Col. Oliver North had benefitted financially from
 the sale of arms to Iran or from the diversion of profits to contra rebels
 in Nicaragua. Eleven other charges against Secord were dropped as part of a
 plea bargain agreement. He was sentenced, Jan. 24, 1990, to 2 years'
 probation.

 Pennsylvania Acts on Abortion -- The Pennsylvania legislature approved a
 bill restricting abortions, and Gov. Robert Casey signed it into law, Nov.
 18. Pennsylvania became the first state to restrict abortions after the U.S.
 Supreme Court gave states the right to do so in July. Most abortions at
 public hospitals were banned, as were almost all abortions after 24 weeks of
 gestation. For abortions that were permitted, prior notification of the
 spouse and a 24-hour waiting period were required.

 Congress Votes Itself a Raise -- Congress approved increases in salaries for
 its own members and for federal judges and top officials in the executive
 branch. At present, members of both the Senate and House received $89,500.
 Under the bill, House salaries would go to $124,400 by 1991, and members
 would be barred from accepting speaking fees. Senators' pay would rise to
 $98,400 in 1990, with limits on speaking fees reduced by a like amount. The
 House and Senate gave their approval on Nov. 16 and 17, respectively.
 Apparently mindful of the storm of criticism that had averted approval of a
 pay increase earlier in the year, Congressional leaders unveiled the new
 plan only a day before the House voted. Pres. George Bush signed the bill,
 Nov. 30.


                               International

 East Germany Opens Berlin Wall -- A year of dramatic upheaval in Eastern
 Europe reached a climax in November when the East German Communist regime
 lifted its restrictions on travel and emigration to the West. On Nov. 1,
 East Germany opened its border with Czechoslovakia, prompting a sharp
 increase in East German emigration to West Germany through Czech territory.
 In 9 days, some 50,000 joined 150,000 who had previously gone west in 1989.
 On Nov. 3, 5 Politburo members resigned, and East German leader Egon Krenz
 promised economic and political reforms. More than 500,000 joined a peaceful
 pro-democracy rally in East Berlin, Nov. 4. Premier Willi Stoph and the
 entire Council of Ministers resigned, Nov. 7, and were joined by more
 Politburo members, Nov. 8. The Party's Central Committee, Nov. 8, nominated
 Hans Modrow, a reformist, for premier. A spokesman for the Soviet foreign
 ministry said, Nov. 9, that the changes were welcome. The government lifted
 travel and emigration restrictions, Nov. 9, and exit visas were issued to
 those who asked for them. Within hours, thousands of Germans from East and
 West massed at the Berlin wall, many of them sitting atop the barrier that
 had separated the 2 Germanys since 1961. On Nov. 10, East Germany opened
 more crossing points and East Germans by the hundreds of thousands poured
 into the West to shop, look around, and be reunited with family and friends.
 The migration was repeated in subsequent days. Although some East Germans
 remained in the West, most returned home. By Nov. 15, the East German
 government had issued 7.7 million travel visas. On Nov. 28, West German
 Chancellor Helmut Kohl proposed a plan for the confederation of the 2
 Germanys.

 Salvadoran Rebels Open Offensive -- The Farabundo Marti National Liberation
 Front (FMLN) began a major offensive against the government of El Salvador
 in November. The leftist rebels pulled out of peace talks, Nov. 2, after 10
 were killed in the bombing of a labor federation headquarters. The FMLN
 began its attack in San Salvador, the capital, and in other cities, Nov. 11
 and 12. Hundreds of combatants and civilians died in the worst urban
 fighting of the 10-year civil war, and the government, Nov. 12, declared a
 state of siege. By Nov. 15, the rebels had been driven from some of their
 strongholds in the capital. Six Jesuit priests as well as a cook and her
 daughter were shot to death by uniformed gunmen at Jose Simeon Canas
 University of Central America in San Salvador, Nov. 16. Democrats in the
 U.S. Congress warned, Nov. 17, that aid to El Salvador would be halted if
 the government failed to bring the killers to justice and end human rights
 abuses by the army and security forces. Rebels seized a hotel in San
 Salvador, Nov. 21, trapping 12 members of the U.S. Special Forces, or Green
 Berets. After being threatened with death, the soldiers were allowed to
 leave, Nov. 22. The rebels resumed their offensive in the capital, Nov. 27,
 and the homes of several U.S. diplomats were seized. On Nov. 30, the United
 States flew 282 embassy officials and dependents out of the country.

 New Lebanese President Killed -- Rene Moawad, a moderate Christian who
 enjoyed the support of Syria, was elected president of Lebanon, Nov. 5, but
 he was assassinated 17 days later. When electing Moawad, the Lebanese
 parliament also approved a plan supported by the Arab League to end
 Lebanon's civil war. The plan called for a balancing of political offices
 among the religious factions and would require militias to disband and
 Syrian troops to withdraw within 2 years. Gen. Michel Aoun, the Christian
 army commander, rejected the plan because Syrian troops would not leave at
 once. Moawad was assassinated, Nov. 22, when a bomb exploded along the route
 of his motorcade. It killed 23 other people. Parliament, Nov. 24, elected as
 president Elias Hrawi, like Moawad a moderate Maronite Catholic friendly to
 Syria.

 U.S. to Return Iranian Assets -- It was announced, Nov. 6, that the U.S.
 would unfreeze $567 million in Iranian assets that had been held since 1979.
 Pres. Bush said, Nov. 7, that he hoped Iran would use its influence to help
 free U.S. hostages in the Middle East. An Iranian newspaper said, Nov. 9,
 that the unfreezing of assets was an insufficient gesture of U.S. good will.


 Bulgarian Communist Leader Resigns -- Todor Zhivkov, who had been president
 of Bulgaria since 1971 and leader of the ruling Communist Party since 1954,
 resigned both posts, Nov. 10. The resignations came amid the first stirrings
 of the pro-democracy movement that was flourishing elsewhere in Eastern
 Europe. Zhivkov, 78, had ruled Bulgaria for a longer time than any other
 Eastern European leader. He was regarded as a hard-line Communist and loyal
 supporter of the Soviet Union. Zhivkov resigned at a meeting of the party's
 Central Committee, which named Foreign Minister Petar Mladenov to succeed
 him as the party's general secretary.

 Czech Communist Leadership Replaced -- The tide of political reform sweeping
 Eastern Europe engulfed Czechoslovakia in November. Unrest began to build,
 Nov. 17, when police used clubs, tear gas, and dogs to break up a
 demonstration by university students in Prague. More than 200,000 people
 marched in Prague, Nov. 20, calling for free elections. Czech Premier
 Ladislav Adamec met, Nov. 21, with playwright Vaclav Havel and other
 dissidents who had just formed a new opposition group, Civic Forum. Havel,
 addressing 150,000 afterward, said the regime had promised some reforms, but
 Communist Party leader Milos Jakes said on television that evening, "There
 are boundaries that should not be crossed." Alexander Dubcek, leader of the
 short-lived reform movement of 1968 that was crushed by Soviet tanks, spoke
 to pro-democracy crowds in Bratislava, Nov. 23, and Prague, Nov. 24. On Nov.
 24, at an emergency meeting of the Communist Party Central Committee, Jakes
 and the other 12 members of the policy-making Presidium (politburo)
 resigned. Jakes, an opponent of reform, had been in power since 1987. A new
 Presidium, including 6 holdovers, was named, with Karel Urbanek as general
 secretary of the party. Havel, addressing 800,000 people in Prague, Nov. 25,
 dismissed the personnel shifts as a trick. Millions of workers joined a
 2-hour general strike, Nov. 27. Adamec opened power-sharing talks with Civic
 Forum, Nov. 28. Parliament, Nov. 29, deleted from the Constitution a
 provision guaranteeing the Communist Party the "leading role" in society.

 Communist Leader of Romania Re-Elected -- Seemingly unaffected by turmoil
 elsewhere in Eastern Europe, the Romanian Communist Party opened its 14th
 Congress in Bucharest, Nov. 20. In a 5-hour keynote address, Pres. Nicolae
 Ceausescu proclaimed the party to be the "vital center" of life in Romania.
 Ceausescu, who had been in power since 1965, was unanimously re-elected
 party secretary, Nov. 24.

 Prime Minister Gandhi Resigns -- Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi of India
 resigned after his Congress (I) Party did poorly in parliamentary elections.
 His popularity had been declining for some time amid accusations that his
 government was corrupt and inefficient. In elections to parliament, Nov.
 22-26, his party lost more than half its seats. Opposition parties won more
 than half the seats. Gandhi announced his resignation, Nov. 29, subject to
 the selection of a new prime minister.

 Hungarians Vote on President -- In a national referendum, Nov. 26,
 Hungarians voted in favor of letting their next parliament choose the
 president of the country. Opposition groups had favored this approach,
 rather than the direct election of the president. Parliamentary elections
 would take place in 1990.


                                  General

 Conference Acts on Global Warming -- Representatives of 68 countries met in
 the Netherlands to consider the threat posed by the warming of the
 atmosphere--the so-called greenhouse effect. This was the first
 ministerial-level meeting held on the problem. A compromise resolution,
 adopted unanimously, Nov. 7, committed the signers to stabilizing levels of
 carbon dioxide emissions by 2000. A stronger resolution that would have set
 specific goals did not get a consensus, meeting resistance from the United
 States and Japan.

 Tornadoes Take 29 Lives -- Violent weather, including tornadoes, struck the
 eastern United States in mid-November and claimed 29 lives. A tornado cut
 through downtown Huntsville, Ala., Nov. 15, killing 18 people and injuring
 500. Outside Newburgh, N.Y. on Nov. 16, a tornado struck the East Coldenham
 Elementary School and knocked down a wall in the cafeteria. Nine students
 were killed and 16 injured.

 Vitamin Pills Reduce Birth Defects -- The Journal of the American Medical
 Association reported, Nov. 24, that women who take nonprescription
 multivitamin pills early in pregnancy reduce the risk of having a baby with
 certain neurological defects. These neural tube defects include anencephaly,
 or the absence of nearly all the brain, and spina bifida, in which part of
 the spinal cord protrudes from the spinal column. These defects may cause
 death or paralysis, and affect 1 to 2 babies in every 1,000 born. Mothers
 who took multivitamin pills containing folic acid during the first 6 weeks
 of pregnancy had only one fourth as many babies with these defects as women
 who did not take such pills. Some 23,000 women participated in the study.

 Disasters -- A typhoon that stuck Thailand in the first week of November
 took at least 365 lives. . . .  A Colombian jetliner exploded in midair,
 Nov. 27, shortly after it took off from Bogota, killing all 107 aboard.


                                 DECEMBER


                                  National

 Stocks Score Big Gains in 1989 -- The value of stocks on the major exchanges
 increased in 1989, even though economic data issued by the government
 continued to show no consistent pattern. The Commerce Dept. said, Dec. 1,
 that its leading economic indicators declined 0.4 percent in October. The
 Labor Dept. reported, Dec. 8, that the unemployment rate had edged upward to
 5.3 percent in November. The department said, Dec. 15, that producer prices
 fell 0.1 percent in November. On Dec. 15, the Commerce Dept. reported that
 the U.S. merchandise trade deficit had jumped to $10.20 billion in October.
 Consumer prices rose 0.4 percent in November, the Labor Dept. reported, Dec.
 19. The leading economic indicators edged upward 0.1 percent in November,
 the Commerce Dept. said, Dec. 29. When the stock exchanges closed on Dec.
 29, their last trading day of 1989, the Dow Jones industrial average stood
 at 2753.20, up 27 percent for the year. Standard & Poor's index of 500
 stocks was also up 27 percent for the year. The American Stock Exchange
 index was up 23 percent, and the Nasdaq over-the-counter market composite
 index posted a 19 percent gain for 1989.

 U.S. Official Resigns S&L Position -- M. Danny Wall, head of the federal
 Office of Thrift Supervision, resigned, Dec. 4. As the official in charge of
 overseeing the thrift industry, Wall had been criticized by members of
 Congress and other regulators for having overlooked signs that the Lincoln
 Savings and Loan Association of Irvine, Calif. was in financial trouble. The
 collapse of Lincoln and many other S&Ls was about to cost taxpayers many
 billions of dollars. Wall said he was being made a "scapegoat for the entire
 thrift crisis."

 Bombs Kill Judge, Lawyer -- Judge Robert Vance of the U.S. Court of Appeals
 for the 11th Circuit was killed, Dec. 16, in his home in a suburb of
 Birmingham, Ala., when he opened a package that contained a bomb. The
 explosion of the pipe bomb killed him instantly. Recent rulings by the court
 had angered white supremacists. In Savannah, Ga., Dec. 18, Robert Robinson,
 a lawyer and alderman, was killed by a similar bomb, sent to his office.
 Robinson, a black, had performed legal work for the National Association for
 the Advancement of Colored People. Two more bombs were seized at the federal
 court building in Atlanta, Dec. 18, and at the Jacksonville, Fla., office of
 the NAACP, Dec. 19, before they exploded. Federal investigators said, Dec.
 19, that "hard forensic evidence" linked the 4 bombs.


                               International

 Bush, Gorbachev Hold First Summit -- Pres. George Bush and Soviet Pres.
 Mikhail Gorbachev held their first summit meeting in December. The shipboard
 summit took place in Marsaxlokk Bay at the Mediterranean island republic of
 Malta. Bush arrived in Valletta, the capital of Malta, Dec. 1, and met with
 Maltese leaders before boarding the U.S.S. Belknap in the bay. A heavy
 storm, Dec. 2, forced the 2 leaders to hold their talks aboard the large
 Soviet cruise ship Maxim Gorky, rather than on a smaller cruiser. Bush
 proposed that bilateral treaties on strategic arms and conventional arms in
 Europe be completed during 1990. He offered to waive trade restrictions if
 the Soviets liberalized their emigration laws. The Soviet leader made no
 major proposals then or on the second day of their talks on the same ship,
 Dec. 3. After their second meeting, the 2 leaders held a joint press
 conference, another first for a superpower summit. They both seemed to agree
 that the Cold War was virtually a thing of the past and that the world, in
 Bush's words, was on the "threshold of a brand new era of U.S.-Soviet
 relations." Meeting with NATO leaders in Brussels, Dec. 4, Bush reported on
 the summit, pledged a continued U.S. military presence in Europe, and
 discussed the question of German reunification.

 East German Party Shaken Up Again -- December was another month of turmoil
 for the ruling Socialist Unity (Communist) Party in East Germany. On Dec. 1,
 parliament revoked a clause in the constitution guaranteeing the Communists
 a "leading role" in society. On Dec. 2, a committee reported to parliament
 that former party leader Erich Honecker and his associates had lived in
 luxury while they ran the country, and the committee said it had evidence
 that they had hidden $54 billion in Swiss bank accounts. These revelations
 led, Dec. 3, to the resignation of the entire leadership of the party,
 including General Secretary Egon Krenz, Premier Hans Modrow, the rest of the
 Politburo, and the entire Central Committee. Krenz remained head of state
 and Modrow head of government. Honecker and some former aides were put under
 house arrest, Dec. 5. Krenz resigned as head of state, Dec. 6, and was
 replaced by Manfred Gerlach, head of the small Liberal Democratic Party.
 Honecker and former Premier Willi Stoph were among 6 former officials
 charged, Dec. 8, with corruption and abuse of power. The party, Dec. 9,
 elected Gregor Gysi, a lawyer, to succeed Krenz. In Leipzig, Dec. 11,
 200,000 persons demonstrated for German reunification. U.S. Sec. of State
 James Baker 3d delivered a speech in East Berlin, Dec. 12, and then met in
 Potsdam with Modrow. West German Chancellor Helmut Kohl met with Modrow,
 Dec. 19.

 Another Coup Fails in Philippines -- Rebel elements within the Philippines
 army launched another coup attempt, the 6th during the presidency of Corazon
 Aquino. Like its predecessors, the coup failed. Rebels attacked military
 positions in suburban Manilla, Dec. 1, and planes dropped a few bombs. One
 struck the presidential palace, but Aquino was unhurt. Responding to a
 request from Aquino, Pres. George Bush authorized 2 U.S. F-4 jet fighters
 from Clark Air Force Base to provide air support for the government. There
 were no reports that the U.S. planes fired any shots. Vice Pres. Salvador
 Laurel, Dec. 3, backed the coup attempt and urged Aquino to resign. Within a
 few days, most rebels had surrendered to regular army troops, and the fall
 of a key airport, Dec. 9, ended the uprising. The official casualty toll for
 both sides was reported as 119 killed and 418 wounded.

 Pope and Gorbachev Meet -- In an historic first, Dec. 1, the leader of the
 Soviet Union, Pres. Mikhail Gorbachev, met with the head of the Roman
 Catholic Church at the Vatican. Pope John Paul II endorsed Gorbachev's
 reforms in the Soviet Union, and the 2 agreed to work toward establishing
 diplomatic relations. In a statement, Gorbachev called the meeting
 "extraordinary" and promised a law that would guarantee to Soviet citizens
 the right to "satisfy their spiritual needs."

 New Indian Prime Minister Named -- Vishwanath Pratap Singh, a former
 minister in the cabinet of outgoing Pres. Rajiv Gandhi, was chosen as leader
 of the National Front coalition on Dec. 1, and on Dec. 2 he was sworn in as
 prime minister of India. Gandhi had announced that he would step down after
 his Congress (I) Party did badly in the November elections. Singh's
 coalition would include both right- and left-wing groups.

 Communists Lose Grip on Czechoslovakia -- Communist domination of
 Czechoslovakia ended in December. In the wake of November's massive
 demonstrations, Premier Ladislav Adamec unveiled a new cabinet, Dec. 3, but
 the opposition Civic Forum rejected it because 16 of the 21 positions were
 still to be filled by Communists. Adamec resigned, Dec. 7, and Pres. Gustav
 Husak named Marian Calfa to replace him. The new cabinet, announced Dec. 7,
 had only 10 (of 21) Communists. In conversations with Civic Forum, Dec. 8,
 the Communists agreed to relinquish power. Husak, who had run the country
 for more than 20 years as Communist leader and president, resigned as
 president, Dec. 10. A hard-liner, he had come to power after Russian tanks
 crushed a reform movement in 1968. Vaclav Havel, a dissident playwright, and
 Alexander Dubcek, who had headed the 1968 reform movement, both declared
 their candidacies for president. The Communist Party, Dec. 20, replaced
 Karel Urbanek as its leader with Adamec. Parliament, Dec. 28, elected Dubcek
 as its speaker and on Dec. 29, it elected Havel president without
 opposition.

 Bombings Linked to Drug Cartel -- The government of Colombia said, Dec. 5,
 that it believed that the destruction of an Avianca Airlines jetliner, Nov.
 27, was caused by the explosion of a bomb. The death toll, possibly
 including several persons on the ground struck by the falling wreckage, was
 put at 110. More than 60 people were killed and more than 1,000 wounded when
 a bomb exploded in front of the Dept. of Administrative Security in Bogota,
 Dec. 6. The bomb contained half a ton of dynamite. Authorities believed both
 bombings represented acts of terrorism by drug dealers who were defying
 government efforts to eradicate their operations. On Dec. 15, some 300
 commandos and soldiers attacked a ranch near Tolu, where they killed Jose
 Gonzalo Rodriguez Gacha, the number two man in the Medellin drug cartel. His
 son and 15 bodyguards were also killed. Rodriguez Gacha was one of those
 believed responsible for acts of terrorism and the killing of several
 prominent Colombians.

 Lithuania Looks Toward Independence -- The Baltic republic of Lithuania gave
 strong signals of its eagerness to break free from the Soviet Union. The
 Lithuanian parliament voted overwhelmingly, Dec. 7, to adopt a multiparty
 political system, the first time any republic in the USSR had taken such a
 step. The vote was to remove Article 6 of the republic's constitution
 guaranteeing the Communist Party a monopoly on power. At the federal level,
 at the opening of the Congress of People's Deputies, Dec. 12, in Moscow,
 Pres. Mikhail Gorbachev averted a similar effort to debate the leading role
 of the party in the Soviet Union. Among those opposing Gorbachev and calling
 for a debate was Andrei Sakharov, the nuclear physicist and political
 dissident. Sakharov, an admired figure around the world for his efforts in
 behalf of human rights and a recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize, died, Dec.
 14. In another unprecedented move, the Lithuanian Communist Party declared
 itself independent of the national party, Dec. 20. The party further
 asserted that its goal was creation of an "independent democratic Lithuanian
 state." Gorbachev, Dec. 26, called this action "illegitimate" and ruled out
 secession by any of the nation's 15 republics.

 Bush Envoys Meet Chinese Leaders -- Two top Bush administration officials,
 National Security Adviser Brent Scowcroft and Deputy Sec. of State Lawrence
 Eagleburger, met with Chinese party and government leaders in Beijing, Dec.
 9 and 10. Although it was announced that the purpose of the meeting was for
 the U.S. representatives to brief the Chinese on the Malta summit, it was
 widely assumed that an attempt to improve relations between China and the
 United States was the principal focus. The administration announced, Dec.
 18, that Scowcroft and Eagleburger had also made a secret trip to China in
 July, a month after the Chinese regime had brutally crushed a pro-democracy
 demonstration in the capital.

 Central American Leaders Sign Accord -- The presidents of Costa Rica, El
 Salvador, Guatamala, Honduras, and Nicaragua, meeting in San Jose, Costa
 Rica, Dec. 12, signed a new peace agreement for the Central American region.
 The agreement declared that all support for the 10,000 rebels fighting
 against the Nicaraguan regime should be channeled through an international
 commission set up to disband the rebels. The accord included a strong
 endorsement of the government of Pres. Alfredo Cristiani of El Salvador,
 which was also under attack from a rebel force.

 Pinochet Era Ending in Chile -- On Dec. 14, Chile held its first
 presidential election since 1970. The result was a victory for opposition
 leader Patricio Aylwin, who received 55 percent of the vote. A more
 conservative candidate, Hernan Buchi, got 29 percent of the vote. Buchi, a
 former finance minister under Gen. Augusto Pinochet, was handicapped by his
 identification with Pinochet's authoritarian rule. Pinochet had come to
 power in a bloody coup in 1973, and the election results appeared to signal
 the end of his domination of the country, although he would remain chief of
 the armed forces.

 U.S. Invades Panama, Pursues Noriega -- Pres. George Bush sent U.S. military
 forces into Panama, and they engaged in a brief but bloody conflict with
 troops supporting the Panamanian dictator, Gen. Manuel Noriega. Panama's
 National Assembly of Representatives formally named Noriega head of
 government on Dec. 15, and also proclaimed that Panama "is declared to be in
 a state of war" with the United States. On Dec. 16, 4 off-duty U.S.
 servicemen were confronted at a roadblock by civilians and troops, and when
 they attempted to leave one was killed. U.S. troops stationed in Panama were
 placed on a high alert, Dec. 17. Some 12,000 U.S. military personnel were
 already in Panama, with the primary duty to safeguard the Panama Canal. On
 Dec. 20, in the early morning hours, 12,000 more Army, Navy, Air Force, and
 Marine troops landed. U.S. forces were divided into 5 task forces which
 attacked selected targets. One seized the headquarters of the Panama Defense
 Forces. Other targets included military and strategic locations in and
 around Panama City. An alternative government, headed by Guillermo Endara as
 president, was sworn in by a Panamanian judge at a U.S. military base.
 Endara claimed he had won a presidential election in May, but Noriega had
 annulled the vote. To protect shipping, U.S. troops closed the Panama Canal,
 Dec. 20, but reopened it, Dec. 21. Announcing the invasion, Dec. 20, Bush
 said he had the obligation to safeguard the lives of American citizens. Sec.
 of State James Baker 3d said, Dec. 20, that Noriega reportedly had planned
 to attack U.S. citizens in Panama. Most members of Congress supported the
 invasion, but the Organization of American States deplored it, Dec. 22. The
 U.S. Defense Department said, Dec. 23, that the secret radar-evading F-117A
 Stealth bombers had been used in combat for the first time, and had dropped
 2 bombs near a barracks. On Dec. 24, Noriega took refuge in the Vatican's
 diplomatic mission in Panama City. When this news came, most remaining
 resistance to the U.S. invasion collapsed. The mission had the right to
 grant Noriega asylum, and negotiations began among U.S., Vatican, and
 Panamanian diplomats as to his future. U.S. officials argued that because he
 had been indicted in the United States for drug trafficking he was not
 eligible for asylum. Casualty figures issued by U.S. military officials,
 Dec. 27, were: 23 U.S. soldiers, 3 American civilians, 297 Panamanian
 soldiers, and at least 400 Panamanian civilians killed; 322 U.S. soldiers, 1
 American civilian, 123 Panamanian soldiers, and 2,000 Panamanian civilians
 wounded or injured. The U.N. Security Council, Dec. 29, voted 75-20, with 39
 abstentions, to "strongly deplore" the U.S. invasion. On Mar. 26, U.S.
 officials confirmed it had lowered its tally of casualties suffered by
 Panamanians. It said about 50 members of the Panama military had been
 killed, and that the civilian death toll had been put at 202.

 Gen. Manuel Noreiga surrendered to U.S. authorities and agreed to give
 himself up after being assured that he would not face the death penalty.
 After leaving the mission, Jan. 3, Noriega was taken to a U.S. military base
 in Panama City and arrested on drug-trafficking indictments by U.S. Drug
 Enforcement Administration agents. He was flown to Florida and arraigned,
 Jan. 4, in federal district court in Miami. Noriega's lawyer refused to
 enter a plea, contending he was a political prisoner, and the court entered
 a plea of not guilty. Crowds in Panama City celebrated Noriega's capture.
 The chairman of the U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff, Gen. Colin Powell, said,
 Jan. 5, that with Noriega in custody U.S. troops could be withdrawn from
 Panama within a few weeks. Pres. George Bush, Jan. 25, announced his support
 of a $1 billion package of cash, loans, and other types of aid to help
 rebuild the devastated economy of Panama. U.S. District Judge William
 Hoeveler, Jan. 26, ordered Noriega held without bail. U.S. Vice Pres. Dan
 Quayle visited Panama, Honduras, and Jamaica, Jan. 27-29, to explain
 administration policy on Latin America.

 Romanian Leader Overthrown, Executed -- Pres. Nicolae Ceausescu of Romania
 was overthrown in a popular uprising, and he and his wife Elena were
 executed. As first secretary of the Communist Party since 1965, Nicolae
 Ceausescu had ruled Romania for nearly a quarter century. For months,
 Romania had appeared untouched by the political unrest sweeping other
 Communist nations in Eastern Europe. Then, on Dec. 15, in Timisoara, in
 Transylvania, a crowd formed to protest the arrest and deportation of a
 Protestant minister who had been advocating the rights of ethnic Hungarians
 who lived in the region. The protest evolved into a pro-democracy
 demonstration, Dec. 16, and Army and Securitate (internal-security) troops
 moved in. A large number of citizens were shot to death, Dec. 17, during a
 demonstration. Protests spread to 2 other cities, Dec. 19. Ceausescu
 returned from an official visit to Iran, Dec. 20, denounced the
 demonstrators, and then addressed a rally in Bucharest, Dec. 21. He was
 jeered by many in the crowd, an unprecedented event considering how tightly
 he held power. Securitate troops, known for their fierce loyalty to
 Ceausescu, fired on the crowd, drove them elsewhere, and eventually killed
 up to 40. On Dec. 22, as up to 150,000 persons massed to defy Securitate
 forces, it was reported that the defense minister had committed suicide,
 though it was later determined that he had been shot for refusing to order
 the army to fire on the demonstrators. Military units joined the rebels.
 Pres. Ceausescu and Elena, his chief deputy in the government, fled the
 capital by helicopter. They landed and seized a car, but were in turn
 captured by insurgents near Tirgoviste. On Dec. 25, after a brief trial by a
 military tribunal on charges of genocide, abuse of power, and theft, they
 were both shot at an undisclosed location. Meanwhile, on Dec. 22, a
 coalition of former Communist officials, military officers, students, and
 others formed a National Salvation Front to run the country. On Dec. 26, Ion
 Iliescu, a former party official, was named interim president. By the end of
 the month, the rebels were in control, but only after bloody fighting.
 Reports of the number of people killed in the 2 weeks of upheaval varied
 widely, but ran as high as tens of thousands.


                                  General

 Gunman in Montreal Kills 14 Women -- A man armed with a hunting rifle shot
 14 women to death on the campus of the University of Montreal, Dec. 6. He
 also wounded 13 others, mostly women, before killing himself. Six of the
 women were killed in one classroom. Police, Dec. 7 identified the gunman as
 Marc Lepine, and said he had left a note in which he had said that women had
 ruined his life. The rampage was the worst mass shooting ever in Canada.

 Driver Who Caused 27 Deaths Convicted -- Larry Mahoney, the driver of a
 pickup truck that collided with a church bus near Carrollton, Ky. in May
 1988 was convicted of 27 counts of manslaughter, Dec. 21. Mahoney's lawyers
 acknowledged that he had been drunk and driving in the wrong direction on an
 interstate highway at the time of the crash, but blamed a faulty gas tank on
 the bus for the fire that took the heavy toll of life, including 24 children
 and 3 adults. Twelve other persons were burned in the crash. The defendant
 was found not guilty of 27 counts of murder. On Feb. 23, Mahoney was
 sentenced to 16 years in prison.


                                  JANUARY


                                  National

 Economic Growth Slowed in 1989 -- Figures released in January showed that
 the U.S. economy slowed down in 1989, compared with 1988. The Dow Jones
 industrial average closed, Jan. 2, at 2810.15, an all-time high, before
 beginning a month-long decline. The Labor Dept. said, Jan. 5, that the
 unemployment rate had held steady in December at 5.3 percent. In the first
 shift downward in 6 months, major banks, Jan. 8, lowered their prime lending
 rate by 0.5 percent to 10 percent. The Labor Dept. said, Jan. 12, that for
 all of 1989 producer prices had risen 4.8 percent, the highest annual
 increase since a 7.1 jump in 1981. The Commerce Dept. reported, Jan. 17,
 that the merchandise trade deficit for November was $10.5 billion, the
 largest for any month in 1989. Consumer prices rose 4.6 percent in 1989, the
 highest rate since 1981, the Labor Dept. reported, Jan. 18. The Commerce
 Dept. said, Jan. 26, that the gross national product grew at 2.9 percent
 (later revised to 3.0 percent) for 1989. Thus, economic growth had slowed
 considerably from 1988, when it was 4.4 percent. The department said, Jan.
 31, that the leading economic indicators had risen 0.8 percent in December.

 Marketing of Cigarette to Blacks Deplored -- Sec. of Health and Human
 Services Louis Sullivan, Jan. 18, sharply criticized a plan to market a
 cigarette to black Americans. R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co. planned to
 test-market the new brand, Uptown, to blacks in Philadelphia. Sullivan,
 speaking to medical students at the University of Pennsylvania, said, "At a
 time when our people desperately need the message of health promotion,
 Uptown's message is more disease, more suffering and more death. . . . "
 Surveys had found that smoking was more common among blacks than whites.
 Reynolds, Jan. 19, canceled its test of the brand, saying that "the unfair
 and biased attention the brand had received" would invalidate the results of
 the test.

 Washington, D.C. Mayor Arrested -- City police and FBI agents, Jan. 18,
 arrested Washington, D.C. Mayor Marion Barry on a drug charge. Rumors, which
 Barry denied, had circulated for years that he used drugs. According to
 reports, law enforcement officials utilized a former model and friend of
 Barry's to lure him to the Vista International Hotel in downtown Washington.
 There, according to the FBI, Barry bought a small amount of crack cocaine
 from an undercover agent, put it in a pipe, and smoked it. This incident was
 reportedly videotaped, and Barry was arrested. He was arraigned, Jan. 19, in
 U.S. District Court on one charge of willfully possessing cocaine, a
 misdemeanor.

 Agent Pleads Guilty in HUD Inquiry -- Marilyn Louise Harrell, a private
 escrow agent, pleaded guilty in federal court in Baltimore, Jan. 29, to
 embezzling $4.5 million that was to go to the U.S. Dept. of Housing and
 Urban Development. She also admitted underreporting income on her tax return
 for 1987. She had previously claimed that she had given much of the money to
 charities and the poor, and had been nicknamed "Robin HUD." Prosecutors said
 that Harrell had been "her own biggest charity." On June 22, Harrell was
 sentenced to 46 months in prison and ordered to pay $600,000 in restitution.


 Bush Budget Calls for No Tax Increases -- Adhering to his pledge while
 running for president, George Bush submitted a budget for the 1991 fiscal
 year to Congress, Jan. 29, that called for no increase in taxes. The $1.23
 trillion budget included a small cut in real spending for defense--a 1.9
 percent increase in outlays that was below the rate of inflation. Larger
 cuts were proposed for some domestic programs, but not for environmental
 programs, the war on drugs, and space projects. Overall, the budget adhered
 to the deficit limitation of the Gramm-Rudman law, but the Congressional
 Budget Office and some economists said the deficit projections were based on
 economic forecasts that were far too optimistic.


                               International

 Toll High in Sudanese Massacre -- A rebel radio in Sudan reported, Jan. 4,
 that a pro-government Arab militia had killed 2,000 black villagers at the
 end of December. Reportedly, 2 members of the Shilok tribe killed their
 Moslem employer in a dispute, and local militiamen armed with machine guns
 then destroyed the entire village. Western diplomats and relief officials
 put the death toll at 300 to 1,500. The Moslem central government was in a
 sustained war against black Christians and animists.

 New Romanian Leadership Assailed -- The National Salvation Front, the new
 leadership group in Romania, became a target of much criticism. By Jan. 5, a
 deadline set by the government, many parties had declared their intention to
 run candidates in elections scheduled for April. During a visit to Romania,
 Jan. 6, Soviet Foreign Minister Eduard Shevardnadze said Moscow would
 support any form of political system that emerged. Thousands of Romanians
 demonstrated nationwide, Jan. 7, protesting the prominence of ex-Communists
 in the provisional regime. A large crowd gathered in Bucharest, Jan. 12, to
 protest the perceived influence of Communists in the leadership. Ion
 Iliescu, chairman of the front and interim president, managed to calm the
 crowd somewhat by announcing that the Communist Party had been outlawed.
 However, the government then lifted the ban on the party, Jan. 17, and
 canceled a referendum that was to decide its fate. Facing growing public
 unrest, the government, Jan. 24, outlawed unauthorized demonstrations. Vice
 Pres. Dumitru Mazilu resigned, Jan. 26, and accused the regime of using
 "Stalinist practices." A judge investigating the violence in Timisoara in
 December said, Jan. 29, that only 95 civilian deaths had been verified,
 against earlier reports that there had been thousands of victims.

 Soldiers Held in Killing of Priests -- Pres. Alfredo Cristiani of El
 Salvador said, Jan. 7, that the military had been involved in the murder of
 6 Jesuit priests and 2 other people in San Salvador in November. The Jesuits
 had criticized human rights abuses by the government and had supported a
 negotiated settlement of the civil war with leftist guerrillas. Cristiani
 announced, Jan. 13, that a colonel, 2 lieutenants, and 5 other soldiers had
 been arrested in the killings. The 8 soldiers plus a 9th still being sought
 were indicted, Jan. 19. The soldiers in custody pleaded not guilty.

 East Germans Sack Police HQ -- An official of the East German government
 disclosed, Jan. 8, that 60,000 (of an original 85,000) secret-police
 personnel were still on the government payroll despite a promise in December
 that they would be disbanded. A party in the ruling coalition confirmed,
 Jan. 10, that the government was forming a new secret security agency.
 Premier Hans Modrow said, Jan. 12, that no new security force would be
 formed before national elections, and admitted that secret police had
 continued to spy on the political opposition. On Jan. 15, 100,000 persons
 gathered outside the East German headquarters of the state security service,
 and the peaceful rally soon turned violent. Many in the crowd stormed the
 headquarters, generally tore up the interior and destroyed or threw out
 thousands of documents. Pres. Mikhail Gorbachev of the Soviet Union, after
 meeting with Modrow, Jan. 30, indicated that German reunification was to be
 expected, adding "No one casts any doubt upon it."

 Crises in Soviet Republics Continue -- On Jan. 9, the parliament of the
 republic of Armenia voted to integrate the economy of the region of
 Nagorno-Karabakh into the economy of Armenia. The region, occupied
 predominantly by Armenians, lay within Azerbaijan. After the presidium of
 the national Supreme Soviet declared that step unconstitutional, Armenia's
 parliament, Jan. 11, asserted Armenia's right to override national laws that
 affected the republic. Soviet Pres. Mikhail Gorbachev arrived in Lithuania,
 Jan. 11, in an attempt to persuade the Lithuanian Communist Party to rescind
 its break with the national party. Some 250,000 persons demonstrated, Jan.
 11, in Vilnius, the capital of the republic, on behalf of independence. In a
 walk through the streets of the city, Gorbachev denounced independence as a
 dead end and said the Soviet Union could not afford to lose its Baltic
 ports. Before leaving Lithuania, Jan. 13, Gorbachev expressed a willingness
 to accept a multiparty system in the USSR. In Baku, the capital of
 Azerbaijan, Azerbaijani youths, Jan. 13, went on a rampage through the
 Armenian section of town, and some 30 people, mostly Armenians, were
 reported killed. With guerrillas fighting elsewhere in the 2 republics in
 what had virtually become an ethnic civil war, the Soviet government sent
 troops into the area, Jan. 15. The Azerbaijanis resisted, destroying or
 blockading bridges, roads, and rail lines. Some troops were killed. Soviet
 troops led by tanks forced their way into central Baku, Jan. 20. The
 Azerbaijani parliament, Jan. 22, threatened to secede from the Soviet Union.
 By Jan. 23, the death toll in the fighting stood at 93.

 Martial Law Ended in Beijing -- Premier Li Peng of China announced, Jan. 10,
 that martial law would be lifted in Beijing. In a televised speech, he said
 that order had been restored and "a great victory has been won in checking
 the turmoil and quelling the counterrevolutionary rebellion." The end of
 martial law, which took effect, Jan. 11, had little practical effect because
 other laws introduced since the June 1989 protests had curtailed
 unauthorized political activity.

 Bulgaria Ends Communist Monopoly -- The Bulgarian National Assembly, though
 controlled by Communists, voted unanimously, Jan. 15, to repeal paragraphs
 in the constitution guaranteeing a dominant role for the Communist Party. It
 was reported, Jan. 18, that Todor Zhivkov, the former Communist Party
 leader, had been put under house arrest on charges of malfeasance in office
 and misuse of government property and money. It was announced, Jan. 29, that
 he had been transferred to a prison.

 Polish Communists Form New Party -- A congress of the United Workers'
 (Communist) Party opened in Warsaw, Jan. 27. Some 1,600 delegates attended.
 On Jan. 29, the party voted overwhelmingly to disband and create at once a
 new Social Democracy Party. But some former Communist Party members bolted
 and formed yet another new group, the Social Democratic Union.

 Bush Proposes Troop Cuts in Europe -- In his State of the Union address,
 Jan. 31, Pres. George Bush proposed a ceiling of 225,000 on the number of
 U.S. and Soviet troops that could be deployed in Europe. Under his plan, no
 more than 195,000 could be deployed by each side in the central zone of
 Europe. At present, the United States had 300,000 troops in Europe and the
 Soviet Union 565,000.


                                  General

 Suicide Adds Bizarre Turn to Murder Case -- A murder case in Boston that had
 gained nationwide attention took an unexpected turn, Jan. 4, when the
 husband of the murder victim leaped to his death from a bridge in Boston
 harbor. The man, Charles Stuart, had learned that he had become the prime
 suspect in the case. In October 1989, Stuart had called from a phone in his
 car to report that his pregnant wife, Carol, had been shot and that he had
 been shot. The tapes of his pleas for help had been played on radio and
 television and had engendered widespread sympathy. Charles Stuart recovered
 from a serious wound but Carol Stuart died at the hospital. Her baby,
 delivered prematurely, also died. Stuart said a black man was their
 assailant. The Stuarts were white. On Jan. 3, Charles Stuart's brother
 Matthew told investigators that he had driven to the neighborhood where the
 shooting occurred and that Charles had given him his wife's bag and a gun,
 which Matthew threw into the Pines River. Matthew said he had decided to
 come forward after his brother had identified a black man in a police
 line-up as resembling the gunman. Based on Matthew's information, police
 divers recovered both the handbag and a .38 caliber revolver from the river.
 It was reported that Charles Stuart had taken out large insurance policies
 on his wife. Some black leaders objected to the intensity with which police
 had conducted investigations in black neighborhoods when it was believed
 that a black was the culprit.

 Long Child Abuse Trial Ends -- Peggy McMartin Buckey and her son, Raymond
 Buckey, were found not guilty on 52 counts of child molestation and
 conspiracy in Los Angeles, Jan. 18. The jury was deadlocked on one remaining
 count against Mrs. Buckey and on 13 counts against her son. The trial was
 the longest and costliest in U.S. history. It lasted 33 months, filled
 60,000 pages of transcript, and cost the state of California about $15
 million. Based on accounts by young children, 7 people had originally been
 indicted on child molestation charges--incidents that had allegedly occurred
 at the McMartin Pre-School in Manhattan Beach. Charges against the other 5
 defendants had been dropped for insufficient evidence. Raymond Buckey had
 spent 5 years in jail and his mother 22 months in jail. Some jurors who were
 interviewed after the verdict said they had reservations about the technique
 used to interview children who may have been molested, especially the
 practice of asking them leading questions. The remaining count against Mrs.
 Buckey was dismissed. A mistrial was declared on the remaining counts
 against Raymond Buckey. He was then retried on 8 of the counts, but on July
 27, the jury declared that it was deadlocked on all charges. On Aug. 1,
 Superior Court Judge Stanley Weisberg dismissed all charges against Buckey.

 Value of Oat Bran Questioned -- Researchers from Harvard University reported
 in the Jan. 18 New England Journal of Medicine that a study they had
 conducted failed to show that oat bran had any special ability to lower
 blood serum cholesterol levels. Based on the study of 20 adults, the
 researchers concluded that bran or any other starchy carbohydrate was
 beneficial primarily because people who ate it tended to eat less high-fat
 food. The oat bran fad had caught on after a previous study had shown that
 it lowered cholesterol. Manufacturers of oat bran products said the Harvard
 study was too small to be accepted.

 Jet Crash on Long Island Kills 73 -- A Colombian jetliner apparently ran out
 of fuel over Long Island in New York, Jan. 25, and crashed into a wooded
 area in the community of Cove Neck. Of the 161 persons aboard, 73 were
 killed and dozens of the rest were injured. The plane, en route from Bogota
 via Medellin, Colombia, was to have landed at Kennedy International Airport.
 The landing was delayed more than an hour because of bad weather. The pilot
 had told controllers about 50 minutes before the crash that he needed a
 priority landing because of low fuel.

 Disasters -- A passenger train crashed into a stopped freight train in a
 station in Sangi, Pakistan, Jan. 4, causing the death of 307 people and
 injury to 700 others. . . .  About 100 people were killed, Jan. 14, when a
 ferry collided with another vessel in a river near Dhaka, Bangladesh.


                                  FEBRUARY


                                  National

 Reagan Testifies in Iran-Contra Trial -- Former Pres. Ronald Reagan provided
 videotaped testimony for use in the trial of Adm. John Poindexter (ret.),
 his former national security adviser. Albert Hakim, who had pleaded guilty
 in November in one of the previous trials in the Iran-Contra case, was
 sentenced, Feb. 1, to 2-years' probation and fined $5,000. He had illegally
 supplemented the salary of former National Security Council staff member
 Oliver North. Poindexter's attorneys had asked Reagan to provide excerpts
 from his diaries, and Judge Harold Greene had directed Reagan to do so, but
 the former president declined, Feb. 5, asserting, in the words of his
 attorneys, a claim "to the constitutionally protected privacy of his
 diaries." Greene, Feb. 5, ordered Reagan to give videotaped testimony,
 agreeing with Poindexter that he possessed evidence unavailable from any
 other source. Reagan, Feb. 9, agreed to comply. In a closed Los Angeles
 courtroom, Feb. 16 and 17, Reagan provided 8 hours of testimony. A
 transcript was made public, Feb. 22. Reagan testified that he had
 authorized, in general, the policies of selling arms to Iran and aiding the
 Nicaraguan contras. But he said he had repeatedly told subordinates to obey
 the law, and he said he had not known that North had been coordinating
 supply missions for the contras and otherwise assisting the contras at a
 time when Congress had banned U.S. support for them. Reagan often testified
 that he was unable to remember key meetings or conversations.

 Special Prosecutor Asked in HUD Case -- U.S. Attorney Gen. Richard
 Thornburgh recommended, Feb. 1, that a special prosecutor, or independent
 counsel, be appointed to investigate Samuel Pierce, Jr. and other former
 high officials in the Dept. of Housing and Urban Development. In compliance
 with procedures established by law, Thornburgh made his recommendations to a
 special 3-judge panel. He said the prosecutor would investigate charges that
 Pierce, a former secretary of HUD, and other officials had awarded grants to
 developers backed by well-known Republicans. The 3-judge panel, Mar. 2,
 named Arlin Adams, a retired federal judge from Philadelphia, as special
 prosecutor.

 1989 Trade Gap Lowest in 5 Years -- The Labor Dept. reported, Feb. 2, that
 the unemployment rate fell to 5.2 percent in January. The department
 reported, Feb. 9, that producer prices for finished goods had risen 1.8
 percent in January, the largest monthly increase since November 1974. The
 sharp rise was primarily the result of a jump in heating oil prices during
 very cold weather. The Commerce Dept. said, Feb. 16, that the merchandise
 trade deficit, which stood at $108.58 billion for all of 1989, was the
 lowest since 1984. Exports rose 13 percent in 1989, imports only 7.3
 percent.

 ABA Supports Right to Abortion -- At its meeting in Los Angeles, Feb. 13,
 the American Bar Assn. declared its support for a constitutional right to
 abortion. The vote by the ABA's house of delegates was 238-106. The
 resolution opposed legislation or other governmental action "that interferes
 with the confidential relationship between a pregnant woman and her
 physician or with the decision to terminate the pregnancy at any time before
 the fetus is capable of independent life."

 Washington, D.C. Mayor Indicted -- Mayor Marion Barry Jr. of Washington,
 D.C., who had been arrested in January, was indicted, Feb. 15, by a federal
 grand jury on 5 counts of cocaine possession and 3 counts of perjury. The
 perjury counts related to testimony he had given to a grand jury in January
 1989. Barry, meanwhile, had entered an alcohol treatment program in Florida.
 He had denied having a drug problem, and called the indictments "a
 continuation of the political lynching and excesses of the Justice
 Department."


                               International

 Reunified Germany Is Nearer to Reality -- Addressing a press conference in
 East Berlin, Feb. 1, East German Premier Hans Modrow outlined a plan for
 reunifying East and West Germany. He described an approach for integrating
 economic and governmental institutions into a country that would become
 militarily neutral. West German Chancellor Helmut Kohl said, Feb. 1, he
 would not begin any negotiations until after East German elections in March.
 After meeting with Soviet Pres. Mikhail Gorbachev in Moscow, Feb. 10, Kohl
 said that the Soviet leaders supported "the right of the German people
 alone" to choose their form of relationship. Meeting in Bonn, Feb. 13, Kohl
 and Modrow agreed to talks on uniting their 2 monetary systems under the
 West German deutsche mark. At a first-ever meeting of foreign ministers of
 NATO and Warsaw Pact countries, in Ottawa, Feb. 13, a formula for
 reunification talks was established. The 2 Germanys would discuss internal
 and domestic issues relating to reunification. External issues, such as
 "security of the neighboring states," would be expanded to include the "Big
 4" allies of World War II: the U.S., USSR, Great Britain, and France. In
 another tentative breakthrough at Ottawa, the Soviets agreed to limit their
 troops in Europe to 195,000 and to a larger limit--225,000--for U.S. troops
 in Europe. Kohl met with Pres. George Bush, Feb. 24 and 25. At a press
 conference, Feb. 25, they endorsed the concept of a united Germany within
 NATO. Bush said that the United States formally recognized the current
 German-Polish border. Some Poles were concerned that a united Germany might
 want to regain territory ceded to Poland after World War II.

 Bulgarian Communists Elect New Leader -- Alexander Lilov became chairman of
 the Communist Party in Bulgaria, and the party, Feb. 1, ratified a manifesto
 that endorsed democratic ideals but kept its Marxist-Leninist ideology.
 Premier Georgi Atanasov and his cabinet resigned, Feb. 1. Lilov, elected
 Feb. 2, to succeed Petar Mladenov, was seen as a compromise candidate, who
 was not identified with the ousted hard-line regime of Todor Zhivkov, and
 who could better lead the party in upcoming elections. Parliament, Feb. 3,
 confirmed Andrei Lukanov as premier.

 Opposition Gains Ground in Romania -- The National Salvation Front agreed,
 Feb. 1, to a power-sharing arrangement prior to elections in Romania. It was
 agreed that the interim legislative body would be increased in size and
 would include representatives of 30 registered political parties. On Feb. 2,
 a military court convicted 4 former top aides to the deposed Pres. Nicolae
 Ceasescu of complicity to commit genocide. The defendants included Emil
 Bobu, 3d-ranking figure in the government. The men were sentenced to life
 imprisonment.

 South Africa Frees Mandela -- South African Pres. F. W. de Klerk announced,
 Feb. 2, that black nationalist leader Nelson Mandela, who had been in prison
 for treason for 27 years, would soon be freed. In a surprising speech, de
 Klerk also said his government was lifting its ban on the African National
 Congress, the principal black organization opposing white minority rule. He
 also announced legalization of the South African Communist Party and the
 Pan-African Congress, and the lifting of restrictions on 33 groups and 374
 individuals. He said news censorship would end, executions would be
 suspended, nonviolent political prisoners would be freed, and power-sharing
 talks with black leaders were on the horizon. Mandela, 71, was released from
 prison, Feb. 11. His release was hailed around the world. In his first
 speech, in Cape Town, Feb. 11, he urged that pressure be kept on the white
 government until the apartheid system of racial segregation was destroyed.
 More than 100,000 people welcomed him home to Soweto, Feb. 13. Up to 20,000
 conservative whites protested in Pretoria, Feb. 15, against the legalization
 of ANC and the freeing of Mandela. In his first trip outside of South Africa
 since being released, Mandela went to Zambia, Feb. 27, to meet with ANC
 leaders. He was greeted by official delegations from many countries. Meeting
 with Pres. George Bush in Washington, D.C., Feb. 28, Zulu Chief Mangosuthu
 Gatsha Buthelezi called on the president to lift economic sanctions against
 South Africa.

 Noriega Ordered to Stand Trial -- The U.S. Justice Dept. announced, Feb. 2,
 that the government would treat ousted Panamanian dictator Manuel Noriega
 and one of his co-defendants as prisoners of war. The department noted,
 however, that the Geneva Convention provides that "prisoners of war may be
 prosecuted in the civilian courts of the detaining country." Congress, Feb.
 7, approved $42 million in emergency aid to Panama and lifted economic
 sanctions against Panama. U.S. District Court Judge William Hoeveler ruled,
 Feb. 8, that Noriega must stand trial in Miami on drug-trafficking charges.

 Multiparty System in Sight in USSR -- The Central Committee of the Communist
 Party of the Soviet Union voted to end the party's monopoly on power, as
 guaranteed in the constitution. In Moscow, Feb. 4, 100,000 persons
 demonstrated on behalf of democracy. Pres. Mikhail Gorbachev, who favored
 the constitutional change, told the Central Committee, Feb. 3, that "We
 should abandon the ideological dogmatism that became ingrained during the
 past decades." Premier Nikolai Ryzhkov said, Feb. 6, that a multiparty
 system, in effect, already existed. Conservatives on the committee warned
 that any moves toward a multiparty system or free enterprise could lead to
 the disintegration of the Soviet Union. But the Central Committee endorsed
 Gorbachev's proposal, Feb. 7. Parliament and the standing legislature would
 still have to act. The KGB said, Feb. 13, that 786,098 persons had been shot
 to death as enemies of the state during the rule of Joseph Stalin.
 Tadzhikistan, in central Asia, became the latest Soviet republic to
 experience ethnic violence. On Feb. 15, after 18 people had been killed in
 rioting, party and governmental leaders there resigned. In multiparty
 elections to the Supreme Soviet (parliament) of Lithuania, Feb. 24,
 candidates favoring independence ran very well. Runoff elections would
 determine the final outcome. Hundreds of thousands of pro-democracy
 demonstrators turned out in more than 30 cities in the Soviet Union, Feb.
 25. The Supreme Soviet, the standing Parliament, gave its approval, Feb. 27,
 to Gorbachev's proposal for a popularly elected president having broad
 executive powers.

 Bush at Drug Summit in Colombia -- The presidents of Bolivia, Colombia,
 Peru, and the United States signed an accord in Cartagena, Colombia, Feb.
 15, to work together in the fight against illegal drug traffic. Most coca
 grown for the production of cocaine is found in Bolivia and Peru, and
 three-fourths of the world's cocaine supply is produced in Colombia. The
 presidents agreed to the need for encouraging trade and investment in the 3
 South American countries. The presidents also recognized that reducing
 demand (in the U.S.) was as important as reducing supply. The meeting was
 held under tight security. Pres. George Bush had come under some pressure
 not to attend because of the danger of violence from the drug traffickers.

 Japan's Ruling Party Wins Election -- The Liberal Democratic Party won a
 clear-cut victory, Feb. 18, in elections to the lower house of the Diet, the
 parliament of Japan. The long rule of the Liberal Democrats had appeared
 threatened by the Recruit Co. scandal, in which the conglomerate had given
 millions of dollars in cash and stocks to leading political figures.
 However, the party lost only a few seats and held a majority in the lower
 house. The Socialist Party, the principal opposition, gained ground, but
 mostly at the expense of smaller parties. The results seemed to strengthen
 the position of Premier Toshiki Kaifu.

 Czech President Addresses Congress -- Czechoslovak Pres. Vaclav Havel began
 a trip to North America, Feb. 18, in Ottawa, where he conferred with
 Canadian Prime Minister Brian Mulroney. On his arrival in Washington, D.C.,
 Feb. 20, he became the first head of state of his country to visit the
 United States. Havel, a leader of the nearly bloodless revolution that had
 ended Communist rule in Czechoslovakia in 1989, received an enthusiastic
 reception during an address to Congress, Feb. 21. He said he saw the rise of
 democracy in the Soviet bloc as a "historically irreversible process" and he
 foresaw "an era in which all of us, large and small, former slaves and
 former masters, will be able to create what your great President Lincoln
 called the 'family of man.'"

 Sandinistas Lose Nicaraguan Election -- The Sandinista National Liberation
 Front (FSLN), which had held power for 10 years in Nicaragua, was defeated
 in national elections, Feb. 25. Pres. Daniel Ortega lost, 55 percent to 41
 percent, to Violeta Barrios de Chamorro of the National Opposition Union
 (UNO), and the UNO also won more seats in the National Assembly. Chamorro
 belonged to no party, and the UNO was a loose coalition. The assassination
 of her husband, an editor, in 1978, helped provoke the overthrow of the
 Somoza dictatorship by the Sandinistas, whom Mrs. Chamorro initially
 supported and then abandoned with their shift toward Marxist thinking.
 Dissatisfaction with the economy was regarded as the prime factor in the
 defeat of the Sandinistas. The election was monitored by some 2,000 foreign
 observers. Ortega conceded defeat, Feb. 26. However, he said, Feb. 27, that
 the contra rebels would have to demobilize before the Sandinistas yielded
 control of the army and the police. Chamorro, Feb. 27, called on the contras
 to disband to help speed the transfer of power.


                                  General

 Securities Firm Files for Bankruptcy -- Drexel Burnham Lambert Group Inc.,
 which made financial history on Wall Street in the 1980s, filed for Chapter
 11 bankruptcy, Feb. 13. The firm had become highly profitable for a time
 through the utilization of so-called junk bonds, securities that paid high
 interest rates and had high risk. The use of these bonds facilitated the
 corporate takeover boom of the 1980s. Michael Milken, the firm's leading
 junk-bond trader, orchestrated many takeovers. Drexel's slide began after it
 agreed in 1988 to pay the government $650 million to settle insider-trading
 charges; Milken was indicted in 1989 on a variety of charges. Drexel was
 hurt further by the decline in the market value of junk bonds. Company
 officials said that the bankruptcy filing would lead to the liquidation of
 Drexel.

 FDA Approves Fat Substitute -- For the first time, Feb. 22, the U.S. Food
 and Drug Administration approved a low-calorie substitute for fat.
 Nutrasweet Company had developed the substance, Simplesse, a blend of
 proteins from egg white and milk. The FDA said Simplesse was safe for use in
 frozen dessert products, and the company said it could be used in other
 foods having a high fat content. Other food manufacturers were reported
 working on fat substitutes in response to concerns about nutrition.

 Disasters -- An Indian Airlines passenger jet crashed, Feb. 14, while
 preparing to land at Bangalore, killing 91 of the 146 persons aboard.


                                   MARCH


                                  National

 Economic Indicators Show No Trend -- The Commerce Dept. reported, Mar. 2,
 that the leading economic indicators were unchanged in January. The Labor
 Dept. reported, Mar. 9, that unemployment stood at 5.3 percent in February.
 The department said, Mar. 16, that the index of producer prices for
 unfinished goods was unchanged in February. The department reported, Mar.
 20, that consumer prices had jumped 0.5 percent in February, following an
 even sharper 1.1 percent runup in January. A record rise in oil imports
 caused the merchandise trade deficit to grow to $9.25 billion in January,
 the Commerce Dept. announced, Mar. 20.

 North, Meese Testify in Poindexter Trial -- The trial of John Poindexter,
 former national security adviser for Pres. Ronald Reagan, got under way in
 federal district court in Washington, D.C. Poindexter was charged with
 obstructing Congress and making false statements to Congress in connection
 with its investigation of the Iran-contra affair. Oliver North, a former
 aide to Poindexter who had been convicted on Iran-contra charges, was called
 as a witness for the prosecution. North sought to resist implicating
 Poindexter in a coverup, and said, Mar. 9, "No one told me to lie to
 Congress." He admitted, Mar. 12, that he had seen Poindexter destroy an
 order signed by Reagan authorizing U.S. participation in arms sales to Iran.
 Judge Harold Greene ruled, Mar. 21, that Reagan would not be required to
 provide his presidential diaries to Poindexter's defense. Former Attorney
 Gen. Edwin Meese 3d, who had led a Justice Dept. investigation of the Iran
 arms sales, testified for the defense, Mar. 22, that Poindexter had not
 tried to conceal details of the arms scandal from Congress.

 Exxon Valdez Captain Guilty of Negligence -- Joseph Hazelwood, who was
 captain of the oil tanker Exxon Valdez on Mar. 24, 1989, when it dumped
 nearly 11 million gallons of oil into Prince William Sound in Alaska, was
 found guilty of negligent discharge of oil in a state court in Anchorage,
 Mar. 22. He was acquitted of criminal mischief and 2 other charges. The
 spill contaminated more than 1,000 miles of coastline and claimed a heavy
 toll of wildlife. Hazelwood, Mar. 23, was sentenced to serve 1,000 hours of
 community service and ordered to make a "token restitution" of $50,000 over
 time.

 Idaho Anti-Abortion Bill Vetoed -- Gov. Cecil Andrus of Idaho vetoed, Mar.
 30, a bill that would have banned most abortions. Under its provisions, an
 abortion in the case of rape would have been allowed only if the rape was
 reported within 7 days, and abortion in the case of incest would be allowed
 only if the victim was under 18. Andrus complained that anti-abortion
 activists had designed the bill for "the sole purpose of getting this issue
 back before the Supreme Court."Andrus said he had not been influenced by
 threats by abortion-rights groups to boycott Idaho potatoes.


                               International

 Unrest Grows in South Africa -- In the month after black nationalist leader
 Nelson Mandela was freed from prison, unrest among blacks in South Africa
 increased. On Mar. 2, at a meeting in Zambia, the executive committee of the
 African National Congress named Mandela the ANC's deputy president. Because
 Pres. Oliver Tambo was ill, Mandela in effect became the ANC leader. Mandela
 traveled to Zimbabwe, Tanzania, and Ethiopia, where he received enthusiastic
 welcomes, then met with Tambo in Sweden, Mar. 12, their first visit in 28
 years. Meanwhile, tensions overflowed in several of the black "homelands"
 created by the minority white government of South Africa. These 10 tribal
 homelands were to become self-governing, but only 4 had been formally
 established. Black nationalists believed to be sympathetic to the ANC
 overthrew the president of one homeland, Ciskei, Mar. 4. After looting and
 arson became widespread, and 27 people were killed, South Africa sent
 soldiers and police into Ciskei, Mar. 5. By Mar. 6, protests had spread to 4
 other homelands, led by pro-ANC activists, who, in turn, clashed with
 security forces in the homelands. In Bophuthatswana, Mar. 7, seven people
 were killed and 450 persons injured when local police opened fire on a crowd
 of 50,000 that had marched on a government office. On Mar. 26, in the black
 township of Sebokeng, 11 people were killed and hundreds wounded when police
 fired on a large crowd of demonstrators. In Natal Province, Mar. 27 and 28,
 fighting among black factions resulted in 25 fatalities.

 Mystery Fire Strikes Libyan Plant -- The United States said, Mar. 6 and 7,
 that poison gas was being produced at a plant at Rabta, Libya, about 50
 miles southwest of Tripoli. White House spokesman Marlin Fitzwater said,
 Mar. 7, that evidence indicated that the plant was producing chemical
 weapons and called on the "international community" to "step up its efforts
 to deny Libya the ability to continue operating the plant." Libya claimed
 the plant was a pharmaceutical factory. A fire broke out at the plant, Mar.
 14, and Pres. George Bush denied "absolutely" that the United States was
 responsible. Libyan and U.S. officials said, Mar. 15, that the plant had
 been damaged extensively and would be out of operation indefinitely. Libya's
 official news agency said at least 2 persons had been killed in the fire.

 Britons Protest New Poll Tax -- A new community charge, or poll tax, stirred
 protests across Great Britain. The community charge was to replace the
 previous system of property taxes. Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher
 contended that the new system was fairer, and she blamed local councils for
 overspending when they set charges at higher levels than the government had
 estimated. Left-wing groups led the protests. Violence occurred in Bristol,
 Southampton, and in several boroughs of London, including Hackney, where 29
 police officers were hurt and 60 people were arrested, Mar. 8. A riot
 involving several thousand people occurred in London on Mar. 31, the day
 before the new rates were to go into effect. More than 400 were injured,
 including 331 police officers, and 341 arrests were made.

 Lithuania Declares Independence -- Lithuania, a republic of the Soviet
 Union, declared its independence, Mar. 11. Lithuania and its Baltic
 neighbors, Latvia and Estonia, had been annexed by the USSR in 1940. The
 vote in the Lithuanian Supreme Soviet (parliament) was 124-0, with 6
 abstentions. The deputies then elected Vytautas Landsbergis, a professor of
 music history, as president. The U.S. State Dept., Mar. 12, declined to
 extend diplomatic recognition. Soviet Politburo member Yegor Ligachev, Mar.
 12, called for a peaceful solution, adding, "Tanks will not help in this
 matter." Soviet Pres. Mikhail Gorbachev, Mar. 13, called Lithuania's step
 "illegitimate and invalid." On Mar. 17, the Lithuanian parliament formed a
 noncommunist government. Soviet forces began military maneuvers in
 Lithuania, Mar. 18. The Lithuanian government ignored the Mar. 19 deadline
 set by Gorbachev for rescinding the declaration. On Mar. 21, Gorbachev
 banned all sale of firearms in Lithuania and ordered Lithuanians to
 surrender all their firearms to Soviet officials. A Soviet military convoy
 entered Vilnius, the capital of Lithuania, Mar. 22. The Soviet government,
 Mar. 23, ordered Western diplomats to leave the republic and restricted
 entry of foreigners into Lithuania. Soviet paratroopers, Mar. 25, seized the
 headquarters and other property of the rebellious Communist Party of
 Lithuania. Ethnic Lithuanians who had deserted the army were rounded up. All
 foreigners were ordered to leave, Mar. 27. Landsbergis, Mar. 28, called for
 talks with Moscow. Soviet troops, Mar. 30, seized the state prosecutor's
 office in the capital and the printing plant of a pro-independence
 newspaper. Estonia's parliament proclaimed, Mar. 30, that it was occupied
 and that it was entering a "transitional period" that would lead to
 independence. Gorbachev warned Lithuania, Mar. 31, of "grave consequences"
 if it did not annul its declaration of independence.

 Disbanding of Contras Debated -- Pres.-elect Violeta Barrios de Chamorro met
 with Pres. Oscar Arias in Costa Rica, Mar. 6, to discuss repatriation of the
 contras. She said after the meeting that she would solve the contra problem
 by declaring an amnesty. She called for demilitarization of Central America
 and said she would reduce Nicaragua's army to a small police force. Meeting
 with Vice Pres. Dan Quayle in Santiago, Chile, Mar. 12, Pres. Daniel Ortega
 gave assurances that his government would surrender control of the military
 and the security police to the new government. Pres. George Bush, Mar. 13,
 lifted economic sanctions against Nicaragua and asked Congress for $300
 million in economic aid. The contras, Mar. 23, agreed to dismantle their
 camps in Honduras, and those in Nicaragua would gather in U.N.-supervised
 security zones until absorbed into civilian life. Contra leaders said, Mar.
 25, that those gathering in the enclaves would remain there for months, and
 would keep their arms. The Sandinista government, Mar. 27, signed an
 agreement recognizing Chamorro's right to have full authority over the army
 and security forces.

 Mongolian Communists Relax Grip -- Jambyn Batmunh, general secretary of the
 Communist Party of Mongolia, said, Mar. 12, that the Communists would work
 with opposition forces to make needed political changes. The Central
 Committee of the People's Revolutionary (Communist) Party voted, Mar. 14, to
 drop its monopoly on power as guaranteed by the constitution. Gombojavyn
 Ochirbat, a reformist leader who had been living in Czechoslovakia, was
 selected to replace Batmunh, and an all-new Politburo was chosen.

 Communist Monopoly in USSR Ended -- The Soviet Congress of People's Deputies
 voted overwhelmingly (1,771 to 24, with 74 abstentions), Mar. 13, to repeal
 Article 6 of the Soviet constitution that gave the Communist Party a
 political monopoly. The historic change had been included in a platform
 approved by the party's Central Committee in February. Pres. Mikhail
 Gorbachev, who had pressed for the change, also won a victory with the
 approval by the deputies, Mar. 13, of a more powerful presidency with broad
 executive authority. He believed that a strong president could rise above
 partisan politics in the new multiparty system, but many deputies feared
 that his plan would lead to a dictatorship. The congress voted, Mar. 14, to
 begin popular elections for the presidency beginning in 1995. Gorbachev, as
 expected, was chosen president Mar. 15, but barely got the required
 two-thirds vote. Gorbachev already held the title of president. In local
 election results reported Mar. 19, opposition groups scored many victories
 over the Communists. It was reported that insurgents won 281 of 498 seats on
 the Moscow City Council, and the Communists also lost control of city
 councils in Kiev and Leningrad. Nationalist opposition movements continued
 to gain in Estonia, Latvia, and the Ukraine in voting for various local and
 republic offices.

 Conservatives Win East German Election -- Conservatives supported by West
 German Chancellor Helmut Kohl won big in East German elections held in
 March. Earlier, onMar. 14, diplomatic representatives from both Germanys,
 France, Great Britain, the Soviet Union, and the U.S. began talks on German
 reunification in Bonn. The pace of reunification was apparently the key
 issue in the voting for the East German parliament, Mar. 18. Three
 conservative parties, who had joined together as the Alliance for Germany,
 and who favored rapid reunification, piled up 48 percent of the vote and
 earned an equivalent percentage of the seats in parliament. The Social
 Democratic Party ran a distant second with 22 percent of the vote. The Party
 of Democratic Socialism, the successor to the Communist Party, received 16
 percent.

 Shamir Government Falls in Israel -- Israel's coalition government led by
 Prime Minister Yitzhak Shamir of the Likud Party fell, Mar. 15, when it was
 defeated in a 60-55 no-confidence vote in the Knesset (parliament). The vote
 came after Shamir refused to accept a U.S. plan for peace talks between
 Israel and the Palestinians. Likud's coalition partner, the Labor Party,
 voted against the government, but the key votes were held by the small
 religious parties. Five members of the Shas party withheld their support for
 Shamir after he refused to compromise on the U.S. proposal, and that allowed
 the no-confidence vote to carry.

 Namibia Becomes Independent -- Namibia, once known as South-West Africa,
 became independent, Mar 21. Once a German colony, the country was controlled
 from World War I by South Africa, which was granted a League of Nations
 mandate in 1920. The United Nations opposed South Africa's request to annex
 Namibia, and an armed independence struggle ensued. U.N.-supported
 negotiations began in 1978, and culminated in an accord on independence.
 Pres. Sam Nujoma, a former guerrilla leader, took a moderate stance at the
 independence celebration, saying he welcomed "inflows of capital and
 know-how from abroad."


                                  General

 AIDS Epidemic Seen at Its Peak -- Two medical researchers concluded, Mar.
 16, in an article in the Journal of the American Medical Association that
 the AIDS epidemic had reached its peak in the U.S. Dennis Bregman of the
 University of Southern California and Alexander Langmuir, former chief
 epidemiologist at the Centers for Disease Control, foresaw that new cases of
 AIDS, which had been increasing each year, would level off within a few
 years. They cited a theory of epidemiology which says that epidemics fade
 quickly after the disease spreads from highly susceptible members of the
 population to less susceptible members. However, other AIDS specialists were
 less optimistic, noting that hundreds of thousands of persons infected with
 the AIDS virus were expected to show symptoms of the condition in the
 future. The number of new AIDS cases in the U.S. rose by 9 percent in 1989,
 according to the Centers for Disease Control, the lowest rate of increase
 since the CDC began keeping records.

 $100 Million in Art Stolen -- Twelve works of art valued at $100 million or
 more were stolen from the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum in Boston, Mar.
 18. The robbery, in terms of value of the works, was the largest in the
 history of art. Two Rembrandt paintings, including his only seascape, were
 taken. Several works by Degas and one painting each by Vermeer and Manet
 were also seized. The museum said, Mar. 19, that the works were not insured
 because the premiums would have exceeded the museum's annual budget.

 Aspirin Found Effective Against Strokes -- Researchers reported in the New
 England Journal of Medicine, Mar. 22, that taking aspirin daily cut the risk
 of stroke from 50 percent to 80 percent among patients suffering from a
 common heartbeat irregularity, atrial fibrillation. Warfarin, a prescription
 drug that like aspirin thinned the blood, had a similar benefit. Some 70,000
 Americans suffered a stroke each year connected with atrial fibrillation.
 Aspirin had previously been found to be effective against heart attacks and
 another kind of stroke caused by clots in the blood vessels of the brain.

 87 Die in Fire at Bronx Club -- Eighty-seven people died in a fire at a
 social club in the Bronx borough of New York City, Mar. 25. The fire, which
 police said was deliberately set, spread rapidly through the 2-story
 structure, and the victims died within minutes from burning or asphyxiation.
 Only a few persons escaped. The club had been ordered closed in 1988.
 Officials said it had no sprinklers, fire exits, emergency lights, or exit
 signs at the time of the tragedy. The club was popular with immigrants from
 Central America, and the majority of those who died were from Honduras. The
 police, Mar. 25, arrested Julio Gonzalez and charged him with arson and
 murder. They said he had had an argument with a former girl friend who
 worked at the club.


                                   APRIL


                                  National

 Consumers Prices Jump Again -- Another sharp increase in consumer prices
 highlighted statistics on the economy released in April. The Commerce Dept.
 reported, Apr. 3, that the leading economic indicators had fallen 1 percent
 in February. The Labor Dept. said, Apr. 6, that unemployment had stood at
 5.2 percent in March. The department reported, Apr. 13, that the index of
 producer prices for finished goods had declined 0.2 percent in March. The
 department said, Apr. 17, that consumer prices had risen 0.5 percent in
 March, equaling the advance reported for February. The inflation rate for
 the first quarter of 1990, 8.5 percent, was the highest annual rate for any
 quarter since 1982. The Commerce Dept. said, Apr. 18, that the U.S.
 merchandise trade deficit had fallen to $6.49 billion in February, the
 smallest monthly gap since 1983. The department said, Apr. 27, that the
 gross national product had grown at an annual rate of 2.1 percent during the
 first quarter.

 Poindexter Convicted on Iran-Contra Charges -- John Poindexter, a former
 national security adviser for Pres. Ronald Reagan, was convicted, Apr. 7, on
 all 5 felony counts facing him at his trial in a federal district court in
 Washington, D.C. These included 2 counts of obstructing Congress, 2 of
 making false statements to Congress, and one of conspiracy to obstruct
 Congress. In one case, for example, he was found guilty of reporting falsely
 that no U.S. officials had known until January 1986 of a November 1985
 shipment of Hawk anti-aircraft missiles to Iran by Israel. Poindexter was
 the highest-ranking official to be convicted in the Iran-contra affair. On
 June 11, he was sentenced to 6 months in prison, becoming the first
 defendent in the case to be sentenced to jail.

 U.S. to Keep Records on "Hate" Crimes -- Under a bill signed into law, Apr.
 23, by Pres. George Bush, the federal government would keep records of
 crimes committed by persons motivated by racial, ethnic, or sexual
 prejudice. Under the Hate Crimes Statistics Act, data would be kept on
 incidents of murder, rape, assault, arson, vandalism, and intimidation. Some
 conservatives in Congress had opposed including "sexual orientation" in the
 bill along with race and religion. Homosexual-rights leaders said that this
 was the first federal law to include the classification of sexual
 orientation.

 Foes of Abortion Demonstrate in Capital -- Opponents of abortion came to
 Washington, D.C., Apr. 28, to demonstrate for their cause. The number of
 participants was officially put at 200,000, but organizers claimed the
 figure was closer to 700,000. After the Supreme Court in 1989 had granted
 states wide authority to restrict abortions, supporters of a woman's right
 to choose an abortion had become more active, and the latest rally was aimed
 at countering that sentiment. Pres. George Bush, addressing the rally by
 phone, said that the "widespread prevalence of abortion is a tragedy." Vice
 Pres. Dan Quayle, who attended the rally, said, "The pro-life movement is
 the humanitarian movement of our time."

 HUD Described as 'Political Machine' -- DuBois Gilliam, a deputy assistant
 secretary at the Dept. of Housing and Urban Development from 1984 to 1987,
 began testifying before the House Government Operations subcommittee, Apr.
 30. Gilliam was serving a prison term for accepting payoffs from developers.
 Gilliam told the subcommittee, which was investigating other allegations of
 wrongdoing, that the department "was the best domestic political machine
 I've ever seen. We dealt strictly in politics." Gilliam admitted he had
 accepted about $100,000 in payoffs from developers and consultants who
 wanted to do business with HUD. He disputed testimony by Samuel Pierce, a
 former HUD secretary, who had asserted that he had played no role in
 awarding HUD grants. "I know for a fact that the secretary made decisions,"
 Gilliam said. "We were not allowed to spend any discretionary funds without
 clearing it with him." Gilliam said Pierce transferred an employee who
 became suspicious about a link between politics and the awarding of grants.
 An attorney for Pierce denied the allegations against his client, Apr. 30.


                               International

 USSR Increases Pressure on Lithuania -- Tensions between the Soviet Union
 and its rebellious Baltic republics remained high in April. The Supreme
 Soviet, the national standing legislature, passed a law, Apr. 2,
 establishing the rules for secession. One would require a two-thirds
 approval in a referendum, and if this majority was not obtained a republic
 would have to wait 10 years before trying again. The parliament of Estonia
 declared, Apr. 2, that the law did not apply to Estonia. Pres. Vytautas
 Landsbergis said, Apr. 2, that the timing of Lithuania's declaration of
 independence was open to discussion, and he called for talks with the Soviet
 leadership. The Latvian Communist Party broke into pro- and
 anti-independence factions, Apr. 7. The Estonian parliament, Apr. 11,
 abolished the drafting of Estonians into the Soviet military. Soviet Pres.
 Mikhail Gorbachev, Apr. 13, threatened to impose an economic embargo on
 Lithuania. Pres. George Bush warned, Apr. 17, that if that happened the
 United States would consider "appropriate responses." On Apr. 18, the Soviet
 government cut off the flow of crude oil into Lithuania, and on Apr. 19, it
 shut down 3 or 4 natural gas pipelines serving Lithuania. On Apr. 24, Bush
 announced an indefinite delay in imposing sanctions on the Soviet Union,
 saying he did not want to add fuel to "an already volatile situation."
 Landsbergis, Apr. 24, called this a modern Munich, a reference to the
 attempt by France and Great Britain to appease Hitler in 1938.

 Bulgaria Schedules Elections -- The Bulgarian parliament gave its approval,
 Apr. 3, to free, multiparty national elections that would be held in June.
 Parliament also amended the constitution to create an executive presidency
 and delete the words communist and socialist from the document. Also on Apr.
 3, parliament elected former Communist Party General Secretary Petar
 Mladenov as executive president. The Communist Party, Apr. 3, changed its
 name to the Bulgarian Socialist Party.

 Chamorro Inaugurated in Nicaragua -- Violeta Barrios de Chamorro began her
 term as president of Nicaragua in April. Meeting in Montelimar, Nicaragua,
 Apr. 3, 5 Central American presidents set a deadline 3 weeks hence for the
 demobilization of the Nicaraguan contras. On Apr. 19, representatives of the
 contras, the outgoing Sandinista regime, and the new government agreed to a
 cease-fire, which took effect that day. The contras agreed to move into 5
 security zones by inauguration day, Apr. 25. Mrs. Chamorro's inauguration at
 a baseball stadium was an emotional occasion, with the stands filled with
 supporters of her and of the Sandinista government that she had defeated in
 the campaign. She surprised many by announcing that she would retain Gen.
 Humberto Ortega Saavedra as chief of the armed forces. He was the brother of
 the outgoing president, Daniel Ortega. A contra leader declared, Apr. 25,
 that the contras would not demobilize so long as Ortega stayed in power.

 Mandela Meets With Pres. de Klerk -- Pres. F. W. de Klerk of South Africa
 and Nelson Mandela, the black nationalist leader whom he had freed, met in
 Cape Town, Apr. 5. They agreed that formal talks would be held soon between
 the government and the African National Congress. Speaking to Parliament,
 Apr. 18, de Klerk rejected the concept of majority rule, which he said would
 result in black domination, but he endorsed the sharing of power between the
 races. This would include "the requirement of consensus on controversial
 matters." He said the ANC would have to renounce violence before
 participating in negotiations on a new constitution.

 Conservatives Win Hungarian Election -- The second round, or runoff,
 elections to the Hungarian parliament were completed, Apr. 8. The
 center-right Hungarian Democratic Forum captured 43 percent of the seats,
 and this party, in alliance with 2 smaller conservative parties, would
 control almost 60 percent of all the seats. The liberal Free Democrats won
 24 percent of the seats. The ruling Socialist (formerly Communist) Party
 captured only 8.5 percent of the seats.

 East Germany Installs New Government -- Lothar de Maiziere, leader of the
 Christian Democratic Union, a conservative party, became premier of East
 Germany, Apr. 12. In coalition with the Social Democratic Party, he headed
 East Germany's first freely chosen government. The Party of Democratic
 Socialism, the successor to the Communist Party, was not included in the
 coalition government. De Maiziere, a lawyer, had formerly been a
 professional viola player. Meeting under its new leadership, Apr. 12,
 parliament asked for forgiveness from Jews and the Soviet Union for the
 policy of genocide practiced by the Nazis in World War II. Parliament also
 acknowledged that East Germany shared the guilt for invading Czechoslovakia
 in 1968, and it pledged "unequivocal recognition" of Poland's current
 border.

 2 U.S. Hostages Freed in Lebanon -- Kidnapers in Lebanon freed 2 U.S.
 hostages in April. The first, Robert Polhill, was freed, Apr. 22, after more
 than 3 years in captivity. Polhill, a diabetic who had received insulin
 injections from his captors, said he had never seen the sun during the time
 that he was held. He had been held with 2 other hostages. President George
 Bush said, Apr. 22, that if Iran wanted better relations with the United
 States it would have to use its influence with its Shiite allies in Lebanon
 to free the remaining hostages. Bush, Apr. 23, thanked Pres. Hafez al-Assad
 of Syria for his role in the release. A 2d U.S. hostage, Frank Reed, was
 freed, Apr. 30. He had disappeared in September 1986. Bush thanked the
 government of Iran for having used its influence to free Reed. Reed said,
 May 2, he had spent his time in captivity with 4 other Western hostages.
 Altogether, some 15 westerners were believed being held in Lebanon.

 3d Candidate Slain in Colombia -- Another presidential candidate was
 assassinated in Colombia, Apr. 26. Carlos Pizarro Leongomez, the candidate
 of the leftist movement known as M-19, was the third presidential aspirant
 to be killed during the current campaign. He was shot while traveling aboard
 an Avianca Airlines flight that had just left Bogota. The gunman was
 immediately killed by Pizarro's bodyguards. An anonymous caller to a radio
 network claimed that the assassination was carried out by leaders of the
 drug cartel, but drug leaders, Apr. 27, issued a statement condemning the
 slaying.


                                  General

 Museum Indicted for Showing Photos -- An exhibit of photographs by the late
 Robert Mapplethorpe opened at the Contemporary Arts Center in Cincinnati,
 Apr. 7, and on that day the museum and its director, Dennis Barrie, were
 indicted by a grand jury on obscenity charges--pandering and illegal use of
 a minor. Prosecutors had concentrated their charges on 7 (of 175)
 photographs in the exhibit that depicted naked children or homosexual acts.
 The Corcoran Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C. had canceled the same
 exhibit in 1989 after some members of Congress objected to the subject
 matter and threatened to restrict funding for the arts. On Apr. 8, U.S.
 District Judge Carl Rubin forbade law enforcement officials from closing the
 exhibit. The exhibit broke records for attendance at the museum.

 Fire on Danish Ferry Takes Heavy Toll -- A fire broke out on the Danish
 ferry Scandinavian Star while it was en route, Apr. 7, from Oslo, Norway to
 Frederikshavn, Denmark. Up to 176 persons died, mostly from smoke
 inhalation. About 360 persons escaped in life-boats.

 Tuna Canners Act to Protect Dolphins -- Three companies announced, Apr. 12,
 that they would no longer buy tuna that had been caught in nets that also
 trapped dolphins. H. J. Heinz Company, Van Camp Seafood Company, and Bumble
 Bee Seafoods Inc., which produced 70 percent of the canned tuna fish sold in
 the United States, acted in response to protests from enviromentalists. Tuna
 fisherman often used huge nets to capture tuna, and from 80,000 to 100,000
 dolphins also perished each year when caught in the nets.

 Pete Rose Pleads Guilty on Taxes -- Pete Rose, one of baseball's greatest
 players, pleaded guilty, Apr. 20, to 2 counts of filing false tax returns.
 The admission, in U.S. District Court in Cincinnati, followed a long
 investigation into his gambling habit. Rose had been banned from baseball
 for life in 1989. In the court settlement, Rose agreed to pay $366,000 in
 back taxes, penalties, and interest. He remained subject to a possible
 prison sentence. On July 19, he was sentenced to 5 months in jail, fined
 $50,000, and ordered to perform 1,000 hours of community service.

 200 Million Celebrate Earth Day -- In what was believed to be the biggest
 grass-roots celebration ever, some 200 million people in Europe, Asia,
 Africa, and the Western Hemisphere participated in Earth Day activities,
 Apr. 22. Events were planned in some 3,600 cities and towns in 140
 countries. The day marked the 20th anniversary of the original Earth Day in
 1970. The intent was to focus on growing environmental problems that were
 threatening the quality of life everywhere. Concerts, street fairs,
 festivals, marches, and exhibits stressed such issues as recycling, global
 warming, endangered species of animals, and air and water quality. About
 750,000 persons attended a rally and concert in Central Park in New York
 City.

 Space Telescope Deployed by Shuttle -- The shuttle Discovery lifted off from
 Cape Canaveral, Fla., Apr. 24, with a crew of 5. On Apr. 25, it deployed its
 12.5-ton cargo, the Hubble Space Telescope. The $1.5-billion telescope,
 which had a 94.5-inch mirror, was put into orbit 381 miles above earth. It
 was anticipated that the telescope, which would be far above any atmospheric
 interference associated with the surface of the planet, would be able to see
 deeper into space than any other telescope, and with unprecedented clarity.

 Milken Fined $600 Million in Fraud Case -- Michael Milken, the former "junk
 bond king" at the securities firm of Drexel Burnham Lambert Inc., pleaded
 guilty, Apr. 24, to 6 counts relating to securities fraud, and agreed to pay
 a record total of $600 million in fines and restitution. Under the
 agreement, in U.S. District Court in New York, more serious charges against
 Milken were dropped, and a case against his brother, Lowell Milken, was also
 dropped. Michael Milken had helped spur the corporate takeover boom of the
 1980s through the use of high-yield, high-risk junk bonds. Counts to which
 Milken pleaded guilty included conspiracy, aiding and abetting the filing of
 a false statement with the Securities and Exchange Commission, and assisting
 the filing of a false tax return. Milken still faced the possibility of
 being sentenced to prison.

 Disasters -- An explosion caused by a leaking gas cylinder killed at least
 80 persons on a commuter train traveling near Kumrahar, Hihar state, India,
 Apr. 16.  . . .  An earthquake in central China, in Qinghai province, Apr.
 26, killed 115 people.


                                    MAY


                                  National

 More Testimony Heard in HUD Inquiry -- DuBois Gilliam, a former deputy
 assistant secretary at the Dept. of Housing and Urban Development, continued
 his testimony before a House subcommittee. He said on May 2, that an
 assistant to then-Vice Pres. George Bush had once intervened on behalf of a
 Bush supporter, Hector Barreto. A developer in Kansas City, Barreto was
 granted $500,000 for a trade center project even though it had initially
 been rejected for HUD funds. Gilliam testified, May 4, that on several
 occasions former HUD Secretary Samuel Pierce had used discretionary funds to
 fund projects supported by friends or Republican figures. Pierce's attorney,
 May 4, said that nothing illegal had occurred. The Justice Dept. said, May
 29, that Attorney Gen. Richard Thornburgh had asked that the independent
 counsel investigating the HUD allegations expand his inquiry to pursue
 assertions made by Gilliam.

 Inflation Fears Ease a Bit -- Figures on  consumer and producer prices
 released during May indicated a lessening of inflation pressures. The
 Commerce Dept. reported, May 2, that leading economic indicators had risen
 0.9 percent in March. The Labor Dept. reported, May 4, that the unemployment
 rate had edged upward to 5.4 percent in April, the highest level in more
 than a year. The department said, May 11, that producer prices for finished
 goods had declined 0.3 percent in April. It said, May 16, that consumer
 prices had risen just 0.2 percent in April, the smallest advance since
 September 1989. The Commerce Dept. reported, May 17, that the U.S.
 merchandise trade deficit had risen to $8.45 billion in March, propelled by
 a 10 percent surge in imports. The department, May 24, revised its estimate
 of the growth of the gross national product in the first quarter, putting
 the annual rate at a lower figure of 1.3 percent. It reported, May 30, that
 the leading economic indicators had fallen 0.2 percent in April. Stock
 prices advanced throughout May, with the Dow Jones industrial average
 setting a string of all-time highs. The highest point during the month was
 reached, May 30, when the Dow closed at 2878.56.

 Budget 'Summit' Held at White House -- Pres. George Bush, leaders of his
 administration, and Congressional leaders began a budget "summit" at the
 White House, May 15, amid concern about the growing national budget deficit.
 Administration estimates for the 1991 fiscal budget deficit had jumped from
 $101 billion to at least $123 billion. The administration attributed the
 growing gap to higher interest rates, a falloff in tax receipts, more
 spending on commercial bank failures, and, most of all, the size of the
 savings and loan bailout--although it was not officially a part of
 administration figures. At a news conference, May 16, Bush said, "when you
 take a look at the most recent estimates, the problem is of such a magnitude
 that we have to address it." He said the problem should be addressed now
 while the economy was reasonably strong. Those attending the summit, May 17,
 heard a Congressional Budget Office report putting the 1991 deficit
 projection as high as $159 billion. No agreements on the budget were
 reported from the talks.

 S & L Bailout Cost Estimate Rises -- Treasury Secretary Nicholas Brady told
 the Senate Banking Committee, May 23, that the cost of bailing out the
 savings and loan industry could run as high as $130 billion, nearly twice
 previous projections. He said the higher figure could become a reality if
 real-estate prices continued to fall and if thrifts continued to fail at an
 accelerating rate. Interest payments, furthermore, could help send the cost
 over the next 10 years toward $300 billion. Neil Bush, the son of the
 president, testified before the House Banking Committee, May 23. He was
 asked about his role as a director of Silverado Banking, an S & L in
 Colorado, which had been taken over by the government in 1988 at a cost to
 taxpayers of perhaps $1 billion. Questioned about possible conflicts of
 interest related to loans Silverado had made to 2 of his business partners,
 Bush denied any wrong-doing.

 Navy Reopens Inquiry in Blast Fatal to 47 -- The Navy said, May 24, that it
 was reopening its investigation into the explosion aboard the battleship
 Iowa in April 1989 that took the lives of 47 members of its crew. The
 explosion had occurred in a gun turret during a training exercise. The Navy
 later issued a report stating that it was "most likely" that the explosion
 had been caused by a suicidal crewman, Clayton Hartwig, who, according to
 the theory, had placed some sort of detonating device in the mechanism.
 Hartwig died in the explosion. Hartwig's family had fought to clear his
 name. At the request of the General Accounting Office, the Sandia National
 Laboratories in Albuquerque, N. M. examined 3 battleships and found traces
 of foreign chemical elements in all, undercutting a conclusion by the Navy
 that the presence of such materials on the Iowa suggested that an explosive
 device had been planted. On May 24, the Navy tested Sandia's suggestion that
 the explosion could have been caused because gunpowder was rammed too fast
 into the turret's center gun. The bags of gunpowder exploded on the 18th
 test.


                               International

 Soviet Referendum on Economy Scheduled -- On May 1, the annual May Day
 parade in Moscow's Red Square came to a surprising climax. As in years past,
 official delegations marched along the parade route, displaying their
 socialist unity. But, for the first time, independent and unofficial
 organizations were permitted to march, and thousands of persons jeered Pres.
 Mikhail Gorbachev and other national leaders as they passed the reviewing
 area atop Lenin's Mausoleum. These marchers, who included ethnic
 nationalists, human-rights and religious activists, and students and
 intellectuals, carried banners of protest, with such slogans as "Down with
 the Cult of Lenin" and "Seventy-two Years on the Road to Nowhere." No May
 Day celebrations were held at all in the capitals of 5 of the restive
 republics. On May 24, Premier Nikolai Ryzhkov presented to the Supreme
 Soviet, the standing national legislature, an economic-reform program that
 included an easing of price controls. Bread prices would triple, and the
 cost of some goods and services would go up 30 percent. Government subsidies
 had kept many prices artificially low. The program also included
 unemployment benefits and tax-indexing to assist workers. It also would set
 in motion a transformation of state enterprises into joint stock companies.
 The program would be subject to approval in a national referendum. Unrest
 flared anew in Armenia, May 27, and by May 29, the official death toll was
 put at 24. On May 29, on the third ballot, Boris Yeltsin was elected
 president of the Russian Republic, the largest and most important of the 15
 republics of the Soviet Union. An advocate of radical reforms, Yeltsin had
 called for economic and political sovereignty for Russia, and said he
 favored turning the USSR into a loose confederation of republics.

 Debate Over Baltic Republics Continues -- Pres. Vytautas Landsbergis of
 Lithuania said, May 2, in a letter to French and West German leaders that
 Lithuania would consider suspending some pro-independence laws if that would
 get talks with the Kremlin underway. Premier Kasimiera Prunskiene met with
 Pres. George Bush in the White House, May 3. This was a private visit
 inasmuch as the United States did not recognize Lithuania as an independent
 nation. Bush declined to declare for Lithuanian independence but reiterated
 his support for the republic's "self-determination." Prunskiene indicated a
 willingness to suspend full implementation of Lithuania's declaration of
 independence to get negotiations started. On May 4, the parliament of Latvia
 voted 138-0 to declare its independence from the USSR, thus joining
 Lithuania and Estonia in that move. An unspecified period of transition was
 approved. Pres. Mikhail Gorbachev condemned this move, May 5, and on May 7,
 a column of Soviet tanks entered the Latvian capital of Riga. On May 8, the
 Estonian parliament declared the birth of the "Estonian Republic" and
 dropped the words "Soviet Socialist" from the republic's name. Gorbachev
 asserted, May 14, that the attempts by Latvia and Estonia to break from the
 Soviet Union had no legal basis. Demonstrators supporting unity with the
 Soviet Union, believed to be mostly ethnic Russians, stormed the parliament
 buildings in Estonia and Latvia, May 15. The Lithuanian government suspended
 enforcement of its independence laws, May 16, and on May 17, Gorbachev met
 with Premier Prunskiene in Moscow. She later said that the discussions were
 a big step forward. Gorbachev told Lithuanian leaders in Moscow, May 24,
 that the republic could be independent in 2 years if it suspended its
 declaration of independence.

 Unified German Monetary System Approved -- A treaty signed in May cleared
 the way for the unification of the economies of the 2 Germanys. Earlier, on
 May 5, foreign ministers of the 2 Germanys and of the 4 Allied powers in
 World War II met in Bonn to discuss reunification. Foreign Minister Eduard
 Shevardnadze of the Soviet Union reiterated his country's position that a
 united Germany in NATO was not acceptable. On May 18, the finance ministers
 of East and West Germany signed a treaty establishing a unified monetary
 system under the West German mark. The treaty would require approval of
 parliaments of both countries, and would take effect July 1. Under its
 terms, East Germans could exchange up to 4,000 East German marks for West
 German Deutsche marks, one for one. Wages and pensions would also be
 calculated in Deutsche marks at a one-to-one rate. East Germans would pay
 West German federal taxes and would be covered by West German laws on
 pensions and unemployment.

 Albanian Parliament Approves Reforms -- The parliament of Albania approved a
 package of legislation, May 8, that appeared to set the isolated Marxist
 nation on the path toward liberalization. Pres. Ramiz Alia, who was also
 first secretary of the Albanian Workers' (Communist) Party, provided the
 impetus for the legislation. Under the new laws, the court system was
 reorganized, the number of capital offenses was reduced from 34 to 11,
 restrictions on the right to worship were apparently relaxed, and citizens
 were guaranteed the right to obtain foreign passports.

 Ruling Party Wins Romanian Election -- Romania's National Salvation Front
 retained power in elections held in May. The front had led the country on an
 interim basis since the December 1989 revolution. Dozens of other parties
 competed in the election, but the front was better financed and better
 organized. The campaign was marked by violence, and the 2 major opposition
 parties complained that the front was responsible for beatings and
 harassment of hundreds of its supporters. The U.S. ambassador was withdrawn
 temporarily, May 10, and the State Dept. said it was concerned about
 "irregularities . . . which raise questions about whether those elections
 will be free and fair." In the voting, May 20, the front won about
 two-thirds of the seats in both houses of parliament. Interim Pres. Ion
 Iliescu also retained office, winning about 85 percent of the presidential
 vote.

 2 U.S. Airmen Killed in Philippines -- Two U.S. airmen were shot to death
 near Clark Air Force Base, a U.S. base in the Philippines, on May 13. The
 killings came at a critical time, because negotiations between the U.S. and
 the Philippines on the future of U.S. bases on the islands began in Manila,
 May 14. Many Filipinos wanted the U.S. to give up the bases. On May 15,
 communist rebels claimed responsibility for the deaths of the airmen.

 Report Issued on Pan Am Bombing -- A U.S. presidential commission issued a
 report, May 15, on the bombing in December 1988 that destroyed a Pan
 American airliner. All 259 persons aboard the plane and 11 on the ground at
 Lockerbie, Scotland died in the disaster. The commission said it was not
 certain how the bomb was smuggled aboard the plane but cited evidence that
 it was in an unaccompanied suitcase loaded in Frankfurt, West Germany. The
 report said that the security system for U.S. civil aviation "is seriously
 flawed and has failed to provide the proper level of protection to the
 traveling public."  The commission called for greatly increased security at
 U.S. airports, the creation of the post of assistant secretary of
 transportation for security and intelligence, and establishment of a
 national system for warning passengers of credible threats against airlines
 or flights.

 Bush, Gorbachev Open Summit Talks -- Pres. Mikhail Gorbachev of the Soviet
 Union arrived in Washington, D.C. at the end of May to begin summit
 discussions with Pres. George Bush. Earlier in the month, Secretary of State
 James Baker 3d had visited the USSR, and on May 19, he reported progress on
 several issues. He said all major obstacles had been cleared away on
 strategic arms, opening the way to a treaty that would reduce nuclear
 missile arsenals by 30 percent. The agreement included limitations on both
 air- and sea-launched cruise missiles. The 2 superpowers also agreed to
 begin eliminating their arsenals of chemical weapons in 1992. However, no
 break-through was reported on reducing conventional arms in Europe. Bush
 said, May 24, that he opposed normalizing trade relations with the Soviet
 Union because of the impasse over Lithuanian independence and because the
 Soviet leadership had not pushed for more liberal emigration policies.
 Gorbachev met in Ottawa, May 29 and 30, with Prime Minister Brian Mulroney
 of Canada. Canadian officials announced they would extend a line of credit
 to the Soviet Union to facilitate purchase of Canadian goods and services by
 the USSR. Gorbachev and his entourage, including his wife, Raisa, flew to
 Washington, May 30, and on May 31, they were welcomed to the White House by
 President and Mrs. Bush. The 2 leaders and their aides met twice, May 31,
 focusing on German reunification, but failed to resolve the question of a
 united Germany's membership in NATO, which Gorbachev opposed. A number of
 leaders in the arts, entertainment, and politics attended a reception hosted
 by the Gorbachevs at the Soviet Embassy, May 31, and Mrs. Gorbachev helped
 open an exhibit of Russian religious texts at the Library of Congress, May
 31.

 Gorbachev met U.S. congressional leaders for breakfast at the Soviet
 Embassy, June 1, and the Soviet leader also met, June 1, with Vice Pres. Dan
 Quayle.

 Bush and Gorbachev signed more than a dozen documents at the White House,
 June 1. One agreement, spelling out broad goals to be incorporated in a
 treaty, would reduce long-range nuclear weapons arsenals. As worked out in
 May during Sec. of State Baker's trip to Moscow, the agreement set a limit
 of 1,600 strategic delivery vehicles per side, with a total of 6,000
 warheads per side for these long-range vehicles. Another agreement called
 for an immediate end to chemical weapons production by both superpowers.

 A third agreement was something of a surprise. Bush signed the trade treaty
 Gorbachev wanted so much, even though the Soviet Union had not met the
 condition previously stated--liberalizing emigration laws. Apparently, Bush
 also put aside concerns over Lithuania in signing the treaty. The treaty,
 requiring approval by Congress, would be a step toward granting the Soviet
 Union most-favored-nation status.

 Mrs. Gorbachev and Mrs. Bush addressed the graduating class of Wellesley
 College, Wellesley, Mass., June 1. Mrs. Gorbachev spoke on the role of women
 in Soviet society, and Mrs. Bush emphasized the importance of family and
 friends even for career women.

 The 2 presidents conducted informal talks at Camp David, in Maryland, June
 2. At a joint press conference in Washington, June 3, both leaders called
 the summit a success while acknowledging that agreement on German
 reunification had not been reached. Gorbachev said the Soviet Union might
 curb emigration of Soviet Jews to Israel unless Israel gave assurances that
 they would not settle in the occupied territories.

 Gorbachev flew to Minnesota, June 3, met with Gov. Rudy Perpich, and visited
 the headquarters of Control Data Corp., a leading company in computer
 technology.

 The Gorbachev party then flew to California, and on June 4, the Gorbachevs
 visited with former Pres. Ronald Reagan and Mrs. Reagan. Speaking to 1,700
 students at Stanford University, Gorbachev said, "The cold war is now behind
 us. Let us not wrangle over who won it."

 Gorbachev met, June 4, in San Francisco with South Korean Pres. Roh Tae Woo,
 and Roh later said the 2 countries would normalize relations.

 New Israeli-Palestinian Violence Flares -- More acts of violence involving
 Israelis and Palestinians added to growing tensions in the region in May. On
 May 20, a former Israeli soldier opened fire on Palestinian workers with an
 automatic rifle. Seven were killed and at least 10 were wounded. The army
 said the gunman had a record of disciplinary problems. Israeli leaders
 condemned the massacre. Riots broke out in the occupied Gaza Strip and the
 West Bank. The army cracked down, sending in reinforcements and imposing
 curfews. ByMay 22, 15 Palestinians had been killed by Israeli forces. On May
 30, Palestinian guerillas in speedboats sought to attack the coast of
 Israel. Israeli security forces captured one boat and its 5-man crew, which
 surrendered. Eleven men landed in a second boat, but 4 were killed and the
 rest captured. A radical faction of the Palestine Liberation Organization
 claimed responsibility  for the raid, saying it was intended to avenge the 7
 Palestinians killed, May 20. PLO Chairman Yasir Arafat denied, May 31, that
 the PLO had any "official" connection with the raid. Israeli leaders called
 on the United States to end its diplomatic contacts with the PLO.

 Foe of Drug Lords Elected in Colombia -- An opponent of the drug cartels,
 Cesar Gaviria Trujillo, was elected president of Colombia. The campaign had
 cost the lives of some 2,000 persons, mostly as a result of violent acts by
 the drug cartels. Three presidential candidates had been killed. Threats of
 more violence kept the turnout for the May 27 voting to 46 percent. Gaviria,
 the nominee of the ruling Liberal Party, received 48 percent of the vote.
 Alone among the 4 main candidates, he had supported extraditing drug
 traffickers to the U.S. Other candidates had advocated negotiating with the
 traffickers. Gaviria had served as minister of finance and as minister of
 government. In his victory speech, May 27, he vowed to put an end to
 terrorism, and he criticized industrialized countries for not doing enough
 to reduce consumption of drugs.


                                  General

 AIDS Drug Approved for Children -- The Food and Drug Administration, May 3,
 approved the drug AZT for treating children 3 months to 12 years who had
 symptoms of AIDS or who were infected with the AIDS virus. Government
 officials estimated that up to 20,000 children in the U.S. were infected
 with the virus. In approving AZT, the FDA waived its rule requiring separate
 testing of drugs for children

 Van Gogh Painting Sells for $82.5 Million -- A record price for a painting
 sold at auction was set, May 15, at Christie's auction house in New York
 City. Vincent van Gogh's "Portrait of Dr. Gachet" was sold for $82.5 million
 (including Christie's commission) to a Japanese businessman, Ryoei Saito.
 OnMay 17, at Sotheby's in New York City, Saito was the successful bidder for
 Pierre Auguste Renoir's "Au Moulin de la Galette." The total cost of that
 transaction, $78.1 million, was the second highest for any painting.

 Scientists Forecast Global Warming -- A U.N. report issued May 25, by
 scientists from many countries, warned that global temperatures could rise
 by 2 degrees Fahrenheit within 35 years. They foresaw a 6 degrees F increase
 by the end of the next century, with serious consequences that could not be
 forecast now. The report had received nearly unanimous approval from
 scientists representing 39 countries. The authors concluded that emissions
 of carbon dioxide, methane, and chlorofluorocarbons would have to be reduced
 by 60 percent in order to just stabilize atmospheric concentrations at
 current levels. Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, May 25, set a target for
 Great Britain of a 30 percent reduction in projected emissions of carbon
 dioxide. In doing so, she broke away from the position of the Bush
 administration, which called for more research on the problem.

 Disasters -- A cyclone swept through Andhra Pradesh state, in India, May
 9-11, killing at least 220 persons and leaving about 3 million homeless  . .
 .  At least 101 persons died in an earthquake that struck northern Peru, May
 30.


                                    JUNE


                                  National

 Jobless Rate Edges Downward -- The Labor Dept. reported, June 1, that
 unemployment edged downward 0.1 percentage point in May to 5.3 percent. The
 department said, June 14, that producer prices for finished goods rose 0.3
 percent in May, following 3  consecutive monthly drops. It reported, June
 15, that consumer prices had edged upward 0.2 percent in May. The Dow Jones
 industrial average posted another all-time high, June 15, of 2935.89. The
 Commerce Dept. said, June 15, that the merchandise trade deficit had
 narrowed to $6.94 billion in April. The department reported, June 21, that
 the estimate of the growth in the gross national product, on an annual
 basis, for the first quarter of 1990 had been revised upward from 1.3
 percent to 1.9 percent. This was the second lowest growth rate reported in
 the past 30 months. It reported, June 27, that the leading economic
 indicators had risen 0.8 percent in May.

 D.C. Mayor's Drug Trial Opens -- The trial of Marion Barry, the mayor of
 Washington, D.C., on drug charges got underway, June 4. He faced 11
 misdemeanor counts relating to cocaine and 3 felony counts of lying to a
 grand jury. On June 13, Barry announced that he would not seek a 4th term,
 saying that his struggle to overcome dependency on drugs and alcohol was
 more important to him than another campaign. Opening arguments in the trial
 were presented, June 19. The defense attorney said that FBI agents had
 sought to entrap Barry when they videotaped him using cocaine in January. On
 June 28, the prosecution presented its key piece of evidence--the videotape
 apparently showing Barry smoking crack in a hotel room in the Vista
 International Hotel in Washington, D.C. The defense contended that the tape
 supported the entrapment defense.

 Flag Amendment Fails in Congress -- A proposed Constitutional amendment to
 permit the federal government or the states to prosecute those who
 desecrated the American flag failed to win approval in both houses of
 Congress. The U.S. Supreme Court, June 11, struck down a 1989 federal law
 barring desecration of the flag. Pres. George Bush renewed his call for an
 amendment to protect the flag. Many other political leaders, mostly
 Republicans, joined him. Democrats generally opposed an amendment, arguing
 that it would represent a compromise of the First Amendment's protection of
 free speech. On June 21, members of the House voted 254-177 in favor of the
 amendment, but this was well short of the two-thirds majority needed for the
 approval of an amendment. The Senate, June 26, voted 58-42 for the
 amendment, again well below the required majority.

 Cardinal Issues Warning on Abortion -- Cardinal John J. O'Connor, the Roman
 Catholic archbishop of New York City, said, June 14, that Catholic political
 leaders who supported the right of women to have an abortion "must be warned
 that they are at risk of excommunication." In an article in the
 archdiocese's newspaper, he said that the warning applied to women who
 obtained an abortion, to doctors who performed the procedure, and to
 officeholders who supported abortion or made funds available for it.


                               International

 Violence Flares in Soviet Kirghizia -- Violent clashes began, June 4, in the
 city of Osh, in the Soviet republic of Kirghizia, between Uzbeks and Kirghiz
 citizens. The dispute was over a proposed allocation of a large plot of land
 for housing for the Kirghiz. Thousands of Uzbeks rioted, and Soviet troops
 were sent to the area. By June 7, the death toll was reported as 48. On June
 8, British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, at a joint press conference
 with Gorbachev during a visit to the Soviet Union, praised the president's
 reform programs as "the most exciting, the biggest, the most historic in
 Europe for a very long time." Tass reported, June 13, that the death toll in
 Kirghizia stood at 148. The Supreme Soviet (standing national legislature),
 June 14, approved the country's first corporate income tax, setting a basic
 rate of 45 percent. The Supreme Soviet, June 14, also rejected the
 government's proposal to triple the price of bread. Although parliament's
 approval was not required, its opposition appeared likely to force a
 revision of the price structure.

 State of Emergency Eased in South Africa -- Pres. F. W. de Klerk announced,
 June 7, that he would lift the 4-year-old state of emergency in 3 of South
 Africa's 4 provinces. He made an exception in Natal Province, where more
 than 3,000 blacks had been killed in 3 years of fighting between
 conservative and radical Zulu factions. Nelson Mandela, deputy president of
 the African National Congress, praised the action but urged the West to
 maintain sanctions against the government.

 Shamir Forms Cabinet in Israel -- The leadership paralysis in Israel ended,
 June 8, when Prime Minister Yitzhak Shamir announced that he had succeeded
 in forming a cabinet. This was to be no "national unity" government similar
 to the one that had fallen, but was composed of Shamir's Likud Party and
 several small nationalist and religious parties. It appeared likely that the
 new government would resist any concessions to reach a peace with the
 Palestinians. Ariel Sharon, an outspoken hardliner, was named housing
 minister and overseer of the influx of Jews from the Soviet Union. The new
 government went on record as favoring expansion of Jewish settlements in the
 occupied territories. The Knesset approved the new government 62-57 on June
 11. Testifying before a U.S. House committee June 13, Sec. of State James
 Baker expressed his irritation with a statement by Israeli officials that
 the U.S. peace plan was irrelevant. He said, "When you're serious about
 peace, call us," and gave the White House phone number.

 Czechoslovak Elections Held -- On June 8 and 9, in the first free voting in
 Czechoslovakia in more than 4 decades, the Civic Forum and its sister party
 in Slovakia, Public Against Violence, won 46 percent of the vote for
 parliament and captured 170 of 300 seats in the bicameral body. Civic Forum
 was the party of Pres. Vaclav Havel. The Communist Party finished a distant
 second with 14 percent of the vote and 47 seats in the Federal Assembly. The
 allied parties also ran well ahead in voting for the legislatures of the
 Czech and Slovak republics. Havel, June 12, reappointed Marian Calfa as
 premier and asked him to form a new government.

 Mandela Gets Big U.S. Welcome -- Nelson Mandela, the black nationalist
 leader from South Africa, toured Europe and North America and received an
 enthusiastic welcome, most notably in the United States. Mandela, deputy
 president of the African National Congress, had been freed in February after
 27 years in prison. He sought during his tour to raise money for the ANC and
 to encourage Western governments to maintain sanctions against the South
 African government. Between June 9 and June 16, he met with officials and
 leaders in Switzerland, West Germany, France, Italy, and the Netherlands,
 including West German Chancellor Helmut Kohl and Pope John Paul II. In
 Canada, Mandela addressed parliament, June 19, and met with Prime Minister
 Brian Mulroney. Mandela and his wife, Winnie, arrived in New York City, June
 20, to begin an extended U.S. tour that proved to be especially inspiring to
 blacks, who acclaimed him as a hero. The Mandelas were given a ticker-tape
 parade up Broadway to City Hall, the scene of a big rally. On June 21,
 events included a rally in Harlem and a rock concert and speech by Mandela
 in Yankee Stadium. On June 22, he met with corporate executives and spoke at
 the United Nations. In Boston, June 23, Mandela spoke at the John F. Kennedy
 Memorial Library at the Univ. of Massachusetts and attended a 6-hour pop
 concert and rally. Mandela met with Pres. George Bush in the White House,
 June 25. The president urged all parties in South Africa to renounce
 violence, but Mandela declined to make that commitment at that time. He
 addressed Congress, June 26, thanking the United States for imposing
 sanctions against the South African government and urging that they be
 maintained until "irreversible" reforms were established. Some members
 stayed away from the speech, objecting, in part, to Mandela's refusal to
 criticize Yasir Arafat, Fidel Castro, and Muammer el-Qaddafi, all of whom
 supported his cause. Before ending his tour of the U.S., June 30, Mandela
 visited Atlanta, Miami, Detroit, Los Angeles, and Oakland.

 Miners Rout Students in Bucharest -- On June 13, riot police attacked a tent
 city in downtown Bucharest, the capital that had been set up by
 anti-government demonstrators, most of them students. The police drove out
 some 200 persons, including some hunger strikers. Thousands of students then
 protested, rioting and burning the central police headquarters. Security
 forces killed 4 people, and more than 200 were injured. Pres.-elect Ion
 Illiescu appealed to the working class to save the country from a "fascist
 rebellion." Some 10,000 miners poured into Bucharest, June 14, routed the
 students, set up barricades, ransacked the headquarters of 2 opposition
 parties, and wrecked the offices of an independent newspaper. Members of the
 foreign press were also attacked. The U.S. State Dept. said, June 15, it
 would withhold U.S. economic aid from Romania. Iliescu was sworn in as
 president, June 20.

 Most Nicaraguan Contras Disarm -- Pres. Violeta Barrios de Chamorro of
 Nicaragua announced, June 15, that more than 14,000 contra rebels had
 disarmed under an agreement that she had reached with them. Their total
 force had been put at about 16,000. Chamorro also announced, June 15, that
 the Sandinista-trained armed forces would be cut to about 41,000 from its
 estimated strength of 55,000 to 60,000. She also said that an all-volunteer
 army would be created.

 Bulgarian Socialists Win Parliament Election -- The Bulgarian Socialist
 Party won parliamentary elections in the nation's first free election since
 the tide of change swept Eastern Europe. The first round of voting was held,
 June 10, and the run-offs were held, June 17. The Socialists were a Marxist
 party, though much reformed from the hard-line party that had run the
 country since World War II. The Socialists captured 211 of the 400 seats in
 the Grand National Assembly, or parliament. The opposition coalition, the
 Union of Democratic Forces, won 144 seats. Other parties ran far behind,
 with one representing ethnic Turks picking up 23 seats.

 Bush Breaks Off PLO Talks -- Pres. George Bush announced, June 20, that he
 was breaking off the diplomatic dialogue with the Palestine Liberation
 Organization. The talks, aimed at enhancing  the prospects for a Middle East
 peace settlement, had begun in December 1988 after PLO chairman Yasir Arafat
 renounced terrorism. But Arafat and the PLO had failed to condemn an
 unsuccessful speedboat raid on Israel in May that had apparently been the
 work of a radical PLO faction. Israel hailed Bush's decision, June 20. But
 the PLO executive committee complained, June 21, that the U.S. had not
 responded in a similiar way to "Israeli crimes against Palestinians."

 Canada Faces Constitutional Crisis -- The failure of 2 provinces to ratify a
 series of constitutional amendments left the future of Canada in doubt. The
 deadline for adoption of the amendments, known as the Meech Lake Accord,
 passed without any approval from the legislatures of Newfoundland and
 Manitoba. The 2 holdout provinces feared that a clause in the accord
 designating Quebec as a "distinct society" within Canada would make Quebec
 too powerful. Prime Minister Brian Mulroney had led the fight for the
 amendments in the hopes of persuading Quebec to ratify Canada's 1982
 constitution. Speaking to the nation, June 23, Mulroney urged Canadians to
 "mend the divisions and heal the wounds" caused by the failure of the
 accord. Quebec's premier Robert Bourassa, in a June 23 speech, said he was
 willing to consider all possible options for Quebec. One plan supported by
 separatists in Quebec would give Quebec political independence while
 economic ties to Canada would be maintained.

 Chinese Allow Dissidents to Leave -- After living for more than a year in
 the U.S. Embassy in Beijing, a dissident Chinese couple left China, June 25,
 and flew to London on a U.S. Air Force plane. Fang Lizhi, a physicist, and
 his wife, Li Shuxian, had entered the embassy in 1989 to avoid being seized
 by Chinese authorities in the wake of the aborted uprising against the
 regime. The government accused the couple of helping incite the
 pro-democracy movement. In a statement issued as they left, they admitted
 opposing elements of the Chinese constitution and agreed not to participate
 in "activities whose motive lies in opposing China." Fang was to become
 affiliated with Cambridge University.

 Bush Backs Tax Revenue Increases -- Pres. George Bush issued a statement,
 June 26, in which he listed "tax revenue increases" as one of the necessary
 components of any plan to reduce the nation's budget deficits. In 1988, Bush
 had run successfully for president while saying repeatedly, "Read my lips.
 No new taxes." But he indicated in his statement that a compromise with
 Congress on the budget was not possible without agreeing to some sort of
 revenue increase. Democratic congressional leaders praised Bush for
 reversing his stand, but many Republicans were incensed. One letter, signed
 by more than half of the Republicans in the House, called a tax increase
 "unacceptable."

 Oil Pipeline to Lithuania Reopened -- Tensions between the Soviet Union and
 its rebellious republic of Lithuania eased in June. On June 29, the
 Lithuanian parliament agreed to suspend its declaration of independence for
 100 days in exchange for an agreement by Moscow to negotiate on the issue
 and end economic sanctions. On June 30, the Soviet Union reopened the oil
 pipeline to Lithuania. During the oil embargo, tens of thousands of workers
 had been laid off and many factories had closed. On July 2, the Soviet
 government announced a complete lifting of its economic embargo on
 Lithuania.


                                  General

 'Suicide Machine' Used by Ill Woman -- A woman from Oregon, assisted by a
 retired pathologist, committed suicide in Michigan, June 4, triggering a
 medical and ethical debate. Janet Adkins of Portland, Ore. had come to the
 Detroit area to meet with Dr. Jack Kevorkian, who had been promoting a
 suicide machine. Adkins, who was suffering from Alzheimer's Disease, had
 decided to take  her own life.  Her husband supported the decision.
 Kevorkian told police that he drove Mrs. Adkins to a park in his van and
 inserted an intravenous needle into her arm. She then pushed a button that
 fed a fatal combination of drugs into her bloodstream. Unlike many states,
 Michigan had no law prohibiting doctor-assisted suicide, but the American
 Medical Association's code of ethics prohibited doctors from helping
 patients to die.

 33 Believed Dead in Ohio Flood -- Heavy thunderstorms created a flash flood,
 June 14, that tore through a valley and into the town of Shadyside, Ohio, on
 the Ohio River, 10 miles south of Wheeling, W. Va. Almost 200 homes and
 trailers were destroyed, and part of a tavern was swept away with customers
 inside. As of June 23, there were 23 confirmed deaths and 10 others were
 missing.

 Protestors Disrupt AIDS Conference -- More than 10,000 specialists and
 public health officials attended the 6th International AIDS Conference in
 San Francisco, and heard 3,000 reports on the disease. Protests, which began
 on June 19, the eve of the conference, were organized in large part by the
 AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power (ACT-UP). Demonstrators, who numbered about
 500 during the week, were primarily concerned about the slow pace of testing
 of anti-AIDS drugs and by the shortage of money for research and treatment.
 Luc Montagnier of France, co-discoverer of the virus that caused AIDS, said,
 June 20, he believed that a second microbe was also responsible, and that
 patients would not become ill until they had become infected with it as
 well. It was reported, June 20, that AIDS was continuing to spread in the
 U.S., especially among teen-agers, women whose sexual partners used
 intravenous drugs, and users of crack cocaine. According to a report, June
 23, some 30 possible vaccines were being tested around the world. Protestors
 in the audience, June 24, disrupted an address by U.S. Sec. of Health and
 Human Services Louis Sullivan.

 Iran Earthquake Kills 40,000 -- An earthquake recorded as high as 7.7 on the
 Richter scale struck Iran, June 21. The epicenter was in the Caspian Sea a
 few miles north of the port city of Rasht. More than 100 communities were
 destroyed or badly damaged. Offers of help came from many countries,
 including the U.S., whose offer was accepted by Pres. Ali Akbar Hashemi
 Rafsanjani even though the 2 countries had no diplomatic relations. Iran
 estimated, June 27, that 40,000 people had been killed and 60,000 injured.

 Flaw Found in Space Telescope -- The Hubble Space Telescope, launched in
 April, was found to be suffering from a serious design flaw that would spoil
 many of its experiments. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration
 said, June 27, that an improper curvature in one or both mirrors in the $1.5
 billion instrument prevented rays of light from meeting at a sharp focus at
 the cameras. The defect appeared to preclude any search for black holes and
 distant quasars, and might also jeopardize a calculation of the size of the
 universe. A camera could be sent up in 3 years to correct for the flaw, but
 the mirrors could not be replaced. The mirrors had not been tested together
 on the ground for reasons of cost, NASA said.


                                   JULY


                                  National

 Governor Vetoes 2 Abortion Bills -- Gov. Buddy Roemer of Louisiana vetoed a
 strong anti-abortion bill, July 6. The bill banned all abortions except to
 save the mother's life. Roemer, who described himself as pro-life, objected
 to the bill because it made no exceptions for victims of rape or incest.
 Both houses of the legislature, July 8, passed a second bill that made
 exceptions for incest and for rape--providing that the rape was reported to
 the police within 7 days. Roemer also vetoed this bill, July 27, saying he
 found the 7-day requirement too restrictive.

 Dow Jones Average at 3,000 Level -- The Dow Jones industrial average pushed
 to an all-time high on Wall Street even though most new economic data were
 not too encouraging. The Labor Dept. reported, July 6, that the unemployment
 rate had edged downward to 5.2 percent in May, but added that few new jobs
 had been created and that the labor force was increasing only slowly. The
 department said, July 13, that producer prices had risen 0.2 percent in
 June. On 2 consecutive days, July 16 and 17, the Dow Jones average closed at
 the identical figure of 2,999.75, an all-time high. On both days, the
 average was above 3,000 during the course of the day. Thereafter, the
 average began to decline. The Commerce Dept. reported, July 17, that the
 U.S. merchandise trade deficit had widened to $7.73 billion in May. The
 Labor Dept. said, July 18, that consumer prices had jumped 0.5 percent in
 June. The Commerce Dept. reported, July 27, that the gross national product
 had slowed to a 1.2 percent annual growth rate during the second quarter of
 1990, a signal to some economists that the country was moving toward
 recession.

 Law Protects Rights of Disabled -- The House, July 12, and the Senate, July
 13, gave overwhelming approval to a bill that would bar discrimination
 against people with physical or mental disabilities. The Americans with
 Disabilities Act defined disability as a condition that "substantially
 limits" an important activity such as walking or seeing. The bill covered
 people with AIDS as well as alcoholics and drug users undergoing treatment.
 Under the bill's provisions, all except small businesses were required to
 hire and promote employees without regard to any disability. Transportation
 systems were required to purchase new vehicles accessible to the disabled.
 Pres. George Bush signed the bill, July 26.

 Congress Rebukes 2 of Its Members -- The Senate Ethics Committee, July 18,
 recommended that the full Senate denounce Sen. David Durenberger (R, Minn.)
 for a number of ethical violations. The Committee said Durenberger had
 knowingly violated Senate rules and had "brought the Senate into dishonor
 and disrepute." The charges against him included accepting improper
 reimbursement for travel and housing from the Senate and conspiring to evade
 limits on speaking fees. The Committee advised the Senate to ask Durenberger
 to repay $29,050 in reimbursements and ask him to donate $95,000 to charity
 to compensate for excess fees. The House Ethics Committee, July 19, voted to
 reprimand Rep. Barney Frank (D, Mass.) for using his office improperly to
 assist a male prostitute. The committee found that Frank had used his
 influence to fix parking tickets for the man, Steven Gobie, and that he had
 attempted to influence parole officers to end Gobie's probation on felony
 charges. The Senate, July 25, accepting its committee recommendation, voted
 96-0 to denounce Durenberger, who apologized for his behavior. The House,
 July 26, took up Frank's case. It rejected, 390-38, a move, supported
 largely by Republicans, that Frank be expelled from the House. A more severe
 penalty, censure, was rejected 287-141. Frank was then reprimanded, 408-18.
 Frank apologized for his conduct, attributing it in part to his efforts
 prior to 1987 to conceal his homosexuality.

 Oliver North's Convictions Suspended -- A 3-judge panel of the U.S. Court of
 Appeals in Washington, D.C. suspended Oliver North's 3 felony convictions in
 the Iran-contra, July 20. One was overturned outright. North, before being
 tried, had testified before Congress in 1987 under a grant of immunity from
 prosecution. The Appeals Court panel held that the trial judge, Gerhard
 Gesell, had failed to insure that witnesses testifying at North's trial had
 not used North's Congressional testimony to refresh their memories. In its
 decision, the panel was split 2-1. The majority held that if the case were
 to proceed Gesell must demonstrate that North's testimony was not used by
 witnesses or by the office of the prosecutor, Lawrence Walsh. The panel set
 aside convictions for deceiving Congress and for receiving an illegal
 gratuity, and overturned North's conviction for destroying government
 documents.

 Brennan Retires From Supreme Court -- Justice William Brennan, Jr.
 announced, July 20, that he was resigning from the U.S. Supreme Court,
 effective immediately. Brennan, 84, had served on the court for almost 34
 years, and was recognized as the leader of the liberal bloc and as one of
 the court's most influential members. Major decisions that he had written
 included the ruling that established the "one person,  one vote" principle
 in reapportionment cases and the ruling protecting the press in libel cases.
 His belief that the court must interpret the law in the light of present-day
 circumstances underlay the process by which he reached his conclusions.
 Brennan, who had suffered a mild stroke earlier in July, had incurred the
 opposition of conservatives, who believed that his approach represented an
 intrusion by the judicial branch into lawmaking. With the court closely
 divided on the legality of abortion and on other key issues, Pres. George
 Bush's nomination of a successor to Brennan was awaited with great interest.
 On July 23, he announced his choice, Judge David Souter of the U.S. Court of
 Appeals for the First Circuit in Boston. Souter, was a graduate of Harvard
 College and Harvard Law School. He had served as New Hampshire's attorney
 general and as a state Supreme Court judge before being named to the circuit
 court earlier in 1990.

 More Money Asked for S&L Bailout -- In testimony before a House committee,
 July 30, Resolution Trust Corp. Chairman William Seidman and Treasury
 Undersecretary Robert Glauber said that the RTC would need up to $100
 billion in fiscal 1991 to continue the savings and loan bailout effort. This
 was twice the amount of money previously allocated for the rescue operation.
 A slump in real-estate values and a higher failure rate among thrift
 institutions were blamed for the need for more money.


                               International

 Economy of 2 Germanys Unified -- A treaty ratified in June that established
 a unified economic and monetary system for East and West Germany became
 effective, July 1. The West German deutsche mark became the sole legal
 tender for all of Germany. The West German Bundesbank (central bank) was
 given control over monetary policy for East Germany. East Germany also
 became wedded to West Germany's market economy, social security and tax
 systems, and labor and banking laws. East Germans were allowed to exchange
 from 2,000 to 6,000 East marks for deutsche marks at a 1-to-1 rate and the
 rest of their holdings at a rate of 2 East marks for one deutsche mark. The
 East German government, July 2, agreed to all-German elections in December.
 In mid-July, 2 more bold steps were taken toward German reunification.
 Meeting in the southern Russian town of Zhelezonovodsk, July 16, Soviet
 Pres. Mikhail Gorbachev and West German Chancellor Helmut Kohl announced
 that they had reached an agreement that would allow a unified Germany to
 join the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Kohl called the agreement,
 which had not been anticipated so soon, "fantastic," and Gorbachev said it
 foreshadowed an era of "strong, prolonged peace." Kohl agreed to a
 limitation on German weaponry and military manpower and to a continuing
 presence of Soviet troops on East German soil for up to 4 years. Pres.
 George Bush and other Western leaders hailed the agreement. On July 17, in
 Paris, the 2 Germanys and the 4 Allied powers of World War II approved a
 plan to guarantee Poland's border with a united Germany. Poland had sought
 assurances that Germany would not seek to reclaim onetime German territory
 awarded to Poland after World War II.

 Gorbachev Survives Party Congress -- Pres. Mikhail Gorbachev appeared to
 have strengthened his hand during the tumultuous 28th Congress of the
 Communist Party of the Soviet Union. As the congress opened in Moscow, July
 2, conservatives were concerned about a draft platform that did not refer
 directly to Marxism-Leninism and supported the right to "earned private
 property" and the "interests and requirements of the individual." Gorbachev,
 speaking July 2, admitted that the party leadership had made mistakes but
 that his program of restructuring was the nation's only hope. He reaffirmed
 the need for a regulated market economy. Foreign Minister Eduard
 Shevardnadze, July 3, criticized defense spending as too high and warned
 against military influence in shaping foreign policy. Yegor Ligachev, a
 conservative, got a positive response from the audience, July 3, when he
 denounced  reform as "thoughtless radicalism" and opposed the draft
 platform. Gorbachev said, July 4, he would quit in 2 years if restructuring
 failed to produce positive results. By a 3-1 margin, July 10, the Congress
 approved Gorbachev's reelection as the party's general secretary. By an even
 greater margin, July 11, the congress chose Gorbachev's candidate, Vladimir
 Ivashko, over Ligachev for the number 2 position in the party. In a
 surprise, Boris Yelstin, the president of the Russian republic who had
 criticized the pace of reform as too slow, announced, July 12, that he was
 quitting the party. The mayors of Moscow and Leningrad also left the party,
 July 13. In accord with a plan approved at the congress, the party's central
 committee, July 14, approved a new, expanded, 24-member Politburo that
 included the party leader in each of the 15 republics. Ten of the 12
 previous members of the Politburo (all but Gorbachev and Ivashko) were
 dropped. The changes appeared to have the effect of weakening the party's
 influence over the government.

 Mrs. Marcos Not Guilty of Fraud -- Mrs. Imelda Marcos, the widow of former
 Philippine's Pres. Ferdinand Marcos, was found not guilty of charges of
 racketeering, fraud, and obstruction of justice, July 2, in Federal Court in
 New York City. Her codefendant, Saudi Arabian financier Adnan Khashoggi, was
 found not guilty of mail fraud and obstruction of justice. The prosecution
 alleged that Mrs. Marcos had stolen $200 million from the Philippines
 treasury and spent most of it on herself. Khashoggi was said to have helped
 her buy office buildings in the U.S. The defense argued that Mrs. Marcos was
 unaware of any illegal activities on the part of her late husband. Jurors
 were reported to have found this assertion persuasive, and some said they
 did not understand why the trial was being conducted in the U.S.

 Bulgaria's Socialist President Resigns -- Although Bulgaria's Socialist
 (formerly Communist) Party had won parliamentary elections (in June),
 hundreds of students erected a tent city in Sofia, the capital, and demanded
 the resignation of Pres. Petar Mladenov and the prosecution of his
 predecessor, the longtime leader Todor Zhivkov. Mladenov's cause was
 undercut when a videotape showed that he had called for military tanks to
 quell a pro-democracy demonstration in December 1989. Mladenov resigned,
 July 6. After a 3-week impasse, Parliament, Aug. 1, chose Zhelyu Zhelov,
 leader of the 16-party opposition coalition, as the new president. A
 philosopher, he had been expelled from the party in 1965 for questioning the
 theories of Lenin.

 Albanians Seek Refuge in Embassies -- Thousands of Albanians sought refuge
 in foreign embassies in Tirana, the capital of Albania, in late June and
 early July. Their ranks swelled after pro-democracy demonstrators clashed
 with police several times. OnJuly 6, riot police closed off the embassy
 district and attacked some 10,000 people who were demonstrating in the
 capital. The regime of Pres. Ramiz Alia dismissed hard-liners from the
 Workers' (Communist) Party Politburo, July 7. On July 8, the authorities
 agreed to permit the refugees to emigrate. The evacuation got under way,
 July 9, as 51 refugees were flown to Prague. Several thousand arrived in
 Italy, July 13.

 NATO Modifies Its Strategy -- Leaders of the North Atlantic Treaty
 Organization, meeting in London, July 5 and 6, approved some shifts in
 strategy that reflected the easing of tensions in Europe. Pres. George Bush
 was among the heads of government attending the meeting. The leaders agreed
 to scale back the number of troops in a front-line position. Essentially
 renouncing the possibility of using nuclear weapons in response to an attack
 by conventional forces, NATO's leaders declared that their nuclear arms were
 "truly weapons of the last resort." The U.S. said it would be willing to
 withdraw all of its nuclear-tipped artillery shells if the Soviet Union did
 the same. The leaders invited Pres. Mikhail Gorbachev and other leaders of
 the dissolving Soviet bloc to address NATO.

 Leaders of Democracies Meet in Houston -- The heads of government of the 7
 major industrial democracies met in Houston, July 9-11, for their 16th
 annual summit on international economic issues. The leaders commissioned a
 study of the Soviet economy to determine if economic aid would be useful and
 what forms it might take. Pres. George Bush opposed direct aid to the Soviet
 Union until it made further moves toward a free-market economy. West German
 Chancellor Helmut Kohl had warned other summit leaders before they met that
 the prospect of global warming was "a threat to all mankind." But the U.S.
 position was that imposing strict goals for reducing emissions of carbon
 dioxide and some other gases would hurt the U.S. economy and that scientific
 evidence of global warming was not conclusive in any case. Any commitment to
 cut back emissions was postponed until 1992. The leaders did, however,
 pledge to develop strategies for worldwide reforestation and to help Brazil
 save its imperiled rain forests.

 U.S. Shifts Policy on Cambodia -- U.S. Sec. of State James Baker announced
 in Paris, July 18, that the U.S. would no longer recognize the Cambodian
 rebel coalition and would instead open talks with Vietnam in an effort to
 end the civil war in Cambodia. He had met with Soviet Foreign Minister
 Eduard Shevardnadze, whose government was a backer of Vietnam and who
 endorsed Baker's shift in policy. The U.S. had become concerned because of
 the growing success on the battlefield of the Khmer Rouge, the brutal rulers
 of Cambodia from 1975 to 1979 who may have caused the deaths of 2 million
 Cambodians. Baker said it was "very important" to prevent the return to
 power of the Khmer Rouge. Vietnam was a supporter of the current Cambodian
 government.

 Adviser to Thatcher Killed by Bomb -- Violence attributed to the Provisional
 Irish Republican Army flared anew in Great Britain when the explosion of a
 land mine, July 24, apparently detonated from a nearby house, killed 3
 Northern Ireland policemen in a car near Armagh in Ulster. A Roman Catholic
 nun, traveling in another car, was also killed by the blast. On July 30, Ian
 Gow, a member of Parliament and a close friend and adviser to British Prime
 Minister Margaret Thatcher, who had been a frequent critic of the IRA, was
 killed at his home in Hankham, East Sussex, when a bomb blew up his car.

 Coup Fails in Trinidad & Tobago -- A group of black Moslem rebels,
 complaining that the government had impoverished the country, launched a
 coup attempt in Trinidad and Tobago, July 27. The Caribbean island nation, a
 producer of oil, had suffered a recession in recent years as the price of
 oil had declined. The rebels seized the parliament building, July 27, and
 took Prime Minister Arthur Robinson hostage, along with cabinet members and
 other officials. Other hostages were seized at a television station.
 Robinson was shot in the leg. Negotiations began, July 28, and Robinson and
 the other hostages were released. The coup ended, Aug. 1, when 113 rebels
 surrendered. The government, Aug. 2, put the death toll in the coup attempt
 at 30.


                                  General

 Stampede Kills 1,426 in Mecca Tunnel -- The government of Saudi Arabia said,
 July 3, that 1,426 Moslem pilgrims had been killed when a stampede occurred
 in a tunnel leading from a nearby tent city to the holy sites in Mecca. Some
 50,000 people were crowded into the tunnel, which was 500 yards long and 20
 yards wide. The crowd panicked after 7 people fell from a bridge at the
 entrance to the tunnel. The victims, including many from Indonesia,
 Pakistan, Egypt, and Malaysia, were suffocated or trampled to death.

 Yankees' Owner Is Disciplined -- Fay Vincent, the commissioner of major
 league baseball, ordered George Steinbrenner, principal owner of the New
 York Yankees, on July 30, to give up day-to-day control of the team. In
 addition to resigning as the team's general partner, Steinbrenner was
 required to reduce his holdings in the Yankees, then at 55 percent, to less
 than 50 percent. Vincent said Steinbrenner's relationship with Howard Spira,
 a "known gambler,"prompted his ruling. Spira said Steinbrenner paid him
 $40,000 after Spira provided information on Dave Winfield, a former Yankee
 with whom Steinbrenner was feuding. Stein-brenner said he paid the money to
 Spira because he was afraid of him and wanted to be rid of him. Vincent also
 said that he had observed in Steinbrenner "a pattern of behavior that
 borders on the bizarre." Under Steinbrenner's stormy rule since 1973, the
 Yankees had won 2 World Series in 1977 and 1978, but had faded in recent
 years and had the worst record in baseball when Vincent made his decision.
 Steinbrenner had changed managers 18 times.

 Disasters -- An earthquake whose epicenter was 55 miles north of Manila
 struck the Philippines, July 16, killing more than 600 people and leaving
 2,600 homeless.


                                   AUGUST


                                  National

 Unemployment Rate Up Sharply -- The Labor Dept. reported, Aug. 3, that the
 unemployment rate had increased in July to 5.5 percent from 5.2 percent. The
 0.3 percent monthly increase, largest in more than 4 years, was taken as a
 sign the country might already be in a recession. The department reported,
 Aug. 10, that producer prices had declined 0.1 percent in July. It reported,
 Aug. 16, that consumer prices had jumped 0.4 percent in July, and that
 prices had risen at an annual rate of 5.8 percent during the first 7 months
 of the year. The Commerce Dept. said, Aug. 17, that the merchandise trade
 deficit had fallen to $5.07 billion in June, the lowest level in 7 years.
 The department reported, Aug. 29, that the index of leading economic
 indicators had not changed in July.

 Price of Gasoline Rises in U.S. -- Within a few days of Iraq's invasion of
 Kuwait, the price of fuel rose sharply. OnAug. 6, Pan Am Corp. announced
 that it was raising air fares 10 percent to cover the increase in fuel
 costs. Other air carriers made similar announcements. Executives of oil
 companies, testifying before Congress, Aug. 7, said that the cost of fuel
 had jumped quickly because their companies paid for oil when it was
 delivered to U.S. refineries, rather than when it was contracted for in the
 Middle East, so the worldwide rise in the cost of oil per barrel was
 reflected almost immediately. The American Automobile Association reported,
 Aug. 9, that the retail price for self-service unleaded gasoline had risen
 18 cents per gallon in the week since the Iraqi invasion. As the price of
 oil fluctuated widely on world markets, the cost of gasoline leveled off. A
 number of economists expressed concern that the Mideast conflict, including
 its great cost to the U.S. Treasury, could hasten a slide into a recession.
 Such fears appeared to be reflected on Wall Street, where the Dow Jones
 industrial average slumped 14 percent in 3 weeks, closing Aug. 23 at
 2483.42. Concern over the status of the U.S. economy also appeared to be a
 factor in the decline of the dollar against other currencies. On Aug. 23,
 the dollar was trading at 1.56 German marks, the lowest since the mark was
 introduced in 1948.

 D.C. Mayor Convicted on One Count -- The trial of Marion Barry Jr., the
 mayor of Washington, D.C., on drug charges ended in August with a split
 verdict. Ten witnesses had testified during the trial that they had seen
 Barry use illegal drugs, and others had told of delivering drugs to him or
 obtaining drugs from him. A video tape had shown him inhaling from a crack
 pipe. The prosecution contended that evidence had been presented of more
 than 200 separate uses of illegal drugs by Barry. The defense conceded that
 the mayor had occasionally used drugs, but contended that there was
 reasonable doubt about each charge of cocaine possession. On Aug. 10, the
 jury found Barry guilty of one count of possession of crack and acquitted
 him on a second count. On 12 other misdemeanor and felony charges, the jury
 was unable to reach a verdict, and Judge Thomas Jackson declared a mistrial
 on those counts. Barry saw himself as largely vindicated, and on Aug. 14, he
 said he would seek an at-large seat on the City Council, running as an
 independent.


                               International

 Gorbachev, Rival Unite on Economy -- Soviet Pres. Mikhail Gorbachev and
 Boris Yeltsin, president of the Russian Federation, agreed, Aug. 1, to work
 together to transform the Soviet economy from central planning to a market
 system. The 2 men, who had frequently quarreled over the pace of reform,
 with Yeltsin pushing a more radical approach, signed a unity agreement. They
 set up a commission to draft proposals, and it was reported that a 500-day
 plan developed by Russia would be the basis for the commission's plan. Under
 the Russian Republic's 500-day plan, it would legalize private property,
 abolish government subsidies, lift price controls, and take other as yet
 unspecified steps to stabilize its economy. In the republic of Armenia, the
 Communist-dominated government resigned, Aug. 13, under pressure from
 parliament. On Aug. 23, in a 183-2 vote, the Armenian parliament declared
 the republic's independence from the Soviet Union. It also claimed control
 over the disputed area Nagorno-Karabakh, situated within the republic of
 Azerbaijan. Following the shooting deaths of 5 people, including a member of
 parliament, the Armenian parliament, Aug. 29, declared a state of emergency
 and outlawed the republic's largest paramilitary group.

 U.S. Mariners Land in Liberia -- U.S. Marines flew to Liberia to rescue
 American citizens endangered by the bloody civil war in the West African
 country. The war had raged since late 1989 when guerrillas led by Charles
 Taylor launched an effort to overthrow the government of Pres. Samuel Doe.
 The rebels reached the capital of Monrovia in July, but they also split into
 2 factions, the other led by Prince Johnson, and fought each other as well
 as the government forces. There were many instances of brutality toward
 civilians, and at least 200, possibly many more, were killed when government
 troops stormed a Luthern church in Monrovia, July 30. Johnson said, Aug. 4,
 that he would begin to round up foreigners. Pres. George Bush authorized a
 rescue mission, and onAug. 5, 230 Marines were flown to Monrovia from ships
 off the coast. Without firing a shot or suffering any casualties, the
 Marines evacuated 125 persons by Aug. 8. The Marines remained at the embassy
 in Monrovia.

 Cease-Fire Approved in South Africa -- The African National Congress and
 government officials began talks in South Africa, Aug. 6, and on Aug. 7, the
 ANC announced that it was suspending its 30-year armed struggle against the
 white regime. The cease-fire began immediately. Pres. F.W. deKlerk's
 government agreed to free political prisoners, allow exiled dissidents to
 return, and repeal the nation's security laws. Both sides agreed to seek an
 end to the violence in Natal Province, where some 3,000 persons had been
 killed in fighting among factions of the Zulu tribe. Fighting had also
 occurred in Transvaal Province between Zulus and other blacks.

 3 Hostages Freed in Mideast -- On Aug. 8 and 14, 2 Swiss Red Cross workers
 were freed in Damascus after being held in Lebanon for 10 months. On Aug.
 24, a group called the Organization of Islamic Dawn turned another hostage,
 Brian Keenan, over to Syrian military officers and he was freed in Damascus.
 Keenan, who held both Irish and British citizenship, flew to Dublin, Aug.
 25. A teacher, he had been held more than 4 years. It was believed that 13
 more Western hostages were being held by Shiite Moslems.

 Bhutto Removed as Pakistan's Leader -- Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto of
 Pakistan was dismissed, Aug. 6, by Pres. Ghulam Ishaq Khan. He named Ghulam
 Mustafa Jatoi as interim prime minister, and declared a state of emergency.
 The president said that corruption in the Bhutto government had been
 widespread, and the press had reported a number of allegations. Ishaq Khan
 also cited a nationwide increase in crime and violence. Bhutto called her
 removal illegal and unconstitutional.

 East Germany Sets Unity Date -- The parliament of East Germany voted 294-62
 on Aug. 23, to set Oct. 3 as the date for unification with West Germany.
 Under the West German constitution, any former German territory could
 declare its wish to unify, and the West German parliament was not required
 to take any action. The October date would fall about 2 months before the
 scheduled all-German elections.


                                  General

 3 Convicted in Attack on Jogger -- Three teen-age boys were convicted in New
 York City, Aug. 18, of charges related to a crime that had shocked the
 public because of its brutality. In April 1989, a 28-year-old investment
 banker, who was jogging in Central Park in Manhattan, was attacked by a gang
 of young men. She was beaten severely and left unconscious. Alleged members
 of the gang, which reportedly numbered as many as 30, were seized by police
 and charged with a variety of crimes involving the attack on the jogger and
 attacks on others in the park. The first 3 defendants, aged 16, 16, and 15,
 were convicted of rape, assault, and other charges. Videotaped confessions
 were key evidence inasmuch as no hard physical evidence placed the accused
 at the scene of the crime. The jogger, who was not publicly identified by
 most members of the news media, testified briefly at the trial. More than a
 year after the attack, she had no memory of it, and she had lost her sense
 of smell, suffered from double vision, and had difficulty walking.

 Tornado Kills 27 in Illinois -- Without warning from the National Weather
 Service, which was taken by surprise, a tornado, Aug. 28, cut a
 700-foot-wide swath across towns and cornfields 35 miles southwest of
 Chicago. Following an 8-mile course through Plainfield, Crest Hill, and
 Joliet, the tornado killed 27 persons and injured more than 350. Fifty
 houses and 500 apartments were destroyed. Some victims died when the
 tornado's vacuum lifted them into the sky and dropped them into nearby
 fields.

 Disasters -- An explosion, probably caused by coal dust or methane gas, tore
 through a coal mine 90 miles west of Belgrade, Yugoslavia, Aug. 26, killing
 more than 170 miners.


                                 SEPTEMBER


                                 National

 Consumer Prices Jump -- Fueled by an increase in energy costs because of the
 Persian Gulf crisis, consumer prices rose sharply in August. The Labor Dept.
 reported, Sept. 7, that the unemployment rate continued to edge up in
 August, to 5.6 percent. The department said, Sept. 14, that producer prices
 for finished goods jumped 1.3 percent in August. It released its report on
 consumer prices, Sept. 18, that showed a 0.8 percent increase in August. The
 Commerce Dept. reported, Sept. 18, that the merchandise trade deficit rose
 to $9.33 billion in July, 75 percent above the June figure. An increase in
 oil imports was a major factor. Alan Greenspan, chairman of the Federal
 Reserve Board, said, Sept. 19, that the Gulf crisis would likely slow
 economic growth and stimulate inflation. The Commerce Dept. reported, Sept.
 25, that it had lowered its estimate of economic growth during the second
 quarter to just 0.4 percent on an annual basis from 1.2 percent. The
 department reported, Sept. 28, that the index of leading economic indicators
 had dropped 1.2 percent in August, the biggest monthly decline since 1987.

 Negotiators on Budget Agree to Plan -- Pres. George Bush and Congressional
 negotiators reached a tentative agreement on a controversial plan to reduce
 the Federal deficit. It was feared that the deficit in the 1991 fiscal year
 might reach $250 billion, with the bailout of the savings and loan industry
 being a major factor. Under the Gramm-Rudman deficit reduction law, the
 deficit would have to be pared to $64 billion or mandatory spending cuts
 would become automatic. Talks began, Sept. 7, between White House
 representatives and congressional leaders. Bush supported a cut in the
 capital-gains tax rate, but Democrats insisted that any such reduction be
 balanced by an increase in income-tax rates for Americans with high incomes.
 The talks broke down in disagreement, Sept. 17, and resumed, Sept. 19, with
 fewer negotiators. The way to a compromise seemed open, Sept. 29, when Bush
 dropped his position on capital gains. An agreement was announced, Sept. 30.
 It included big increases in taxes on gasoline, tobacco, and alcohol.
 Deductions available to Americans earning more than $100,000 a year would be
 limited, and an excise tax would be imposed on luxury items. Medicare taxes
 would rise. Spending on Medicare and other domestic programs would be cut.
 Members of Congress from both parties quickly announced that they would
 oppose the plan. In a new projection, Sept. 30, the 1991 deficit was put at
 $293.7 billion.

 Primary Elections Include Surprises -- Sharon Pratt Dixon, a former
 treasurer of the Democratic National Committee, who was seeking public
 office for the first time, was nominated by the Democratic Party for mayor
 of Washington, D.C. on Sept. 11. Of the 5 candidates, she had been the most
 outspoken in her criticism of the incumbent mayor, Marion Barry Jr., who had
 been convicted in August on a drug charge. In Massachusetts, Sept. 18, both
 gubernatorial primaries were won by candidates who had run poorly in the
 polls. John Silber, president of Boston University, won on the Democratic
 side. More conservative than most Democratic leaders in the state, he had
 criticized the state welfare system as too generous, and had made remarks
 that ethnic groups found offensive. His victory was believed to reflect a
 voter backlash against economic problems of the incumbent governor, Michael
 Dukakis, a liberal Democrat.  On the Republican ballot, William Weld, a
 former U.S. attorney who supported abortion  rights, prevailed over a more
 conservative opponent. Also, on Sept. 18, Oklahoma voters supported a
 concept that was being considered elsewhere--by approving a limitation of 12
 years on service in the state legislature.

 Hearings Held on Court Nominee -- Judge David Souter appeared before the
 Senate Judiciary Committee, which was considering his nomination by Pres.
 George Bush to serve on the U.S. Supreme Court. On Sept. 4, the American Bar
 Association gave Souter its highest rating of "well qualified" for the
 Supreme Court. Appearing before the committee, Sept. 13, Souter declined to
 give his views on abortion, but he said, "I believe that the due process
 clause of the 14th Amendment does recognize and does protect an unenumerated
 right of privacy." The right of privacy was the basis for Roe. v. Wade, a
 1973 decision by the court establishing a woman's right to an abortion.
 Asked, Sept. 14, about his views on judges who "invented" rights, Souter
 said there was a difference between inventing rights and searching the text
 of the Constitution in order to recognize those that are implicitly stated.
 Several abortion-rights and women's-rights groups testified, Sept. 18,
 against the nomination, but other organizations dropped their opposition.
 The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, Sept. 21,
 opposed the nomination, saying Souter had failed to articulate a sufficient
 level of concern "for fairness, equality, and justice for all citizens." The
 Senate committee voted, Sept. 27, to endorse Souter, 13-1.

 Former Owner of S&L Indicted -- Charles Keating, one of the most prominent
 figures in the investigation of the savings and loan financial crisis, was
 indicted, Sept. 18, on 42 charges of criminal fraud by a state grand jury in
 Los Angeles. He formerly owned Lincoln Savings & Loan Association. Three
 executives of American Continental, Lincoln's parent company, were also
 indicted. The charges involved an alleged scheme to defraud older persons by
 enticing them to invest in uninsured high-risk bonds. After American
 Continental filed for bankruptcy, the money--$250 million--could not be
 recovered. Keating was unable to pay the $5 million bail, and was put in
 jail. On Sept. 22, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation sued Neil Bush,
 the son of the president, and other officials of the defunct Silverado
 Banking, Savings and Loan Association for "gross negligence" that the FDIC
 said could cost taxpayers more than $1 billion.


                               International

 USSR Moves Toward Economic Reform -- The Soviet Union appeared  to be well
 on its way toward embracing radical economic reform. The economic crisis was
 underscored, Sept. 3, when bread virtually disappeared from the shelves of
 food stores in Moscow. On Sept. 5, the government newspaper Izvestia
 published details of a plan on which aides to Pres. Mikhail Gorbachev and
 Russian Pres. Boris Yeltsin had been working. What had emerged was the
 "Shatalin plan," named for Stanislav Shatalin, an adviser to Gorbachev, and
 the plan was based on the 500-day plan already adopted by the Russian
 Republic. It would dismantle most central economic planning and stress
 private property and economic freedom. On Sept. 11, Premier Nikolai Ryzhkov
 addressed the Supreme Soviet, warning that the Shatalin plan, if
 implemented, would lead to high unemployment and a decline in the standard
 of living. But then, Gorbachev spoke and endorsed it. On Sept. 14, he
 submitted a modified version of the plan to the Supreme Soviet that would
 retain central authority over financial matters. The parliament of Russia,
 Sept. 19, called on Ryzhkov to resign. Gorbachev, Sept. 21, asked the
 Supreme Soviet for sweeping new powers to govern during the transition to a
 market economy. Ryzhkov said, Sept. 23, that the country faced a potato
 shortage because of a lack of success in collecting the harvest. The Supreme
 Soviet, Sept. 24, granted Gorbachev emergency economic powers, and agreed to
 accept a compromise plan for the economy at Gorbachev's request, heading off
 a showdown between him and the premier. The details of the compromise were
 yet to be worked out.

 Rebels Kill President of Liberia -- Pres. Samuel Doe was killed while in the
 hands of rebels in Liberia. A multinational force from black Africa had
 entered Liberia in August in an attempt to help restore order between
 government forces and rebel armies. OnSept. 9, Doe and an entourage of
 bodyguards arrived at the headquarters of the multinational force. Rebels
 led by Prince Johnson arrived, gunfire broke out, and 78 were killed, mostly
 Doe's bodyguards. Doe was wounded and died the next day, under circumstances
 that were not clear. On Sept. 21, Charles Taylor, leader of another rebel
 faction, declared a unilateral cease-fire. But the cease-fire soon broke
 down, and on Sept. 30, Johnson's faction declared a renewal of the war
 against the Taylor rebels and the remnants of Doe's army.

 Treaty signed on Germany -- The Allied powers of World War II gave up their
 responsibilities over Germany, and onSept. 10, West Germany and the Soviet
 Union agreed in principle on maintenance and repatriation of Soviet forces
 in East Germany. West Germany agreed to spend $8.2 billion to build 36,000
 houses in the Soviet Union, cover continued cost of soldiers still stationed
 in East Germany, transport the soldiers home, and retrain them. OnSept. 12,
 in Moscow, West Germany, East Germany, France, Great Britain, the Soviet
 Union, and the United States signed the Treaty on the Final Settlement with
 Respect to Germany. The wartime allies pledged to "terminate their rights
 and responsibilities relating to Berlin and to Germany as a whole." The
 united Germany was thus granted full sovereignty over its internal and
 external affairs. OnSept. 13, with formal reunification still 3 weeks away,
 the foreign ministers of West Germany and the USSR signed a friendship pact
 in which the 2 nations pledged not to attack each other and to consult each
 other in time of crisis.

 Cambodia Rivals Accept U.N. Plan -- Four factions fighting for control of
 Cambodia agreed, Sept. 10, to accept a U.N. proposal to end  their civil
 war. Meeting in Jakarta, Indonesia, they appointed a 12-member Supreme
 National Council that would run Cambodia until free elections could be held
 under U.N. supervision. The government named 6 to the council, 2 each from
 the 3 rebel groups.

 S. Africa Leader Meets With Bush -- Pres. F. W. de Klerk of South Africa met
 with Pres. George Bush in Washington, Sept. 24. De Klerk, who had freed
 black nationalist leader Nelson Mandela and taken other steps to ease South
 Africa's system of racial separation, was cordially received. Bush said that
 if South Africa continued its efforts to meet certain conditions set by
 Congress, he would seek to modify or suspend sanctions imposed on South
 Africa by Congress. De Klerk told members of Congress, Sept. 25, that he
 supported the principle of one man, one vote in elections, but that its
 application must include guarantees to protect the white minority in South
 Africa.

 U.N. Summit Seeks to Help Children -- Leaders of more than 70 nations,
 including the largest gathering ever of heads of state at the United
 Nations, met in New York City, Sept. 30, at the World Summit for Children.
 The primary goal of the summit was to improve the lives of children
 everywhere, and especially to reduce the number of children--put at 14
 million--who died each year before the age of 5. The leaders also discussed
 ways to reduce malnutrition among children, reduce the number of mothers
 dying in childbirth, and provide clean water and education for all.


                                  General

 New Rating Applied to Adult Films -- The Motion Picture Association of
 America announced, Sept. 26, that it had created a new "NC-17" rating that
 would be applied to films that had adult themes and perhaps scenes of sex
 and violence. The rating meant that no children under 17 would be admitted.
 The purpose was to permit "serious" movies to avoid the X rating that was
 also applied to pornographic movies. Many theaters refused to show X-rated
 films, and distributors were complaining that some important films thus
 failed to reach a large audience.

 Disasters -- As many as 160 people may have drowned, Sept. 11, when a
 crowded boat capsized in the Mahava River in Uttar Pradesh state in India .
 . . . Some 82,000 persons were homeless and more than 77 persons died after
 heavy rainfall in the vicinity of Seoul, South Korea, Sept. 11, resulted in
 massive flooding.


                                  OCTOBER


                                  National

 Congress Approves Deficit-Reduction Plan -- Congress approved a
 deficit-reduction bill that Pres. George Bush could accept, after an earlier
 plan, announced, Sept. 30, by Bush and endorsed by congressional
 negotiators, ran into trouble. Rep. Newt Gingrich (Ga.), the Republican whip
 in the House, rejected it, Oct. 1, saying it would "kill jobs, weaken the
 economy." He and many other conservatives objected to the inclusion of tax
 increases in the proposal, and many Democrats were concerned that these
 taxes would fall more heavily on the middle class than on wealthier
 Americans. An intense lobbying effort by the president and by congressional
 leaders of both parties failed. The House, Oct. 5, rejected the bill
 254-179, with a majority from both parties in opposition. Congress passed a
 stopgap spending bill, but Bush vetoed it, Oct. 6, and this had the effect
 of shutting down the government. Congress passed and Bush signed new stopgap
 legislation, Oct. 9, which extended government's borrowing and spending
 power for 10 days. Bush said, Oct. 9, that a higher tax rate for the
 wealthy, perhaps in exchange for a cut in the capital-gains tax, was "on the
 table." Later that day, after meeting with 17 Republican senators, Bush
 pulled back any commitment to raising income taxes. In another shift, the
 White House said, Oct. 10, that it was up to Congress to decide whether to
 couple an increase in rates with a cut in the capital-gains tax. The House,
 Oct. 16, approved a new budget compromise that would increase taxes on
 wealthy Americans. This passed 238-192, with only 10 Republicans supporting
 it. The Senate passed its budget package, Oct. 19, 54-46. This version had
 more of an impact on the middle class through a doubling of the gasoline tax
 and a cut in Medicare benefits. As the House and Senate bills went to
 conference committee, Bush, Oct. 19, signed another stopgap bill to keep the
 government going 5 more days. The president signaled a willingness to accept
 a small increase in the tax rate for the wealthy. On Oct. 27, both the
 Senate (54-45) and the House (228-200) approved the conference committee
 report, but with a majority of House and Senate Republicans in opposition.
 Bush said he would sign the bill, which was designed to reduce deficits by
 nearly $500 billion over 5 years. Under the law, the top tax rate would rise
 from 28 percent to 31 percent, and exemptions for upper-income Americans
 would be phased out. The gasoline tax would jump 5 cents a gallon to 14
 cents, and the cigarette tax would rise by 8 cents a pack to 24 cents. The
 tax on a 6-pack of beer would double to 32 cents. A luxury tax would be
 imposed on top-of-the-line aircraft, cars, boats, furs, and jewelry. The
 increase in Medicare premiums was less than elderly Americans had feared.

 Ex-Klansman Loses Bid for Senate -- David Duke, a former grand wizard in the
 Ku Klux Klan, made a strong but unsuccessful showing in an election for the
 U.S. Senate in Louisiana. He was contesting the re-election bid of Sen. J.
 Bennett Johnston, a Democrat. State Sen. Ben Bagert was the official
 Republican candidate, but Duke, a Republican member of the State House of
 Representatives, also entered the race. Duke gained wide support by
 appealing for "equal rights for whites" and focusing on the state's economic
 troubles. Fearing they would be embarrassed by a Duke victory, 8 Republican
 U.S. senators endorsed Johnston, Oct. 2. Bagert dropped out of the race,
 Oct. 4  On Oct. 6, Johnston defeated Duke by 54 percent to 44 percent.

 Souter Confirmed for Supreme Court -- The U.S. Senate, Oct. 2, confirmed
 Judge David Souter for a seat on the U.S. Supreme Court. The vote was 90-9,
 with all those in opposition being Democrats. Souter was sworn in as the
 nation's 105th justice on Oct. 8.

 Unemployment Rises Again -- The Labor Dept. reported, Oct. 5, that
 unemployment in September had edged upward to 5.7 percent, the third
 consecutive monthly increase. The jobless rate stood at its highest level
 since the spring of 1988. The department said, Oct. 18, that in September,
 for the second straight month, consumer prices had risen by 0.8 percent. Oil
 prices, affected by the Persian Gulf crisis, accounted for more than half of
 the increase. The Commerce Dept. reported, Oct. 30, that the gross national
 product grew at an annual rate of 1.8 percent during the third quarter, a
 sharp improvement over the 0.4 rate reported during the second quarter. On
 Oct. 31, General Motors reported its greatest quarterly loss ever, $1.98
 billion. It announced that it would close 4 assembly plants permanently and
 said that 5 other plants might be closed.

 Bush Vetoes Civil Rights Bill -- Pres. George Bush vetoed a civil rights
 bill, which sought in effect to reverse 6 recent Supreme Court decisions
 that civil rights organizations contended had weakened anti-discrimination
 laws on hiring and promoting. Bush said, Oct. 20, that the bill "will have
 the effect of coercing businesses to adopt quotas in hiring and promotion."
 Bush, who opposed the concept of quotas, said businesses would have to adopt
 quotas to avoid expensive litigation. He vetoed the bill, Oct. 22. The
 Senate voted 66-34, on Oct. 24, to override the veto, but this was one vote
 short of the required two-thirds.

 Mayor Receives Prison Term -- Mayor Marion Barry, Jr. of Washington, D.C.
 was sentenced, Oct. 20, to 6 months in prison and fined $5,000 and costs on
 his conviction on a misdemeanor charge of possessing cocaine. Federal
 District Judge Thomas Penfield Jackson said that an example should be set
 for other public officials and said that Barry had "given aid, comfort and
 encouragement to the drug culture at large."

 Dole Resigns as Labor Secretary -- Elizabeth Dole, the highest-ranking woman
 in the administration of Pres. George Bush, resigned, Oct. 24, as Secretary
 of Labor. She was the first member of the Bush cabinet to step down. Dole
 planned to accept the presidencyof the American Red Cross.

 Sweeping Clean Air Act Approved -- Congress, Oct. 27, completed action on
 the 1990 Clean Air Act, a comprehensive updating of the original Clean Air
 Act adopted in 1970. The bill, which Pres. George Bush said he would sign,
 set an overall annual level of emissions of sulfer dioxide from power plants
 at less than one-half of current emissions, with a target date of 2000.  In
 another effort to eliminate acid rain, nitrogen oxide emissions would be cut
 by one-third.  Oil companies would be required to develop new types of
 gasoline that burn more cleanly, and cities would have to reduce
 concentration of ozone, a component of smog.  The bill would halt production
 of chemicals that threatened the earth's ozone sheild.


                               International

 Germany United After 45 Years -- The reunification of Germany was completed
 at midnight, Oct. 2-3. Since the end of World War II in 1945 there had been
 2 Germanys, but the rush to unification had been swift since the collapse of
 the hard-line Communist regime in East Germany late in 1989.  The new
 nation, having a population of 78 million, would be known formally as the
 Federal Republic of Germany, previously the official designation of West
 Germany.

 Arabs Are Killed Near Holy Shrines -- From 17 to 21 Palestinians were shot
 fatally by Israeli police in Jerusalem's Old City, Oct. 8, and more than 100
 were wounded. The shootings took place at a site sacred to both Islam and
 Judaism, where the Western Wall, or Wailing Wall, stands near 2 mosques, Al
 Aksa and Dome of the Rock. A Jewish religious group, the Temple Mount
 Faithful, had declared their intention to raze the mosques and build a new
 temple to replace one destroyed by the Romans. Members of this group came to
 the site, Oct. 8, and thousands of Palestinians came to confront them.
 Israeli authorities barred the Jewish group, but the Palestinians threw
 stones at Jews worshipping at the Western Wall. Some 2 dozen policemen and
 Jewish civilians were reportedly struck. Police fired on the protestors.
 Apparently motivated in part by a desire to retain Arab support in the
 Persian Gulf crisis, the U.S., Oct. 9, asked the U.N. Security Council to
 condemn Israel for the shootings. Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Shamir,
 Oct. 10, appointed a commission to investigate the shootings. The Security
 Council, Oct. 12, voted 15-0 to condemn Israel and to support sending a U.N.
 mission to investigate. Shamir said, Oct. 13, that the U.N. delegation would
 receive no help from Israel, and the Israeli cabinet, Oct. 14, denounced the
 mission on the basis that the investigation would call into question
 asserted Israeli sovereignty over East Jerusalem. The Security Council, Oct.
 24, voted unanimously to deplore Israel's refusal to cooperate with the
 investigation. An aide to Shamir declared, Oct. 25, that the U.S. in
 supporting the U.N. resolutions, was playing into the hands of Saddam
 Hussein, the ruler of Iraq. A report published, Oct. 26, by the Israeli
 commission criticized Israeli commanders for not having prepared for the
 possibility of trouble. The commission placed the blame for the tragedy on
 the Palestinians even though it also acknowledged that the Jewish
 worshippers had long since fled from the scene before the police had opened
 fire.

 Bhutto Fails to Regain Power -- Pakistan's deposed prime minister, Benazir
 Bhutto, failed in an effort to regain power. Her husband, Asif Ali Zandari,
 was arrested, Oct. 10, and charged with extortion and the kidnapping in 1989
 of a British businessman. Bhutto called the investigation a witch hunt. In
 elections to the lower house of parliament, Oct. 24, Bhutto's party was
 defeated, losing more than half of its seats. An opposing party, the Islamic
 Democratic Alliance, won a clear majority of seats.

 Lebanese Christian Militia Leader Surrenders -- Gen. Michel Aoun, who led a
 Christian force that fought the government of Lebanon for 11 months,
 surrendered, Oct. 13, after entering the French embassy to seek refuge from
 Syrian air and ground attacks. It was reported, Oct. 18, that at least 750
 people were killed in the final Syrian-led offensive that brought down Aoun.


 Soviet Parliament Approves Economic Reforms -- OnOct. 16, Soviet Pres.
 Mikhail Gorbachev revealed the details of his economic reform package and
 presented the proposal to the Soviet Parliament. The proposal generally
 reflected the radical views of economists who had presented their plan in
 broad outline in September. It included the selling of state property to
 private individuals, the lifting of price controls, and the transferring of
 many economic decisions to the 15 republics. But some sectors, including
 transportation, communications, defense industries, energy, banking, and
 foreign trade would remain under control of the central government.
 Futhermore, Gorbachev dropped the 500-day timetable for accomplishing the
 goals of the plan that the economists had originally advocated. Parliament,
 Oct. 19, gave its approval to the plan, 333 to 12, with 34 abstentions.
 Boris Yeltsin, president of the Russian Republic, criticized the plan for
 not placing more authority in the hands of the republics.


                                  General

 132 Killed in Plane Hijack Attempt -- An attempt to hijack a plane in China,
 Oct. 2, ended in tragedy. One or more hijackers demanded that the Boeing 737
 be flown to Taiwan or Hong Kong, according to reports. As the plane
 attempted to land in Guangzhou (Canton), a struggle for control of the plane
 reportedly occurred, and the plane struck 2 other passenger liners on the
 ground, one empty and another filled with passengers. Chinese officials
 reported that 132 people on the 2 planes were killed and that 95 survived,
 including 50 who were injured.

 Juries Decide Obscenity Cases -- A jury in Broward County Court in Fort
 Lauderdale, Fla., Oct. 3, found a record store owner, Charles Freeman,
 guilty of obscenity charges. At issue was the sale of an album, As Nasty as
 They Wanna Be, by the rap group 2 Live Crew. The lyrics contained many
 references to sexual intercourse and oral and anal sex, as well as
 unflattering references to woman. On Oct. 5, in Cincinnati, a jury found
 Cincinnati's Contemporary Arts Center and its director, Dennis Barrie, not
 guilty of obscenity charges. The museum had exhibited 175 photographs by the
 late Robert Mapplethorpe. Five of these depicted sadomasochistic or
 homoerotic acts, and 2 others showed children with exposed genitals. The
 jury agreed that the photos showed serious artistic merit and hence did not
 meet the Supreme Court's definition of obscenity. Another jury in Fort
 Lauderdale concluded on Oct. 20, that the music of 2 Live Crew was art and
 found members of the band not guilty of obscenity charges filed after they
 performed at a nightclub in June.


 Iraq Overruns and Annexes Kuwait--United States and Other Nations Send
 Military Forces

 Iraq invaded and quickly conquered its small but oil rich neighbor Kuwait in
 early August. An Iraqi assault on Saudi Arabia, which could bring nearly one
 half of the world's known oil reserves under its control, appeared possible.
 The United States sent a strong military force to defend Saudi Arabia, and
 some other nations sent smaller contingents. A wide spectrum of nations
 deplored the Iraqi aggression, and Iraq soon found itself virtually isolated
 from the world community.

 In a televised speech, July 17, Pres. Saddam Hussein charged that some
 rulers of Persian Gulf states had been "inspired by America" to keep oil
 prices low through over-production. In a letter made public July 18, Iraq
 charged that Kuwait and the United Arab Emirates had participated in an
 "imperialist-Zionist plan" to depress oil prices. It accused Kuwait of
 having stolen $2.4 billion worth of oil from an Iraqi oilfield. Iraq had
 claimed sovereignty over Kuwait in 1961.

 Pres. Hosni Mubarak of Egypt, July 25, said that Hussein had assured him
 that he had no intention of invading Kuwait. Oil ministers of the OPEC
 nations, meeting in Geneva July 27, agreed to an increase in the price of
 oil per barrel, from $18 to $21, less than what Iraq had demanded.

 Talks between Iraq and Kuwait over oil and border disputes broke off Aug. 1.
 Meanwhile, Iraq had massed 100,000 soldiers on its border with Kuwait.
 Kuwait's entire army contained only 20,000 men, and it was overmatched by
 Iraq in all categories of weaponry.

 Iraqi tanks and infantry invaded Kuwait before dawn, Aug. 2, and Iraq
 announced it was responding to a call from Kuwaiti revolutionaries who had
 overthrown the monarchy. Despite resistance from the Kuwaitis, Iraqi forces
 quickly seized key roads and buildings, and soon claimed effective control
 of the country. The emir of Kuwait escaped from the presidential palace by
 helicopter.

 Pres. George Bush, Aug. 2, denounced Iraq's action as "naked aggression,"
 and he signed executive orders banning most trade with Iraq and freezing
 Iraq's and Kuwait's assets in the U.S. An aircarft carrier battle group was
 dispatched to the Persian Gulf.

 Voting 14-0, the U.N. Security Council, Aug. 2,c ondemned the invasion and
 demanded the withdrawal of Iraqi troops. The Soviet Union, Iraq's biggest
 arms supplier, Aug. 2, suspended sales of military equipment to Baghdad, and
 on Aug. 3, Soviet Foreign Minister Eduard Shevardnadze and U.S. Sec. of
 State James Baker issued a joint statement condemning the invasion.

 Reflecting fears that petroleum supplies from the Mideast would be
 disrupted, oil prices began to rise worldwide.

 By Aug. 3, Iraqi forces were massing along the Saudi Arabian border. The
 Arab League opposed, Aug. 3, the "aggression" against Kuwait, but the
 resolution was supported by only 14 of the league's 21 members. The 12
 nations of the European Community, Aug. 4, banned oil imports from Iraq and
 Kuwait, embargoed arms, and suspended most trade with Iraq. Most nations in
 the West, as well as Japan, had already frozen Kuwaiti assets, estimated at
 $100 billion.

 Kuwaiti radio, controlled by Iraq, announced, Aug. 4, that Kuwait's
 "provisional government" had formed a 9-man military cabinet.

 In a 13-0 vote, the U.N. Security Council, Aug. 6, asked all 159 U.N.
 members to end all trade, financial and commercial dealings, and
 transportation links with Iraq and Kuwait. Turkey said it would cut off the
 flow of Iraqi oil from the pipeline that ran from Iraq through Turkey to the
 Red Sea.

 U.S. Defense Secretary Richard Cheney met with King Fahd of Saudi Arabia,
 Aug. 6. The king gave permission for the U.S. to deploy a military defense
 force on Saudi soil. Bush ordered such a deployment, and the first U.S.
 forces left for Saudi Arabia Aug. 7. The elements of the U.S. deployment, in
 an operation named Desert Shield, included F-15  fighters, 2,300
 paratroopers, B-52 bombers, F-111 fighter-bombers, and AWACS radar planes.
 On the seas, 2 more carrier groups were bound for the gulf. On Aug. 8, Prime
 Minister Margaret Thatcher ordered British air and naval forces to the gulf
 at King Fahd's request.

 Bush, addressing the American people, Aug. 8, said he sought the withdrawal
 of Iraq from Kuwait, restoration of the Kuwaiti government, stability in the
 Persian Gulf region, and protection of Americans living in the region.

 Iraq declared, Aug. 8, that it had annexed Kuwait, and the U.N. Security
 Council declared that action "null and void" in an unanimous 15-0 vote, Aug.
 9.

 Throughout August, the U.S. forces on the ground in Saudi Arabia continued
 to build toward a projected total of perhaps 100,000 soldiers.

 On Aug. 9, Iraq sealed its borders and said that only foreign diplomats
 would be allowed to leave. Concern rose over the status of thousands of
 foreigners in Iraq and Kuwait.

 Pres. Hosni Mubarak of Egypt called for an emergency meeting of the Arab
 League and declared that Egypt would be willing to provide troops for a
 joint Arab force to oppose Iraq and allow Western forces to withdraw. The
 league, Aug. 10, voted to send troops to Saudi Arabia. In a 12-3 vote, only
 Iraq, Libya, and the Palestine Liberation Organization opposed the
 unprecedented decision. Saddam Hussein, Aug. 10, called on "Moslem masses"
 to launch a "holy war" against foreign troops and "corrupt" Arab rulers.
 Troops from Egypt and Morocco began arriving in Saudi Arabia, Aug. 11, and
 Syrian troops followed, Aug. 14.

 Hussein, Aug. 12, offered to link an Iraqi withdrawal from Kuwait to an
 Israeli withdrawal from occupied territories and other conditions.

 It was reported, Aug. 12, that Bush had ordered the Navy fleet in the
 Mideast to be prepared to use force to prevent any ships from breaking the
 economic embargo of Iraq.

 In an apparent effort to mend its relations on another border, Iraq, Aug.
 15, offered to meet demands made by Iran during the Persian Gulf war of the
 1980's. Saddam Hussein offered to accept a 1975 agreement giving each
 country sovereignty over half of a waterway dividing the 2 countries. He
 also offered to withdraw Iraqi troops from Iranian  territory and to begin
 an exchange of prisoners.

 In a speech, Aug. 15, Bush stressed "access to energy resources" and "Our
 jobs, our way of life" as factors related to the intervention in the gulf.

 Iraq ordered all foreign embassies in Kuwait to be shut down, and on Aug.
 16, it ordered 6,500 Americans and Britons in Kuwait to assemble in 2
 hotels. Few of the Westerners responded. OnAug. 17, the speaker of Iran's
 parliament said that Iraq had decided to "play host" to citizens of
 "aggressive nations" as long as Iraq remained threatened. He said they would
 be given"appropriate accommodations" at industrial and military
 installations--potential targets if a war broke out. Bush, Aug. 18,
 denounced this plan as "totally unacceptable" and "contrary to all accepted
 norms of international conduct." France, Aug. 18, warned of "grave
 consequences" if its 560 citizens in Iraq and Kuwait were harmed.

 U.S. Navy warships fired warning shots, Aug. 18, past 2 outbound Iraqi oil
 tankers, which kept moving despite the shots. At the Yemeni port of Aden,
 Aug. 21, Yemen refused to unload the oil. Bush, Aug. 22, ordered a limited
 mobilization of U.S. military reserves. Most would fill noncombat support
 roles.

 On Aug. 23, a barrel of a benchmark grade of U.S. crude oil stood at almost
 $32, an increase of $14 since early July.

 Saddam Hussein met, Aug. 23, with a group of Britons being detained in Iraq
 and assured them in an encounter that was shown on television that they were
 "guests" and not hostages. Several young British children seemed frightened,
 and the British Foreign Office called the broadcast a "repulsive charade."
 Iraqi troops surrounded some foreign embassies in Kuwait, Aug. 24, after
 they refused to shut down. Iraq said women and children dependents of U.S.
 diplomats could leave, but that the men would have to stay. Britain reported
 that hundreds of its citizens were being held hostage in Kuwait and Iraq.

 The U.N. Security Council, Aug. 25, authorized the naval armada in the
 Persian Gulf to use force if necessary to prevent violations of U.N.
 economic sanctions imposed on Iraq. The support of the Soviet Union had
 proved crucial in the adoption of the unprecedented resolution--the first
 time the United Nations had approved the use of military force not under the
 U.N. flag or command.

 Saddam Hussein, Aug. 28, ordered the release, as a humanitarian gesture, of
 all foreign women and children who were being detained.

 On Aug. 29, the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries authorized its
 members to increase oil production to maintain normal supplies during the
 crisis.

 In resolutions adopted Sept. 1, 12 members of the Arab League called on Iraq
 to leave Kuwait, pay reparations, and free all foreign nationals. Libya
 opposed the resolutions, and 8 members boycotted the meeting.

 Beginning Sept. 1, Iraq began freeing hundreds of foreigners from a number
 of countries, but many more were still held as hostages. Some 2,500
 Americans, including many women and children, were believed still stranded
 in Iraq and Kuwait. By early September, some 600,000 refugees had streamed
 through Jordan, and 100,000 still remained there, often going hungry in
 desert camps.

 Bush announced, Sept. 4, that, subject to congressional approval, he was
 forgiving Egypt's $7 billion military debt to the U.S. for supporting
 American policy in the Persian Gulf.

 Sec. of State James Baker, during a Middle East trip, received large pledges
 of financial support, Sept. 6, from King Fahd of Saudi Arabia and, Sept. 7,
 from the exiled emir of Kuwait.

 Bush and Soviet Pres. Mikhail Gorbachev met at a summit conference in
 Helsinki, Finland, Sept. 9, to discuss the Gulf crisis. The summit was held
 to demonstrate superpower unity on the issue, and an outgrowth was a clear
 U.S. recognition that the Soviet Union had a role to play in the Middle
 East. At a joint press conference, Bush said that no military options had
 been discussed. Gorbachev said that Soviet participation in the area would
 be limited to 2 naval vessels.

 Baker, at a NATO foreign ministers meeting in Brussels, Sept. 10, called the
 Soviets reliable partners in the crisis. He said that Saudi Arabia, Kuwait,
 and the United Arab Emirates had made pledges of support totaling $12
 billion for the rest of 1990. Half of this would go to cover U.S. military
 costs, and the rest would assist the economies of Egypt, Jordan, and Turkey,
 which had been damaged by the trade embargo of Iraq.

 Bush, addressing a joint session of Congress, Sept. 11, said the U.S. could
 not allow the oil resource to be controlled by anyone as ruthless as Saddam
 Hussein. He said that in any future action he would not be deterred by
 Iraq's policy of using Western hostages as shields.

 After a meeting of the foreign ministers of Iraq and Iran, during which they
 agreed to resume diplomatic relations, Iran's supreme religious leader,
 Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, said, Sept. 12, that a jihad, or holy war, was
 justified in combatting the U.S. military buildup.

 After an Iraqi tanker in the Gulf of Oman refused to stop, Sept. 14, U.S.
 and Australian ships fired warning shots at it. The ship stopped, was
 inspected by U.S. and Australian sailors, and then allowed to proceed. U.S.
 forces were boarding several ships a day, mainly in the Red Sea.

 Iraqi troops raided several Western embassies in Kuwait City, Sept. 14. Four
 French citizens were seized, then released. French Pres. Francois Mitterrand
 denounced the incident, Sept. 14, and Britain announced, Sept. 14, it was
 sending an armored brigade of 8,000 troops and 120 tanks to Saudi Arabia.
 West Germany, Sept. 15, announced a $2 billion package of aid for the Gulf
 effort, and Mitterrand ordered 4,000 soldiers, as well as planes,
 helicopters, and tanks, sent to Saudi Arabia.

 Iraq, Sept. 15, opened the border between Kuwait and Saudi Arabia and
 allowed thousands of Kuwaitis to flee into exile. But the refugee flow
 dwindled when Iraqis began seizing military-age Kuwaiti men. The refugees
 reported widespread incidences of torture and execution by Iraqi troops.

 A video tape recorded by Bush was played on Iraqi TV, Sept. 16. Iraq had
 offered the time after Bush complained that Hussein was getting too much
 exposure on American television. In the 8-minute tape, Bush warned the Iraqi
 people that Hussein had brought them to the brink of war and that ultimately
 Iraq would have to withdraw from Kuwait.

 Defense Secretary Cheney, Sept. 17, removed Gen. Michael Dugan as Air Force
 chief of staff after Dugan had discussed details of the gulf operation that
 were later published. He had also referred to a contingency plan to kill
 Hussein.

 Hussein warned, Sept. 23, that Iraq might attack oilfields in Saudi Arabia,
 other Arab countries, and Israel if economic sanctions "strangled" Iraq.

 Shevardnadze warned the U.N. General Assembly, Sept. 25, that war was close
 in the Gulf unless Iraq withdrew from Kuwait. The U.N. Security Council
 voted 14-1 to impose an embargo on air traffic on Iraq.

 Bush, addressing the U.N. General Assembly, Oct. 1, said he hoped for a
 diplomatic solution to the crisis. OnOct. 1, the House adopted a resolution
 endorsing Bush's actions in the gulf, 380-29. The Senate did the same, Oct.
 2, 96-3. Hussein, visiting Kuwait, Oct. 3, said there would be "no
 compromise" and vowed not to give up "one inch" of what was now called
 province 19.

 On Oct. 10, Iraq allowed about 360 people, mostly American men of Arab
 descent, to leave Kuwait.

 Secretary of State James Baker said, Oct. 16, that a reported compromise
 offer from Iraq was unacceptable. It involved Iraq's withdrawal from Kuwait
 if it could retain a strategic island.

 The Iraqi government announced, Oct. 19, that it would introduce gasoline
 rationing because of a lack of the chemicals needed to refine oil.

 Cheney announced, Oct. 25, that the number of American troops in the Persian
 Gulf area would be increased by up to 100,000, which could bring the total
 to 340,000 and give the U.S. forces an offensive capability.

 Hussein, Oct. 28, canceled the rationing of gasoline and fired his oil
 minister, saying he had made a miscalculation. Some observers thought that
 the original announcement was a ruse to make it appear that sanctions were
 working so that a military attack on Iraq would not be necessary.

 The U.N. Security Council, Oct. 29, passed a resolution, 13-0 with 2
 abstentions, warning Iraq that "further measures" might be taken under the
 U.N. Charter--by implication, including military action. In separate
 statements, Oct. 29, Bush and Baker warned that in light of barbarous acts
 by the Iraqis in Kuwait, the use of force remained a possibility.


                 Major Actions of the 101st Congress, 1990

 (As of Oct. 28, 1990. For further information, see Congress, Chronology, and
 Addenda.)

                   The 101st Congress reconvened Jan. 23.


     Legislation Passed by Congress and Signed or Vetoed by Pres. Bush

 Chinese Exchange Student Deportation. The Senate voted, Jan. 25, 62-37, to
 uphold Pres. Bush's veto of a 1989 bill that would have barred the
 deportation of Chinese exchange students from the U.S. The House had voted,
 Jan. 24, 390-25, to override the veto. Pres. Bush cited his earlier
 executive order that would protect Chinese students who feared persecution
 if forced to return to their homeland when their visas expired. If the bill
 became law, the pres. said, China would cut off all student exchange
 programs with the U.S.

 "Hate Crime" Statistics. Pres. Bush signed into law, Apr. 23, a  bill
 requiring the federal  government to keep records of crimes motivated by
 ethnic, racial, or sexual prejudice. The Hate Crimes Statistics Act had been
 passed by the House, Apr. 4, 408-18; and by the Senate, Feb. 8, 92-4. The
 law required the Justice Dept. to compile and publish data for the next five
 years on crimes including murder, rape, assault, arson, vandalism and
 intimidation. Several states already required such monitoring, but the new
 bill marked the first time the federal government would collect data
 nationwade as to the motivation behind such crimes, in order to monitor
 their extent, determine law enforcement priorities, and suggest possible
 legal changes.

 Supplemental Spending. Congress cleared, and Pres. Bush signed, May 25, a
 bill providing $4.3 billion in fiscal 1990 supplemental appropriations,
 including $720 million in economic aid for Panama and Nicaragua. The House
 had approved the bill, May 24, 308-108; the Senate, May 25, by voice vote. A
 House-Senate conference committee had approved the legislation, May 22,
 after deleting controversial amendments on the death penalty and abortion
 rights, May 17. The final measure was partially financed via $2 billion in
 defense cuts.

 Amtrak Fund Authorization. Pres. Bush vetoed a bill, May 24, that would
 authorize funds for Amtrak, the national passenger rail system, for the next
 2 fiscal years. Pres. Bush cited a provision authorizing the Interstate
 Commerce Commisision to review freight-railroad takeovers by nonrail
 companies as "an unwarranted regulatory roadblock to financial restructuring
 of the industry." The bill would have authorized $684 million for Amtrak for
 fiscal 1991, beginning Oct. 1, and $712 million for fiscal 1992. The measure
 had been approved by the House, May 9, 322-93; and by a Senate voice vote,
 May 10. The Senate, June 12, upheld the veto by 2 votes, after the House had
 voted, June 7, 294-123, to override the veto.

 Family Emergency "Time Off." Pres. Bush vetoed a bill, June 29, that would
 have required workers to be allowed unpaid time off for births, adoptions,
 and major medical emergencies at home. The president cited strong objections
 to the government's dictating such a policy to employers. The bill would
 have required businesses with 50 or more employees to grant workers up to 12
 weeks of unpaid leave to care for newborn or adopted children or seriously
 ill family members. The House failed to override the veto, July 25, 232-195.


 Discrimination Against Disabilities Banned. Pres. Bush signed into law, July
 26, The Americans with Disabilities Act, which prohibited discrimination in
 employment, public accomodations, telecommunications, and transportation
 against people with a physical or mental condition that "substantially
 limited" a major life activity, such as seeing or walking. The definition of
 disabled would include AIDS victims, and drugs addicts and alcoholics
 undergoing treatment. Some 43 million Americans were expected to be
 affected. The Senate had approved, 91-6, July 13; the House, July 12,
 377-28.

 Emergency Federal Funds for AIDS. Pres. Bush signed into law, Aug. 18, a
 bill authorizing emergency federal aid to help cities and states deal with
 the rising costs of treating and preventing AIDS. The Senate had passed the
 bill, 95-4, May 16; the House, 408-14, June 13. The measure provided a total
 of $4 billion over the next five years, mostly toward testing, counseling,
 and early drug treatment for those found infected with the virus causing
 AIDS.

 Civil Rights. Pres. Bush vetoed, Oct. 20, the Civil Rights Act of 1990. The
 measure would have allowed women and members of minority groups to collect
 damages if they could prove intentional discrimination. Workers accusing
 their employers of discrimination would have had to cite the specific
 practices that excluded women, blacks, or other minorities, however, and
 could not have won damages if employers could show that the practice was not
 intended to discriminate. The pres. contended that the legislation would
 have led to the widespread use of quotas in hiring and promotion. The
 Senate, Oct. 24, failed by one vote to override the veto.


                             Other Legislation

 Constitutional Amendment. The Senate rejected, 58-42, a proposed
 constitutional amendment, June 26, that would have permitted states to
 prosecute those who destroyed or desecrated the American flag. The House had
 rejected the amendment, June 21, 254-177. (See Chronology.)

 Puerto Rico Status Decision. The House passed a bill, Oct. 10, by voice
 vote, calling for a referendum in 1991 under which the people of Puerto Rico
 could choose statehood, independence, or continuation of their commonwealth
 status, the first time either house of Congress had voted to hold such a
 referendum.

 Ads on Children's TV Restricted. Pres. Bush allowed a bill that limited TV
 commercials on children's programming to become law without his signature,
 Oct. 17. The law imposed a limit of 10 minutes of TV commercials an hour for
 children's programming on weekends and 12 minutes an hour on weekends. Both
 House and Senate approved by voice vote, July 23 and July 19, respectively.

 Budget. Congress approved a budget bill, Oct. 27, The House, 228-200, and
 the Senate, 54-45. The measure would raise taxes by more than $140 billion
 over the next five years, the core of a plan to reduce the federal deficit
 by $40 billion this year and $500 billion over five years. The measure
 included higher taxes, with the top income tax rate increased to 31 percent
 from 28 percent, a phaseout of exemptions for upper-income taxpayers, and
 the top capital gains rate set at 28 percent; an increase in excise taxes on
 gasoline, gas-guzzling cars, cigarettes, and alcohol; increased passenger
 airline ticket tax and domestic air cargo tax; and a new "luxury tax" on
 such items as expensive cars, airplanes, yachts, and furs. The measure also
 included spending cuts in Medicaid, Medicare, federal pensions, student
 loans, federal housing, and military spending. Pres. Bush said that he would
 sign the bill.

 Immigration. The House approved, 264-118, a major revision of the country's
 immigration law, Oct. 27. The bill would permit 700,000 people to immigrate
 each year from 1992 to 1994, compared with 500,000 under current law. The
 bill also would reduce the severity and scope of restrictions on new
 citizens and other immigrants. The Senate had approved the measure, Oct. 26.
 Pres. Bush indicated that he would sign it.

 As of Oct. 29, 1990, Congress was continuing to work on bills concerning
 several major issues, including crime, clean air, housing, foreign aid, and
 the financing of the National Endowment for the Arts.


             Major Decisions of the U.S. Supreme Court, 1989-90

 (For further information, see Supreme Court, Chronology, and Addenda.)

 The Supreme Court began its 1989-90 term on Oct. 2. Summaries of notable
 actions follow. The Court:

 Ruled, unanimously, that universities accused of discriminating in faculty
 tenure decisions had no special status under the First Amendment right of
 academic freedom that would allow them to withhold peer-review materials
 from federal investigators. (Jan. 9)

 Ruled, 5-4, to reaffirm its exclusion of illegally obtained evidence in a
 criminal trial, except for the specific  purpose of contradicting testimony
 in court by a defendant. (Jan. 10)

 Ruled, unanimously, that state taxes on religious materials sold by
 religious organizations failed to violate the First Amendment's guarantee of
 religious freedom. (Jan. 17)

 Ruled, 5-4, that the Sixth Amendment required not a "representative" jury
 reflecting a cross-section of the community, but an "impartial" jury. (Jan.
 22)

 Ruled, 7-2, that a parent under court supervision for having previously
 abused a child could not cite his or her Fifth Amendment rights as
 justification for evading court orders to reveal the child's whereabouts.

 Declined to review, thus let stand, a federal appeals court prohibition
 against biographers' or historians' use of quotations from unpublished
 materials without permission. (Feb. 20)

 Declined to review, thus let stand, the military's policy of barring
 homosexuals from service. (Feb. 26)

 Ruled, 7-2, that police arresting a suspect in his home could make a
 warrantless search of the premises to make certain that they were not in
 danger, and that evidence seized at this time could be used against the
 defendant. (Feb. 28)

 Ruled, 5-4, that Pennsylvania's death penalty, which required a death
 sentence if a jury found that a murder was committed with at least one
 "aggravating" circumstance and no "mitigating" circumstances, was
 constitutional. The law was similar to those in at least 12 other states.
 (Feb. 28)

 Ruled, 5-4, in two cases, that federal judges, in deciding habeas corpus
 petitions, could not give retroactive application to court decisions that
 came after the date of an inmate's conviction, even if a later decision
 indicated that the inmate might have been tried or sentenced
 unconstitutionally. (Mar. 5)

 Ruled, 6-3, that a state death penalty law could not require the jury's
 unanimous consent for the consideration of "mitigating" circumstances. (Mar.
 5)

 Ruled, unanimously, that the First Amendment guarantee of freedom of speech
 disallowed the prohibition of grand jury witnesses from discussing the
 "content, gist, or import" of their testimony following the completion of
 the investigation. (Mar. 21)

 Ruled, unanimously, that migrant farm workers injured on the job were not
 restricted to what they could recover under state workers' compensation
 laws, but were entitled to sue their employers for damages under the Migrant
 and Seasonal Agricultural Workers' Protection Act. (Mar. 21)

 Ruled, 5-4, that state appeals courts were permitted to weigh "aggravating"
 factors against "mitigating" factors of a crime and decide whether to impose
 the death penalty, if a jury had considered factors that were improper.
 (Mar. 28)

 Declined to review, thus let stand, a ban on school dances allegedly derived
 from a Christian fundamentalist belief that social dance was sinful. (Apr.
 16)

 Ruled, 9-0, that Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, barring
 employment discrimination on the basis of sex, did not prohibit the filing
 of such discrimination suits in state as well as federal courts. (Apr. 17)

 Ruled, 6-3, that a state may ban the use of the drug peyote, containing the
 hallucinogenic substance mescaline, in Native American religious rituals.
 The sacramental use of peyote was exempted from criminal penalties by
 federal law and the laws of 23 states. (Apr. 17)

 Ruled, 6-3, that states could make unlawful the possession of pornographic
 photos of children even in private homes, the first time the court banned
 the private possession of pornography, already prohibited by 19 states.
 (Apr. 18)

 Declined to review, thus let stand, a decision permitting a lawsuit for
 parental rights by a man who had donated sperm for the artificial
 insemination of a woman to whom he was not married. (Apr. 23)

 Ruled, 5-4, that the prosecution of a drunk driver for homicide, after he
 had pleaded guilty to two misdemeanors in a fatal traffic accident, would
 constitute double jeopardy. (May 29)

 Ruled, 8-1, that the 1984 Equal Access Act, requiring public high schools to
 give student religious and political groups the same access to facilities as
 other student organizations, did not violate the Constitution's requirement
 of separation between church and state. (June 4)

 Ruled, 8-1, that police need not have provided the Miranda warning as to
 rights against self-incrimination in the case of a jailed suspect who
 confessed to an undercover police officer posing as a fellow inmate, since
 this involved "strategic deception" and not "coercion." (June 4)

 Ruled, 5-4, that a 1989 federal law making it a crime to burn or deface the
 American flag was unconstitutional, since it violated the First Amendment's
 guarantee of free speech. (June 11)

 Ruled, 6-3, that an anonymous tip was sufficient grounds for suspicion to
 permit police legally to stop and question a suspect. (June 11)

 Ruled, 6-3, that police checkpoints to examine drivers for evidence of
 intoxication, although resulting in a "seizure," were nevertheless
 "reasonable" in view of the merely "slight" intrusion on motorists, combined
 with the state's interest in decreasing drunken driving. (June 14)

 Ruled, 5-4, that hospitals and nursing homes could sue states for higher
 Medicaid Reimbursement rates. (June 14)

 Ruled, 6-2, that an exemption from patent infringement for drugs, to permit
 testing, also could be applied to medical devices, both of which were
 regulated under the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. (June 16)

 Ruled, 8-1, that the police could videotape drunk-driving suspects and use
 evidence of their slurred speech against them at a trial, without having
 advised the drivers first of their constitutional rights. However, in a
 separate decision, the court ruled, 5-4, against the use of a defendant's
 videotaped response to a police request to name the year in which he had
 turned six years old. (June 18)

 Ruled, 7-2, that editorial statements of opinion were not automatically
 exempted by the First Amendment from libel lawsuits. (June 21)

 Ruled, 5-4, that it was unconstitutional to use partisan political
 considerations as the basis for hiring, promoting, or transferring public
 employees in non-policy-making positions. (June 21)

 Ruled, 5-4, that a person whose wishes were clearly known had a
 constitutional right to refuse life-sustaining medical treatment. However,
 in this first ruling on a "right to die" case, the court also ruled that
 there was no such "clear and convincing evidence" as to the wishes of the
 individual in question. (June 25)

 Ruled, 5-4, that states could require a teenage girl to notify both parents
 before having an abortion, if the law offered the alternative of a court
 hearing for those who did not want their parents involved. The court also
 held, 5-4, that a state law requiring notification of both parents was
 constitutional only because it provided the alternative of a court hearing.
 Further, the court upheld a provision that the states could require minors
 to wait 48 hours for an abortion after parental notification. In a separate
 decision, the court ruled, 6-3, that states could require a minor either to
 notify one parent or to seek permission from a court because she believed
 she was mature enough to make her own decision or because notifying a parent
 would not be in her best interest. (June 25)

 Ruled, 5-4, that states could permit alleged victims of child abuse to
 testify on closed-circuit TV or via other indirect methods, in order to
 avoid confronting the defendant in court, if this was absolutely necessary
 to prevent emotional trauma to a child and if the defendant's attorney had
 an opportunity to cross-examine the child. In a separate ruling, 5-4, the
 court barred a physician's testimony about statements made to him by an
 alleged child-abuse victim who was considered incapable of testifying in
 person, unless prosecutors explained why the child could not testify and why
 the third-party testimony should be considered reliable. (June 27)

 Ruled, 5-4, that affirmative action policies created to increase the number
 of broadcast licenses held by minorities and women could be adopted by
 Congress, the first court approval of an affirmative action program for a
 reason other than simply correcting the effects of past discrimination.
 (June 27)

 The court concluded the 1989 session June 28, having issued 129 signed
 majority opinions, the smallest number in a decade. Justice William J.
 Brennan resigned from the Court, July 20, after nearly 34 years of service,
 citing his age of 84 and a stroke suffered that month. On July 23, Pres.
 Bush named David H. Souter, 50, of New Hampshire, and on Oct. 3. the Senate
 voted, 90-9, to confirm him as Justice Brennan's successor. Issues facing
 the court in the 1990-91 session included school desegregation, sex
 discrimination, and the authority of federal judges and agencies.


                          Historical Anniversaries

                             1971--20 Years Ago

 U.S. Pres. Richard M. Nixon imposes a 90-day wage and price freeze.

 U.S. planes bomb Vietcong supply routes in Cambodia; fighting in Indochina
 spreads to Laos and Cambodia; and the U.S. conducts large-scale bombing
 against North Vietnam;

 The 26th Amendment to the Constitution, allowing 18-year-olds to vote, is
 ratified.

 The Supreme Court upholds the busing of schoolchildren to achieve racial
 balance. The Court rules federal and state aid to parochial schools
 unconstitutional.

 The "Pentagon Papers" are excerpted in the New York Times.

 The U.S. Postal Service replaces the Post Office Department; rates rise from
 6 to 8 cents per ounce.

 Amtrak (The National Railroad Passenger Corp.) takes over almost all U.S.
 passenger railroad traffic.

 Attica Correctional Facility, Attica, N.Y., is the scene of a riot, and Gov.
 Nelson Rockefeller calls in the state police; 10 guards, 32 inmates are
 killed, 80 people wounded.

 Lewis F. Powell, Jr. and William H. Rehnquist are named to the U.S. Supreme
 Court.

 The U.S. Senate stops federal funding of the supersonic transport.

 The U.S. and USSR sign a treaty banning nuclear weapons on the ocean floor.

 China hosts the U.S. table tennis team, starting a new era of U.S.-China
 detente.

 China is admitted to the U.N.

 Kurt Waldheim becomes U.N. Secretary General.

 Charles Manson and three co-defendants are found guilty of the Sharon Tate
 murders.

 Lt. William Calley Jr. is found guilty of premeditated murder in the Mylai
 killings.

 The Republic of Zaire is created from the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

 Maj.-Gen. Idi Amin establishes himself as head of Uganda.

 Haiti's "Papa Doc" Duvalier dies, and is succeeded by his 19-year-old son
 Jean-Claude, "Baby Doc," as "President for life."

 Cigarette ads are banned from U.S. TV

 The Jesus Movement becomes popular in the U.S.

 The Fillmore East and Fillmore West are closed.

 Billie Jean King becomes the first woman athlete to win $100,000 in a single
 year.

 The Washington Senators become the Texas Rangers.

 Books: nonfiction: Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee, Dee Brown; fiction: Love
 Story, Erich Segal; The Book of Daniel, E.L. Doctorow; The Winds of War,
 Herman Wouk; Rabbit Redux, John Updike; The Tenants, Bernard Malamud; The
 Bell Jar, Sylvia Plath.

 Movies: Woody Allen's "Bananas", Stanley Kubrick's "A Clockwork Orange",
 Mike Nichols's "Carnal Knowledge", Peter Bogdanovich's "The Last Picture
 Show", William Friedkin's "The French Connection."

 Theater: "The Prisoner of Second Avenue," Neil Simon; "Butley," Simon Gray;
 musicals: "Follies," "Godspell," "Jesus Christ Superstar."

 Music: "Tapestry," Carole King; "Take Me Home, Country Roads," John Denver;
 "Imagine," John Lennon.

                             1941--50 Years Ago

 World War II becomes a worldwide conflict as German troops invade Soviet
 Russia and Japanese forces attack Pearl Harbor. A Lend-Lease program to aid
 the Allies is recommended by U.S. Pres. Franklin D. Roosevelt, despite
 widespread isolationism. German troops lay seige to Leningrad in June,
 confidently carrying no winter clothing, but in December are still fighting.
 Pearl Harbor, on the Hawaiian island of Oahu is attacked Dec. 7 (Dec. 8,
 Tokyo time) from 360-carrier based Japanese planes, which sink the battle
 ships U.S.S. Arizona, Oklahoma, California, Nevada, and West Virginia;
 damage 3 others as well as 3 cruisers and 3 destroyers, destroy 200 U.S.
 planes, and kill 2,344 men. The attack precedes Japan's declaration of war.
 FDR calls Dec. 7 "a date that will live in infamy," and declares war on
 Japan. Germany declares war on the U.S., Dec. 11, Italy follows; the U.S.
 declares war on Germany and Italy; Romania declares war on the U.S., Dec.
 12; Bulgaria, Dec. 13. The Japanese invade the Philippines Dec. 22; Wake
 Island falls Dec. 23, Hong Kong, Dec. 25. In the Soviet Union, German SS
 units machine-gun some 3,000 Jewish men, women and children, and from
 50,000-96,000 Ukrainians, at least 60% Jews. In Estonia, Galicia, Latvia,
 Lithuania, Poland, and Russia, Jews flee from advancing German troops; those
 caught are forced into labor gangs, ghettos, military brothels,
 machine-gunned, or shipped in freight cars to detention camps where many are
 found dead on arrival. Jewish stores, factories, libraries, synagogues, and
 cemeteries are damaged or destroyed. FDR calls for a world with Four
 Freedoms protected: freedom of speech, freedom of religion, freedom from
 want, and freedom from fear. The U.S. Treasury issues war bonds. U.S. tax
 rates are increased sharply to raise billions for war-related expenditures.

 Grand Coulee Dam, the world's largest hydroelectric installation, begins
 generating power on the Columbia River in Washington.

 A U.S. Fair Employment Practice Committee is created by FDR, after a march
 of 50,000 blacks on Washington is threatened by A. Philip Randolph, pres. of
 the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, to protest unfair employment
 practices in the war industry and the government.

 The first U.S. diesel freight locomotives go into service for the Atchinson,
 Topeka and Santa Fe.

 The Lincoln Continental is introduced by Ford.

 Mount Rushmore sculptor John Gutzon Borglum dies, his son continues, but
 leaves the work incomplete.

 Dacron is introduced.

 Quality Inns motel company is established.

 Cheerios cereal is introduced.

 Casserole Cookery by Marian Tracy is published, and will become the war
 bride's favorite.

 Le Pavillon opens in New York.

 Stan Musial begins playing for the St. Louis Cardinals.

 The National Gallery of Art opens in Washington, D.C.

 Books: nonfiction: Let Us Now Praise Famous Men, James Agee and Walker
 Evans; Escape from Freedom, Erich Fromm; fiction: The Last Tycoon, F. Scott
 Fitzgerald (posthumously); Mildred Pierce, James M. Cain; The Keys of the
 Kingdom, A.J. Cronin; What Makes Sammy Run?, Budd Shulberg; juvenile:
 Curious George, H.A. Rey and Margaret Rey.

 Movies: Orson Welles's "Citizen Kane," John Huston's "The Maltese Falcon,"
 Chaplin's "The Great Dictator," Alfred Hitchcock's "Rebecca"; "Sergeant
 York," "How Green Was My Valley," "The Sea Wolf," "The Little Foxes," "Penny
 Serenade," "Never Give a Sucker an Even Break," "The Lady Eve," Walt
 Disney's "Dumbo."

 Theater: "Arsenic and Old Lace," Joseph Kesselring; "Native Son," Richard
 Wright and Paul Green; "Watch on the Rhine," Lillian Hellman; "Mother
 Courage," Bertolt Brecht; "Blithe Spirit," Noel Coward; musicals: "Lady in
 the Dark."

 Radio: "Duffy's Tavern" begins.

 Music: "Lili Marlene," "Blues in the Night," "(There'll Be Bluebirds Over)
 the White Cliffs of Dover," "I Don't Want to Walk Without You," "Take the A
 Train," "I'll Remember April," "Deep in the Heart of Texas," "Jersey
 Bounce," "Cow-Cow Boogie," "Chattanooga Choo-Choo," "Boogie-Woogie Bugle
 Boy," "Anniversary Waltz."

                            1891--100 Years Ago

 U.S. workers strike for higher wages, shorter hours.

 "Jim Crow" anti-black laws are enacted in Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, and
 Tennessee.

 Chicago's Provident Hospital, founded by black surgeon Daniel Hale Williams,
 becomes the first U.S. interracial hospital, and incorporates the first U.S.
 nursing school for black women.

 A gasoline engine that will power a road vehicle is designed by Charles
 Edward Duryea, a bicycle designer, and his brother Franklin, a toolmaker, in
 Chicopee, Mass.

 The world's first old age pension plan takes effect in Germany.

 In Java, a Dutch anthropologist discovers Pithecanthropus erectus, called
 Java Man.

 The Young Turk movement, aiming to secure liberal reforms, is founded in
 Geneva.

 Gauguin settles in Tahiti.

 The University of Chicago is founded.

 The American Express Traveler's Cheque is copyrighted by the 41-year-old
 American Express Company.

 The first full-service advertising agency is founded in New York City.

 W.L. Judson, an American, invests the clothing zipper, but it will not be
 put to practical use until 1919.

 The first electric oven for commercial use is introduced in St. Paul, Minn.

 Basketball is invested in Springfield, Mass. by James Naismith, a
 Canadian-American physical education director, who sets up fruit baskets on
 ladders and makes rules that will be used in the first public game in March,
 1892.

 The first football rulebook is written by Walter Camp, who invents the
 11-man team, signals, the scrimmage line, and the quarterback position.

 Books: Tess of the D'Urbervilles, Thomas Hardy; New Grub Street, George
 Gissing; The Light That Failed, Rudyard Kiping; The Picture of Dorian Gray,
 Oscar Wilde.

 Art: "The Bath," Mary Cassatt; "Toilers of the Sea," Albert Pinkham Ryder;
 "Hail Mary," Paul Gauguin; first music hall posters, Henri de
 Toulouse-Lautrec.

 Theater; "Hedda Gabler," Henrik Ibsen; "The American," Henry James.

                            1791--200 Years Ago

 Louis XVI accepts the French constitution, France annexes Avignon and
 Venaissin, and the National Assembly dissolves.

 British orator Edmund Burke criticizes the French Revolution; America's
 Thomas Paine replies with the pamphlet "The Rights of Man."

 The Society of United Irishmen is founded to agitate for independence from
 Great Britain.

 The Canada Act of the British Parliament divides Canada at the Ottawa River
 into Upper, mainly English, and Lower, mainly French.

 Odessa is established by Russian pioneers on the Black Sea.

 Blacks born of free parents in the French West Indies gain the vote and the
 same privileges of all French citizens, but Saint Domingue's white colonists
 threaten to cecede; the blacks and mulattoes revolt, and in several months
 some 2,000 whites, 10,000 blacks and mulattoes are killed.

 More humane treatment of the insane is proposed by French physician Philippe
 Pinel.

 The waltz becomes fashionable in England.

 Vermont is admitted to the Union as the 14th state.

 The Bill of Rights becomes law as Virginia ratifies the first 10 Amendments
 to the Constitution.

 The first U.S. crop report is prepared by Pres. George Washington.

 Books: biography: The Life of Samuel Johnson, James Boswell; poetry: "Tam
 O'Shanter," Robert Burns.

 Music: opera: "Cosi Fan Tutte," and "The Magic Flute," Mozart.

                            1691--300 Years Ago

 The Massachusetts colony extends religious liberty to all but Catholics.

                            1591--400 Years Ago

 The systematic use of letters in algebra to represent both coefficients and
 unknown quantities is introduced by the French mathematician Francois Viete,
 who will be called "the father of algebra."

 Dublin's Trinity College is founded by Queen Elizabeth.

 Shakespeare writes "The Comedy of Errors."

 Pamplona, in northern Spain, begins the custom of running the bulls through
 the streets to the local bullring--the local men running in front of them.

                            1491--500 Years Ago

 France's Charles VIII annexes Brittany by marrying Anne, Duchess of
 Brittany; England's Henry VII goes to war to stop the annexation, making
 peace with Scotland to free his troops for action.

 Girolamo Savonarola begins denouncing the corruption in Florence, especially
 by Lorenzo de'Medici.

                            1391--600 Years Ago

 Switzerland begins, with the League of the Three Forest Cantons formed by
 Uri, Schwz, and Unterwalden for mutual defense, but not yet independent from
 Austria.

                            1291--700 Years Ago

 The Crusades end, as the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem settle in Cyprus.

                            1191--800 Years Ago

 England's Richard the Lion-Hearted embarks on the Third Crusade with a fleet
 of 100 ships. He conquers Cyprus and sells it to the Templars.

 Zen Buddhism is introduced to Japan from China by the priest Aeisai, who
 also plants tea seeds in Japan.

                            1091--900 Years Ago

 The Treaty of Caen ends hostilities between England's William II and
 Normandy's Robert Curthose.

 Sicily becomes free of the Moslems who have held the island for 130 years.


                                  CONGRESS

                     The One Hundred and Second Congress

                         With 1990 Election Results

                                 The Senate


 Terms are for 6 years and end Jan. 3 of the year preceding name. Annual
 salary $98,400, with a cost-of-living increase scheduled for Jan. 1, 1991;
 President Pro Tempore, Majority Leader, and Minority Leader $109,500, with a
 cost-of-living increase scheduled for Jan. 1, 1991. To be eligible for the
 U.S. Senate a person must be at least 30 years of age, a citizen of the
 United States for at least 9 years, and a resident of the state from which
 he is chosen. The Congress must meet annually on Jan. 3, unless it has, by
 law, appointed a different day.
 Senate officials (101st Congress): President Pro Tempore Robert Byrd;
 Majority Leader George Mitchell; Majority Whip Alan Cranston; Minority
 Leader Bob Dole; Minority Whip Alan Simpson.
 1 Jan. 3, unless otherwise noted. 2 Elected governor; seat tobe filled.


                           (News Election Service)
                             Preliminary Totals
 Dem., 56; Rep., 44; Total,  100. *Incumbent. Bold face denotes winner.


╓┌────────────────┌────────────────────────────────────┌─────────────────────╖
 Term ends        Senator (Party)/Service from1        1990 Election
 ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Alabama          Alabama                              Alabama
 1997             Howell Heflin* (D)/1979              708,982
                  Bill Cabaniss (R)                    461,421
 1993             Richard C. Shelby (D)/1987
 Alaska           Alaska                               Alaska
 1997             Ted Stevens* (R)/12/24/68            106,465
                  Michael Beasley (D)                  51,966
 1993             Frank Murkowski (R)/1981
 Arizona          Arizona                              Arizona
 1993             John S. McCain (R)/1987
 1995             Dennis DeConcini* (D)/1977
 Term ends        Senator (Party)/Service from1        1990 Election
 ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
1995             Dennis DeConcini* (D)/1977
 Arkansas         Arkansas                             Arkansas
 1997             David Pryor* (D)/1979                Unopposed
 1993             Dale Bumpers (D)/1975
 California       California                           California
 1993             Alan Cranston (D)/1969
 1995             2Pete Wilson* (R)/1983
 Colorado         Colorado                             Colorado
 1997             Hank Brown (R)                       568,095
                  Josie Heath (D)                      425,543
 1993             Timothy E. Wirth (D)/1987
 Connecticut      Connecticut                          Connecticut
 1993             Christopher J. Dodd (D)/1981
 1995             Joe Lieberman (D)/1989
 Delaware         Delaware                             Delaware
 1997             Joseph R. Biden Jr.* (D)/1973        112,128
                  M. Jane Brady (R)                    64,682
 1995             William V. Roth Jr.* (R)/1/1/71
 Florida          Florida                              Florida
 Term ends        Senator (Party)/Service from1        1990 Election
 ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Florida          Florida                              Florida
 1993             Bob Graham (D)/1987
 1995             Connie Mack  (R)/1989
 Georgia          Georgia                              Georgia
 1997             Sam Nunn* (D)/1972                   Unopposed
 1993             Wyche Fowler Jr. (D)/1987
 Hawaii           Hawaii                               Hawaii
 1993             Daniel K. Inouye (D)/1963
 1995             Daniel K. Akaka* (D)/5/16/90         188,900
                  Patricia Saiki (R)                   155,978
                  Ken Schoolland (B)                   4,787
 Idaho            Idaho                                Idaho
 1997             Larry E. Craig* (R)                  178,653
                  Ron J. Twilegar (D)                  112,752
 1993             Steven D. Symms (R)/1981
 Illinois         Illinois                             Illinois
 1997             Paul Simon* (D)/1985                 2,075,493
                  Lynn Martin (R)                      1,120,179
 1993             Alan J. Dixon (D)/1981
 Term ends        Senator (Party)/Service from1        1990 Election
 ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
1993             Alan J. Dixon (D)/1981
 Indiana          Indiana                              Indiana
 1997             Dan Coats* (R)/1989                  799,410
                  Baron P. Hill (D)                    692,246
 1995             Richard G. Lugar* (R)/1977
 Iowa             Iowa                                 Iowa
 1997             Tom Harkin* (D)/1985                 525,098
                  Tom Tauke (R)                        446,892
 1993             Charles E. Grassley (R)/1981
 Kansas           Kansas                               Kansas
 1997             Nancy L. Kassebaum* (R)/12/23/78     575,231
                  Dick Williams (D)                    206,428
 1993             Robert J. Dole (R)/1969
 Kentucky         Kentucky                             Kentucky
 1997             Mitch McConnell* (R)/1985            476,812
                  G. Harvey I. Sloane (D)              436,542
 1993             Wendell H. Ford (D)/12/28/74
 Louisiana        Louisiana                            Louisiana
 1997             J. Bennett Johnston* (D)/11/14/72
 Term ends        Senator (Party)/Service from1        1990 Election
 ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
1997             J. Bennett Johnston* (D)/11/14/72
 1993             John B. Breaux (D)/1987
 Maine            Maine                                Maine
 1997             William S. Cohen* (R)/1979           308,783
                  Neil Rolde (D)                       194,932
 1995             George J. Mitchell* (D)/5/17/80
 Maryland         Maryland                             Maryland
 1993             Barbara A. Mikulski (D)/1987
 1995             Paul S. Sarbanes* (D)/1977
 Massachusetts    Massachusetts                        Massachusetts
 1997             John F. Kerry* (D)/1/2/85            1,180,209
                  Jim Rappaport (R)                    892,624
 1995             Edward M. Kennedy* (D)/11/7/62
 Michigan         Michigan                             Michigan
 1997             Carl Levin* (D)/1979                 1,450,319
                  Bill Schuette (R)                    1,036,169
 1995             Donald W. Riegle Jr.* (D)/12/30/76
 Minnesota        Minnesota                            Minnesota
 1997             Paul David Wellstone (D)             862,525
 Term ends        Senator (Party)/Service from1        1990 Election
 ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
1997             Paul David Wellstone (D)             862,525
                  Rudy Boschwitz* (R)/12/30/78         802,407
 1995             David Durenberger* (R)/11/8/78
 Mississippi      Mississippi                          Mississippi
 1997             Thad Cochran* (R)/12/27/78
 1995             Trent Lott (R)/3/3/89
 Missouri         Missouri                             Missouri
 1993             Christopher S. Bond (R)/1987
 1995             John C. Danforth* (R)/12/27/76
 Montana          Montana                              Montana
 1997             Max Baucus* (D)/12/15/78             217,451
                  Allen Kolstad (R)                    93,984
 1995             Conrad Burns (R)/1989
 Nebraska         Nebraska                             Nebraska
 1997             J. James Exon* (D)/1979              342,642
                  Hal Daub (R)                         237,244
 1995             J. Robert Kerrey (D)/1989
 Nevada           Nevada                               Nevada
 1993             Harry M. Reid (D)/1987
 Term ends        Senator (Party)/Service from1        1990 Election
 ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
1993             Harry M. Reid (D)/1987
 1995             Richard H. Bryan (D)/1989
 New Hampshire    New Hampshire                        New Hampshire
 1997             Robert Smith (R)                     188,854
                  John Durkin (D)                      91,786
 1993             Warren Rudman (R)/12/31/80
 New Jersey       New Jersey                           New Jersey
 1997             Bill Bradley* (D)/1979               969,363
                  Christine Todd Whitman (R)           911,247
 1995             Frank R. Lautenberg* (D)/12/27/82
 New Mexico       New Mexico                           New Mexico
 1997             Pete V. Domenici* (R)/1973           294,226
                  Tom R. Benavides (D)                 109,375
 1995             Jeff Bingaman* (D)/1983
 New York         New York                             New York
 1993             Alfonse M. D'Amato (R)/1981
 1995             Daniel Patrick Moynihan* (D)/1977
 North Carolina   North Carolina                       North Carolina
 1997             Jesse Helms* (R)/1973                1,071,332
 Term ends        Senator (Party)/Service from1        1990 Election
 ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
1997             Jesse Helms* (R)/1973                1,071,332
                  Harvey Gantt (D)                     969,620
 1993             Terry Sanford (D)                    11/5/86
 North Dakota     North Dakota                         North Dakota
 1993             Kent Conrad (D)/1987
 1995             Quentin N. Burdick* (D)/8/8/60
 Ohio             Ohio                                 Ohio
 1993             John Glenn (D)/12/24/74
 1995             Howard M. Metzenbaum* (D)/12/29/76
 Oklahoma         Oklahoma                             Oklahoma
 1997             David L. Boren (D)/1979              735,644
                  Stephen Jones (R)                    148,814
 1993             Don Nickles (R)/1981
 Oregon           Oregon                               Oregon
 1997             Mark O. Hatfield* (R)/1/10/67        541,035
                  Harry Lonsdale (D)                   463,438
 1993             Bob Packwood (R)/1969
 Pennsylvania     Pennsylvania                         Pennsylvania
 1993             Arlen Specter (R)/1981
 Term ends        Senator (Party)/Service from1        1990 Election
 ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
1993             Arlen Specter (R)/1981
 1995             John Heinz* (R)/1977
 Rhode Island     Rhode Island                         Rhode Island
 1997             Claiborne Pell (D)/1961              216,253
                  Claudine Schneider (R)               133,552
 1995             John H. Chafee* (R)/12/29/76<
 South Carolina   South Carolina                       South Carolina
 1997             Strom Thurmond* (R)/11/7/56          475,510
                  Bob Cunningham (D)                   241,847
 1993             Ernest Fritz Hollings* (D)/11/9/66
 South Dakota     South Dakota                         South Dakota
 1997             Larry Pressler* (R)/1979             135,443
                  Ted Muenster (D)                     116,431
                  Dean L. Sinclair (I)                 6,548
 1993             Thomas A. Daschle (D)/1987
 Tennessee        Tennessee                            Tennessee
 1997             Albert Gore Jr.* (D)/1985            526,869
                  William R. Hawkins (R)               229,714
 1995             James R. Sasser* (D)/1977
 Term ends        Senator (Party)/Service from1        1990 Election
 ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
1995             James R. Sasser* (D)/1977
 Texas            Texas                                Texas
 1997             Phil Gramm* (R)/1985                 2,293,144
                  Hugh Parmer (D)                      1,425,395
 1995             Lloyd Bentsen* (D)/1971
 Utah             Utah                                 Utah
 1993             Jake Garn (R)/12/21/74
 1995             Orrin G. Hatch* (R)/1977
 Vermont          Vermont                              Vermont
 1993             Patrick J. Leahy (D)/1975
 1995             James M. Jeffords (R)/1989
 Virginia         Virginia                             Virginia
 1997             John W. Warner* (R)/1/2/79           872,764
                  Nancy Spanaus (I)                    196,258
 1995             Charles S. Robb (D)/1989
 Washington       Washington                           Washington
 1993             Brock Adams (D)/1987
 1995             Slade Gorton (R)/1981
 West Virginia    West Virginia                        West Virginia
 Term ends        Senator (Party)/Service from1        1990 Election
 ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
West Virginia    West Virginia                        West Virginia
 1997             John D. Rockefeller IV* (D)/1/15/85  274,614
                  John Yoder (R)                       126,035
 1995             Robert C. Byrd* (D)/1959
 Wisconsin        Wisconsin                            Wisconsin
 1993             Robert W. Kasten Jr. (R)/1981
 1995             Herbert H. Kohl (D)/1989
 Wyoming          Wyoming                              Wyoming
 1997             Alan K. Simpson* (R)/1979            100,800
                  Kathy Helling (D)                    56,692
 1995             Malcolm Wallop* (R)/1977




                        The House of Representatives


 Members' terms to Jan. 3, 1993. Annual salary $96,600 increasing to at least
 $120,800 on Jan. 1, 1991; Speaker of the House, $124,000, increasing to
 $155,000 on Jan. 1, 1991; Majority Leader and Minority Leader $107,300,
 increasing to $134,100 on Jan. 1, 1991. To be eligible for membership, a
 person must be at least 25, a U.S. citizen for at least 7 years, and a
 resident of the state from which he or she is chosen.
 House Officials (101st Congress): Speaker Thomas S. Foley; Majority Leader
 Richard A. Gephardt; Majority Whip William H. Gray 3d; Minority Leader
 Robert H. Michel; Minority Whip Newt Gingrich.
 D-Democrat; R-Republican; AI-American Independent; ASI-Amer. System
 Independent; B-Libertarian; C-Conservative; I-Independent; IC-Ind.
 Conservative; IS-Illinois Solidarity; JW-Jim Wham; L-Liberal; LP-Liberty
 Party; LU-Liberty Union; NA-New Alliance; PO-Populist; PF-Peace & Freedom;
 T-Right to Life; TB-Tax Break; TC-Tax Cut.
 In Louisiana, all candidates of all parties run against each other in an
 open primary, unless they are unopposed incumbents in which case they are
 declared elected. All candidates who receive more than 50 percent of the
 primary vote are also declared elected, and do not appear on the General
 Election ballot.


                           (News Election Service)
          Preliminary Totals, write-ins not included.
 Dem., 267, Rep., 167, Ind., 1. Total 435.  *Incumbent.Bold face denotes
 winner.


╓┌───────────────────────┌───────────────────────────┌───────────────────────╖
 Dist.                   Representative (Party)      1990 Election
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Alabama                 Alabama                     Alabama

 1.                      H.L."Sonny" Callahan* (R)   Unopposed

 2.                      William L. Dickinson* (R)   87,277

                         Faye Baggiano (D)           82,883

 3.                      Glen Browder* (D)           100,408

                         Don Sledge (R)              35,857

 4.                      Tom Bevill* (D)             Unopposed
 Dist.                   Representative (Party)      1990 Election
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
4.                      Tom Bevill* (D)             Unopposed

 5.                      Bud Cremer (D)              112,065

                         Albert McDonald (R)         55,081

 6.                      Ben Erdreich* (D)           134,412

                         David A. Alvarez (I)        8,640

                         Nathaniel Ivory (NA)        1,745

 7.                      Claude Harris Jr.* (D)      125,549

                         Michael D. Barker (R)       52,391

 Alaska At Large         Alaska At Large             Alaska At Large

                         Don Young* (R)              82,549
 Dist.                   Representative (Party)      1990 Election
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
                        Don Young* (R)              82,549

                         John C. Devens (D)          79,086

 Arizona                 Arizona                     Arizona

 1.                      John J. Rhodes III (R)      Unopposed

 2.                      Morris K. Udall* (D)        75,642

                         Joseph D. Sweeney (R)       38,763

 3.                      Bob Stump* (R)              132,004

                         Roger Hartstone (D)         101,219

 4.                      John Kyl* (R)               139,569

                         Mark Ivey Jr. (D)           87,767
 Dist.                   Representative (Party)      1990 Election
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
                        Mark Ivey Jr. (D)           87,767

 5.                      Jim Kolbe* (R)              138,500

                         Chuck Phillips (D)          75,398

 Arkansas                Arkansas                    Arkansas

 1.                      Bill Alexander*  (D)        91,393

                         Terry Hayes (R)             51,774

 2.                      Ray Thornton (D)            102,790

                         Jim Keet (R)                68,312

 3.                      John Paul Hammerschmidt*    129,285
                         (R)

 Dist.                   Representative (Party)      1990 Election
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

                         Dan Ivy (D)                 54,013

 4.                      Beryl Anthony Jr.* (D)      102,862

                         Roy Rood (R)                40,079

 California              California                  California

 1.                      Frank Riggs (R)             91,891

                         Douglas H. Bosco* (D)       89,918

                         Darlene G. Comingore (PF)   31,505

 2.                      Wally Herger* (R)           128,943

                         Erwin E. "Bill" Rush (D)    63,720

 Dist.                   Representative (Party)      1990 Election
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

                         Ross Crain (B)              10,473

 3.                      Robert T. Matsui* (D)       122,412

                         Lowell Patrick Landowski    70,075
                         (R)

                         David M. McCann (B)         10,033

 4.                      Vic Fazio* (D)              108,113

                         Mark Baughman (R)           77,328

                         Bryce Bigwood (B)           11,965

 5.                      Nancy Pelosi* (D)           112,738

                         Alan Nichols (R)            32,460
 Dist.                   Representative (Party)      1990 Election
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
                        Alan Nichols (R)            32,460

 6.                      Barbara Boxer* (D)          128,446

                         Bill Boerum (R)             59,973

 7.                      George Miller* (D)          114,872

                         Roger A. Payton (R)         73,588

 8.                      Ronald V. Dellums* (D)      111,526

                         Barbara Galewski (R)        68,575

 9.                      Fortney H. "Pete" Stark*    89,572
                         (D)

                         Victor Romero (R)           62,689

 Dist.                   Representative (Party)      1990 Election
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 10.                     Don Edwards* (D)            77,184

                         Mark Patrosso (R)           45,228

 11.                     Tom Lantos* (D)             93,992

                         G.M. "Bill" Quraishi (R)    40,025

                         June R. Genis (B)           7,962

 12.                     Tom Campbell* (R)           114,238

                         Robert Palmer (D)           64,474

                         Chuck Olson (B)             10,412

 13.                     Norman Y. Mineta* (D)       92,255

 Dist.                   Representative (Party)      1990 Election
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

                         David E. Smith (R)          56,131

                         John H. Webster (B)         10,025

 14.                     John T. Doolittle (R)       110,808

                         Patricia Malberg (D)        105,730

 15.                     Gary A. Condit* (D)         82,883

                         Cliff Burris (R)            42,873

 16.                     Leon E. Panetta* (D)        122,667

                         Jerry M. Reiss (R)          36,085

                         Brian H. Tucker (B)         6,276

 Dist.                   Representative (Party)      1990 Election
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 17.                     Calvin Dooley (D)           77,092

                         Charles "Chip" Pashayan*    63,894
                         (R)

 18.                     Richard H. Lehman* (D)      Unopposed

 19.                     Robert J. "Bob"             82,053
                         Lagomarsino* (R)

                         Anita Perez Ferguson (D)    68,655

 20.                     Bill Thomas* (R)            100,046

                         Michael A. Thomas (D)       58,710

                         William H. Dilbeck (B)      9,489

 Dist.                   Representative (Party)      1990 Election
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 21.                     Elton Gallegly* (R)         107,531

                         Richard D. Freiman (D)      64,043

                         Peggy Christensen (B)       14,249

 22.                     Carlos J. Moorhead* (R)     97,495

                         David Bayer (D)             57,012

                         William H. Wilson (B)       6,139

                         Jan B. Tucker (PF)          3,643

 23.                     Anthony C. Beilenson* (D)   94,688

                         Jim Salomon (R)             51,399

 Dist.                   Representative (Party)      1990 Election
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

                         John Honigsfeld (PF)        6,304

 24.                     Henry A. Waxman* (D)        66,103

                         John N. Cowles (R)          23,953

                         Maggie Phair (PF)           5,277

 25.                     Edward R. Roybal* (D)       44,657

                         Steven J. Renshaw (R)       15,166

                         Robert H. Scott (B)         3,300

 26.                     Howard L. Berman* (D)       72,529

                         Roy Dahlson (R)             40,833

 Dist.                   Representative (Party)      1990 Election
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

                         Bernard Zimring (B)         4,920

 27.                     Mel Levine* (D)             84,556

                         David Barrett Cohen (R)     53,090

                         Edward E. Ferrer (PF)       6,618

 28.                     Julian C. Dixon* (D)        64,849

                         George Zandivar Adams (R)   19,339

                         William R. Williams (PF)    2,539

                         Bob Weber (B)               1,993

 29.                     Maxine Waters  (D)          48,769

 Dist.                   Representative (Party)      1990 Election
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

                         Bill De Witt (R)            11,186

                         Waheed R. Boctor (B)        1,194

 30.                     Matthew G. Martinez* (D)    42,263

                         Reuben D. Franco (R)        26,279

                         G. Curtis Feger (B)         3,437

 31.                     Mervyn M. Dymally* (D)      53,239

                         Eunice N. Sato (R)          25,488

 32.                     Glenn M. Anderson* (D)      63,536

                         Sanford W. Kahn (R)         39,093

 Dist.                   Representative (Party)      1990 Election
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 33.                     David Dreier*  (R)          93,094

                         Georgia Houston Webb (D)    46,619

                         Gail Lightfoot (B)          7,338

 34.                     Esteban E. Torres* (D)      51,840

                         John Eastman (R)            33,334

 35.                     Jerry Lewis* (R)            117,302

                         Barry Norton (D)            64,379

                         Jerry Johnson (B)           12,606

 36.                     George E. Brown Jr.* (D)    68,956

 Dist.                   Representative (Party)      1990 Election
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

                         Bob Hammock (R)             60,779

 37.                     Al McCandless* (R)          104,407

                         Ralph Waite (D)             95,226

                         Gary R. Odom (AI)           5,874

                         Bonnie Flickinger (B)       5,569

 38.                     Robert K. "Bob" Dornan* (R)  53,745

                         Barbara Jackson (D)         38,669

 39.                     William E. "Bill"           99,402
                         Dannemeyer* (R)

                         Francis X. "Frank" Hoffman  47,985
 Dist.                   Representative (Party)      1990 Election
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
                        Francis X. "Frank" Hoffman  47,985
                         (D)

                         Maxine B. Quirk (PF)        5,947

 40.                     Christopher Cox (R)         121,828

                         Eugene C. Gratz (D)         59,674

 41.                     Bill Lowery* (R)            93,897

                         Dan Kripke (D)              85,022

                         Karen S.R. Works (PF)       14,021

 42.                     Dana Rohrabacher* (R)       99,239

                         Guy C. Kimbrough (D)        62,206

 Dist.                   Representative (Party)      1990 Election
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

                         Richard Gibb Martin (B)     7,118

 43.                     Ron Packard* (R)            133,424

                         Doug Hansen (PF)            36,069

                         Richard L. "Rick" Arnold    27,684
                         (B)

 44.                     Randy "Duke" Cunningham (R)  46,171

                         Jim Bates* (D)              45,189

                         Donna White (PF)            4,796

                         John Wallner (B)            3,961

 45.                     Duncan Hunter* (R)          111,274
 Dist.                   Representative (Party)      1990 Election
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
45.                     Duncan Hunter* (R)          111,274

                         Joe Shea (B)                41,769

 Colorado                Colorado                    Colorado

 1.                      Patricia Schroeder* (D)     81,859

                         Gloria Gonzales Roemer (R)  46,780

 2.                      David E. Skaggs* (D)        105,245

                         Jason Lewis (R)             68,220

 3.                      Ben Nighthorse Campbell*    127,137
                         (D)

                         Bob Ellis (R)               49,801

 Dist.                   Representative (Party)      1990 Election
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 4.                      Wayne Allard (R)            88,911

                         Richard R. "Dick" Bond (D)  75,720

 5.                      Joel Hefley* (R)            127,736

                         Cal Johnston (D)            57,771

 6.                      Daniel Schaefer* (R)        104,969

                         Don Jarrett (D)             57,771

 Connecticut             Connecticut                 Connecticut

 1.                      Barbara Bailey Kennelly*    126,343
                         (D)

                         James P. Garvey (R)         50,644
 Dist.                   Representative (Party)      1990 Election
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
                        James P. Garvey (R)         50,644

 2.                      Samuel Gejdenson* (D)       103,945

                         John M. Ragsdale (R)        70,642

 3.                      Rosa L. De Lauro  (D)       89,702

                         Thomas Scott (R)            82,135

 4.                      Christopher Shays* (R)      106,396

                         Al Smith (D)                32,963

 5.                      Gary A. Franks (R)          93,041

                         Anthony "Toby" Moffett (D)  84,746

                         William G. Hare (LP)        1,914
 Dist.                   Representative (Party)      1990 Election
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
                        William G. Hare (LP)        1,914

 6.                      Nancy L. Johnson* (R)       138,758

                         Paul Kulas (D)              48,604

 Delaware At Large       Delaware At Large           Delaware At Large

                         Thomas R. Carper* (D)       116,423

                         Ralph O. Williams (R)       57,552

 Florida                 Florida                     Florida

 1.                      Earl Hutto* (D)             83,899

                         Terry Ketchel (R)           76,833

 2.                      Pete Peterson (D)           101,615
 Dist.                   Representative (Party)      1990 Election
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
2.                      Pete Peterson (D)           101,615

                         Bill Grant* (R)             76,518

 3.                      Charles E. Bennett* (D)     80,983

                         Rod Sullivan (R)            30,011

 4.                      Craig T. James*  (R)        89,637

                         Reid Hughes (D)             70,457

 5.                      Bill McCollum* (R)          93,627

                         Bob Fletcher (D)            62,956

 6.                      Cliff Stearns* (R)          136,675

                         Art Johnson (D)             94,403
 Dist.                   Representative (Party)      1990 Election
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
                        Art Johnson (D)             94,403

 7.                      Sam M. Gibbons* (D)         96,248

                         Charles D. Prout (R)        45,426

 8.                      C. W. Bill Young* (R)       Unopposed

 9.                      Michael Bilirakis* (R)      140,837

                         Cheryl Davis Knapp (D)      101,670

 10.                     Andy Ireland* (R)           Unopposed

 11.                     Jim Bacchus (D)             121,013

                         Bill Tolley (R)             111,950

 12.                     Tom Lewis* (R)              Unopposed
 Dist.                   Representative (Party)      1990 Election
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
12.                     Tom Lewis* (R)              Unopposed

 13.                     Porter J. Goss* (R)         Unopposed

 14.                     Harry A. Johnston* (D)      156,025

                         Scott Shore (R)             80,182

 15.                     E. Clay Shaw Jr.* (R)       Unopposed

 16.                     Larry Smith* (D)            Unopposed

 17.                     William Lehman* (D)         73,759

                         Earl Rodney (R)             21,290

 18.                     Ileana Ros-Lehtinen* (R)    55,780

                         Bernard "Bernie" Anscher    34,394
 Dist.                   Representative (Party)      1990 Election
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
                        Bernard "Bernie" Anscher    34,394
                         (D)

 19.                     Dante B. Fascell* (D)       87,221

                         Bob Allen (R)               53,436

 Georgia                 Georgia                     Georgia

 1.                      Lindsay Thomas* (D)         82,056

                         Chris Meredith (R)          32,278

 2.                      Charles Hatcher* (D)        73,546

                         Jonathan Perry Waters (R)   27,443

 3.                      Richard Ray* (D)            71,752

 Dist.                   Representative (Party)      1990 Election
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

                         Paul Broun (R)              41,702

 4.                      Ben Jones* (D)              96,525

                         John Linder (R)             87,569

 5.                      John Lewis* (D)             86,037

                         J. W. Tibbs Jr. (R)         27,781

 6.                      Newt Gingrich* (R)          78,463

                         Dave Worley (D)             77,480

 7.                      George "Buddy" Darden* (D)  95,767

                         Al Beverly (R)              63,563

 Dist.                   Representative (Party)      1990 Election
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 8.                      J. Roy Rowland* (D)         80,428

                         Robert F. "Bob" Cunningham  36,474
                         (R)

 9.                      Ed Jenkins* (D)             95,156

                         Joe Hoffman (R)             75,000

 10.                     Doug Barnard Jr.* (D)       88,829

                         Sam Jones (R)               63,099

 Hawaii                  Hawaii                      Hawaii

 1.                      Neil Abercrombie (D)        97,622

                         Mike Liu (R)                62,982
 Dist.                   Representative (Party)      1990 Election
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
                        Mike Liu (R)                62,982

 2.                      Patsy Takemoto Mink* (D)    118,155

                         Andy Poepoe (R)             54,625

 Idaho                   Idaho                       Idaho

 1.                      Larry LaRocco (D)           76,987

                         C.A. "Skip" Smyser (R)      67,991

 2.                      Richard Stallings* (D)      91,751

                         Sean McDevitt (R)           53,402

 Illinois                Illinois                    Illinois

 1.                      Charles A. Hayes* (D)       93,804
 Dist.                   Representative (Party)      1990 Election
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
1.                      Charles A. Hayes* (D)       93,804

                         Babette Peyton (R)          6,152

 2.                      Gus Savage* (D)             75,182

                         William T. Hespel (R)       21,219

 3.                      Martin A. Russo* (D)        106,294

                         Carl L. Klein (R)           44,109

 4.                      George E. Sangmeister* (D)  76,796

                         Manny Hoffman (R)           52,824

 5.                      William O. Lipinski* (D)    70,832

                         David J. Shestokas (R)      33,621
 Dist.                   Representative (Party)      1990 Election
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
                        David J. Shestokas (R)      33,621

 6.                      Henry J. Hyde* (R)          96,042

                         Robert J. Cassidy (D)       48,059

 7.                      Cardiss Collins* (D)        77,175

                         Michael Dooley (R)          19,742

 8.                      Dan Rostenkowski* (D)       66,932

                         Robert Marshall (B)         17,894

 9.                      Sidney R. Yates* (D)        92,015

                         Herbert Sohn (R)            37,470

 10.                     John E. Porter*  (R)        103,281
 Dist.                   Representative (Party)      1990 Election
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
10.                     John E. Porter*  (R)        103,281

                         Peg McNamara (D)            47,057

 11.                     Frank Annunzio* (D)         78,838

                         Walter W. Dudycz (R)        66,223

 12.                     Philip M. Crane* (R)        111,950

                         Steve Pedersen (IS)         24,273

 13.                     Harris W. Fawell* (R)       115,307

                         Steven K. Thomas (D)        59,976

 14.                     J. Dennis Hastert* (R)      112,355

                         Donald J. Westphal (D)      55,580
 Dist.                   Representative (Party)      1990 Election
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
                        Donald J. Westphal (D)      55,580

 15.                     Edward R. Madigan* (R)      Unopposed

 16.                     John W. Cox Jr. (D)         83,061

                         John W. Hallock Jr. (R)     69,105

 17.                     Lane Evans* (D)             102,003

                         Dan Lee (R)                 51,341

 18.                     Robert H. Michel* (R)       Unopposed

 19.                     Terry L. Bruce* (D)         113,958

                         Robert F. Kerans (R)        55,680

                         Brian James O'Neill II (IS)  2,250
 Dist.                   Representative (Party)      1990 Election
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
                        Brian James O'Neill II (IS)  2,250

 20.                     Richard J. Durbin* (D)      130,023

                         Paul Jurgens (R)            66,389

 21.                     Jerry F. Costello* (D)      93,536

                         Robert H. Gaffner (R)       48,365

 22.                     Glenn Poshard* (D)          137,792

                         Jim Wham (JW)               26,790

 Indiana                 Indiana                     Indiana

 1.                      Peter J. Visclosky* (D)     68,920

                         William "Bill" Costas (R)   35,524
 Dist.                   Representative (Party)      1990 Election
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
                        William "Bill" Costas (R)   35,524

 2.                      Philip R. Sharp* (D)        92,653

                         Mike Pence (R)              63,408

 3.                      Timothy J. Roemer (D)       80,422

                         John Hiler* (R)             77,613

 4.                      Jill L. Long* (D)           97,179

                         Richard Walter Hawks (R)    63,514

 5.                      James Jontz* (D)            81,204

                         John Johnson (R)            71,632

 6.                      Dan Burton* (R)             114,796
 Dist.                   Representative (Party)      1990 Election
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
6.                      Dan Burton* (R)             114,796

                         James Philip Fadely (D)     66,363

 7.                      John T. Myers* (R)          88,589

                         John William Riley Sr. (D)  65,239

 8.                      Francis X. McCloskey* (D)   97,980

                         Richard E. Mourdock (R)     80,811

 9.                      Lee H. Hamilton* (D)        107,175

                         Floyd Coates (R)            48,315

 10.                     Andrew Jacobs Jr.* (D)      66,519

                         Janos Horvath (R)           33,626
 Dist.                   Representative (Party)      1990 Election
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
                        Janos Horvath (R)           33,626

 Iowa                    Iowa                        Iowa

 1.                      Jim Leach* (R)              Unopposed

 2.                      Jim Nussle  (R)             80,829

                         Eric Tabor (D)              79,349

 3.                      David R. Nagle* (D)         Unopposed

 4.                      Neal Smith* (D)             Unopposed

 5.                      Jim Ross Lightfoot* (R)     99,534

                         Rod Powell (D)              47,966

 6.                      Fred Grandy* (R)            111,878
 Dist.                   Representative (Party)      1990 Election
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
6.                      Fred Grandy* (R)            111,878

                         Mike D. Earll (D)           43,935

 Kansas                  Kansas                      Kansas

 1.                      Pat Roberts* (R)            102,224

                         Duane E. West (D)           61,340

 2.                      Jim Slattery* (D)           98,949

                         Scott Morgan (R)            58,570

 3.                      Jan Meyers* (R)             88,679

                         Leroy Jones (D)             58,876

 4.                      Dan Glickman* (D)           109,601
 Dist.                   Representative (Party)      1990 Election
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
4.                      Dan Glickman* (D)           109,601

                         Roger M. Grund Sr. (R)      45,512

 5.                      Dick Nichols (R)            90,476

                         George D. Wingert (D)       62,162

 Kentucky                Kentucky                    Kentucky

 1.                      Carroll Hubbard Jr.* (D)    85,323

                         Marvin Seat (PO)            12,954

 2.                      William H. Natcher* (D)     77,023

                         Martin A. Tori (R)          39,721

 3.                      Romano L. Mazzoli* (D)      84,205
 Dist.                   Representative (Party)      1990 Election
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
3.                      Romano L. Mazzoli* (D)      84,205

                         Al Brown (R)                54,811

 4.                      Jim Bunning* (R)            101,598

                         Galen Martin (D)            44,866

 5.                      Harold Rogers* (R)          Unopposed

 6.                      Larry J. Hopkins* (R)       Unopposed

 7.                      Carl C. Perkins* (D)        60,933

                         William T. "Will" Scott (R)  58,878

 Louisiana               Louisiana                   Louisiana

 1.                      Bob Livingston* (R)         Declared Elected
 Dist.                   Representative (Party)      1990 Election
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
1.                      Bob Livingston* (R)         Declared Elected

 2.                      William J. Jefferson (D)    55,371

                         Marc H. Morial (D)          50,197

 3.                      Billy Tauzin* (D)           Declared Elected

 4.                      Jim McCrery* (R)            Declared Elected

 5.                      Jerry Huckaby* (D)          Declared Elected

 6.                      Richard Baker* (R)          Unopposed

 7.                      James A. "Jimmy" Hayes* (D)  Declared Elected

 8.                      Clyde C. Holloway* (R)      Declared Elected

 Maine                   Maine                       Maine
 Dist.                   Representative (Party)      1990 Election
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Maine                   Maine                       Maine

 1.                      Thomas H. Andrews (D)       162,686

                         David F. Emery (R)          105,830

 2.                      Olympia J. Snowe* (R)       119,131

                         Patrick K. McGowan (D)      115,125

 Maryland                Maryland                    Maryland

 1.                      Wayne T. Gilchrest (R)      85,576

                         Roy Dyson* (D)              65,272

 2.                      Helen Delich Bentley* (R)   112,477

                         Ronald P. Bowers (D)        38,918
 Dist.                   Representative (Party)      1990 Election
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
                        Ronald P. Bowers (D)        38,918

 3.                      Benjamin L. Cardin* (D)     79,915

                         Harwood Nichols (R)         34,911

 4.                      Thomas McMillen* (D)        83,539

                         Robert P. Duckworth (R)     58,204

 5.                      Steny H. Hoyer* (D)         83,079

                         Lee F. Breuer (R)           19,817

 6.                      Beverly B. Byron* (D)       103,497

                         Christopher P. Fiotes Jr.   54,933
                         (R)

 Dist.                   Representative (Party)      1990 Election
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 7.                      Kweisi Mfume* (D)           58,092

                         Kenneth Kondner (R)         10,341

 8.                      Constance A. Morella (R)    125,626

                         James Walker Jr. (D)        38,197

 Massachusetts           Massachusetts               Massachusetts

 1.                      Silvio O. Conte* (R)        129,137

                         John R. Arden (D)           36,857

 2.                      Richard E. Neal* (D)        Unopposed

 3.                      Joseph D. Early* (D)        Unopposed

 Dist.                   Representative (Party)      1990 Election
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 4.                      Barney Frank* (D)           137,420

                         John R. Soto (R)            70,848

 5.                      Chester G. Atkins* (D)      104,369

                         John F. MacGovern (R)       96,529

 6.                      Nicholas Mavroules* (D)     138,456

                         Edgar L. Kelley (R)         71,378

 7.                      Edward J. Markey* (D)       Unopposed

 8.                      Joseph P. Kennedy II (D)    94,470

                         Glenn W. Fiscus (R)         31,063

 Dist.                   Representative (Party)      1990 Election
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 9.                      John Joseph Moakley* (D)    115,598

                         Robert Horan (I)            48,101

 10.                     Gerry E. Studds* (D)        110,616

                         Jon L. Bryan (R)            101,794

 11.                     Brian J. Donnelly* (D)      Unopposed

 Michigan                Michigan                    Michigan

 1.                      John Conyers Jr.* (D)       76,510

                         Ray Shoulders (R)           7,290

 2.                      Carl D. Pursell* (R)        76,831

 Dist.                   Representative (Party)      1990 Election
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

                         Elmer White (D)             43,147

 3.                      Howard Wolpe* (D)           82,409

                         Brad Haskins (R)            60,060

 4.                      Fred Upton* (R)             75,877

                         JoAnne McFarland (D)        55,230

 5.                      Paul B. Henry* (R)          126,092

                         Thomas Trzybinski (D)       41,109

 6.                      Bob Carr* (D)               Unopposed

 7.                      Dale E. Kildee* (D)         90,298

 Dist.                   Representative (Party)      1990 Election
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

                         David J. Morrill (R)        41,749

 8.                      Bob Traxler* (D)            98,369

                         James White (R)             45,229

 9.                      Guy Vander Jagt* (R)        89,107

                         Geraldine Greene (D)        73,638

 10.                     Dave Camp (R)               99,605

                         Joan Louise Dennison (D)    51,022

 11.                     Robert W. Davis* (R)        94,599

                         Marcia Gould (D)            59,753

 Dist.                   Representative (Party)      1990 Election
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 12.                     David E. Bonior* (D)        97,990

                         Jim Dingeman (R)            50,962

 13.                     Barbara-Rose Collins (D)    53,321

                         Carl R. Edwards Sr. (R)     7,590

 14.                     Dennis M. Hertel* (D)       72,185

                         Kenneth C. McNealy (R)      36,819

 15.                     William D. Ford* (D)        55,930

                         Burl C. Adkins (R)          32,589

 16.                     John D. Dingell* (D)        87,599

 Dist.                   Representative (Party)      1990 Election
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

                         Frank Beaumont (R)          42,976

 17.                     Sander Levin* (D)           76,910

                         Blaine L. Lankford (R)      36,487

 18.                     William S. Broomfield* (R)  126,627

                         Walter O. Briggs IV (D)     64,189

 Minnesota               Minnesota                   Minnesota

 1.                      Timothy J. "Tim" Penny* (D)  137,656

                         Doug Anderson (R)           38,182

 2.                      Vin Weber* (R)              121,828

 Dist.                   Representative (Party)      1990 Election
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

                         Jim Stone (D)               73,625

 3.                      Jim Ramstad (R)             165,140

                         Lou Demars (D)              84,429

 4.                      Bruce F. Vento* (D)         142,249

                         Ian Maitland (R)            76,996

 5.                      Martin Olav Sabo* (D)       137,833

                         Raymond C. "Buzz"           51,487
                         Gilbertson (R)

 6.                      Gerry Sikorski* (D)         153,009

                         Bruce D. Anderson (R)       84,250
 Dist.                   Representative (Party)      1990 Election
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
                        Bruce D. Anderson (R)       84,250

 7.                      Collin C. Peterson (D)      102,275

                         Arlan Strangeland*(R)       88,811

 8.                      James L. Oberstar* (D)      148,090

                         Jerry Shuster (R)           55,123

 Mississippi             Mississippi                 Mississippi

 1.                      Jamie L. Whitten* (D)       43,567

                         Bill Bowlin (R)             23,594

 2.                      Mike Espy* (D)              58,352

                         Dorothy Benford (R)         11,026
 Dist.                   Representative (Party)      1990 Election
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
                        Dorothy Benford (R)         11,026

 3.                      G. V. "Sonny" Montgomery*   Unopposed
                         (D)

 4.                      Mike Parker* (D)            56,939

                         Jerry "Rev" Parks (R)       13,665

 5.                      Gene Taylor* (D)            89,566

                         Sheila Smith (R)            20,563

 Missouri                Missouri                    Missouri

 1.                      William "Bill" Clay* (D)    62,547

                         Wayne G. Piotrowski (R)     40,157

 Dist.                   Representative (Party)      1990 Election
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 2.                      Joan Kelly Horn (D)         94,300

                         Jack Buechner* (R)          94,248

 3.                      Richard A. Gephardt* (D)    88,892

                         Malcolm L. "Mack" Holekamp  67,656
                         (R)

 4.                      Ike Skelton* (D)            105,541

                         David Eyerly (R)            65,093

 5.                      Alan Wheat* (D)             71,957

                         Robert H. Gardner (R)       43,980

 6.                      E. Thomas Coleman* (R)      79,028
 Dist.                   Representative (Party)      1990 Election
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
6.                      E. Thomas Coleman* (R)      79,028

                         Bob McClure (D)             72,937

 7.                      Melton D. "Mel" Hancock*    83,605
                         (R)

                         Thomas Patrick "Pat"        76,918
                         Deaton (D)

 8.                      Bill Emerson* (R)           81,020

                         Russ Carnahan (D)           60,490

 9.                      Harold L. Volkmer* (D)      94,060

                         Don Curtis (R)              70,187

 Montana                 Montana                     Montana
 Dist.                   Representative (Party)      1990 Election
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Montana                 Montana                     Montana

 1.                      Pat Williams* (D)           100,371

                         Brad Johnson (R)            63,794

 2.                      Ron Marlenee* (R)           96,451

                         Don Burris (D)              56,644

 Nebraska                Nebraska                    Nebraska

 1.                      Douglas K. Bereuter* (R)    127,330

                         Larry Hall (D)              69,565

 2.                      Peter Hoagland* (D)         109,955

                         Ally Milder (R)             79,258
 Dist.                   Representative (Party)      1990 Election
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
                        Ally Milder (R)             79,258

 3.                      Bill Barrett (R)            95,361

                         Sandra K. Scofield (D)      91,478

 Nevada                  Nevada                      Nevada

 1.                      James H. Bilbray* (D)       84,519

                         Bob Dickinson (R)           47,293

 2.                      Barbara F. Vucanovich* (R)  103,133

                         Jane Wisdom (D)             59,365

 New Hampshire           New Hampshire               New Hampshire

 1.                      "Bill" Zeliff  (R)          81,239
 Dist.                   Representative (Party)      1990 Election
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
1.                      "Bill" Zeliff  (R)          81,239

                         Joseph F. Keefe (D)         65,409

 2.                      "Dick" Swett (D)            75,802

                         Chuck Douglas* (R)          66,764

 New Jersey              New Jersey                  New Jersey

 1.                      Robert E. Andrews (D)       72,391

                         Daniel J. Mangini (R)       57,188

 2.                      William J. Hughes* (D)      97,625

                         William A. Kanengiser (PO)  13,128

 3.                      Frank Pallone Jr.* (D)      77,866
 Dist.                   Representative (Party)      1990 Election
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
3.                      Frank Pallone Jr.* (D)      77,866

                         Paul A. Kapalko (R)         73,696

 4.                      Christopher H. Smith* (R)   100,089

                         Mark Setaro (D)             55,073

 5.                      Marge Roukema* (R)          118,101

                         Lawrence Wayne Olsen (D)    35,010

 6.                      Bernard J. Dwyer* (D)       61,383

                         Paul "Daniels" Danielczyk   56,531
                         (R)

 7.                      Matthew J. Rinaldo* (R)     98,156

 Dist.                   Representative (Party)      1990 Election
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

                         Bruce H. Bergen (D)         30,856

 8.                      Robert A. Roe* (D)          55,797

                         Stephen Sibilia (IC)        13,180

                         Bruce Eden (PO)             3,563

 9.                      Robert G. Torricelli* (D)   82,535

                         Peter J. Russo (R)          59,658

 10.                     Donald M. Payne* (D)        42,313

                         Howard E. Berkeley (R)      8,872

 11.                     Dean A. Gallo* (R)          91,786

 Dist.                   Representative (Party)      1990 Election
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

                         Michael Gordon (D)          47,414

 12.                     Dick Zimmer (R)             107,851

                         Marguerite Chandler (D)     52,256

 13.                     H. James Saxton* (R)        99,688

                         John H. Adler (D)           67,587

 14.                     Frank J. Guarini* (D)       56,455

                         Fred J. Theemling Jr. (R)   24,870

 New Mexico              New Mexico                  New Mexico

 1.                      Steven H. Schiff* (R)       97,270

 Dist.                   Representative (Party)      1990 Election
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

                         Rebecca Vigil-Giron (D)     41,258

 2.                      Joe Skeen* (R)              Unopposed

 3.                      Bill Richardson* (D)        102,194

                         Phil T. Archuletta (R)      35,054

 New York                New York                    New York

 1.                      George J. Hochbrueckner*    73,709
                         (D,TB)

                         Francis W. Creighton (R)    45,431

                         Clayton Baldwin Jr. (C)     6,997

                         Peter J. O'Hara (T)         5,178
 Dist.                   Representative (Party)      1990 Election
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
                        Peter J. O'Hara (T)         5,178

 2.                      Thomas J. Downey* (D)       55,307

                         John W. Bugler (R,T,TC)     36,820

                         Dominic A. Curcio (C)       8,186

 3.                      Robert J. Mrazek* (D,L)     71,844

                         Robert Previdi (R,C)        58,550

                         Francis A. Dreger (T)       5,083

 4.                      Norman F. Lent* (R,C)       79,015

                         Francis T. Goban (D)        41,065

                         John J. Dunkle (T)          6,718
 Dist.                   Representative (Party)      1990 Election
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
                        John J. Dunkle (T)          6,718

                         Ben-Zion J. Heyman (L)      2,420

 5.                      Raymond J. McGrath* (R,C)   72,086

                         Mark S. Edstein (D,L)       53,823

                         Edward K. Kitt (T)          6,185

 6.                      Floyd H. Flake* (D,L)       43,665

                         William Sampol (R)          13,788

                         John Cronin (T)             3,062

 7.                      Gary L. Ackerman* (D,L)     Unopposed

 8.                      James H. Scheuer* (D,L)     55,126
 Dist.                   Representative (Party)      1990 Election
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
8.                      James H. Scheuer* (D,L)     55,126

                         Gustave Reifenkugel (R,C)   21,202

 9.                      Thomas J. Manton* (D)       34,902

                         Ann Pfoser Darby (R)        12,974

                         Thomas V. Ognibene (C)      6,190

 10.                     Charles E. Schumer* (D,L)   59,587

                         Patrick J. Kinsella (R,C)   14,808

 11.                     Edolphus Towns* (D,L)       35,484

                         Ernest Johnson (C)          1,629

                         Lorraine Stevens (NA)       1,002
 Dist.                   Representative (Party)      1990 Election
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
                        Lorraine Stevens (NA)       1,002

 12.                     Major R. Owens* (D,L)       39,494

                         Joseph N.O. Caesar (C)      1,090

                         Mamie Moore (NA)            944

 13.                     Stephen J. Solarz* (D,L)    46,983

                         Edwin Ramos (R,C)           11,874

 14.                     Susan Molinari* (R,C)       56,605

                         Anthony J. Pocchia (D,L)    33,549

                         Christine Sacchi (T)        4,457

 15.                     Bill Green* (R,IN)          50,845
 Dist.                   Representative (Party)      1990 Election
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
15.                     Bill Green* (R,IN)          50,845

                         Frances L. Reiter (D,L)     32,581

                         Michael T. Berns (C)        3,879

 16.                     Charles B. Rangel* (D,R,L)  53,896

                         Alvaader Frazier (NA)       1,514

 17.                     Ted Weiss* (D,L)            76,430

                         William W. Koeppel Jr. (R)  14,576

                         Mark Goret (C)              2,947

                         John Patterson (NA)         1,231

 18.                     Jose Serrano* (D,L)         36,694
 Dist.                   Representative (Party)      1990 Election
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
18.                     Jose Serrano* (D,L)         36,694

                         Joseph Chiavaro (R)         1,181

                         Mary Rivera (NA)            959

                         Anna Johnson (C)            715

 19.                     Eliot L. Engel* (D,L)       44,249

                         William J. Gouldman (R)     16,483

                         Kevin Brawley (C,T)         11,602

 20.                     Nita M. Lowey* (D)          73,740

                         Glenn D. Bellitto (R)       32,979

                         John M. Schafer (C,T)       12,524
 Dist.                   Representative (Party)      1990 Election
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
                        John M. Schafer (C,T)       12,524

 21.                     Hamilton Fish Jr.* (R,C)    89,315

                         Richard L. Barbuto (D)      30,763

                         Richard S. Curtin (T)       5,829

 22.                     Benjamin A. Gilman* (R)     91,548

                         John G. Dow (D)             35,803

                         Margaret M. Beirne (T)      6,594

 23.                     Michael R. McNulty* (D,C)   114,555

                         Margaret B. Burhmaster (R)  64,765

 24.                     Gerald B. Solomon* (R,C,T)  118,335
 Dist.                   Representative (Party)      1990 Election
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
24.                     Gerald B. Solomon* (R,C,T)  118,335

                         Bob Lawrence (D)            55,603

 25.                     Sherwood L. Boehlert* (R)   83,964

                         William L. Griffin (L)      16,172

 26.                     David O'B. Martin* (R,C)    Unopposed

 27.                     James T. Walsh* (R,C)       95,267

                         Peggy L. Murray (D,L)       51,992

                         Stephen K. Hoff (T)         3,152

 28.                     Matthew F. McHugh* (D)      88,147

                         Seymour Krieger (R)         48,219
 Dist.                   Representative (Party)      1990 Election
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
                        Seymour Krieger (R)         48,219

 29.                     Frank Horton* (R)           85,857

                         Alton F. Eber (D)           33,750

                         Peter DeMauro (C)           12,256

                         Donald M. Peters (T)        4,780

 30.                     Louise M. Slaughter* (D)    95,144

                         John M. Regan Jr. (R,C,T)   65,877

 31.                     William Paxon* (R,C,T)      88,922

                         Kevin P. Gaughan (D,L)      68,607

 32.                     John J. LaFalce* (D,L)      67,015
 Dist.                   Representative (Party)      1990 Election
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
32.                     John J. LaFalce* (D,L)      67,015

                         Michael T. Waring (R)       39,287

                         Kenneth J. Kowalski (C,T)   16,731

 33.                     Henry J. Nowak* (D,L)       83,951

                         Thomas K. Kepfer (R)        18,165

                         Louis P. Corrigan Jr. (C)   6,563

 34.                     Amory Houghton Jr.* (R,C)   87,591

                         Joseph P. Leahey (D)        37,492

                         Nevin K. Eklund (L)         1,764

 North Carolina          North Carolina              North Carolina
 Dist.                   Representative (Party)      1990 Election
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
North Carolina          North Carolina              North Carolina

 1.                      Walter B. Jones* (D)        106,380

                         Howard D. Moye (R)          57,349

 2.                      I.T. "Tim" Valentine Jr.*   127,617
                         (D)

                         Hal C. Sharpe (R)           43,620

 3.                      Martin Lancaster* (D)       83,585

                         Don Davis (R)               57,105

 4.                      David E. Price* (D)         139,189

                         John Carrington (R)         100,420

 Dist.                   Representative (Party)      1990 Election
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 5.                      Stephen Neal* (D)           110,725

                         Ken Bell (R)                73,633

 6.                      Howard Coble* (R)           125,817

                         Helen R. Allegrone (D)      62,995

 7.                      Charles G. Rose III* (D)    94,077

                         Robert C. Anderson (R)      49,644

 8.                      W. G. "Bill" Hefner* (D)    98,264

                         Ted Blanton (R)             80,752

 9.                      J. Alex McMillan* (R)       131,298

 Dist.                   Representative (Party)      1990 Election
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

                         David P. McKnight (D)       80,476

 10.                     T. Cass Ballenger* (R)      105,676

                         Daniel R. Green Jr. (D)     65,278

 11.                     Charles H. Taylor (R)       102,248

                         James McClure Clarke* (D)   98,923

 North Dakota At Large   North Dakota At Large       North Dakota At Large

                         Byron L. Dorgan* (D)        149,241

                         Edward T. Schafer (R)       79,623

 Ohio                    Ohio                        Ohio

 Dist.                   Representative (Party)      1990 Election
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 1.                      Charles Luken (D)           82,992

                         J. Kenneth Blackwell (R)    79,807

 2.                      Willis D. Gradison Jr.* (R)  103,245

                         Tyrone K. Yates (D)         56,974

 3.                      Tony P. Hall* (D)           Unopposed

 4.                      Michael G. Oxley* (R)       102,510

                         Thomas E. Burkhart (D)      63,682

 5.                      Paul E. Gillmor* (R)        113,880

                         P. Scott Mange (D)          41,913

 Dist.                   Representative (Party)      1990 Election
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 6.                      Bob McEwen* (R)             116,276

                         Ray Mitchell (D)            47,221

 7.                      David L. Hobson (R)         96,239

                         Jack Schira (D)             58,746

 8.                      John A. Boehner (R)         99,174

                         Gregory V. Jolivette (D)    63,044

 9.                      Marcy Kaptur* (D)           116,652

                         Jerry D. Lammers (R)        33,621

 10.                     Clarence E. Miller* (R)     104,954

 Dist.                   Representative (Party)      1990 Election
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

                         John M. Buchanan (D)        61,197

 11.                     Dennis E. Eckart* (D)       111,260

                         Margaret R. Mueller (R)     58,163

 12.                     John R. Kasich* (R)         129,623

                         Mike Gelpi (D)              50,699

 13.                     Donald J. Pease* (D)        92,349

                         William D. Nielsen (R)      60,387

 14.                     Thomas C. Sawyer* (D)       97,365

                         Jean E. Bender (R)          66,103

 Dist.                   Representative (Party)      1990 Election
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 15.                     Chalmers P. Wylie* (R)      98,331

                         Thomas V. Erney (D)         68,064

 16.                     Ralph Regula* (R)           100,425

                         Warner D. Mendenhall (D)    70,081

 17.                     James A. Traficant Jr.* (D)  132,446

                         Robert R. DeJulio Jr. (R)   37,949

 18.                     Douglas Applegate* (D)      119,694

                         John A. Hales (R)           41,634

 19.                     Edward F. Feighan* (D)      132,038

 Dist.                   Representative (Party)      1990 Election
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

                         Susan M. Lawko (R)          71,755

 20.                     Mary Rose Oakar* (D)        108,697

                         Bill Smith (R)              39,609

 21.                     Louis Stokes* (D)           102,076

                         Franklin H. Roski (R)       25,698

 Oklahoma                Oklahoma                    Oklahoma

 1.                      James M. Inhofe* (R)        75,714

                         Kurt G. Glassco (D)         59,521

 2.                      Mike Synar* (D)             90,820

 Dist.                   Representative (Party)      1990 Election
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

                         Terry M. Gorham (R)         57,337

 3.                      Bill Brewster (D)           107,406

                         Patrick K. Miller (R)       26,497

 4.                      Dave McCurdy* (D)           100,879

                         Howard Bell (R)             36,232

 5.                      Mickey Edwards* (R)         114,608

                         Bryce Baggett (D)           50,086

 6.                      Glenn English* (D)          110,120

                         Robert Burns (R)            27,540

 Dist.                   Representative (Party)      1990 Election
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 Oregon                  Oregon                      Oregon

 1.                      Les AuCoin* (D)             135,143

                         Earl Molander (R)           62,703

                         Rick Livingston (I)         13,934

 2.                      Bob Smith* (R)              123,351

                         Jim Smiley (D)              58,339

 3.                      Ron Wyden* (D)              154,779

                         Phil Mooney (R)             36,038

 4.                      Peter A. DeFazio* (D)       151,839

 Dist.                   Representative (Party)      1990 Election
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

                         Tonie Nathan (B)            24,283

 5.                      Mike Kopetski (D)           110,543

                         Denny Smith* (R)            89,904

 Pennsylvania            Pennsylvania                Pennsylvania

 1.                      Thomas M. Foglietta* (D)    69,385

                         James Love Jackson (R)      18,491

 2.                      William H. Gray III* (D)    90,977

                         Donald Bakove (R)           8,266

 3.                      Robert A. Borski* (D)       84,285

 Dist.                   Representative (Party)      1990 Election
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

                         Joseph Marc McColgan (R)    58,106

 4.                      Joseph P. Kolter* (D)       73,992

                         Gordon R. Johnson (R)       58,429

 5.                      Richard T. Schulze* (R)     74,988

                         Samuel C. Stretton (D)      50,548

                         Lewis duPont Smith (ASI)    5,789

 6.                      Gus Yatron* (D)             72,928

                         John F. Hicks (R)           54,736

 7.                      Curt Weldon* (R)            105,469

 Dist.                   Representative (Party)      1990 Election
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

                         John Innelli (D)            56,209

 8.                      Peter H. Kostmayer* (D)     84,872

                         Audrie Zettick Schaller (R)  64,925

 9.                      Bud Shuster* (R, D)         Unopposed

 10.                     Joseph M. McDade* (R,D)     Unopposed

 11.                     Paul E. Kanjorski* (D)      Unopposed

 12.                     John P. Murtha* (D)         80,485

                         Willeam A. Choby (R)        50,005

 13.                     Lawrence Coughlin* (R)      87,741

 Dist.                   Representative (Party)      1990 Election
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

                         Bernard Tomkin (D)          58,266

 14.                     William J. Coyne* (D)       76,605

                         Richard E. Caligiuri (R)    30,363

 15.                     Don Ritter* (R)             76,431

                         Richard J. Orloski (D)      50,497

 16.                     Robert S. Walker* (R)       85,382

                         Ernest Eric Guyll (D)       43,837

 17.                     George W. Gekas* (R, D)     Unopposed

 18.                     Rick Santorum (R)           85,251

 Dist.                   Representative (Party)      1990 Election
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

                         Doug Walgren* (D)           80,764

 19.                     William F. Goodling* (R)    Unopposed

 20.                     Joseph M. Gaydos* (D)       82,040

                         Robert C. Lee (R)           43,034

 21.                     Thomas J. Ridge* (R)        Unopposed

 22.                     Austin J. Murphy* (D)       78,234

                         Suzanne Hayden (R)          45,387

 23.                     William F. Clinger Jr.* (R)  78,130

                         Daniel J. Shannon (D)       53,352

 Dist.                   Representative (Party)      1990 Election
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 Rhode Island            Rhode Island                Rhode Island

 1.                      Ronald K. Machtley* (R)     86,793

                         J. Scott Wolf (D)           70,566

 2.                      John F. Reed (D)            103,968

                         Gertrude M. Coxe (R)        71,537

 South Carolina          South Carolina              South Carolina

 1.                      Arthur Ravenel Jr.* (R)     78,763

                         Eugene Platt (D)            41,880

 2.                      Floyd D. Spence* (R)        90,970

 Dist.                   Representative (Party)      1990 Election
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

                         Geb Sommer (B)              11,095

 3.                      Butler Derrick* (D)         72,316

                         Ray Haskett (R)             52,215

 4.                      Liz J. Patterson* (D)       81,129

                         Terry E. Haskins (R)        51,068

 5.                      John Spratt* (D)            Unopposed

 6.                      Robin Tallon* (D)           Unopposed

 South Dakota At Large   South Dakota At Large       South Dakota At Large

                         Tim Johnson* (D)            173,429

 Dist.                   Representative (Party)      1990 Election
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

                         Donald Frankenfeld (R)      83,474

 Tennessee               Tennessee                   Tennessee

 1.                      James H. "Jimmy" Quillen*   Unopposed
                         (R)

 2.                      John J. Duncan Jr.* (R)     61,993

                         Peter Hebert (I)            14,892

 3.                      Marilyn Lloyd* (D)          49,700

                         Grady L. Rhoden (R)         36,835

 4.                      Jim Cooper* (D)             52,057

                         Claiborne "Clay" Sanders    22,948
 Dist.                   Representative (Party)      1990 Election
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
                        Claiborne "Clay" Sanders    22,948
                         (R)

 5.                      Bob Clement* (D)            55,387

                         Tom Stone (I)               13,539

                         Al Borgman (I)              5,365

                         Maurice C. Kuttab (I)       2,182

 6.                      Bart Gordon* (D)            60,381

                         Gregory Cochran (R)         26,323

 7.                      Don Sundquist* (R)          65,694

                         Ken Bloodworth (D)          40,587

 Dist.                   Representative (Party)      1990 Election
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 8.                      John Tanner* (D)            Unopposed

 9.                      Harold E. Ford* (D)         48,620

                         Aaron C. Davis (R)          25,727

 Texas                   Texas                       Texas

 1.                      Jim Chapman* (D)            88,505

                         Hamp Hodges (R)             57,709

 2.                      Charles Wilson* (D)         76,463

                         Donna Peterson (R)          61,365

 3.                      Steve Bartlett*  (R)        Unopposed

 Dist.                   Representative (Party)      1990 Election
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 4.                      Ralph M. Hall* (D)          Unopposed

 5.                      John Bryant* (D)            65,151

                         Jerry Rucker (R)            41,205

 6.                      Joe Barton* (R)             126,913

                         John E. Welch (D)           63,299

 7.                      Bill Archer* (R)            Unopposed

 8.                      Jack Fields* (R)            Unopposed

 9.                      Jack Brooks* (D)            79,739

                         Maury Meyers (R)            58,320

 Dist.                   Representative (Party)      1990 Election
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 10.                     J. J. "Jake" Pickle* (D)    152,642

                         David Beilharz (R)          73,754

 11.                     Chet Edwards (D)            73,699

                         Hugh D. Shine (R)           63,329

 12.                     Pete Geren* (D)             98,026

                         Mike McGinn (R)             39,438

 13.                     Bill Sarpalius* (D)         81,459

                         Dick Waterfield (R)         62,982

 14.                     Greg Laughlin* (D)          89,211

 Dist.                   Representative (Party)      1990 Election
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

                         Joe Dial (R)                75,151

 15.                     E. "Kika" de la Garza* (D)  Unopposed

 16.                     Ronald Coleman* (D)         Unopposed

 17.                     Charles W. Stenholm* (D)    Unopposed

 18.                     Craig A. Washington* (D)    Unopposed

 19.                     Larry Combest* (R)          Unopposed

 20.                     Henry B. Gonzalez* (D)      Unopposed

 21.                     Lamar Smith* (R)            141,906

                         Kirby J. Roberts (D)        47,543

 Dist.                   Representative (Party)      1990 Election
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 22.                     Tom DeLay* (R)              93,130

                         Bruce Director (D)          37,612

 23.                     Albert G. Bustamente* (D)   71,104

                         Jerome L. "Jerry" Gonzales  40,833
                         (R)

 24.                     Martin Frost* (D)           Unopposed

 25.                     Mike Andrews* (D)           Unopposed

 26.                     Dick Armey* (R)             147,609

                         John Wayne Caton (D)        62,040

 27.                     Solomon P. Ortiz* (D)       Unopposed
 Dist.                   Representative (Party)      1990 Election
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
27.                     Solomon P. Ortiz* (D)       Unopposed

 Utah                    Utah                        Utah

 1.                      James V. Hansen* (R)        82,315

                         Kenley Brunsdale (D)        69,210

 2.                      Wayne Owens (D)             85,080

                         Genevieve Atwood (R)        58,830

 3.                      Bill Orton (D)              79,102

                         Karl Snow (R)               49,369

 Vermont At Large        Vermont At Large            Vermont At Large

                         Bernie Sanders (I)          117,374
 Dist.                   Representative (Party)      1990 Election
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
                        Bernie Sanders (I)          117,374

                         Peter Smith* (R)            82,774

                         Dolores Sandoval (D)        6,290

                         Peter Diamondstone (LU)     1,980

 Virginia                Virginia                    Virginia

 1.                      Herbert H. "Herb" Bateman*  71,790
                         (R)

                         Fox (D)                     69,233

 2.                      Owen B. Pickett (D)         54,895

                         Broskie (I)                 15,741

 Dist.                   Representative (Party)      1990 Election
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 3.                      Thomas J. "Tom" Bliley      77,124
                         Jr.* (R)

                         Starke (D)                  36,254

                         Simpson (I)                 4,317

 4.                      Norman Sisisky*  (D)        71,371

                         McReynolds (I)              12,217

                         Chandler (I)                7,487

 5.                      L. F. Payne Jr.* (D)        Unopposed

 6.                      James R. "Jim" Olin* (D)    91,446

                         Berg (I)                    17,932
 Dist.                   Representative (Party)      1990 Election
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
                        Berg (I)                    17,932

 7.                      D. French Slaughter* (R)    81,200

                         Smith (D)                   58,675

 8.                      Moran (D)                   88,470

                         Stan Parris* (R)            76,391

                         Murphy (I)                  5,962

 9.                      Frederick C. "Rick"         Unopposed
                         Boucher* (D)

 10.                     Frank R. Wolf* (R)          103,705

                         Canter (D)                  56,970

 Dist.                   Representative (Party)      1990 Election
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

                         Minnich (I)                 5,282

                         LaRouche (I)                2,290

 Washington              Washington                  Washington

 1.                      John Miller* (R)            87,998

                         Cynthia Sullivan (D)        83,358

 2.                      Al Swift* (D)               84,282

                         Doug Smith (R)              67,642

 3.                      Jolene Unsoeld* (D)         87,062

                         Bob Williams (R)            74,205

 Dist.                   Representative (Party)      1990 Election
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 4.                      Sid Morrison* (R)           93,748

                         Ole H. Hougen (D)           38,494

 5.                      Thomas S. Foley* (D)        102,453

                         Marlyn Derby (R)            46,114

 6.                      Norman D. Dicks* (D)        64,096

                         Norbert "Bert" Mueller (R)  38,774

 7.                      Jim McDermott* (D)          96,434

                         Larry Penberthy (R)         30,807

 8.                      Rod Chandler* (R)           82,705

 Dist.                   Representative (Party)      1990 Election
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

                         David Giles (D)             65,497

 West Virginia           West Virginia               West Virginia

 1.                      Alan B. Mollohan* (D)       72,562

                         Howard K. Tuck (R)          35,387

 2.                      Harley O. Staggers Jr.* (D)  62,846

                         Oliver Luck (R)             50,409

 3.                      Bob Wise* (D)               Unopposed

 4.                      Nick J. Rahall II * (D)     39,696

                         Marianne R. Brewster (R)    36,723

 Dist.                   Representative (Party)      1990 Election
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 Wisconsin               Wisconsin                   Wisconsin

 1.                      Les Aspin* (D)              Unopposed

 2.                      Scott L. Klug (R)           96,603

                         Robert W. Kastenmeier* (D)  85,011

 3.                      Steven C. Gunderson* (R)    94,581

                         James L. Ziegeweid (D)      60,385

 4.                      Gerald D. Kleczka* (D)      95,893

                         Joseph L. Cook (R)          43,003

 5.                      Jim Moody* (D)              77,552

 Dist.                   Representative (Party)      1990 Election
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

                         Donalda Arnell Hammersmith  31,245
                         (R)

 6.                      Thomas E. Petri* (R)        Unopposed

 7.                      David R. Obey* (D)          100,093

                         John L. McEwen (R)          60,893

 8.                      Toby Roth* (R)              96,051

                         Jerome Van Sistine (D)      83,413

 9.                      F. James Senstenbrenner      Unopposed
                         Jr.* (R)

 Wyoming At Large        Wyoming At Large            Wyoming At Large

 Dist.                   Representative (Party)      1990 Election
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

                         Craig Thomas* (R)           87,010

                         Pete Maxfield (D)           70,903





                     Resident Commissioner (Non-Voting)


 Puerto Rico
 Jaime B. Fuster* (PDP)
                            Non-Voting Delegates


 District of Columbia
 Eleanor Holmes Norton (D)
 Guam
 Ben G. Blaz* (R)
 Virgin Islands
 Ron de Lugo* (D)
 American Samoa
 Eni F.H. Faleomavaega* (D)
     Political Divisions of the U.S. Senate and House of Representatives
                From 1927 (70th Cong.) to 1993 (102nd Cong.)
       Clerk of the House of Representatives; Secretary of the Senate


╓┌─────────┌────────┌─────────────────────┌──────────┌────────────┌──────────
                    Senate                Senate     Senate       Senate

 Congress  Years    Number of Senators    Democrats  Republicans  Other partie

 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 70th      1927-29  96                    47         48           1

 71st      1929-31  96                    39         56           1

                    Senate                Senate     Senate       Senate

 Congress  Years    Number of Senators    Democrats  Republicans  Other partie

 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 72d       1931-33  96                    47         48           1

 73d       1933-35  96                    59         36           1

 74th      1935-37  96                    69         25           2

 75th      1937-39  96                    75         17           4

 76th      1939-41  96                    69         23           4

 77th      1941-43  96                    66         28           2

 78th      1943-45  96                    57         38           1

 79th      1945-47  96                    57         38           1
                    Senate                Senate     Senate       Senate

 Congress  Years    Number of Senators    Democrats  Republicans  Other partie

 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
79th      1945-47  96                    57         38           1

 80th      1947-49  96                    45         51

 81st      1949-51  96                    54         42

 82d       1951-53  96                    48         47           1

 83d       1953-55  96                    46         48           2

 84th      1955-57  96                    48         47           1

 85th      1957-59  96                    49         47

 86th      1959-61  98                    64         34

                    Senate                Senate     Senate       Senate

 Congress  Years    Number of Senators    Democrats  Republicans  Other partie

 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 87th      1961-63  100                   64         36

 88th      1963-65  100                   67         33

 89th      1965-67  100                   68         32

 90th      1967-69  100                   64         36

 91st      1969-71  100                   58         42

 92d       1971-73  100                   54         44           2

 93d       1973-75  100                   56         42           2

 94th      1975-77  100                   61         37           2
                    Senate                Senate     Senate       Senate

 Congress  Years    Number of Senators    Democrats  Republicans  Other partie

 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
94th      1975-77  100                   61         37           2

 95th      1977-79  100                   61         38           1

 96th      1979-81  100                   58         41           1

 97th      1981-83  100                   46         53           1

 98th      1983-85  100                   46         54

 99th      1985-87  100                   47         53

 100th     1987-89  100                   54         46

 101st     1989-91  100                   57         43

                    Senate                Senate     Senate       Senate

 Congress  Years    Number of Senators    Democrats  Republicans  Other partie

 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 102nd     1991-93  100                   56         44




 2Democrats organized House due to Republican deaths. 3Proclamation declaring
 Alaska a State issued Jan. 3, 1959.4Proclamation declaring Hawaii a State
 issued Aug. 21, 1959.




                          Congressional Committees


                         Senate Standing Committees

                           (As of June 12, 1990)

                    Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry

 Chairman: Patrick J. Leahy, Vt.

 Ranking Rep.: Richard G. Lugar, Ind.

                               Appropriations

 Chairman: Robert C. Byrd, W.V.

 Ranking Rep.: Mark O. Hatfield, Ore.

                               Armed Services

 Chairman: Sam Nunn, Ga.

 Ranking Rep.: John W. Warner, Va.

                     Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs

 Chairman:  Donald W. Riegle Jr., Mich.

 Ranking Rep.: Jake Garn, Utah

                                   Budget

 Chairman: Jim Sasser, Tenn.

 Ranking Rep.: Pete V. Dominici, N.M.

                    Commerce, Science, and Transportation

 Chairman: Ernest F. Hollings, S.C.

 Ranking Rep.: John C. Danforth, Mo.

                        Energy and Natural Resources

 Chairman: J. Bennett Johnston, La.

 Ranking Rep.: James A. McClure, Ida.

                        Environment and Public Works

 Chairman: Quentin N. Burdick, N.D.

 Ranking Rep.: John H. Chafee, R.I.

                                   Finance

 Chairman: Lloyd Bentsen, Tex.

 Ranking Rep.: Bob Packwood, Ore.

                              Foreign Relations

 Chairman: Claiborne Pell, R.I.

 Ranking Rep.: Jesse Helms, N.C.

                            Governmental Affairs

 Chairman: John Glenn, Ohio

 Ranking Rep.: William V. Roth Jr., Del.

                                  Judiciary

 Chairman: Joseph R. Biden Jr., Del.

 Ranking Rep.: Strom Thurmond, S.C.

                          Labor and Human Resources

 Chairman: Edward M. Kennedy, Mass.

 Ranking Rep.: Orrin G. Hatch, Utah

                          Rules and Administration

 Chairman: Wendell H. Ford, Ky.

 Ranking Rep.: Ted Stevens, Alas.

                               Small Business

 Chairman: Dale Bumpers, Ark.

 Ranking Rep.: Rudy Boschwitz, Minn.

                              Veterans' Affairs

 Chairman: Alan Cranston, Cal.

 Ranking Rep.: Frank H. Murkowski, Alas.


                    Senate Select and Special Committees

                           (As of June 12, 1990)

                                    Aging

 Chairman: David H. Pryor, Ark.

 Ranking Rep.: John Heinz, Pa.

                                   Ethics

 Chairman: Howell Heflin, Ala.

 Ranking Rep.: Warren Rudman, N.H.

                               Indian Affairs

 Chairman: Daniel K. Inouye, Ha.

 Ranking Rep.: John McCain, Ariz.

                                Intelligence

 Chairman: David L. Boren, Okla.

 V. Chairman: William S. Cohen, Me.


                        Joint Committees of Congress

                                  Economic

 Chairman: Rep. Lee H. Hamilton (D), Ind.

 V. Chairman: Sen. Paul S. Sarbanes (D), Md.

                                   Library

 Chairman: Rep. Frank Annunzio (D), Ill.

 V. Chairman: Sen. Claiborne Pell (D), R.I.

                                  Printing

 Chairman: Sen. Wendell H. Ford (D), Ky.

 V. Chairman: Rep. Frank Annunzio (D), Ill.

                                  Taxation

 Chairman: Rep. Dan Rostenkowski (D), III.

 V. Chairman: Sen. Lloyd Bentsen (D), Tex.


                         House Standing Committees

                           (As of June 14, 1990)

                                 Agriculture

 Chairman: E de la Garza, Tex.

 Ranking Rep.: Edward R. Madigan, Ill.

                               Appropriations

 Chairman: Jamie L. Whitten, Miss.

 Ranking Rep.: Silvio O. Conte, Mass.

                               Armed Services

 Chairman: Les Aspin, Wis.

 Ranking Rep.: William L. Dickinson, Ala.

                     Banking, Finance, and Urban Affairs

 Chairman: Henry B. Gonzalez, Tex.

 Ranking Rep.: Chalmers P. Wylie, Ohio

                                   Budget

 Chairman: Leon E. Panetta, Cal.

 Ranking Rep.: Bill Frenzel, Mich.

                            District of Columbia

 Chairman: Ronald V. Dellums, Cal.

 Ranking Rep.: Stan Parris, Va.

                             Education and Labor

 Chairman: Augustus F. Hawkins, Cal.

 Ranking Rep.: William F. Goodling, Pa.

                             Energy and Commerce

 Chairman: John D. Dingell, Mich.

 Ranking Rep.: Norman F. Lent, N.Y.

                               Foreign Affairs

 Chairman: Dante B. Fascell, Fla.

 Ranking Rep.: William S. Broomfield, Mich.

                            Government Operations

 Chairman: John Conyers Jr., Mich.

 Ranking Rep.: Frank Horton, N.Y.

                            House Administration

 Chairman: Frank Annunzio, Ill.

 Ranking Rep.: William M. Thomas, Cal.

                        Interior and Insular Affairs

 Chairman: Morris K. Udall, Ariz.

 Ranking Rep.: Don Young, Alas.

                                  Judiciary

 Chairman: Jack Brooks, Tex.

 Ranking Rep.: Hamilton Fish Jr., N.Y.

                        Merchant Marine and Fisheries

 Chairman: Walter B. Jones, N.C.

 Ranking Rep.: Robert W. Davis, Mich.

                        Post Office and Civil Service

 Chairman: William D. Ford, Mich.

 Ranking Rep.: Benjamin A. Gilman, N.Y.

                       Public Works and Transportation

 Chairman: Glenn M. Anderson, Cal.

 Ranking Rep.: John Paul Hammerschmidt, Ark.

                                    Rules

 Chairman: John Moakley, Mass.

 Ranking Rep.: James H. Quillen, Tenn.

                       Science, Space,  and Technology

 Chairman: Robert A. Roe, N.J.

 Ranking Rep.: Robert S. Walker, Pa.

                               Small Business

 Chairman: John J. LaFalce, N.Y.

 Ranking Rep.: Joseph M. McDade, Pa.

                        Standards of Official Conduct

 Chairman: Julian C. Dixon, Cal.

 Ranking Rep.: John T. Myers, Ind.

                              Veterans' Affairs

 Chairman: G.V. Montgomery, Miss.

 Ranking Rep.: Bob Stump, Ariz.

                               Ways and Means

 Chairman: Dan Rostenkowski, Ill.

 Ranking Rep.: Bill Archer, Tex.


                          House Select Committees

                                    Aging

 Chairman: Edward R. Roybal, Cal.

 Ranking Rep.: Matthew J. Rinaldo, N.J.

                        Children, Youth, and Families

 Chairman: George Miller, Cal.

 Ranking Rep.: Thomas J. Bliley Jr., Va.

                                   Hunger

 Chairman: Tony P. Hall, Ohio

 Ranking Rep.: Bill Emerson, Mo.

                                Intelligence

 Chairman: Anthony C. Beilenson, Cal.

 Ranking Rep.: Henry J. Hyde, Ill.

                         Narcotics Abuse and Control

 Chairman: Charles B. Rangel, N.Y.

 Ranking Rep.: Lawrence Coughlin, Pa.

                Congress: Selected Characteristics, 1975-1989
        Congressional Quarterly, Congressional Directory
 (As of beginning of first session of each Congress. Figures for
 Representatives exclude vacancies.)


╓┌──────────────────┌─────┌───────┌──────┌─────────┌──────┌──────┌──────┌────
                                         Age       Age    Age    Age    Age
                    Male  Female  Black  Under 40  40-49  50-59  60-69  70-79
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
                                         Age       Age    Age    Age    Age
                    Male  Female  Black  Under 40  40-49  50-59  60-69  70-79
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Representatives

 94th Cong., 1975   416   19      15     69        138    137    75     14

 95th Cong., 1977   417   18      16     81        121    147    71     15

 96th Cong., 1979   417   16      16     86        125    145    63     14

 97th Cong., 1981   416   19      17     94        142    132    54     12

 98th Cong., 1983   413   21      21     86        145    132    57     13

 99th Cong., 1985   412   22      20     71        154    131    59     17

 100th Cong., 1987  412   23      23     63        153    137    56     24

 101st Cong., 1989  410   25      24     41        163    133    74     20

                                         Age       Age    Age    Age    Age
                    Male  Female  Black  Under 40  40-49  50-59  60-69  70-79
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 Senators

 94th Cong., 19752  100   -       1      5         21     35     24     15

 95th Cong., 1977   100   -       1      6         26     35     21     10

 96th Cong., 1979   99    1       -      10        31     33     17     8

 97th Cong., 1981   98    2       -      9         35     36     14     6

 98th Cong., 1983   98    2       -      7         28     39     20     3

 99th Cong., 1985   98    2       -      4         27     38     25     4

 100th Cong., 1987  98    2       -      5         30     36     22     5

 101st Cong., 1989  98    2       -      -         30     40     22     6
                                         Age       Age    Age    Age    Age
                    Male  Female  Black  Under 40  40-49  50-59  60-69  70-79
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
101st Cong., 1989  98    2       -      -         30     40     22     6




 -Represents zero. NA=Not available. 1Represents consecutive years of
 service. 2Includes Senator Durkin. NH., seated Sept. 1975.



  Congress: Measures Introduced and Enacted, and Time in Session, 1971-1988
 Calendars of the U.S. House of Representatives and History of Legislation;
 Vital Statistics on Congress, 1987-89.
                (excludes simple and concurrent resolutions)


╓┌───────────────────┌───────────────────┌───────────────────┌───────────────
                     92nd Cong.,         93rd Cong.,         94th Cong.,
                     92nd Cong.,         93rd Cong.,         94th Cong.,
                     1971-72             1973-74             1975-76
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Measures            22,969              23,396              21,096
 introduced

 Bills               21,363              21,950              19,762

 Joint resolutions   1,606               1,446               1,334

 Measures enacted    768                 774                 729

 Public              607                 651                 588

 Private             161                 123                 141

 House of
 Representatives

 Number of days      298                 318                 311

                     92nd Cong.,         93rd Cong.,         94th Cong.,
                     1971-72             1973-74             1975-76

 Number of hours     1,429               1,487               1,788

 Number of hours     4.8                 4.7                 5.7
 per day

 Senate

 Number of days      348                 334                 320

 Number of hours     2,294               2,028               2,210

 Number of hours     6.6                 6.1                 6.9
 per day




 NA=Not available.



                    Congressional Bills Vetoed, 1789-1990
                               Senate Library


╓┌───────────────────┌───────────────┌──────────────┌─────────────┌──────────
                     Regular vetoes  Pocket vetoes  Total vetoes  Vetoes overr
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Washington          2               --             2             --
 John Adams          --              --             --            --
 Jefferson           --              --             --            --
 Madison             5               2              7             --
 Monroe              1               --             1             --
 John Q. Adams       --              --             --            --
 Jackson             5               7              12            --
 Van Buren           --              1              1             --
 William Harrison    --              --             --            --
 Tyler               6               4              10            1
 Polk                2               1              3             --
                     Regular vetoes  Pocket vetoes  Total vetoes  Vetoes overr
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Polk                2               1              3             --
 Taylor              --              --             --            --
 Fillmore            --              --             --            --
 Pierce              9               --             9             5
 Buchanan            4               3              7             --
 Lincoln             2               5              7             --
 Andrew Johnson      21              8              29            15
 Grant               45              48             93            4
 Hayes               12              1              13            1
 Garfield            --              --             --            --
 Arthur              4               8              12            1
 Cleveland           304             110            414           2
 Benjamin Harrison   19              25             44            1
 Cleveland           42              128            170           5
 McKinley            6               36             42            --
 Theodore Roosevelt  42              40             82            1
 Taft                30              9              39            1
 Wilson              33              11             44            6
 Harding             5               1              6             --
                     Regular vetoes  Pocket vetoes  Total vetoes  Vetoes overr
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Harding             5               1              6             --
 Coolidge            20              30             50            4
 Hoover              21              16             37            3
 Franklin Roosevelt  372             263            635           9
 Truman              180             70             250           12
 Eisenhower          73              108            181           2
 Kennedy             12              9              21            --
 Lyndon Johnson      16              14             30            --
 Nixon               26              17             43            7
 Ford                48              18             66            12
 Carter              13              18             31            2
 Reagan              39              39             78            9
 Bush1               14              1              15            0
 Total               1,452           1,052          2,485         103



 1As of Oct. 11 1990.




                          UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT


                          The Bush Administration

                               As of mid-1990

 Terms of office of the president and vice president, from Jan. 20, 1989 to
 Jan. 20, 1993. No person may be elected president of the United States for
 more than two 4-year terms.

 President -- George Bush of Texas receives salary of $200,000 a year
 taxable; in addition an expense allowance of $50,000 to assist in defraying
 expenses resulting from his official duties. Also there may be expended not
 exceeding $100,000, nontaxable, a year for travel expenses and $20,000 for
 official entertainment available for allocation within the Executive Office
 of the President. Congress has provided lifetime pensions of $69,630 a year,
 free mailing privileges, free office space, and up to $96,000 a year for
 office help for former Presidents except  for the first 30 month period
 during which a former President is entitled to staff assistance for which an
 amount up to $150,000 a year may be paid, and $20,000 annually for their
 widows.

 Vice President -- Dan Quayle of Indiana receives salary of $115,000 a year
 and $10,000 for expenses, all of which is taxable.

 For succession to presidency, see Succession in Index.


                                The Cabinet

                        (Salary: $99,500 per annum)

 Secretary of State -- James A. Baker 3d, Tex.

 Secretary of Treasury -- Nicholas F. Brady, N.J.

 Secretary of Defense -- Richard B. Cheney, Wyo.

 Attorney General -- Richard "Dick" Thornburgh, Pa.

 Secretary of Interior -- Manuel Lujan, N.M.

 Secretary of Agriculture -- Clayton K. Yeutter, Neb.

 Secretary of Commerce -- Robert A. Mosbacher, Tex.

 Secretary of Labor -- Elizabeth Hanford Dole, N.C.

 Secretary of Health and Human Services -- Louis W. Sullivan, Ga.

 Secretary of Housing and Urban Development -- Jack F. Kemp, N.Y.

 Secretary of Transportation -- Samuel K. Skinner, Ill.

 Secretary of Energy -- James D. Watkins, Cal.

 Secretary of Education -- Lauro F. Cavazos, Tex.

 Secretary of Veterans Affairs -- Edward J. Derwinski, Ill.


                           The White House Staff

                      1600 Pennsylvania Ave. NW 20500

 Chief of Staff -- John H. Sununu.

 Asst. to the President & Deputy to the Chief of Staff --  Andrew Card Jr.,
 James W. Cicconi.

                         Assistants to the President

 Counsel to the President-- C. Boyden Gray.

 Presidential Personnel-- Charles G. Untermeyer.

 Public Events & Initiatives-- Sigmund A. Rogich.

 Science & Technology-- Allan Bromley.

 Press Secretary-- Max Marlin Fitzwater.

 Legislative Affairs-- Frederick D. McClure.

 Communications-- David Demarest Jr.

 Economic & Domestic Affairs-- Roger B. Porter.

 Management & Admin.-- J. Bonnie Newman.

 Cabinet Secy.-- Edith Holiday.

 National Security-- Brent Scowcroft.


                             Executive Agencies

 Council of Economic Advisers -- Michael J. Boskin.

 Central Intelligence Agency -- William H. Webster, dir.

 Office of National Drug Control Policy -- William J. Bennett.

 Office of Management and Budget -- Richard G. Darman.

 U.S. Trade Representative -- Carla Hills.

 Council on Environmental Quality -- Michael Deland, chmn.


                            Department of State

                            2201 C St. NW 20520

 Secretary of State -- James A. Baker 3d.

 Deputy Secretary -- Lawrence S. Eagleburger.

 Under Sec. for Political Affairs -- Robert M. Kimmitt.

 Under Sec. for Security Assistance, Science and Technology -- Reginald
 Bartholomew.

 Under Sec. for Economic Agricultural Affairs -- Richard T. McCormack.

 Under Secretary for Management -- Ivan Selin.

 Legal Advisor -- vacant.

                         Assistant Secretaries for:

 Administration-- Arthur W. Forte.

 African Affairs-- Herman J. Cohen.

 East Asian & Pacific Affairs-- Richard H. Solomon.

 Consular Affairs-- Elizabeth Tamposi.

 Diplomatic Security-- Sheldon Krys.

 Economic & Business Affairs-- Eugene J. McAllister.

 European & Canadian Affairs-- Richard Seitz.

 Human Rights & Humanitarian Affairs-- Richard Schifter.

 Intelligence & Research-- Douglas P. Mulholland.

 Legislative Affairs-- Janet Mullins.

 Inter-American Affairs-- Bernard Aronson.

 International Narcotics Matters-- Melvin Levitsky.

 International Organizations-- John R. Bolton.

 Near-Eastern & S. Asian Affairs-- John H. Kelly.

 Political-Military Affairs-- Richard Clarke.

 Public Affairs & Spokesman-- Margaret DeB. Tutwiler.

 Oceans, International Environmental & Scientific Affairs-- Frederick M.
 Bernthal.

 Dir. General, Foreign Service & Dir. of Personnel -- Edward J. Perkins.

 Management Policy -- C. Edward Dillery, dir.

 Inspector General -- Sherman M. Funk.

 Policy Planning Staff -- Dennis Rose.

 Refugee Programs -- Princeton Lyman.


                            Treasury Department

                      1500 Pennsylvania Ave. NW 20220

 Secretary of the Treasury -- Nicholas F. Brady.

 Deputy Sec. of the Treasury -- John E. Robson.

 Under Sec. for Finance -- Robert R. Glauber.

 Under Sec. for International Affairs -- David C. Mulford.

 General Counsel -- Jeanne Archibald, act.

 Assistant Secretaries: -- Roger Bolton (Public Affairs & Public Liaison);
 Charles H. Dallara (Intl. Affairs); Michael Basham, act. (Domestic Finance);
 Peter Nunez (Enforcement); Gerald Murphy (Fiscal); Kenneth W. Gideon (Tax
 Policy); Bryce Larry Harlow (Legislative Affairs); Sidney Jones (Economic
 Policy); Hollis S. McLoughlin (Policy Management).

                                  Bureaus:

 Alcohol, Tobacco & Firearms-- Stephen E. Higgins, dir.

 Comptroller of the Currency-- Robert Clarke.

 Customs-- Carol Hallett, comm.

 Engraving & Printing-- Peter H. Daley, dir.

 Federal Law Enforcement Training Center-- Charles F. Rinkevich, dir.

 Financial Management Service-- William E. Douglas, comm.

 Internal Revenue Service-- Fred T. Goldberg, comm.

 Mint-- Donna  Pope, dir.

 Public Debt-- Richard L. Gregg, comm.

 Treasurer of the U.S.-- Catalina Villalpando.

 U.S. Savings Bond Division-- Jerrold B. Speers, dir.

 U.S. Secret Service-- John R. Simpson, dir.


                           Department of Defense

                             The Pentagon 20301

 Secretary of Defense -- Richard B. Cheney.

 Deputy Secretary -- Donald J. Atwood Jr.

 Special Assistant -- David S. Addington.

 Under Secy. for Acquisition -- John A. Betti.

 Under Secy. for Policy -- Paul Wolfowitz.

                             Asst. Secretaries:

 Atomic Energy-- Robert B. Barker.

 Command Control Communications & Intelligence-- Duane P. Andrews.

 Force Management & Personnel-- Christopher Jehn.

 Health Affairs-- Enrique Mendez Jr.

 International Security Affairs-- Henry S. Rowen.

 International Security Policy-- Stephen J. Hadley.

 Legislative Affairs-- David Gribbin 3d.

 Products & Logistics-- Colin R. McMillan.

 Program Analysis & Evaluation-- David S.C. Chu.

 Public Affairs-- Pete Williams.

 Reserve Affairs-- Stephen M. Duncan.

 Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff -- Gen. Colin L. Powell, USA.

 General Counsel -- Terrance O'Donnell.

 Admin. & Management -- David O. Cooke, dir.

 Operational Test & Evaluation -- Robert C. Duncan, dir.


                           Department of the Army

                             The Pentagon 20310

 Secretary of the Army -- Michael P.W. Stone.

 Under Secretary -- John W. Shannon.

                         Assistant Secretaries for:

 Civil Works-- Robert W. Page.

 Installations & Logistics -- Susan Livingstone.

 Financial Management-- Douglas A. Brook.

 Research, Development and Acquisition-- Stephen Conver.

 Manpower & Reserve Affairs-- G. Kim Wincup.

 Chief of Public Affairs -- Brig. Gen. Charles W. McClain.

 Chief of Staff -- Gen. Carl E. Vuono.

 Inspector General -- Lt. Gen. J.H. Corns.

                           Deputy Chiefs of Staff:

 Logistics-- Lt. Gen. Jimmy D. Ross.

 Operations & Plans-- Lt. Gen. Dennis J. Reymer.

 Personnel-- Maj. Gen. William H. Reno.

 Intelligence-- Lt. Gen. Charles B. Eichelberger.

                                 Commanders:

 U.S. Army Materiel  Command-- Gen. William G.T. Tuttle Jr.

 U.S. Army Forces Command-- Gen. Edwin Burba.

 U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command-- Gen. John W. Foss.

 First U.S. Army-- Lt. Gen. James E. Thompson.

 Second U.S. Army-- Lt. Gen. James W. Crysel.

 Third U.S. Army-- Lt. Gen. John J. Yeosock.

 Fourth U.S. Army-- Lt. Gen. James R. Hall.

 Fifth U.S. Army-- Lt. Gen. George R. Stotser.

 Sixth U.S. Army-- Lt. Gen. William H. Harrison.


                           Department of the Navy

                             The Pentagon 20350

 Secretary of the Navy -- H. Lawrence Garrett 3d.

 Under Secretary -- J. Daniel Howard.

                         Assistant Secretaries for:

 Financial Management-- Robert C. McCormack.

 Installations & Environment-- Jacqueline Schafer.

 Manpower, Reserve Affairs-- Barbara Spyridon Pope.

 Research, Development & Acquisition-- Gerald  Cann.

 Judge Advocate General --  RADM E. D. Stumbaugh.

 Chief of Naval Operations -- ADM Frank B. Kelso 2d.

 Chief of Information -- RADM Brent Baker.

 Military Sealift Command -- VADM Francis R. Donovan.

 Chief of Naval Personnel -- VADM Jeremy M. Boorda.


                             U.S. Marine Corps:

                          (Arlington Annex 20380)

 Commandant -- Gen. A.M. Gray.

 Asst. Commandant-- Gen. John R. Dailey.

 Chief of Staff-- Lt. Gen. L.H. Buehl.


                        Department of the Air Force

                             The Pentagon 20330

 Secretary of the Air Force -- Donald B. Rice.

 Under Secretary -- Anne N. Foreman.

                         Assistant Secretaries for:

 Financial Management-- Michael B. Donley.

 Space-- Martin C. Faga.

 Manpower & Reserve Affairs-- Jerome G. Cooper.

 Acquisition-- John J. Welch Jr.

 Public Affairs -- Brig. Gen. Hallie E. Robertson.

 Office of Space Systems -- Brig. Gen. Donald R. Walker.

 Chief of Staff -- vacant.

 Inspector General -- Lt. Gen. Bradley C. Hosmer.

                           Deputy Chiefs of Staff:

 Logistics & Engineering-- Lt. Gen. Henry Viccellio Jr.

 Programs & Resources-- Lt. Gen. Robert L. Rutherford.

 Personnel-- Lt. Gen. Thomas J. Hickey.

  Plans & Operations-- Lt. Gen. Jimmie V. Adams.

                             Major Air Commands:

 AF Logistics Command-- Gen. Charles C. McDonald.

 AF Systems Command-- Gen. Bernard P. Randolph.

 Strategic Air Command-- Gen. John T. Chain.

 Tactical Air Command-- Gen. Robert D. Russ.

 Alaskan Air Command-- Lt. Gen. Thomas G. McInerney.

 Pacific Air Forces-- Gen. Merrill A. McPeak.

 USAF Europe-- Gen. Robert C. Oaks.

 Electronic Security Command-- Maj. Gen. Gary W. O'Shaughnessy.

 AF Communications Command-- Maj. Robert H. Ludwig.

 Air Training Command-- Lt. Gen. Joseph W. Ashy.

 Military Airlift Command-- Gen. Duane H. Cassidy.

 AF Space Command-- Lt. Gen. Donald J. Kutyna.


                           Department of Justice

                   Constitution Ave. & 10th St. NW 20530

 Attorney General -- Richard "Dick" Thornburgh.

 Deputy Attorney General -- William P. Barr.

 Solicitor General -- Kenneth W. Starr.

 Liaison Services --William Lucas.

 Intelligence Policy & Review -- Mary Lawton.

 Professional Responsibility --Michael E. Shaheen Jr.

                                 Assistants:

 Antitrust Division-- James F. Rill.

 Civil Division-- Stuart M. Gerson.

 Civil Rights Division-- John R. Dunne.

 Criminal Division-- vacant.

 Justice Programs--Richard Abell.

 Justice Management Division-- Harry H. Flickinger.

 Environment & Natural Resources Division-- Richard B. Stewart.

 Policy Development-- Thomas M. Boyd.

 Legal Counsel-- William B. Bark.

 Legislative Affairs-- Bruce Navarro, act.

 Tax Division-- Shirley D. Peterson.

 Fed. Bureau of Investigation -- William S. Sessions, dir.

 Exec. Off. for Immigration Review --  David L. Milhollan, dir.

 Bureau of Prisons -- J. Michael Quinlan.

 Comm. Relations Service -- Grace F. Hughes.

 Office of Inspector General -- Richard J. Hankinson.

 Office of Special Counsel for Immigration Related Unfair Employment
 Practices -- Andrew Strotny, act.

 Exec. Off. for U.S. Trustees -- John Logan, act. dir.

 Exec. Off. for U.S. Attorneys -- Laurence S. McWhorter.

 Public Affairs -- David R. Runkel, dir.

 Immigration and Naturalization Service -- Gene McNary.

 Pardon Attorney -- David C. Stephenson.

 U.S. Parole Commission -- Benjamin F. Baer, chmn.

 U.S. Marshals Service -- K. Michael Moore, dir.

 Foreign Claims Settlement Comm. -- Stanley J. Glod.

 Interpol, U.S. Natl. Central Bureau -- Richard C. Stiener, chief.


                         Department of the Interior

                  C St. between 18th & 19th Sts. NW 20240

 Secretary of the Interior -- Manuel Lujan.

 Under Secretary -- Frank A. Bracken.

                         Assistant Secretaries for:

 Fish, Wildlife and Parks-- Constance Harriman.

 Policy, Budget, and Administration-- Lou Gallegos.

 Indian Affairs-- Eddie Frank Brown.

 Territorial & Intl. Affairs-- Stella Guerra.

 Bureau of Land Management -- Cy Jamison, dir.

 Bureau of Mines -- T.S. Ary, dir.

 Bureau of Reclamation -- Dennis C. Underwood.

 Fish & Wildlife Service -- John F. Turner, dir.

 Geological Survey -- Dallas L. Peck,  dir.

 National Park Service -- James M. Ridenour.

 Public Affairs -- I. Stephen Goldstein, dir.

 Office of Congressional and Legislative Affairs -- James F. Spagnole.

 Solicitor -- Thomas L. Sansonetti.


                         Department of Agriculture

                     The Mall, 12th & 14th Sts. 20250

 Secretary of Agriculture -- Clayton Yeutter.

 Deputy Secretary -- Jack C. Parnell.

 Administration -- Adis Vila.

 Internatl. Affairs & Commodity Programs -- Richard T. Crowder.

 Food & Consumer Services -- Catherine A. Bertini.

 Marketing & Inspection Services -- Jo Ann Smith.

 Small Community & Rural Development -- Roland Vautour.

 Economics -- Bruce L. Gardner.

 Congressional Relations -- Franklin E. Bailey.

 Natural Resources & Environment -- Patricia Kearney, act.

 General Counsel -- Alan Raul.

 Science & Education -- Charles Hess.

 Inspector General -- Leon Snead.

 Public Affairs -- Paul E. Kindinger.


                           Department of Commerce

               14th St. between Constitution & E St. NW 20230

 Secretary of Commerce -- Robert Mosbacher.

 Deputy Secretary -- Thomas Murrin.

 General Counsel -- Wendell Willkie.

                           Assistant Secretaries:

 Administration-- Thomas Collamore.

 Economic Development Adm.-- L. Joyce Hampers.

 Intl. Economic Policy-- Thomas Duesterberg.

 Import Administration-- Eric I. Garfinkel.

 Legislative Affairs-- vacant.

 Natl. Telecommunications Information Adm.-- Janice Obuchowski.

 Patent & Trademark Office-- Harry F. Manbeck.

 Trade Development-- Michael Skarzynski.

 Bureau of the Census -- Dr. Barbara E. Bryant, dir.

 Bureau of Economic Analysis -- Allan H. Young, dir.

 Under Secy. for International Trade -- J. Michael Farren.

 Under Secy. for Econ. Affairs -- Michael Darby.

 Under Secy. for Technology -- Robert M. White.

 Natl. Oceanic & Atmospheric Admin. -- John A. Knauss.

 Natl. Technical Info. Service -- Joseph F. Caponio, dir.

 Natl. Institute For Standards & Technology -- John W. Lyons.

 Minority Business Development Agency -- Kenneth Bolton.

 Public Affairs -- Marion Blakey, dir.

 Consumer Affairs -- John Gibbons.


                            Department of Labor

                       200 Constitution Ave. NW 20210

 Secretary of Labor -- Elizabeth Dole.

 Deputy Secretary -- Roderick A. DeArment.

                         Assistant Secretaries for:

 Administration and Management-- Thomas C. Komarek.

 Congressional Affairs-- Kathleen M. Harrington.

 Employment & Training-- Roberts Jones.

 Employment Standards-- William C. Brooks.

 Labor-Management Standards-- William C. White.

 Mine Safety & Health-- William Tattersall.

 Occupational Safety & Health-- Gerard F. Scannell.

 Pension & Welfare Benefit Programs-- David Ball.

 Policy-- Jennifer Lynn Dorn.

 Public and Intergovernmental Affairs-- Dale Triber Tate.

 Veterans Employment-- Thomas E. Collins 3d.

 Solicitor of Labor -- Robert P. Davis.

 Dep. Under Secy. for International Affairs -- Shellyn Gae McCaffrey.

 Dep. Under Secy. for Labor-Management Relations & Cooperative
 Programs -- John R. Stepp.

 Office of Information  & Public Affairs -- Johanna Schneider, dir.

 Women's Bureau -- Jean Curtis, act. dir.

 Inspector General -- vacant.

 Comm. of Labor Statistics -- Janet L. Norwood.


                  Department of Health and Human Services

                       200 Independence Ave. SW 20201

 Secretary of HHS -- Louis W. Sullivan.

 Under Secretary -- Constance Horner.

                         Assistant Secretaries for:

 Management and Budget-- Kevin E. Moley.

 Public Affairs-- Kay C. James.

 Health-- James Mason.

 Planning and Evaluation-- Martin Gerry.

 Human Development Services-- Mary Sheila Gall.

 Legislation-- vacant.

 Personnel Administration-- Thomas McFee.

 General Counsel -- Michael Astrue.

 Inspector General -- Richard P. Kusserow.

 Civil Rights -- Edward Mercado.

 Surgeon General -- Antonia C. Novello.

 Social Security Adm. -- Gwendolyn S. King.

 Consumer Affairs -- Bonnie Guiton.


                Department of Housing and Urban Development

                            451 7th St. SW 20410

 Secretary of Housing & Urban Development -- Jack Kemp.

 Under Secretary -- Alfred A. DelliBovi.

 Deputies-- Edwin I. Gardner, Stephen A. Glaude.

                         Assistant Secretaries for:

 Administration-- vacant.

 Community Planning & Development-- S. Anna Kondratas.

 Housing & Federal Housing Commissioner-- C. Austin Fitts.

 Legislation & Congressional Relations-- Timothy L. Coyle.

 Policy Development & Research-- John Weicher.

 Public Affairs-- vacant.

 Public & Indian Housing-- Joseph G. Schiff.

 Fair Housing & Equal Opportunity-- Gordon H. Mansfield.

 President, Govt. Natl. Mortgage Assn. -- Arthur J. Hill.

 International Affairs -- Theodore Britton Jr.

 General Counsel -- Francis A. Keating 2d.

 Inspector General -- Paul A. Adams.

 Indian & Alaska Native Programs -- Elaine Dudley.

 Board of Contract Appeals -- David T. Anderson.

 Chief Administrative Law Judge -- Alan W. Heifetz.


                        Department of Transportation

                            400 7th St. SW 20590

 Secretary of Transportation -- Samuel K. Skinner.

 Deputy Secretary -- Elaine Chao.

 Assistant Secretaries -- Jeffrey Shane (Policy and International Affairs);
 Kate Moore (Budget and Programs); John H. Seymour (Administration); vacant
 (Public Affairs); Galen Reser (Governmental Affairs).

 National Highway Traffic Safety Admin. -- Jerry Curry.

 U. S. Coast Guard Commandant -- Adm. Paul A. Yost Jr.

 Federal Aviation Admin. -- James Busey.

 Federal Highway Admin. -- Thomas Larson.

 Federal Railroad Admin. -- Gilbert Carmichael.

 Maritime Admin. -- Capt. Warren LeBack.

 Urban Mass Transportation Admin. -- Brian Clymer.

 Research & Special Programs Admin. -- Travis Dungan.

 Saint Lawrence Seaway Development Corp. -- James L. Emery.


                            Department of Energy

                      1000 Independence Ave. SW 20585

 Secretary of Energy -- James D. Watkins.

 Deputy Secy. -- W. Henson Moore.

 Under Secretary -- John C. Tuck.

 General Counsel -- Stephen A. Wakefield.

 Inspector General -- John C. Layton.

 Assistant Secretaries -- Jacqueline Knox Brown (Congressional,
 Intergovernmental & Public Affairs); John C. Tuck (Defense Programs); James
 J. Easton Jr. (International Affairs & Energy Emergencies); William A. Young
 (Nuclear Energy); Robert H. Gentile (Fossil Energy); J. Michael Davis
 (Conservation & Renewable Energy); Peter N. Brush (Environment, Safety &
 Health).

 Energy Information Adm. -- Helmut A. Merklein.

 Economic Regulatory Adm. -- C. L. Van Orman, adm.

 Federal Energy Regulatory Comm. -- Martin L. Allday, chmn.

 Hearings & Appeals -- George B. Breznay, dir.

 Energy Research -- James F. Decker.

 Civilian Radioactive Waste Management -- John W. Bartlett.

 Minority Economic Impact -- Melva G. Wray, dir.

 Board of Contract Appeals -- E. Barclay van Doren, chmn.

 Public Affairs -- M.J. Jameson, dir.


                          Department of Education

                         400 Maryland Ave. SW 20202

 Secretary of Education -- Lauro F. Cavazos.

 Under Secretary -- John Theodore Sanders.

 Chief of Staff -- Chino Chapa.

 Deputy Under Secretaries -- George Pieler, Michelle Easton, Thomas E.
 Anfinson.

 General Counsel -- Edward C. Stringer.

                           Assistant Secretaries:

 Legislation-- Nancy Mohr Kennedy.

 Elementary and Secondary Education-- John T. MacDonald.

 Postsecondary Education-- Leonard L. Haynes 3d.

 Educational Research and Improvement-- Christopher T. Cross.

 Adult & Vocational Education-- Betsy Brand.

 Special Education and Rehabilitative
 Services-- Robert Davila.

 Civil Rights-- William Smith, act.

 Bilingual & Minority Languages-- Rita Esquivel.


                       Department of Veterans Affairs

                          810 Vermont Ave. NW 20420

 Secretary of Veterans Affairs -- Edward J. Derwinski.

 Deputy -- Anthony J. Principi.

 Inspector General -- Dean Trodden.

 Veterans Benefits Adm. -- D'Wayne Gray.

 Veterans Health Services & Research Adm. -- James W. Holsinger Jr.

 General Counsel -- Raoul L. Carroll.


                            Judiciary of the U.S.

                          Data as of July 23, 1990


                Justices of the United States Supreme Court

 The Supreme Court comprises the chief justice of the United States and 8
 associate justices, all appointed by the president with advice and consent
 of the Senate. Salaries: chief justice $124,000 annually, associate justice
 $118,600.



╓┌─────────────────────────────┌───────────┌────────┌─────┌──────────────────╖
 Name; apptd from              Service     Service  Born  Died
 Chief Justices in italics     Term        Yrs.
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 John Jay, N.Y.                1789-1795   5        1745  1829
 John Rutledge, S.C.           1789-1791   1        1739  1800
 William Cushing, Mass.        1789-1810   20       1732  1810
 James Wilson, Pa.             1789-1798   8        1742  1798
 John Blair, Va.               1789-1796   6        1732  1800
 James Iredell, N.C.           1790-1799   9        1751  1799
 Name; apptd from              Service     Service  Born  Died
 Chief Justices in italics     Term        Yrs.
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
James Iredell, N.C.           1790-1799   9        1751  1799
 Thomas Johnson, Md.           1791-1793   1        1732  1819
 William Paterson, N.J.        1793-1806   13       1745  1806
 John Rutledge, S.C.           1795a       -        1739  1800
 Samuel Chase, Md.             1796-1811   15       1741  1811
 Oliver Ellsworth, Conn.       1796-1800   4        1745  1807
 Bushrod Washington, Va.       1798-1829   31       1762  1829
 Alfred Moore, N.C.            1799-1804   4        1755  1810
 John Marshall, Va.            1801-1835   34       1755  1835
 William Johnson, S.C.         1804-1834   30       1771  1834
 Henry B. Livingston, N.Y.     1806-1823   16       1757  1823
 Thomas Todd, Ky.              1807-1826   18       1765  1826
 Joseph Story, Mass.           1811-1845   33       1779  1845
 Gabriel Duval, Md.            1811-1835   22       1752  1844
 Smith Thompson, N.Y.          1823-1843   20       1768  1843
 Robert Trimble, Ky.           1826-1828   2        1777  1828
 John McLean, Oh.              1829-1861   32       1785  1861
 Henry Baldwin, Pa.            1830-1844   14       1780  1844
 Name; apptd from              Service     Service  Born  Died
 Chief Justices in italics     Term        Yrs.
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Henry Baldwin, Pa.            1830-1844   14       1780  1844
 James M. Wayne, Ga.           1835-1867   32       1790  1867
 Roger B. Taney, Md.           1836-1864   28       1777  1864
 Philip P. Barbour, Va.        1836-1841   4        1783  1841
 John Catron, Tenn.            1837-1865   28       1786  1865
 John McKinley, Ala.           1837-1852   15       1780  1852
 Peter V. Daniel, Va.          1841-1860   19       1784  1860
 Samuel Nelson, N.Y.           1845-1872   27       1792  1873
 Levi Woodbury, N.H.           1845-1851   5        1789  1851
 Robert C. Grier, Pa.          1846-1870   23       1794  1870
 Benjamin R. Curtis, Mass.     1851-1857   6        1809  1874
 John A. Campbell, Ala.        1853-1861   8        1811  1889
 Nathan Clifford, Me.          1858-1881   23       1803  1881
 Noah H. Swayne, Oh.           1862-1881   18       1804  1884
 Samuel F. Miller, Ia.         1862-1890   28       1816  1890
 David Davis, Ill.             1862-1877   14       1815  1886
 Stephen J. Field, Cal.        1863-1897   34       1816  1899
 Salmon P. Chase, Oh.          1864-1873   8        1808  1873
 Name; apptd from              Service     Service  Born  Died
 Chief Justices in italics     Term        Yrs.
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Salmon P. Chase, Oh.          1864-1873   8        1808  1873
 William Strong, Pa.           1870-1880   10       1808  1895
 Joseph P. Bradley, N.J.       1870-1892   21       1813  1892
 Ward Hunt, N.Y.               1872-1882   9        1810  1886
 Morrison R. Waite, Oh.        1874-1888   14       1816  1888
 John M. Harlan, Ky.           1877-1911   34       1833  1911
 William B. Woods, Ga.         1880-1887   6        1824  1887
 Stanley Matthews, Oh.         1881-1889   7        1824  1889
 Horace Gray, Mass.            1881-1902   20       1828  1902
 Samuel Blatchford, N.Y.       1882-1893   11       1820  1893
 Lucius Q.C. Lamar, Miss.      1888-1893   5        1825  1893
 Melville W. Fuller, Ill.      1888-1910   21       1833  1910
 David J. Brewer, Kan.         1889-1910   20       1837  1910
 Henry B. Brown, Mich.         1890-1906   15       1836  1913
 George Shiras Jr., Pa.        1892-1903   10       1832  1924
 Howell E. Jackson, Tenn.      1893-1895   2        1832  1895
 Edward D. White, La.          1894-1910   16       1845  1921
 Rufus W. Peckham, N.Y.        1895-1909   13       1838  1909
 Name; apptd from              Service     Service  Born  Died
 Chief Justices in italics     Term        Yrs.
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Rufus W. Peckham, N.Y.        1895-1909   13       1838  1909
 Joseph McKenna, Cal.          1898-1925   26       1843  1926
 Oliver W. Holmes, Mass.       1902-1932   29       1841  1935
 William R. Day, Oh.           1903-1922   19       1849  1923
 William H. Moody, Mass.       1906-1910   3        1853  1917
 Horace H. Lurton, Tenn.       1909-1914   4        1844  1914
 Charles E. Hughes, N.Y.       1910-1916   5        1862  1948
 Willis Van Devanter, Wy.      1910-1937   26       1859  1941
 Joseph R. Lamar, Ga.          1910-1916   5        1857  1916
 Edward D. White, La.          1910-1921   10       1845  1921
 Mahlon Pitney, N.J.           1912-1922   10       1858  1924
 James C. McReynolds, Tenn.    1914-1941   26       1862  1946
 Louis D. Brandeis, Mass.      1916-1939   22       1856  1941
 John H. Clarke, Oh.           1916-1922   5        1857  1945
 William H. Taft, Conn.        1921-1930   8        1857  1930
 George Sutherland, Ut.        1922-1938   15       1862  1942
 Pierce Butler, Minn.          1922-1939   16       1866  1939
 Edward T. Sanford, Tenn.      1923-1930   7        1865  1930
 Name; apptd from              Service     Service  Born  Died
 Chief Justices in italics     Term        Yrs.
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Edward T. Sanford, Tenn.      1923-1930   7        1865  1930
 Harlan F. Stone, N.Y.         1925-1941   16       1872  1946
 Charles E. Hughes, N.Y.       1930-1941   11       1862  1948
 Owen J. Roberts, Pa.          1930-1945   15       1875  1955
 Benjamin N. Cardozo, N.Y.     1932-1938   6        1870  1938
 Hugo L. Black, Ala.           1937-1971   34       1886  1971
 Stanley F. Reed, Ky.          1938-1957   19       1884  1980
 Felix Frankfurter, Mass.      1939-1962   23       1882  1965
 William O. Douglas, Conn.     1939-1975   36       1898  1980
 Frank Murphy, Mich.           1940-1949   9        1890  1949
 Harlan F. Stone, N.Y.         1941-1946   5        1872  1946
 James F. Byrnes, S.C.         1941-1942   1        1879  1972
 Robert H. Jackson, N.Y.       1941-1954   12       1892  1954
 Wiley B. Rutledge, Ia.        1943-1949   6        1894  1949
 Harold H. Burton, Oh.         1945-1958   13       1888  1964
 Fred M. Vinson, Ky.           1946-1953   7        1890  1953
 Tom C. Clark, Tex.            1949-1967   18       1899  1977
 Sherman Minton, Ind.          1949-1956   7        1890  1965
 Name; apptd from              Service     Service  Born  Died
 Chief Justices in italics     Term        Yrs.
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Sherman Minton, Ind.          1949-1956   7        1890  1965
 Earl Warren, Cal.             1953-1969   16       1891  1974
 John Marshall Harlan, N.Y.    1955-1971   16       1899  1971
 William J. Brennan Jr., N.J.  1956-1990   33       1906  -
 Charles E. Whittaker, Mo.     1957-1962   5        1901  1973
 Potter Stewart, Oh.           1958-1981   23       1915  1985
 Byron R. White, Col.          1962--      -        1917  -
 Arthur J. Goldberg, Ill.      1962-1965   3        1908  -
 Abe Fortas, Tenn.             1965-1969   4        1910  1982
 Thurgood Marshall, N.Y.       1967--      -        1908  -
 Warren E. Burger, Va.         1969-1986   17       1907  -
 Harry A. Blackmun, Minn.      1970--      -        1908  -
 Lewis F. Powell Jr., Va.      1972-1987   15       1907  -
 William H. Rehnquist, Ariz.   1972-1986   14       1924  -
 John Paul Stevens, Ill.       1975--      -        1920  -
 Sandra Day O'Connor, Ariz.    1981--      -        1930  -
 William H. Rehnquist, Ariz.   1986--      -        1924  -
 Antonin Scalia, Va.           1986--      -        1936  -
 Name; apptd from              Service     Service  Born  Died
 Chief Justices in italics     Term        Yrs.
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Antonin Scalia, Va.           1986--      -        1936  -
 Anthony M. Kennedy, Cal.      1988--      -        1936  -
 David H. Souter               1990--      -        1939  -



 aRejected Dec. 15, 1795.




                     U.S. Court of International Trade

                   New York, NY 10007 (Salaries, $96,600)

 Chief Judge -- Edward D. Re.

 Judges -- James L. Watson, Gregory W. Carman, Jane A. Restani, Dominick L.
 DiCarlo, Thomas J. Aquilino Jr., Nicholas Tsoucalas, R. Kenton Musgrave.


                             U.S. Claims Court

                 Washington, D.C. 20005 (Salaries, $96,600)

 Chief Judge -- Loren A. Smith.

 Judges -- James F. Merow, John P. Wiese, Robert J. Yock, Reginald W. Gibson,
 Lawrence S. Margolis, Christine C. Nettesheim, Moody R. Tidwell 3d, Marian
 Blank Horn, Eric G. Bruggink, Bohdan A. Futey, Wilkes C. Robinson, Roger B.
 Andewelt, James T. Turner, Randall R. Rader.


                               U.S. Tax Court

                  Washington DC 20217 (Salaries, $96,600)

 Chief Judge -- Arthur L. Nims 3d.

 Judges -- Herbert L. Chabot, Edna G. Parker, Jules J. Korner 3d, Meade
 Whitaker, Mary Ann Cohen, John O. Colvin, Perry Shields, Charles E. Clapp
 2d, Lapsley W. Hamblen Jr., Stephen J. Swift, Joel Gerber, Julien I. Jacobs,
 Lawrence A. Wright, Carolyn Miller Parr, Robert P. Ruwe, Thomas B. Wells,
 Laurence J. Whalen, B. John Williams Jr.


                           U.S. Courts of Appeals

                 (Salaries, $102,500. CJ means Chief Judge)

 Federal Circuit -- Howard T. Markey, CJ; Giles S. Rich, Helen W. Nies;
 Pauline Newman, Glenn L. Archer Jr., H. Robert Mayer, Paul R. Michel, S. Jay
 Plager; Clerk's Office, Washington, DC 20439.

 District of Columbia -- Patricia M. Wald, CJ; Abner J. Mikva, Harry T.
 Edwards, Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Laurence H. Silberman; James L. Buckley,
 Stephen F. Williams, Douglas Ginsburg, David B. Sentelle; Clerk's Office,
 Washington, DC 20001.

 First Circuit (Me., Mass., N.H., R.I., Puerto Rico) -- Stephen Breyer, CJ;
 Levin H. Campbell, Hugh H. Bownes, Juan R. Torruella, Bruce M. Selya, Conrad
 K. Cyr;  Clerk's Office, Boston, MA 02109.

 Second Circuit (Conn., N.Y., Vt.) -- James L. Oakes, CJ; Wilfred Freiberg,
 Thomas J. Meskill, Jon O. Newman, Amalya Lyle Kearse, Richard J. Cardamone,
 Ralph K. Winter Jr., George C. Pratt, Roger J. Miner, Frank X. Altimari, J.
 Daniel Mahoney, John M. Walker; Clerk's Office, New York, NY 10007.

 Third Circuit (Del., N.J., Pa., Virgin Is.) -- A. Leon Higginbotham Jr., CJ;
 Dolores K. Sloviter, Edward R. Becker, Carol Los Mansmann, Walter K.
 Stapleton, Morton I. Ginsberg, Anthony J. Scirica, William D. Hutchinson,
 Robert E. Cowen, Richard L. Nygaard; Clerk's Office, Philadelphia, PA 19106.


 Fourth Circuit (Md., N.C., S.C., Va., W.Va.) -- Sam J. Ervin 3d, CJ; Kenneth
 K. Hall, Donald Stuart Russell, H. Emory Widener Jr., James D. Phillips Jr.,
 Francis D. Murnaghan Jr., James M. Sprouse, Robert F. Chapman, J. Harvie
 Wilkinson 3d, William W. Wilkins Jr.; Clerk's Office, Richmond, VA 23219.

 Fifth Circuit (La., Miss., Tex.) -- Charles  Clark, CJ; Thomas G. Gee, Alvin
 B. Rubin, Thomas M. Reavley, Henry A. Politz, Carolyn D. King, Samuel D.
 Johnson, Jerre S. Williams, William L. Garwood, E. Grady Jolly, Patrick E.
 Higginbotham, W. Eugene Davis, Jerry E. Smith, Edith Hollan Jones, John M.
 Duhe Jr.; Clerk's Office, New Orleans, LA 70130.

 Sixth Circuit (Ky., Mich., Ohio, Tenn.) -- Gilbert S. Merritt, CJ; Damon J.
 Keith, Boyce F. Martin Jr., Nathaniel R. Jones, Robert B. Krupansky, Harry
 W. Wellford, Cornelia G. Kennedy, H. Ted Milburn, Ralph B. Guy Jr., David A.
 Nelson, James L. Ryan, Danny J. Boggs, Alan E. Norris; Clerk's Office,
 Cincinnati, OH 45202.

 Seventh Circuit (Ill., Ind., Wis.) -- William J. Bauer, CJ; Walter J.
 Cummings, Harlington Wood Jr., Richard D. Cudahy, Richard A. Posner, John L.
 Coffey, Joel M. Flaum, Frank H. Easterbrook, Kenneth F. Ripple, Daniel A.
 Manion, Michael S. Kanne; Clerk's Office, Chicago, IL 60604.

 Eighth Circuit (Ark., Ia., Minn., Mo., Neb., N.D., S.D.) -- Donald P. Lay,
 CJ; Theodore McMillian, Richard S. Arnold, John R. Gibson, George C. Fagg,
 Pasco M. Bowman 2d, Roger L. Wollman, Frank J. Magill, C. Arlen Beam;
 Clerk's Office, St. Louis, MO 63101.

 Ninth Circuit (Alaska, Ariz., Cal., Ha., Ida., Mont., Nev., Ore., Wash.,
 Guam, N. Mariana Islands) -- Albert T. Goodwin, CJ; James R. Browning, J.
 Clifford Wallace, Procter Hug Jr., Thomas Tang, Jerome Farris, Betty B.
 Fletcher, Mary M. Schroeder, Harry Pregerson, Arthur L. Alarcon, Cecil F.
 Poole, Dorothy W. Nelson, William C. Canby Jr., William A. Norris, Stephen
 Reinhardt, Robert R. Beezer, Cynthia M. Hall, Charles E. Wiggins, Melvin
 Brunetti, Alex Kozinski, David R. Thompson, John T. Noonan, Diarmuid F.
 O'Scannlain, Edward Leavy, Stephen S. Trout, Ferdinand F. Fernandez; Clerk's
 Office, San Francisco, CA  94101.

 Tenth Circuit (Col., Kan., N.M., Okla., Ut., Wy.) -- William J. Holloway
 Jr., CJ; Monroe G. McKay, James K. Logan, Stephanie K. Seymour, John P.
 Moore, Stephen H. Anderson, Deanell R. Tacha, Bobby R. Baldock, Wade Brorby,
 David M. Ebel; Clerk's Office, Denver, CO 80294.

 Eleventh Circuit (Ala. Fla., Ga.) -- Gerald B. Tjoflat, CJ; Peter T. Fay,
 Robert S. Vance, Phyllis A. Kravitch, Frank M. Johnson Jr., Joseph W.
 Hatchett, R. Lanier Anderson 3d, Thomas A. Clark, J.L. Edmondson, Emmett R.
 Cox; Clerk's Office, Atlanta GA 30303.

 Temporary Emergency Court of Appeals -- Reynaldo G. Garza, CJ; Clerk's
 Office, Washington, DC 20001 .


                            U.S. District Courts

                  (Salaries, $96,600. CJ means Chief Judge)

 Alabama -- Northern: Sam C. Pointer Jr., CJ; James Hughes Hancock, Robert B.
 Propst, E. B. Haltom Jr., U. W. Clemon, William M. Acker Jr., Edwin L.
 Nelson;  Clerk's Office, Birmingham 35203. Middle: Truman M. Hobbs, CJ;
 Myron H. Thompson, Joel F. Dubina; Clerk's Office, Montgomery 36101.
 Southern: Alex T. Howard Jr., CJ; Charles R. Butler Jr.; Clerk's Office,
 Mobile 36602.

 Alaska -- H. Russel Holland, CJ; Andrew J. Kleinfeld; Clerk's Office,
 Anchorage 99513.

 Arizona -- Richard M. Bilby, CJ; Charles L. Hardy, Alfredo C. Marquez, Earl
 H. Carroll, William D. Browning, Paul G. Rosenblat, Robert C. Bloomfield,
 Roger G. Strand; Clerk's Office, Phoenix 85025.

 Arkansas -- Eastern: Garnett Thomas Eisele, CJ; Henry Woods, George Howard
 Jr., Stephen M. Reasoner; Clerk's Office, Little Rock 72203. Western:H.
 Franklin Waters, CJ; George Howard Jr., Morris S. Arnold; Clerk's Office,
 Fort Smith 72902.

 California -- Northern: William A. Ingram, CJ; William W. Schwarzer, Robert
 P. Aguilar, Thelton E. Henderson, Marilyn H. Patel, Eugene F. Lynch, John P.
 Vukasin Jr, Charles A. Legge, D. Lowell Jensen, Fern M. Smith, Vaughn R.
 Walker; Clerk's Office, San Francisco 94102. Eastern: Robert E. Coyle, CJ;
 Lawrence K. Karlton, Edward J. Garcia; Clerk's Office,  Sacramento 95814.
 Central: Manuel L. Real, CJ;  Wm. Matthew Byrne Jr., Robert M. Takasugi,
 Mariana R. Pfaelzer, Terry J. Hatter Jr., A. Wallace Tashima, Consuelo Bland
 Marshall, David V. Kenyon, Richard A. Gadbois, Edward Rafeedie, Harry L.
 Hupp, Alicemarie H. Stotler, James M. Ideman, William J. Rea, William D.
 Keller, Stephen V. Wilson, J. Spencer Letts, Dickran M. Tevrizian Jr., John
 G. Davies, Ronald S.W. Lew, Robert C. Bonner; Clerk's Office, Los Angeles
 90012. Southern: Gordon Thompson Jr., CJ; William B. Enright, Judith N.
 Keep, Earl B. Gilliam, J. Lawrence Irving, Rudi M. Brewster, John S. Rhoades
 Sr.; Clerk's Office, San Diego 92189.

 Colorado -- Sherman G. Finesilver, CJ; Richard P. Matsch, Jim R. Carrigan,
 Zita L. Weinshienk, Lewis T. Babcock, Edward W. Nottingham; Clerk's Office,
 Denver 80294.

 Connecticut -- Ellen B. Burns, CJ; T.F. Gilroy Daly, Warren W. Eginton, Jose
 A. Cabranes, Peter C. Dorsey, Alan H. Nevas; Clerk's Office, New Haven
 06510.

 Delaware -- Joseph J. Longobardi, CJ; Joseph J. Farnan Jr., Jane R. Roth;
 Clerk's Office, Wilmington 19801.

 District of Columbia -- Aubrey E. Robinson Jr., CJ; Gerhard A. Gesell,
 Charles R. Richey, Louis F. Oberdorfer, Harold H. Greene, John Garrett Penn,
 Joyce Hens Green, Norma H. Johnson, Thomas P. Jackson, Thomas F. Hogan,
 Stanley S. Harris, George H. Revercomb, Stanley Sporkin, Royce C. Lamberth;
 Clerk's Office, Washington DC 20001.

 Florida -- Northern: William H. Stafford Jr. CJ; Maurice M. Paul, C. Roger
 Vinson; Clerk's Office, Tallahassee 32301. Middle: Susan H. Black, CJ;
 William Terrell Hodges, Howell W. Melton, William J. Castagna; John H. Moore
 2d, Elizabeth A. Kovachevich, George K. Sharp, Patricia C. Fawsett; Clerk's
 Office, Jacksonville 32201. Southern: James Lawrence King, CJ; Norman C.
 Roettger Jr.; William M. Hoeveler, Jose A. Gonzalez Jr., James C. Paine,
 James W. Kehoe, Eugene P. Spellman, Edward B. Davis, Lenore C. Nesbitt,
 Stanley Marcus, Thomas E. Scott, William J. Zloch, Kenneth L. Ryskamp;
 Clerk's Office, Miami 33128.

 Georgia -- Northern: William C. O'Kelley, CJ; Richard C. Freeman,   Harold
 L. Murphy, Marvin H. Shoob, G. Ernest Tidwell, Orinda Dale Evans, Robert L.
 Vining Jr., Robert H. Hall, Harold T. Ward, J. Owen Forrester, Jack T. Camp;
 Clerk's Office, Atlanta 30335. Middle: Wilbur D. Owens Jr., CJ; J. Robert
 Elliott, Duross Fitzpatrick; Clerk's Office, Macon 31202. Southern: B. Avant
 Edenfield, CJ; Anthony A. Alaimo, Dudley H. Bowen Jr.; Clerk's Office,
 Savannah 31412.

 Hawaii -- Harold M. Fong, CJ, Alan C. Kay, David A. Ezra; Clerk's Office,
 Honolulu 96850.

 Idaho -- Harold L. Ryan, CJ; Edward J. Lodge; Clerk's Office; Boise, 83724.

 Illinois -- Northern: John F. Grady, CJ; Nicholas J. Bua, Stanley J.
 Roszkowski, James B. Moran, Marvin E. Aspen, Milton I. Shadur,  Charles P.
 Kocoras, John A. Nordberg, William T. Hart, Paul E. Plunkett, Ilana Diamond
 Rovner, Charles R. Norgle Sr., James F. Holderman Jr., Ann C. Williams,
 Brian Barnett Duff, Harry D. Lienenweber, James B. Zagel, James H. Alesia,
 Suzanne B. Conlon, George M. Marovich, George W. Lindberg; Clerk's Office,
 Chicago 60604. Central: Harold Albert Baker, CJ; Michael M. Mihm, Richard
 Mills; Clerk's Office, Springfield 62705. Southern: James L. Foreman, CJ;
 William L. Beatty, William D. Stiehl; Clerk's Office, E. St. Louis 62202.

 Indiana -- Northern: Allen Sharp, CJ; William C. Lee, James T. Moody, Robert
 L. Miller Jr., Rudy Lozano; Clerk's  Office, South Bend 46601. Southern:
 Gene E. Brooks, CJ; S. Hugh Dillin, Sarah E. Barker, Larry J. McKinney, John
 D. Tinder; Clerk's Office, Indianapolis 46204.

 Iowa -- Northern: Donald E. O'Brien, CJ, David R. Hansen; Clerk's Office,
 Cedar Rapids 52401. Southern: Harold D. Vietor, CJ; Charles R. Wolle;
 Clerk's Office, Des Moines 50309.

 Kansas -- Earl E. O'Connor, CJ; Dale E. Saffels, Patrick F. Kelly, Sam A.
 Crow, C. Thomas Van Bebber;  Clerk's Office, Wichita 67202.

 Kentucky -- Eastern: Eugene E. Siler Jr., CJ; William Bertelsman, Henry R.
 Wilhoit Jr., Karl S. Forester; Clerk's Office, Lexington 40586. Western:
 Edward H. Johnstone, CJ; Thomas A. Ballantine, Ronald E. Meredith, Charles
 R. Simpson 3d; Clerk's Office, Louisville 40202.

 Louisiana -- Eastern: Frederick J. R. Heebe, CJ; Charles Schwartz Jr.,
 Morley L. Sear, Adrian A. Duplantier, Robert F. Collins, George Arceneaux
 Jr., Veronica D. Wicker, Patrick E. Carr, Peter Beer, A J. McNamara, Henry
 A. Mentz Jr., Martin L. C. Feldman, Marcel Livaudais Jr.;  Clerk's Office,
 New Orleans 70130. Middle: John V. Parker, CJ; Frank J. Polozola; Clerk's
 Office, Baton Rouge 70821. Western: Tom Stagg, CJ; Earl Ernest Veron, John
 M. Shaw, F. A. Little Jr., Donald E. Walter; Clerk's Office, Shreveport
 71101.

 Maine -- Conrad K. Cyr, CJ; Gene Carter; Clerk's Office, Portland 04112.

 Maryland -- Alexander Harvey 2d, CJ; Joseph C. Howard, Norman P. Ramsey,
 William E. Black Jr., John R. Hargrove, J. Frederick Motz, Frederic N.
 Smalkin, Paul V. Niemeyer, Marvin J. Garbis; Clerk's Office, Baltimore
 21201.

 Massachusetts -- Frank H. Freedman, CJ; Joseph L. Tauro, Walter Jay Skinner,
 A. David Mazzone, Robert E. Keeton, John J. McNaught, Rya W. Zobel, David S.
 Nelson, William G. Young, Mark L. Wolf, Douglas P. Woodlock, Edward F.
 Harrington; Clerk's Office, Boston 02109.

 Michigan -- Eastern: Julian A. Cook Jr., CJ; Stewart A. Newblatt, Avern
 Cohn, Anna Diggs Taylor, Horace W. Gilmore, George E. Woods, Richard F.
 Suhrheinrich, George La Plata, Barbara K. Hackett, Lawrence P. Zatkoff,
 Patrick J. Duggan, Bernard A. Friedman, Paul V. Gadola; Clerk's Office,
 Detroit 48226. Western: Douglas W. Hillman, CJ; Benjamin F. Gibson, Richard
 A. Enslen, Robert H. Bell; Clerk's Office, Grand Rapids 49503.

 Minnesota -- Donald D. Alsop, CJ; Harry H. MacLaughlin, Robert G. Renner,
 Diana E. Murphy, Paul A. Magnuson, James M. Rosenbaum, David S. Doty;
 Clerk's Office, St. Paul 55101.

 Mississippi -- Northern: L. T. Senter Jr., CJ; Neal Biggers, Glen H.
 Davidson; Clerk's Office, Oxford 38655. Southern: William H. Barbour Jr.,
 CJ; Harry T. Wingate, Tom S. Lee, Walter J. Gex 3d; Clerk's Office, Jackson
 39201.

 Missouri -- Eastern: John F. Nangle, CJ; Edward D. Filippine, William L.
 Hungate, Clyde S. Cahill Jr., Stephen N. Limbaugh, George F. Gunn Jr.;
 Clerk's Office, St. Louis 63101. Western: Scott O. Wright, CJ; Russell G.
 Clark, Howard F. Sachs, Joseph E. Stevens Jr., D. Brook Bartlett, Dean
 Whipple; Clerk's Office, Kansas City 64106.

 Montana -- Paul G. Hatfield, CJ; Charles C. Lovell; Clerk's Office, Billings
 59101.

 Nebraska -- Lyle E. Strom,  CJ; Warren K. Urbom, William G. Cambridge;
 Clerk's Office, Omaha 68101.

 Nevada -- Edward C. Reed Jr., CJ; Lloyd D. George, Howard D. McKibben,
 Philip M. Pro; Clerk's Office, Las Vegas 89101.

 New Hampshire -- Shane Devine, CJ; Martin F. Loughlin; Clerk's Office,
 Concord 03301.

 New Jersey -- John F. Gerry, CJ; Stanley S. Brotman, Anne E. Thompson, D. R.
 Debevoise, H. Lee Sarokin, Harold A. Ackerman, John W. Bissell, Maryanne
 Trump Barry, Joseph H. Rodriguez, Garrett E. Brown Jr., Alfred J. Lechner
 Jr., Nicholas H. Politan, Alfred M. Wolin, John C. Lifland;  Clerk's Office,
 Newark 07102.

 New Mexico -- Juan G. Burciaga, CJ; Santiago E. Campos, John E. Conway,
 James A. Parker; Clerk's Office, Albuquerque 87103.

 New York -- Northern: Neal P. McCurn, CJ; Howard G. Munson, Thomas J.
 McAvoy, Con G. Cholakis; Clerk's Office, Albany 12201. Eastern: Thomas C.
 Platt Jr., CJ; Jack B. Weinstein, Charles P. Sifton, Eugene H. Nickerson,
 Joseph M. McLaughlin, Israel Leo Glasser, Raymond J. Dearie, Leonard D.
 Wexler, Edward R. Korman, Reena Raggi; Clerk's Office, Brooklyn 11201.
 Southern: Charles L. Brieant, CJ; David N. Edelstein,  Thomas P. Griesa,
 Robert J. Ward, Kevin Thomas Duffy, Leonard B. Sand, Mary Johnson Lowe,
 Gerard L. Goettel, Charles S. Haight Jr., Pierre N. Leval, Robert W. Sweet,
 John E. Sprizzo, Shirley Wohl Kram, John F. Keenan, Peter K. Leisure, John
 M. Walker, Louis L. Stanton, Miriam G. Cedarbaum, Michael B. Mukasey,
 Kenneth Conboy, Kimba Wood, Robert P. Patterson Jr.; Clerk's Office N. Y.
 City 10007. Western: Michael A. Telesca, CJ; Richard J. Arcara, David G.
 Larimer; Clerk's Office, Buffalo 14202.

 North Carolina -- Eastern: W. Earl Britt, CJ; James C. Fox, Terrence W.
 Boyle, Malcolm J. Howard; Clerk's Office, Raleigh 27611. Middle: Richard C.
 Erwin, CJ; Frank W. Bullock, N. Carlton Tilley Jr.; Clerk's Office,
 Greensboro 27402. Western: Robert D. Potter, CJ; Richard L. Woorhees;
 Clerk's Office Asheville 28801.

 North Dakota -- Patrick A. Conmy, CJ, Rodney S. Webb; Clerk's Office,
 Bismarck 58502.

 Ohio -- Northern: Thomas D. Lambros, CJ; Frank J. Battisti, John M. Manos,
 George W. White, Ann Aldrich, Alvin I. Krenzler, John W. Potter, David D.
 Dowd Jr., Sam H. Bell, Alice M. Batchelder; Clerk's Office, Cleveland 44114.
 Southern: John D. Holschuh, CJ; Carl B. Rubin, Walter H. Rice, S. Arthur
 Spiegel, Herman J. Weber, James L. Graham, George C. Smith; Clerk's Office,
 Columbus 43215.

 Oklahoma -- Northern: H. Dale Cook, CJ;   James O. Ellison, Thomas R. Brett,
 Clerk's Office, Tulsa 74103. Eastern: Frank H. Shey, CJ; Clerk's Office,
 Muskogee 74401. Western: Ralph G. Thompson, CJ; Wayne Alley,  Lee R. West,
 Layn R. Phillips; Clerk's Office, Oklahoma City 73102.

 Oregon -- Owen M. Panner, CJ; James A. Redden, Helen J. Frye, Malcolm F.
 Marsh; Clerk's Office, Portland 97205.

 Pennsylvania -- Eastern: Louis Charles Bechtle, CJ; Joseph L. McGlynn Jr.,
 Edward N. Cahn, Louis H. Pollak, Norma L. Shapiro, James T. Giles, James
 McGirr Kelly, Thomas N. O'Neill Jr., Marvin Katz, Edmund V. Ludwig, Robert
 F. Kelly, Franklin S. Van Antwerpen, Robert S. Gawthrop, Lowell A. Reed Jr.,
 Jan E. Dubois, Herbert J. Hutton; Clerk's Office, Philadelphia 19106.
 Middle: Richard P. Conaboy, CJ; Sylvia H. Rambo, William W. Caldwell, Edward
 M. Kosik; Clerk's Office, Scranton 18501. Western: Maurice B. Cohill Jr.,
 CJ; Paul A. Simmons, Gustave Diamond, Donald E. Ziegler, Alan N. Bloch,
 Glenn E. Mencer, William L. Standish, D. Brooks Smith, Donald J. Lee;
 Clerk's Office, Pittsburgh 15230.

 Rhode Island -- Francis J. Boyle, CJ; Ronald R. Lagueux, Ernest C. Torres;
 Clerk's Office, Providence 02903.

 South Carolina -- Solomon Blatt Jr., CJ; C. Weston Houck, Falcon B. Hawkins,
 Matthew J. Perry Jr., George R. Anderson Jr., Clyde H. Hamilton, Karen L.
 Henderson, Joseph F. Anderson Jr.; Clerk's Office, Columbia 29202.

 South Dakota -- Donald J. Porter, CJ; Richard H. Battey, John Bailey Jones;
 Clerk's Office, Sioux Falls 57102.

 Tennessee -- Eastern: Thomas G. Hull, CJ; James H. Jarvis, R. Allan Edgar,
 Leon Jordan; Clerk's Office, Knoxville 37901. Middle: Thomas A. Wiseman Jr,
 CJ; Thomas A. Higgins, John T. Nixon; Clerk's Office, Nashville 37203.
 Western: Odell Horton, CJ; Julia S. Gibbons, James D. Todd, Jerome Turner;
 Clerk's Office, Memphis 38103.

 Texas -- Northern: Barefoot Sanders, CJ; Robert W. Porter, Mary Lou
 Robinson, David O. Belew Jr., Jerry Buchmeyer, A. Joe Fish, Robert B.
 Maloney, Sidney A. Fitzwater, Samuel R. Cummings; Clerk's Office, Dallas
 75242. Southern: James De Anda, CJ; Norman W. Black, George P. Kazen,
 Filemon B. Vela, Hayden W. Head Jr., Ricardo H. Hinojosa, Lynn N. Hughes,
 David Hittner, Kenneth M. Hoyt, Simeon T. Lake 3d, Melinda Harmon; Clerk's
 Office, Houston 77208. Eastern: William Wayne Justice, CJ; Robert M. Parker,
 Howell Cobb, Sam B. Hall Jr., Paul N. Brown, Richard A. Schell; Clerk's
 Office, Tyler 75702. Western: Lucius D. Bunton 3d, CJ; Harry Lee Hudspeth,
 Hipolito F. Garcia, James R. Nowlin, Edward C. Prado, Walter S. Smith Jr.,
 Emilio M. Garza; Clerk's Office, San Antonio 78206.

 Utah -- Bruce S. Jenkins, CJ; J. Thomas Greene, David Sam, David K. Winder;
 Clerk's Office, Salt Lake City 84101.

 Vermont -- Franklin S. Billings Jr., CJ; Clerk's Office, Burlington 05402.

 Virginia -- Eastern: Albert V. Bryan Jr., CJ; J. Calvitt Clarke, Richard L.
 Williams, James C. Cacheris, Robert G. Doumar, Claude M. Hilton, James R.
 Spencer, Thomas S. Ellis 3d, Rebecca Beach Smith; Clerk's Office, Alexandria
 22320. Western: James C. Turk, CJ; James H. Michael Jr., Jackson L. Kiser;
 Clerk's Office, Roanoke 24006.

 Washington -- Eastern: Justin L. Quackenbush, CJ; Robert J. McNichols,  Alan
 A. McDonald; Clerk's Office, Spokane 99210. Western: Barbara J. Rothstein,
 CJ; Jack E. Tanner, John C. Coughenour, Carolyn R. Dimmick, Robert J. Bryan,
 William L. Dwyer, Thomas Zilly; Clerk's Office, Seattle 98104.

 West Virginia -- Northern: Robert Earl Maxwell, CJ; Clerk's Office, Elkins
 26241. Southern: Charles H. Haden 2d, CJ; Robert J. Staker, John T.
 Copenhaver Jr., Elizabeth V. Hallanan; Clerk's Office, Charleston 25329.

 Wisconsin -- Eastern: Robert W. Warren, CJ; Terence T. Evans, Thomas J.
 Curran, J.P. Stadtmueller; Clerk's Office, Milwaukee 53202. Western: Barbara
 B. Crabb, CJ; John C. Shabaz; Clerk's Office, Madison 53701.

 Wyoming -- Clarence A. Brimmer, CJ; Alan B. Johnson; Clerk's Office,
 Cheyenne 82001.


                      U.S. Territorial District Courts

 Guam -- Cristobal C. Duenas; Clerk's Office, Agana 96910.

 Puerto Rico -- Juan M. Perez-Gimenez, CJ; Gilberto Gierbolini, Carmen
 Consuelo Cerezo, Jaime Pieras Jr., Raymond L. Acosta, Hector M. Laffitte,
 Jose Antonio Fuste; Clerk's Office, San Juan 00904.

 Virgin Islands -- vacancy CJ; Clerk's Office, Charlotte Amalie, St. Thomas
 00801.


                       U.S. Court of Veterans Appeals

                      (established by Congress in 1989)




                State Officials, Salaries, Party Membership

 Governors reflect results of Nov. 6, 1990 elections; other officials are as
 of mid-1990; | Ind. or other party.


                                  Alabama

 Governor -- Guy Hunt, R., $70,222.

 Lt. Gov. -- Jim Folsom Jr., D., $40 per legislative day, plus annual salary
 of $1,900 per month plus $1,500 per month for expenses.

 Sec. of State -- Perry Hand, R., $36,234.

 Atty. Gen. -- Don Siegelman, D., $77,420.

 Treasurer -- George Wallace Jr., D., $49,500.

 Legislature: meets annually the 3d Tuesday in Apr. (first year of term of
 office, first Tuesday in Feb. (2d and 3d years), 2d Tuesday in Jan. (4th
 year) at Montgomery. Members receive $10 a day salary, plus $1,900 per month
 expenses, plus $40 per day expenses during legislative sessions, and mileage
 of 10c per mile.

 Senate -- Dem., 27; Rep., 8. Total, 35.

 House -- Dem., 83; Rep., 22. Total, 105.


                                   Alaska

 Governor -- Walter Hickel, | $81,648.

 Lt. Gov. -- Stephen McAlpine, D., $76,188.

 Atty. General -- Douglas Baily, D., $77,304.

 Legislature: meets annually in January at Juneau, for 120 days with a 10-day
 extension possible upon  vote. First session in odd years. Members receive
 $22,140 per year plus  $80 a day per diem.

 Senate -- Dem.,  8; Rep., 12. Total, 20.

 House -- Dem., 24; Rep., 16. Total, 40.


                                  Arizona

 Governor -- Fife Symington, R., $75,000.

 Sec. of State -- Jim Shumway, $50,000.

 Atty. Gen. -- Bob Corbin, R., $70,000.

 Treasurer -- Ray Rottas, R., $50,000.

 Legislature: meets annually in January at Phoenix. Each member receives an
 annual salary of $15,000.

 Senate -- Dem., 13; Rep., 17. Total, 30.

 House -- Dem., 26; Rep., 34. Total, 60.


                                  Arkansas

 Governor -- Bill Clinton, D., $35,000.

 Lt. Gov. -- Winston Bryant, D., $14,000.

 Sec. of State -- W. J. "Bill" McCuen, D., $22,500.

 Atty. Gen. -- Steve Clark, D., $26,500.

 Treasurer -- Jimmie Lou  Fisher, D., $22,500.

 General Assembly: meets odd years in January at Little Rock. Members receive
 $7,500 per year, $74 a day while in regular session, plus 21 cents a mile
 travel expense.

 Senate -- Dem., 31; Rep., 4. Total, 35.

 House -- Dem., 88; Rep. 11; 1 ind. Total, 100.


                                 California

 Governor -- Pete Wilson, R., $102,079.

 Lt. Gov. -- Leo T. McCarthy, D., $87,068.

 Sec. of State -- March Fong Eu, D., $87,068.

 Controller -- Gray Davis, D., $87,068.

 Atty. Gen. -- John Van de Kamp, D., $93,073.

 Legislature: meets at Sacramento; regular sessions commence on the first
 Monday in Dec. of every even-numbered year; each session lasts 2 years.
 Members receive $44,898 per year plus mileage and $65 per diem.

 Senate -- Dem., 24; Rep., 14, 1 ind., 1 vac.; Total, 40.

 Assembly -- Dem., 46; Rep., 33, 1 vac.; Total, 80.


                                  Colorado

 Governor -- Roy Romer, D., $70,000.

 Lt. Gov. -- Mike Callihan, D., $48,500.

 Secy. of State -- Natalie Meyer, R., $48,500.

 Atty. Gen. -- Duane Woodard, D., $60,000.

 Treasurer -- Gail Schoettler, D., $48,500.

 General Assembly: meets annually in January at Denver. Members receive
 $17,500 annually.

 Senate -- Dem., 11; Rep., 24. Total, 35.

 House -- Dem., 26; Rep., 39. Total, 65.


                                Connecticut

 Governor -- Lowell Weicker, | $78,000.

 Lt. Gov. -- Joseph J. Fauliso, D., $55,000.

 Sec. of State -- Julia H. Tashjian, D., $50,000.

 Treasurer -- Francisco Borges, D., $50,000.

 Comptroller -- J. Edward Caldwell, D., $50,000.

 Atty. Gen. -- Clarine Nardi Riddle, Act., $60,000.

 General Assembly: meets annually odd years in January and even years in
 February at Hartford. Salary $15,200 per year plus $4,500 (senator), $3,500
 (representative) per year  for expenses, plus travel allowance.

 Senate -- Dem., 23; Rep., 13. Total, 36.

 House -- Dem., 86; Rep., 65. Total, 151.


                                  Delaware

 Governor -- Michael N. Castle, R., $80,000.

 Lt. Gov. -- Dale E. Wolf, R., $35,000.

 Sec. of State -- Michael Harkins, R., $69,900.

 Atty. Gen. -- Charles Oberly 3d, D., $81,400.

 Treasurer -- Janet C. Rzewnicki, R., $63,000.

 General Assembly: 55 day session beginning the 2d Tuesday in January until
 June 30. Members receive $23,000 base salary, plus $5,500 expense account.

 Senate -- Dem., 13; Rep., 8. Total, 21.

 House -- Dem., 18; Rep., 23. Total, 41.


                                  Florida

 Governor -- Lawton Chiles, D., $100,883.

 Lt. Gov. -- Bobby Brantley, R., $91,301.

 Sec. of State -- Jim Smith, R., $91,301.

 Comptroller -- Gerald Lewis, D., $91,301.

 Atty. Gen. -- Robert Butterworth, D., $91,301.

 Treasurer -- Tim Gallagher, R., $81,967.

 Legislature: meets annually at Tallahassee. Members receive $21,648 per year
 plus expense allowance while on official business.

 Senate -- Dem., 23; Rep., 17. Total, 40.

 House -- Dem., 72; Rep., 48. Total, 120.


                                  Georgia

 Governor -- Zell Miller, D., $88,872.

 Lt. Gov. -- vacant, $56,293.

 Sec. of State -- Max Cleland,  D., $71,186.

 Insurance Comm. -- Warren Evans, D., $71,174.

 Atty. Gen. -- Michael J. Bowers,  $72,824.

 General Assembly: meets annually at Atlanta. Members receive $10,000 per
 year, $59 per diem, and $4,800 expense reimbursement.  During session $59
 per day for expenses.

 Senate -- Dem., 45; Rep., 11. Total, 56.

 House -- Dem., 144; Rep., 36. Total, 180.


                                   Hawaii

 Governor -- John Waihee, D., $80,000.

 Lt. Gov. -- Benjamin Cayetano,  D., $76,000.

 Atty. Gen. -- Warren Price, $68,400.

 Comptroller -- Russel Nagata, $68,400.

 Dir. of Budget & Finance -- Yukio Takemoto, $68,400.

 Legislature: meets annually on 3d Wednesday in January at Honolulu. Members
 receive $27,000 per year plus expenses.

 Senate -- Dem., 22. Rep., 3. Total, 25.

 House -- Dem., 45. Rep., 6. Total, 51.


                                   Idaho

 Governor -- Cecil D. Andrus, D., $55,000.

 Lt. Gov. -- C. L. "Butch" Otter, R., $15,000.

 Sec. of State -- Pete T. Cenarrusa, R., $45,000.

 Treasurer -- Lydia Justice Edwards, R., $45,000.

 Atty. Gen. -- Jim Jones, R., $48,000.

 Legislature meets annually the Monday on or nearest the 9th of January at
 Boise. Members receive $30 per day during session, $15 per day when not in
 session, plus certain travel and living allowances.

 Senate -- Dem., 19; Rep., 23. Total, 42.

 House -- Dem., 20; Rep., 64. Total, 84.


                                  Illinois

 Governor -- Jim Edgar, R., $93,266.

 Lt. Gov. -- George H. Ryan, R., $65,835.

 Sec. of State -- Jim  Edgar, R., $82,294.

 Comptroller -- Roland W. Burris, D., $71,321.

 Atty. Gen. -- Neil F. Hartigan, D., $82,294.

 Treasurer -- Jerry  Cosentino, D., $71,321.

 General Assembly: meets annually  in January at Springfield. Members receive
 $35,661 per annum.

 Senate -- Dem., 31; Rep., 28. Total, 59.

 House -- Dem., 67; Rep., 51. Total, 118.


                                  Indiana

 Governor -- Evan Bayh, D., $77,000 plus discretionary expenses.

 Lt. Gov. -- Frank O'Bannon, D., $64,000 plus discretionary  expenses.

 Sec. of State -- Joseph Hogsett D., $46,000.

 Atty. Gen. -- Linley E. Pearson, R., $51,000.

 Treasurer -- Marjorie H. O'Laughlin, R., $46,000.

 Auditor -- Ann G. Devore, R., $46,000.

 General Assembly: meets annually in January. Members receive $11,600 per
 year plus $75 per day while in session, $15 per day while not in session.

 Senate -- Dem., 24; Rep., 26. Total, 50.

 House -- Dem., 50; Rep., 50. Total, 100.


                                    Iowa

 Governor -- Terry E. Branstad, R., $72,500.

 Lt. Gov. -- Jo Ann Zimmerman, D., $25,100.

 Sec. of State -- Elaine Baxter, D., $55,700.

 Atty. Gen. -- Tom Miller, D., $69,700.

 Treasurer -- Michael L. Fitzgerald, D., $55,700.

 Auditor -- Richard D. Johnson, R., $55,700.

 Secy. of Agriculture -- Dale M. Cochran, D., $53,000.

 General Assembly: meets annually in January at Des Moines. Members receive
 $16,600 annually plus maximum expense allowance of $40 per day for first 110
 days of first session, and first 100 days of 2d session; mileage expenses at
 21c a mile.

 Senate -- Dem., 30; Rep., 20. Total, 50.

 House -- Dem., 61; Rep., 39. Total, 100.


                                   Kansas

 Governor -- Joan Finney, D., $73,138.

 Lt. Gov. -- Jack Walker, R., $20,688.

 Sec. of State -- Bill Graves, R., $56,400.

 Atty. Gen. -- Robert T. Stephan, R., $65,345.

 Treasurer -- Joan Finney, D., $56,816.

 Legislature: meets annually in January at Topeka. Members receive $59 a day
 plus $69 a day expenses while in session, plus $600 per month while not in
 session.

 Senate -- Dem., 18; Rep., 22. Total, 40.

 House -- Dem., 57; Rep., 68. Total, 125.


                                  Kentucky

 Governor -- Wallace G. Wilkinson, D., $69,730.

 Lt. Gov. -- Brereton Jones, D., $59,262.

 Sec. of State -- Bremer Ehrler, D., $59,262.

 Atty. Gen. -- Fred Cowan, D., $59,262.

 Treasurer -- Robert Meade, D., $59,262.

 Auditor -- Bob Babbage, D., $59,262.

 General Assembly: meets even years in January at Frankfort. Members receive
 $100 per day and $100 per day during session and $950 per month for expenses
 for interim.

 Senate -- Dem., 30; Rep., 8. Total, 38.

 House -- Dem., 71; Rep., 29. Total, 100.


                                 Louisiana

 Governor -- Charles "Buddy" Roemer, D., $73,440.

 Lt. Gov. -- Paul Hardy, R., $63,367.

 Sec. of State -- Fox McKeithen, D., $60,169.

 Atty. Gen. -- William J. Guste Jr., D., $60,169.

 Treasurer -- Mary Landrieu, D., $60,169.

 Legislature: meets annually for 60 legislative days commencing on 3d Monday
 in April. Members receive $75 per day and mileage plus annual salary of
 $16,800.

 Senate -- Dem., 33; Rep., 6. Total, 39.

 House -- Dem., 87; Rep., 18. Total, 105.


                                   Maine

 Governor -- John R. McKernan Jr., R., $70,000.

 Sec. of State -- G. William Diamond D., $37,523.

 Atty. Gen. -- James  Tierney, D., $58,073.

 Treasurer -- Samuel Shapiro, D., $50,044.

 Legislature: meets annually in December at Augusta. Members receive $9,000
 for first regular sessions, $6,000 for second regular session plus expenses;
 presiding officers receive 50% more.

 Senate -- Dem., 20; Rep., 15. Total, 35.

 House -- Dem., 97; Rep., 54. Total, 151.


                                  Maryland

 Governor -- William Donald Schaefer, D., $85,000.

 Lt. Gov. -- Melvin Steinberg, D., $72,500.

 Comptroller -- Louis L. Goldstein, D., $72,500.

 Atty. Gen. -- J. Joseph Curran Jr., D., $72,500.

 Sec. of State -- Winfield M. Kelly Jr., D., $45,000.

 Treasurer -- Lucille Maurer, D., $72,500.

 General Assembly: meets 90 consecutive days annually beginning on the 2d
 Wednesday in January at Annapolis. Members receive $25,000 per year plus
 expenses.

 Senate -- Dem., 40; Rep., 7. Total, 47.

 House -- Dem., 125; Rep., 16. Total, 141.


                               Massachusetts

 Governor -- William Weld, R., $75,000.

 Lt. Gov. -- Evelyn Murphy, $60,000.

 Sec. of State -- Michael Joseph Connolly, D., $60,000.

 Atty. Gen. -- James M. Shannon, D., $65,000.

 Treasurer -- Robert Q. Crane, D., $60,000.

 Auditor -- A. Joseph DeNucci, D., $60,000.

 General Court (Legislature): meets each January in Boston. Salaries $30,000
 per annum.

 Senate -- Dem., 32; Rep., 8. Total, 40.

 House -- Dem., 129; Rep., 31. Total, 160.


                                  Michigan

 Governor -- John Engler, R., $100,100.

 Lt. Gov. -- Martha W. Griffiths, D., $67,400.

 Sec. of State -- Richard H. Austin, D., $89,000.

 Atty. Gen. -- Frank J. Kelley, D., $89,000.

 Treasurer -- Robert A. Bowman, N-P, $80,300.

 Legislature: meets annually in January at Lansing. Members receive $42,670
 per year, plus $8,100 expense allowance.

 Senate -- Dem., 18; Rep., 20. Total, 38.

 House -- Dem., 61; Rep., 49. Total, 110.


                                 Minnesota

 Governor -- Arne Carlson, R., $103,860.

 Lt. Gov. -- Marlene Johnson, DFL, $57,125.

 Sec. of State -- Joan Anderson Growe, DFL., $57,125.

 Atty. Gen. -- Hubert H. Humphrey 3d, DFL., $81,138.

 Treasurer -- Michael McGrath, DFL., $54,042.

 Auditor -- Arnie Carlson, IR, $62,320.

 Legislature: meets for a total of 120 days within every 2 years at St. Paul.
 Members receive $26,395 per year,   plus expense allowance during session.

 Senate -- DFL., 44; IR, 23. Total, 67.

 House -- DFL., 80; IR, 54. Total, 134.

 (DFL means Democratic-Farmer-Labor. IR means Independent Republican.)


                                Mississippi

 Governor -- Ray Mabus, D., $63,000.

 Lt. Gov. -- Brad Dye, D., $40,800.

 Sec. of State -- Dick Molpus, D., $54,000.

 Atty. Gen. -- Mike Moore, D., $61,200.

 Treasurer -- Marshall Bennett, D., $54,000.

 Legislature: meets annually in January at Jackson. Members receive $10,100
 per regular session plus travel allowance, and $500 per month while not in
 session.

 Senate -- Dem., 45; Rep., 7. Total, 52.

 House -- Dem., 115; Rep., 7. Total, 122.


                                  Missouri

 Governor -- John D. Ashcroft, R., $88,851.

 Lt. Gov. -- Mel Carnahan, D., $53,277.

 Sec. of State -- Roy D. Blunt, R., $70,909.

 Atty. Gen. -- William L. Webster, R., $76,786.

 Treasurer -- Wendell Bailey, R., $70,909.

 State Auditor -- Margaret Kelly, R., $70,909.

 General Assembly: meets annually in Jefferson City on the first Wednesday
 after first Monday in January. Members receive $22,414 annually.

 Senate -- Dem., 22; Rep., 12. Total, 34.

 House -- Dem., 104; Rep., 59. Total, 163.


                                  Montana

 Governor -- Stan Stephens, R., $50,452.

 Lt. Gov. -- Alan Kolstad, R., $36,141.

 Sec. of State -- Mike Cooney, D., $33,342.

 Atty. Gen. -- Marc Racicot, R., $46,016.

 Legislative Assembly: meets odd years in January at Helena. Members receive
 $59.12 per legislative day plus $50 per day for expenses while in session.

 Senate -- Dem., 27; Rep., 23. Total, 50.

 House -- Dem., 52; Rep., 48. Total, 100.


                                  Nebraska

 Governor --  Ben Nelson, D., $58,000.

 Lt. Gov. -- William Nichol, R., $40,000.

 Sec. of State -- Allen J. Beermann, R., $40,000.

 Atty. Gen. -- Robert Spire, R., $57,500.

 Treasurer -- Frank Marsh, R., $35,000.

 Legislature: meets annually in January at Lincoln. Members receive salary of
 $12,000 annually plus travelling expenses.

 Unicameral body composed of 49 members who are elected on a nonpartisan
 ballot and are classed as senators.


                                   Nevada

 Governor -- Robert Miller, D., $77,500.

 Lt. Gov. -- vacant, $12,500.

 Sec. of State -- Frankie Sue Del Papa, D., $50,500.

 Comptroller -- Darrel Daines, R., $49,000.

 Atty. Gen. -- Brian McKay, R., $62,500.

 Treasurer -- Ken Santor, R., $49,000.

 Legislature: meets odd years in January at Carson City. Members receive $130
 per day for 60 days (20 days for special sessions).

 Senate -- Dem., 8; Rep., 13. Total, 21.

 Assembly -- Rep., 12; Dem., 30. Total, 42.


                               New Hampshire

 Governor -- Judd Gregg, R., $72,146.

 Sec. of State -- William M. Gardner, D., $50,675.

 Atty. Gen. -- Stephen E. Merrill, $58,940.

 Treasurer -- Georgie A. Thomas, R., $50,675.

 General Court (Legislature): meets every year in January at Concord. Members
 receive $200; presiding officers $250.

 Senate -- Dem., 8; Rep., 16. Total, 24.

 House -- Rep., 281; Dem., 119.  Total, 400.


                                New Jersey

 Governor -- James J. Florio, D., $85,000.

 Sec. of State -- Joan Haberle, D., $95,000.

 Atty. Gen. -- Robert J. Del Tuso, D., $95,000.

 Treasurer -- Douglas C. Berman, D., $95,000.

 Legislature: meets throughout the year at Trenton. Members receive $25,000
 per year, except president of Senate and speaker of Assembly who receive 1/3
 more.

 Senate -- Dem., 23; Rep., 17. Total, 40.

 Assembly -- Dem., 43; Rep. 36, 1 vacancy; Total, 80.


                                 New Mexico

 Governor -- Bruce King, D., $90,000.

 Lt. Gov. -- Jack Stahl, R., $65,000.

 Sec. of State -- Rebecca Vigil-Giron, D., $65,000.

 Atty. Gen. -- Hal Stratton, R., $72,500.

 Treasurer -- James Lewis, D., $65,000.

 Legislature: meets on the 3d Tuesday in January at Santa Fe; odd years for
 60 days, even years for 30 days. Members receive $75 per day while in
 session.

 Senate -- Dem., 26; Rep., 16. Total, 42.

 House -- Dem., 45; Rep., 25. Total, 70.


                                  New York

 Governor -- Mario M. Cuomo, D., $130,000.

 Lt. Gov. -- Stan Lundine, D., $95,000.

 Sec. of State -- Gail S. Shaffer, D., $87,338.

 Comptroller -- Edward V. Regan, R., $110,000.

 Atty. Gen. -- Robert  Abrams, D., $110,000.

 Legislature: meets annually in January at Albany. Members receive $57,500
 per year.

 Senate -- Dem., 27; Rep., 34. Total, 61.

 Assembly -- Dem., 93; Rep., 57. Total, 150.


                               North Carolina

 Governor -- James G. Martin, R., $109,728 plus $11,500 per year expenses.

 Lt. Gov. -- James C. Gardner, R., $66,972 per year, plus $11,500 per year
 expense allowance.

 Sec. of State -- Rufus L. Edmisten, D., $66,972.

 Atty. Gen. -- Lacy Thornberg, D., $66,972.

 Treasurer -- Harlan E. Boyles, D., $66,972.

 General Assembly: meets odd years in January at Raleigh. Members receive
 $11,124 annual salary and $5,500 annual expense allowance, plus $81 per diem
 subsistence and travel allowance while in session.

 Senate -- Dem., 37; Rep., 13. Total, 50.

 House -- Dem., 74; Rep., 46. Total, 120.


                                North Dakota

 Governor -- George A. Sinner, D., $65,200.

 Lt. Gov. -- Lloyd B. Omdahl, D., $53,500.

 Sec. of State -- Jim Kusler, D., $49,300.

 Atty. Gen. -- Nicholas Spaeth, D., $55,700.

 Treasurer -- Robert Hanson, D., $49,300.

 Legislative Assembly: meets odd years in January at Bismarck. Members
 receive $90 per day expenses during session and $180 per month when not in
 session.

 Senate -- Dem., 32; Rep., 21. Total, 53.

 House -- Dem., 45; Rep., 61. Total, 106.


                                    Ohio

 Governor -- George Voinovich, R., $65,000.

 Lt. Gov. -- Paul R. Leonard, $44,903.

 Sec. of State -- Sherrod Brown, D., $67,005.

 Atty. Gen. -- Anthony J. Celebrezze Jr., D., $67,005.

 Treasurer -- Mary Ellen Withrow, D., $67,005.

 Auditor -- Thomas E. Ferguson, D., $67,005.

 General Assembly: meets odd years at Columbus on first Monday in January; no
 limit on session. Members receive $34,905 per annum.

 Senate -- Dem., 14; Rep., 19. Total, 33.

 House -- Dem., 59; Rep., 40. Total, 99.


                                  Oklahoma

 Governor -- David Walters, D., $70,000.

 Lt. Gov. -- Robert S. Kerr 3d, D., $40,000.

 Sec. of State -- Hannah Diggs Atkins, D., $37,500.

 Atty. Gen. -- Robert H. Henry, D., $55,000.

 Treasurer -- Ellis Edwards, D., $50,000.

 Legislature: meets annually  in January at Oklahoma City. Members receive
 $32,000 annually.

 Senate -- Dem., 33; Rep., 15. Total, 48.

 House -- Dem., 69; Rep., 32. Total, 101.


                                   Oregon

 Governor -- Barbara Roberts, D., $80,000, plus $500 monthly expenses.

 Sec. of State -- Barbara Roberts, D., $61,500.

 Atty. Gen. -- David B.  Frohnmayer, R., $66,000.

 Treasurer -- Tony Meeker, R., $61,500.

 Legislative Assembly: meets odd years in January at Salem. Members receive
 $989 monthly and $66 expenses per day both during & out of session.

 Senate -- Dem., 19; Rep., 11. Total, 30.

 House -- Dem., 32; Rep., 28. Total, 60.


                                Pennsylvania

 Governor -- Robert Casey, D., $85,000.

 Lt. Gov. -- Mark S. Singel, D., $67,500.

 Sec. of the Commonwealth -- James J. Haggerty, D., $58,000.

 Atty. Gen. -- Ernest R. Preate,  R., $84,000.

 Treasurer -- Catherine Baker Knoll, D., $84,000.

 General Assembly -- convenes annually in January at Harrisburg. Members
 receive $35,000 per year plus  expenses.

 Senate -- Dem., 23; Rep., 27. Total, 50.

 House -- Dem., 103; Rep., 99; 1 vacancy. Total, 203.


                                Rhode Island

 Governor -- Bruce Sundlun, D., $69,000.

 Lt. Gov. -- Roger N. Begin, D., $52,000.

 Sec. of State -- Kathleen S. Connell, D., $52,000.

 Atty. Gen. -- James E. O'Neil, D., $55,000.

 Treasurer -- Anthony J. Solomon, D., $52,000.

 General Assembly: meets annually in January at Providence. Members receive
 $5 per day for 60 days, and travel allowance of 8c per mile.

 Senate -- Dem., 41; Rep., 9. Total, 50.

 House -- Dem., 83; Rep., 17. Total, 100.


                               South Carolina

 Governor -- Carroll A. Campbell Jr., R., $83,232.

 Lt. Gov. -- Nick Theodore,  D., $36,414.

 Sec. of State -- John T. Campbell, D., $70,447.

 Comptroller Gen. -- Earle E. Morris Jr., D., $70,447.

 Atty. Gen. -- T.T. Medlock, D., $70,447.

 Treasurer -- G.L. Patterson Jr., D., $70,447.

 General Assembly: meets annually in January at Columbia. Members receive
 $10,000 per year and expense allowance of $74 per day,  plus travel and
 postage allowance.

 Senate -- Dem., 35; Rep., 11. Total, 46.

 House -- Dem. 83; Rep., 40; 1 vacancy. Total, 124.


                                South Dakota

 Governor -- George S. Mickelson, R., $60,819.

 Lt. Gov. -- Walter Miller, R., $52,915.

 Sec. of State -- Joyce Hazeltine, R., $41,308.

 Treasurer -- David Volk, R., $41,308.

 Atty. Gen. -- Roger Tellinghuisen, R., $51,625.

 Auditor -- Vernon Larson, R., $41,308.

 Legislature: meets annually in January at Pierre. Members receive $4,267 for
 40-day session in odd-numbered years, and $3,733 for 35-day session in
 even-numbered years, plus $75 per legislative day.

 Senate -- Dem., 15; Rep., 20. Total, 35.

 House -- Dem., 24. Rep., 46. Total, 70.


                                 Tennessee

 Governor -- Ned Ray McWherter, D., $85,000.

 Lt. Gov. -- John S. Wilder, D., $49,500.

 Sec. of State -- Bryant Millsaps, D., $65,500.

 Comptroller -- William Snodgrass, D., $65,000.

 Atty. Gen. -- Charles W. Burson, D., $65,650.

 General Assembly: meets annually in January at Nashville. Members receive
 $16,500 yearly plus $78.00 per diem plus office expenses.

 Senate -- Dem., 22; Rep., 11. Total, 33.

 House -- Dem., 58; Rep., 41. Total, 99.


                                   Texas

 Governor -- Ann Richards, D.,  $93,342.

 Lt. Gov. -- Bill Hobby, D., $7,200.

 Sec. of State -- George S. Bayoud Jr., R., $64,890.

 Comptroller -- Bob Bullock, D., $74,698.

 Atty. Gen. -- Jim Mattox, D., $74,698.

 Treasurer -- Ann W. Richards, D., $74,698.

 Legislature: meets odd years in January at Austin. Members receive annual
 salary not exceeding $7,200, per diem while in session, and travel
 allowance.

 Senate -- Dem., 23; Rep., 8. Total, 31.

 House -- Dem., 93; Rep., 57. Total, 150.


                                    Utah

 Governor -- Norman Bangerter, R., $70,000.

 Lt. Gov. -- W. Val Oveson, R., $52,500.

 Atty. Gen. -- R. Paul Van Dam, D., $56,000.

 Treasurer -- Edward T. Alter, D., $53,000.

 Legislature: convenes for 45 days on 2d Monday in January each year; members
 receive $25 per day, $15 daily expenses, and mileage.

 Senate -- Dem., 7; Rep., 22. Total, 29.

 House -- Dem., 28; Rep., 47. Total, 75.


                                  Vermont

 Governor --  Peter Snelling, R., $75,800.

 Lt. Gov. -- Howard Dean, D., $31,600.

 Sec. of State -- James H. Douglas, R., $47,700.

 Atty. Gen. -- Jeffrey Amestoy, R., $57,300.

 Treasurer -- Paul W. Ruse Jr., D., $47,700.

 Auditor of Accounts -- Alexander V. Acebo, R., $47,700.

 General Assembly: meets odd years in January at Montpelier. Members receive
 $6,750 plus $90 per day for special session, plus specified expenses.

 Senate -- Dem., 16; Rep., 14. Total, 30.

 House -- Dem., 75; Rep., 75. Total, 150.


                                  Virginia

 Governor -- L. Douglas Wilder, D., $85,000.

 Lt. Gov. -- Donald S. Beyer Jr., $28,000.

 Atty. Gen. -- Mary Sue Terry, D., $75,000.

 Sec. of the Commonwealth -- Pamela Womack, D., $53,085.

 Treasurer -- Eddie N. Moore Jr., $65,000.

 General Assembly: meets annually  in January at Richmond. Members receive
 $18,000 annually plus expense and mileage allowances.

 Senate -- Dem., 30; Rep., 10. Total, 40.

 House -- Dem., 59; Rep., 39; Ind., 2. Total, 100.


                                 Washington

 Governor -- Booth Gardner, D.,  $96,700.

 Lt. Gov. -- Joel Pritchard, D., $51,100.

 Sec. of State -- Ralph Munro,  R., $52,600.

 Atty. Gen. -- Ken Eikenberry, R., $75,700.

 Treasurer -- Daniel K. Grimm, D., $65,000.

 Legislature: meets annually  in January at Olympia. Members receive $17,900
 annually plus per diem of $66 per diem and 24[cent  ] per mile while in
 session, and $66 per diem for attending meetings during interim.

 Senate -- Dem., 24; Rep., 25. Total, 49.

 House -- Dem., 63; Rep., 35. Total, 98.


                               West Virginia

 Governor -- Gaston Caperton, D., $72,000.

 Sec. of State -- Ken Hechler, D., $43,200.

 Atty. Gen. -- Roger W. Tompkins,  D., $50,400.

 Treasurer -- Tom Loehr, D., $50,400.

 Comm. of Agric. -- Cleve Benedict, R., $46,800.

 Auditor -- Glen B. Gainer Jr., D., $46,800.

 Legislature: meets annually in January at Charleston. Members receive
 $6,500.

 Senate -- Dem., 29; Rep., 5. Total, 34.

 House -- Dem., 79; Rep., 21. Total, 100.


                                 Wisconsin

 Governor -- Tommy G. Thompson, R., $86,149.

 Lt. Gov. -- Scott McCallum, R., $46,360.

 Sec. of State -- Douglas La Follette, D., $42,089.

 Treasurer -- Charles P. Smith, D., $42,089.

 Atty. Gen. -- Donald Hanaway, R., $73,930.

 Superintendent of Public Instruction -- Herbert J. Grover, $66,536.

 Legislature: meets in January at Madison. Members receive $31,236 annually
 plus $55 per day expenses.

 Senate -- Dem., 19; Rep., 14. Total, 33.

 Assembly -- Dem., 55; Rep., 42.; 2 vacancies. Total, 99.


                                  Wyoming

 Governor -- Mike Sullivan, D., $70,000.

 Sec. of State -- Kathy Karpan, D., $52,500.

 Atty. Gen. -- Joseph Meyer, $52,500.

 Treasurer -- Stan Smith, R., $52,500.

 Auditor -- Jack Sidi, R., $52,500.

 Legislature: meets odd years in January, even years in February, at
 Cheyenne. Members receive $75 per day while in session, plus $60 per day for
 expenses.

 Senate -- Dem., 11; Rep., 19. Total, 30.

 House -- Dem., 23; Rep. 41. Total, 64.


                                Puerto Rico

 Governor -- Rafael Hernandez-Colon.

 Secretary of State -- Antonio J. Colorado-Laguna.

 Secy. of Justice -- Hector Rivera-Cruz.

 These officials belong to the Popular Democratic Party.

 Legislature: composed of a Senate of 27 members and a House of
 Representatives of 53 members. Majority of the members of both chambers
 belongs to the Popular Democratic Party. They meet annually on the 2d Monday
 in January at San Juan.


                    U.S. Government Independent Agencies

                 National Archives & Records Administration
 Address: Washington, DC. Location and ZIP codes of agencies in parentheses;
 as of mid-1990.

 ACTION -- Jane A. Kenny, dir. (1100 Vermont Ave., NW, 20525).

 Administrative Conference of the United States -- Marshall J. Breger, chmn.
 (2120 L St. NW, 20037).

 African Development Foundation -- Leonard H. Robinson Jr., pres. (1625
 Massachusetts Ave. NW, 20036).

 American Battle Monuments Commission -- Gen. Andrew J. Goodpaster, chmn.
 (2020 Massachusetts Ave. NW, 20314).

 Appalachian Regional Commission -- Winifred A. Pizzano, federal co-chmn.;
 Gov. Carroll A. Campbell Jr. of South Carolina, states'  co-chmn. (1666
 Connecticut Ave. NW, 20235).

 Board for International Broadcasting -- Malcolm S. Forbes Jr., chmn. (1201
 Connecticut Ave. NW. 20036).

 Central Intelligence Agency -- William H. Webster, dir. (Wash., DC 20505).

 Commission of Fine Arts -- J. Carter Brown, chmn. (708 Jackson Pl. NW,
 20006).

 Commission on Civil Rights -- Arthur A. Fletcher, chmn. (1121 Vermont Ave.
 NW, 20425).

 Commodity Futures Trading Commission -- Wendy L. Gramm, chmn. (2033 K St.
 NW, 20581).

 Consumer Product Safety Commission -- Jacquline Jones-Smith, chmn. (5401
 Westbard Ave., Bethesda, MD 20207).

 Environmental Protection Agency -- William K. Reilly, adm. (401 M St., SW,
 20460).

 Equal Employment Opportunity Commission -- Evan J. Kemp. Jr., chmn. (1801 L
 St. NW., 20507).

 Export-Import Bank of the United States -- John D. Macomber, pres. and chmn.
 (811 Vermont Ave. NW 20571).

 Farm Credit Administration -- Harold B. Steele, chmn., Federal Farm Credit
 Board (1501 Farm Credit Drive, McLean, VA 22102).

 Federal Communications Commission -- Alfred C. Sikes, chmn. (1919 M St. NW,
 20554).

 Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation -- L. William Seidman, chmn. (550 17th
 St. NW, 20429).

 Federal Election Commission -- Lee Ann Elliott, chmn. (999 E. St. NW,
 20463).

 Federal Emergency Management Agency -- Robert H. Morris, act. dir. (500 C
 St. SW, 20472).

 Federal Housing Finance Board -- Jack Kemp, act. chmn. (777 F St. NW.,
 20006).

 Federal Labor Relations Authority -- Jean McKee, chmn. (500 C St. SW,
 20424).

 Federal Maritime Commission -- James J. Carey, act. chmn. (1100 L St. NW
 20573).

 Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service -- Bernard E. DeLury, dir. (2100
 K St. NW, 20427).

 Federal Reserve System -- Chairman, board of governors: Alan Greenspan.
 (20th St. & Constitution Ave. NW, 20551).

 Federal Trade Commission -- Janet D. Steiger, chmn. (Pennsylvania Ave. at
 6th St. NW, 20580).

 General Accounting Office -- Comptroller General of the U.S.; Charles A.
 Bowsher (441 G St. NW, 20548).

 General Services Administration -- Richard G. Austin, act. adm. (18th & F
 Sts. NW, 20405).

 Government Printing Office -- Public printer: Robert W. Houk. (North Capitol
 and H Sts. NW, 20401).

 Inter-American Foundation -- Victor Blanco, chmn. (1515 Wilson Blvd.,
 Rosslyn, VA 22209).

 Interstate Commerce Commission -- Edward J. Philbin, chmn. (12th St. &
 Constitution Ave. NW, 20423).

 Library of Congress -- James H. Billington, librarian (101 Independence Ave.
 SE, 20540).

 Merit Systems Protection Board -- Daniel R. Levinson, chmn. (1120 Vermont
 Ave. NW, 20419).

 National Aeronautics and Space Administration -- Richard H. Truly, adm. (600
 Independence Ave., SW 20546).

 National Archives & Records Administration -- Don W. Wilson archivist (7th &
 Pennsylvania Ave. NW, 20408).

 National Credit Union Administration -- Roger W. Jepsen, chmn. (1776 G St.
 NW, 20456).

 National Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities -- John E. Frohnmayer,
 (arts) 1100 Pennsylvania Ave. NW, 20506; Lynne V. Cheney, chmn. (humanities)
 same address. Institute of Museum Services: Daphne W. Murray, dir., same
 address.

 National Labor Relations Board -- James M. Stephens, chmn. (1717
 Pennsylvania Ave. NW, 20570).

 National Mediation Board -- Joshua M. Javits, chmn. (1425 K St. NW, 20572).

 National Science Foundation -- Mary L. Good, chmn., National Science Board
 (1800 G St. NW, 20550).

 National Transportation Safety Board -- James L. Kolstad, chmn. (800
 Independence Ave. SW, 20594).

 Nuclear Regulatory Commission -- Kenneth M. Carr, chmn. (1717 H St. NW,
 20555).

 Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission-- Edwin G. Foulke Jr.,
 chmn. (1825 K St. NW, 20006).

 Office of Personnel Management -- Constance B. Newman, dir., (1900 E St. NW,
 20415).

 Peace Corps -- Paul D. Coverdell, dir. (1990 K St. NW, 20526).

 Postal Rate Commission -- George W. Haley, chmn. (1333 H. St. NW,
 20268-0001).

 Railroad Retirement Board -- Glen L. Bower, chmn. (2000 L. St. NW, 20036),
 Main Office (844 Rush St., Chicago, IL 60611).

 Securities and Exchange Commission -- Richard C. Breeden, chmn. (450 5th St.
 NW, 20549).

 Selective Service System -- Samuel K. Lessey Jr., dir. (1023 31st St. NW,
 20435).

 Small Business Administration -- Susan S. Engeleiter, adm. (1441 L St. NW,
 20416).

 Smithsonian Institution -- Robert McC. Adams, secy. (1000 Jefferson Dr. SW,
 20560).

 Tennessee Valley Authority -- Chairman, board of directors: Marvin Runyon.
 (400 W. Summit Hill Dr., Knoxville, TN 37902 and Capitol Hill Office Bldg.,
 Room 300, 412 1st St. SE, Washington, DC 20444).

 United States Arms Control & Disarmament Agency -- Ronald F. Lehman 2d, dir.
 (320 21st St. NW 20451).

 United States Information Agency -- Bruce S. Gelb, dir. (301 4th St. SW,
 20547).

 United States International Development Cooperation Agency -- Mark Edelman,
 act. dir. (320 21st St. NW 20523).

 United States International Trade Commission -- Anne E. Brunsdale, chmn.
 (500 E St. NW, 20436).

 United States Postal Service -- Anthony M. Frank, postmaster general (475
 L'Enfant Plaza West SW, 20260).

                     Governors of States and Possessions
         (Reflecting Preliminary Results of Nov. 6, 1990 Elections)


╓┌───────────────┌─────────────────┌────────────────────────┌──────┌─────────
 State           Capital           Governor                 Party  Term years
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Alabama         Montgomery        Guy Hunt                 Rep.   4
 Alaska          Juneau            Walter Hickel            Ind.   4
 Arizona         Phoenix           Fife Symington           Rep.   4
 Arkansas        Little Rock       Bill Clinton             Dem.   4
 California      Sacramento        Pete Wilson              Rep.   4
 Colorado        Denver            Roy Romer                Dem.   4
 Connecticut     Hartford          Lowell Weicker           Ind.   4
 State           Capital           Governor                 Party  Term years
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Connecticut     Hartford          Lowell Weicker           Ind.   4
 Delaware        Dover             Michael N. Castle        Rep.   4
 Florida         Tallahassee       Lawton Chiles            Dem.   4
 Georgia         Atlanta           Zell Miller              Dem.   4
 Hawaii          Honolulu          John Waihee              Dem.   4
 Idaho           Boise             Cecil D. Andrus          Dem.   4
 Illinois        Springfield       Jim Edgar                Rep.   4
 Indiana         Indianapolis      Evan Bayh                Dem.   4
 Iowa            Des Moines        Terry E. Branstad        Rep.   4
 Kansas          Topeka            Joan Finney              Dem.   4
 Kentucky        Frankfort         Wallace G. Wilkinson     Dem.   4
 Louisiana       Baton Rouge       Charles "Buddy" Roemer   Dem.   4
 Maine           Augusta           John McKernan Jr.        Rep.   4
 Maryland        Annapolis         William Donald Schaefer  Dem.   4
 Massachusetts   Boston            William Weld             Rep.   4
 Michigan        Lansing           John Engler              Rep.   4
 Minnesota       St. Paul          Arne Carlson             Rep.   4
 Mississippi     Jackson           Ray Mabus                Dem.   4
 Missouri        Jefferson City    John D. Ashcroft         Rep.   4
 State           Capital           Governor                 Party  Term years
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Missouri        Jefferson City    John D. Ashcroft         Rep.   4
 Montana         Helena            Stan Stephens            Rep.   4
 Nebraska        Lincoln           Ben Nelson               Dem.   4
 Nevada          Carson City       Robert Miller            Dem.   4
 New Hampshire   Concord           Judd Gregg               Rep.   2
 New Jersey      Trenton           James Florio             Dem.   4
 New Mexico      Santa Fe          Bruce King               Dem.   4
 New York        Albany            Mario M. Cuomo           Dem.   4
 North Carolina  Raleigh           James G. Martin          Rep.   4
 North Dakota    Bismarck          George A. Sinner         Dem.   4
 Ohio            Columbus          George Voinovich         Rep.   4
 Oklahoma        Oklahoma City     David Walters            Dem.   4
 Oregon          Salem             Barbara Roberts          Dem.   4
 Pennsylvania    Harrisburg        Robert Casey             Dem.   4
 Rhode Island    Providence        Bruce Sundlun            Dem.   2
 South Carolina  Columbia          Carroll A. Campbell Jr.  Rep.   4
 South Dakota    Pierre            George S. Mickelson      Rep.   4
 Tennessee       Nashville         Ned Ray McWherter        Dem.   4
 Texas           Austin            Ann Richards             Dem.   4
 State           Capital           Governor                 Party  Term years
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Texas           Austin            Ann Richards             Dem.   4
 Utah            Salt Lake City    Norman Bangerter         Rep.   4
 Vermont         Montpelier        Peter Snelling           Rep.   2
 Virginia        Richmond          L. Douglas Wilder        Dem.   4
 Washington      Olympia           Booth Gardner            Dem.   4
 West Virginia   Charleston        Gaston Caperton          Dem.   4
 Wisconsin       Madison           Tommy G. Thompson        Rep.   4
 Wyoming         Cheyenne          Mike Sullivan            Dem.   4
 Amer. Samoa     Pago Pago         Peter T. Coleman         Rep.   4
 Guam            Agana             Joseph Ada               Dem.   4
 Puerto Rico     San Juan          Rafael Hernandez Colon   P.D.   4
 Virgin Islands  Charlotte Amalie  Alexander Farreley       Dem.   4





                        The Race for Governor: 1990
                News Election Service (preliminary returns)
            (bold face denotes winner, write-ins not included.)


╓┌───────────────┌─────────────────────────┌──────────┌──────────────────────
 State           Republican                Vote       Democrat
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Alabama         Guy Hunt*                 629,554    Paul R. Hubbert
 Alaska          Arliss Sturgylewski       4,156      Tony Knowles
 Arizona         Fife Symington            519,558    Terry Goddard
 Arkansas        Sheffield Nelson          285,324    Bill Clinton*
 California      Pete Wilson               3,435,145  Dianne Feinstein
 Colorado        John Andrews              362,670    Roy Romer*
 Connecticut     John G. Rowland           426,448    Bruce Morrison
 Florida         Bob Martinez*             1,487,302  Lawton Chiles
 Georgia         Johnny Isakson            638,573    Zell Miller
 Hawaii          Fred Hemmings             131,310    John Waihee*
 Idaho           Roger Fairchild           96,069     Cecil Andrus*
 Illinois        Jim Edgar                 1,633,706  Neil Hartigan
 Iowa            Terry Branstad*           583,897<   Donald Avenson
 Kansas          Mike Hayden*              332,351    Joan Finney
 Maine           John McKernan Jr.*        235,736    Joseph Brennan
 State           Republican                Vote       Democrat
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Maine           John McKernan Jr.*        235,736    Joseph Brennan
 Maryland        William Shepard           435,361    William Donald Schaefer*
 Massachusetts   William Weld              1,056,971  John Silber
 Michigan        John Engler               1,253,525  James J. Blanchard*
 Minnesota       Arne Carlson              753,265    Rudy Perpich*
 Nebraska        Kay Orr*                  281,827    Ben Nelson
 Nevada          Jim Gallaway              95,445     Bob Miller*
 New Hampshire   Judd Gregg*               176,560    J. Joseph Grandmaison
 New Mexico      Frank M. Bond             187,549    Bruce King
 New York        Pierre Rinfret            851,482    Mario Cuomo*
 Ohio            George Voinovich          1,924,198  Anthony Celebrezze Jr.
 Oklahoma        Bill Price                296,588    David Walters
 Oregon          Dave Frohnmayer           402,384    Barbara Roberts
 Pennsylvania    Barbara Hafer             986,010    Bob Casey*
 Rhode Island    Edward DiPrete*           87,961     Bruce Sundlun
 South Carolina  Carroll A. Campbell Jr.*  520,493    Theo Mitchell
 South Dakota    George Mickelson*         150,953    Bob Samuelson
 Tennessee       Dwight Henry              286,668    Ned McWherter*
 Texas           Clayton Williams          1,816,856  Anne Richards
 State           Republican                Vote       Democrat
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Texas           Clayton Williams          1,816,856  Anne Richards
 Vermont         Richard Snelling          108,208    Peter Welch
 Wisconsin       Tommy G. Thompson*        801,426    Thomas Loftus
 Wyoming         Mary Mead                 55,426     Mike Sullivan*



 *Incumbent.



              Mayors and City Managers of Selected U.S. Cities
                     Reflecting Nov. 6, 1990 elections
               D, Democrat; R, Republican; N-P, Non-Partisan


╓┌────────────────────────┌──────────────────────────────────┌───────────────╖
 City                     Name                               Term
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 City                     Name                               Term
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Abilene, Tex.            Gary McCaleb, N-P                  1993, May.
 Abington, Pa.            *Albert Herrmann                   1978, May
 Akron, Oh.               D.L. Plusquellic, D                1991, Nov.
 Alameda, Cal.            Chuck Corica, N-P                  1991, Apr.
 Albany, Ga.              *Nicholas M. Meiszer               1985, Sept.
 Albany, N.Y.             Thomas M. Whalen,3d,D              1993, Nov.
 Albuquerque, N.M.        Louis Saavedra, N-P                1993, Nov.
 Alexandria, La.          Edward Randolph Jr., D.            1994, Oct.
 Alexandria, Va.          *Vola Lawson                       1985, Sept.
 Alhambra, Cal.           *Kevin J. Murphy.                  1983, May
 Allentown, Pa.           Joseph S. Daddona, D               1993, Nov.
 Altoona, Pa.             Alan Mikula, D                     1991, Nov.
 Amarillo, Tex.           *John Ward                         1983, June
 Ames, Ia.                *Steven L. Schainker               1982, Oct.
 Anaheim, Cal.            *James Roth                        1990, May
 Anchorage, Alas.         Tom Fink, N-P                      1991, Nov.
 Anderson, Ind.           J. Mark Lawler, D                  1991, Nov.
 Anderson, S.C.           *Richard Burnette                  1976, Sept.
 Ann Arbor, Mich.         *Del Borgsdorf                     1988, Aug.
 City                     Name                               Term
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Ann Arbor, Mich.         *Del Borgsdorf                     1988, Aug.
 Appleton, Wis.           Dorothy Johnson, N-P               1992, Apr.
 Arcadia, Cal.            *George J. Watts                   1981, Feb.
 Arlington, Mass.         *Donald R. Marquis                 1966, Nov.
 Arlington, Tex.          *William Kirchhoff                 1985, Oct.
 Arlington Hts., Ill.     William Maki, N-P                  1993, Apr.
 Arvada, Col.             *Neal G. Berlin                    1986, Mar.
 Asheville, N.C.          *Douglas Bean                      1986, Apr.
 Athens, Ga.              Dwain Chambers, D                  1991, Nov.
 Atlanta, Ga.             Maynard Jackson, D                 1993, Oct.
 Atlantic City, N.J.      Jim Whelan, N-P                    1994, May
 Auburn, N.Y.             *Bruce Clifford                    1966, Aug.
 Augusta, Ga.             Charles Devaney, D                 1993, Nov.
 Aurora, Col.             *James Griesemer                   1984, Jan.
 Aurora, Ill.             David L. Pierce, N-P               1993, Apr.
 Austin, Tex.             *Camille Barnett                   1989, Mar.
 Bakersfield, Cal.        *J. Dale Hawley                    1988, Jan.
 Baldwin Park, Cal.       *Donald Penman                     1990, Jan.
 Baltimore, Md.           Kurt Schmoke, D                    1991, Nov.
 City                     Name                               Term
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Baltimore, Md.           Kurt Schmoke, D                    1991, Nov.
 Bangor, Me.              *John W. Flynn                     1977, Feb.
 Baton Rouge, La.         Tom Ed McHugh, D                   1992, Oct.
 Battle Creek, Mich.      *Rance L. Leaders                  1988, June
 Bay City, Mich.          *David D. Barnes                   1979, May
 Bayonne, N.J.            Richard Rutkowski, N-P             1994, May
 Baytown, Tex.            *Bobby Rountree                    1989, May
 Beaumont, Tex.           *Ray A. Riley                      1989, Feb.
 Belleville, Ill.         Terry Lukens, N-P                  1991, Nov.
 Bellevue, Wash.          *Phillip Kushlan                   1985, Feb.
 Bellflower, Cal.         *Jack Simpson                      1980, July
 Beloit, Wis.             *David Wilcox                      1986, Feb.
 Berkeley, Cal.           *Hal Cronkite                      1986, Apr.
 Bessemer, Ala.           Quittman Mitchell, N-P             1994, July
 Bethlehem, Pa.           Kenneth Smith, R.                  1993, Nov.
 Beverly Hills, Cal.      *Edward Kreins                     1979, Oct.
 Billings, Mont.          *Alan Tandy                        1985, May
 Biloxi, Miss.            Peter Halat, D                     1993, May
 Binghamton, N.Y.         Juanita M. Crabb, D                1993, Nov.
 City                     Name                               Term
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Binghamton, N.Y.         Juanita M. Crabb, D                1993, Nov.
 Birmingham, Ala.         Richard Arrington Jr., D           1991, Oct.
 Bismarck, N.D.           Bill Sorensen, N-P                 1994, Apr.
 Bloomfield, N.J.         James Gasparini, D                 1993, Nov.
 Bloomington, Ill.        Jesse Smart, D                     1993,  Apr.
 Bloomington, Ind.        Tomilea Allison, D                 1991, Nov.
 Bloomington, Minn.       *John Pidgeon                      1967, Dec.
 Boca Raton, Fla.         Emil Danciu, N-P                   1991, Mar.
 Boise, Ida.              Dirk Kempthorne, N-P               1993, Nov.
 Boston, Mass.            Raymond L. Flynn, D                1991 Nov.
 Boulder, Col.            *Joseph deRaines                   1989, Apr.
 Bowie, Md.               *Charles Moore                     1976, Mar.
 Bowling Green, Ky.       *Charles W. Coates                 1977, Feb.
 Bridgeport, Conn.        Mary Moran, R.                     1991, Nov.
 Bristol, Conn.           John Leone, D                      1991, Nov.
 Brockton, Mass.          Carl Pitaro, D                     1991, Nov.
 Brooklyn Center, Minn.   *Gerald G. Splinter                1977, Oct.
 Brownsville, Tex.        *Steve Fitzgibbons                 1987, Jan.
 Bryan, Tex.              *Ernest R. Clark                   1979, Feb.
 City                     Name                               Term
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Bryan, Tex.              *Ernest R. Clark                   1979, Feb.
 Buena Park, Cal.         *Kevin O'Rourke                    1985, Nov.
 Buffalo, N.Y.            James D. Griffin, D                1993, Nov.
 Burbank, Cal.            *Bud Ovrom                         1984, June
 Burlington, Vt.          Peter Clavelle, N-P                1991, Mar.
 Calumet City, Ill.       Robert C. Stefaniak, D             1993, Apr.
 Cambridge, Mass.         *Robert Healy,                     1981, July
 Camden, N.J.             Melvin Primas Jr., D               1993, May
 Canton, Oh.              Sam Purses, D                      1991, Nov.
 Cape Girardeau, Mo.      *J. Ronald Fischer                 1988, Feb.
 Carson, Cal.             *Jack Smith                        1988, Dec.
 Casper, Wyo.             *Thomas Forslund                   1988, June
 Cedar Rapids, Ia.        Jon Crews, N-P                     1991, Nov.
 Champaign, Ill.          *Steven C. Carter                  1985, Feb.
 Charleston, S.C.         Joseph P. Riley Jr., D             1991, Nov.
 Charleston, W. Va.       Charles Gardner, R                 1991, Apr.
 Charlotte, N.C.          Sue Myrick, R                      1991, Nov.
 Charlottesville, Va.     *Cole Hendrix                      1970, Jan.
 Chattanooga, Tenn.       Gene Roberts, R                    1991, Apr.
 City                     Name                               Term
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Chattanooga, Tenn.       Gene Roberts, R                    1991, Apr.
 Chesapeake, Va.          *James W. Rein                     1987, Mar.
 Chester, Pa.             Willie Mae James Leake, R          1991, Nov.
 Cheyenne, Wyo.           Gary Schaeffer, R                  1992, Nov.
 Chicago, Ill.            Richard M. Daley, D                1993, Apr.
 Chicago Hts., Ill.       Charles Panici, R                  1991, Apr.
 Chicopee, Mass.          Joseph Chessey, D                  1991, Nov.
 Chino, Cal.              *Richard Rowe                      1985, Feb.
 Chula Vista, Cal.        *John Goss                         1983, Jan.
 Cincinnati, Oh.          *Gerald Newfarmer                  1990, Sept.
 Clearwater, Fla.         *Ronald H. Rabun                   1988, Apr.
 Cleveland, Oh.           Michael Wright, N-P.               1993, Nov.
 Cleveland Hgts., Oh.     *Robert Downey                     1985, Jan.
 Col. Spgs., Col.         *Roy Pederson                      1989, Jan.
 Columbia, Mo.            *Raymond A. Beck                   1985, Aug.
 Columbia, S.C.           *Miles Hadley                      1989, Dec.
 Columbus, Ga.            Frank Martin, D                    1994, Nov.
 Columbus, Oh.            Dana Rinehart, R                   1991, Nov.
 Commerce, Cal.           *Robert Hinderliter                1973, Aug.
 City                     Name                               Term
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Commerce, Cal.           *Robert Hinderliter                1973, Aug.
 Compton, Cal.            *Howard Caldwell                   1989, June
 Concord, Cal.            *Michael Uberuaga                  1986, May
 Coon Rapids., Minn.      *Richard Thistle                   1979, July
 Coral Gables, Fla.       *H.C. Eads Jr.                     1988, May
 Corpus Christi, Tex.     *Juan Garza                        1988, Apr.
 Corvallis, Ore.          *Gerald Seals                      1988, Feb.
 Costa Mesa, Cal.         *Allan L. Roeder                   1985, Oct.
 Council Bluffs, Ia.      Tom Hanafan, N-P                   1993, Nov.
 Covington, Ky.           *Arnold Simpson                    1986, Nov.
 Cranston, R.I.           Michael Traficante, R              1994, Nov.
 Crystal, Minn.           *John Irving                       1963, Jan.
 Culver City, Cal.        *Dale Jones                        1967, Sept.
 Cuyahoga Falls, Oh.      Don L. Robart, R                   1993, Nov.
 Dallas, Tex.             *Richard Knight                    1986, Dec.
 Daly City, Cal.          *David R. Rowe                     1969, Sept.
 Danbury, Conn.           Gene Eriquez, N-P                  1991, Nov.
 Danville, Va.            *Charles Church                    1981, June
 Davenport, Ia.           Thomas W. Hart, R                  1991, Nov.
 City                     Name                               Term
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Davenport, Ia.           Thomas W. Hart, R                  1991, Nov.
 Dayton, Oh.              Richard Clay Dixon, D.             1993, Nov.
 Daytona Bch., Fla.       *Howard D. Tipton                  1978, Oct.
 Dearborn , Mich.         Michael Guido, N-P                 1993, Nov.
 Dearborn Hts., Mich.     Lyle Van Houton, R                 1993, Nov.
 Decatur, Ill.            *James Bacon Jr.                   1988, Oct.
 Denton, Tex.             *Larry Harrell                     1986, Feb.
 Denver, Col.             Federico Pena, D                   1991, May
 Des Moines, Ia.          John Dorrian, D                    1991, Nov.
 Des Plaines, Ill.        Michael Albrecht, N-P              1993, Apr.
 Detroit, Mich.           Coleman A. Young, N-P              1993, Nov.
 Dotham, Ala.             *Don J. Marnon                     1987, May
 Dover, Del.              *vacant
 Downers Grove, Ill.      *James R. Griesemer                1972, Sept.
 Downey, Cal.             *Gerald Caton                      1989, Oct.
 Dubuque, Ia.             *W. Kenneth Gearhart               1979, Aug.
 Duluth, Minn.            John Fedo, N-P                     1991, Nov.
 Durham, N.C.             *Orville Powell                    1983, Mar.
 E. Chicago, Ind.         Robert A. Pastrick, D              1991, Nov.
 City                     Name                               Term
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
E. Chicago, Ind.         Robert A. Pastrick, D              1991, Nov.
 E. Hartford, Conn.       Susan Kniep, R.                    1991, Nov.
 E. Lansing, Mich.        Liz Schweitzer, N-P                1991, Nov.
 E. Orange, N.J.          Cardell Cooper, D                  1993, Nov.
 Eau Claire, Wis.         *Eric Anderson                     1984, Jan.
 Edina, Minn.             *Kenneth Rosland                   1977, Nov.
 Edison, N.J.             Thomas Paterniti, D                1993, Nov.
 El Cajon, Cal.           Joan Shoemaker, R.                 1994, June
 El Monte, Cal.           Don McMillen, N-P                  1994, Apr.
 El Paso, Tex.            Suzie Azar, N-P                    1991, May
 Elgin, Ill.              *Larry L. Rice                     1989, Oct.
 Elizabeth, N.J.          Thomas G. Dunn, D                  1992, Nov.
 Elkhart, Ind.            James Perron, D                    1992, Nov.
 Elmhurst, Ill.           Charles Garrigues, N-P             1991, Apr.
 Elmira, N.Y.             *W. Gregg LaMar                    1987, July
 Elyria, Oh.              Michael Keys, D                    1991, Nov.
 Enfield, Conn.           *Robert J. Mulready.               1983, Feb.
 Enid, Okla.              *Jim Ferree                        1990, May
 Erie, Pa.                Joyce Savocchio, D                 1994, Nov.
 City                     Name                               Term
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Erie, Pa.                Joyce Savocchio, D                 1994, Nov.
 Escondido, Cal.          Jerry Harmon, D                    1992, June
 Euclid, Oh.              David Lynch, R                     1991, Nov.
 Eugene, Ore.             *Michael Gleason                   1981, Jan.
 Evanston, Ill.           *Joel Asprooth                     1982, May
 Evansville, Ind.         Frank McDonald, D                  1991, Nov.
 Everett, Mass.           John McCarthy, D                   1991, Nov.
 Everett, Wash.           Pete Kinch, N-P                    1993, Nov.
 Fairborn, Oh.            *Michael Hammond                   1985, Dec.
 Fairfield, Cal.          *Charles Long                      1988, Sept.
 Fair Lawn, N.J.          *Joseph Garger                     1979, Oct.
 Fall River, Mass.        Carlton Viveiros, N-P              1991, Nov.
 Fargo, N.D.              Jon Lindgren, D                    1994, Apr.
 Farmington Hills, Mich.  *William M. Costick                1981, Jan.
 Fayetteville, Ark.       *Scott Linebaugh                   1990, May
 Fayetteville, N.C.       *John P. Smith                     1981, Jan.
 Fitchburg, Mass.         Jeffrey Bean, D                    1991, Nov.
 Flagstaff, Ariz.         *Frank Abeyta                      1981, Jan.
 Flint, Mich.             Matthew Collier, N-P               1991, Nov.
 City                     Name                               Term
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Flint, Mich.             Matthew Collier, N-P               1991, Nov.
 Florissant, Mo.          James J. Eagan, N-P                1991, Apr.
 Fond du Lac, Wis.        *Jack Howley                       1989, Aug.
 Ft. Collins, Col.        *Steven Burkett                    1986, Apr.
 Ft. Lauderdale, Fla.     *George Hanbury 2d                 1990, Apr.
 Ft. Lee, N.J.            Nicholas Corbiscello, R            1991, Nov.
 Ft. Smith, Ark.          *William Vines, N-P                1990, Nov.
 Ft. Wayne, Ind.          Paul Helmke, R                     1991, Nov.
 Ft. Worth, Tex.          *David Ivory                       1989, Sept.
 Fountain Valley, Cal.    *Judy Kelsey                       1984, May
 Fremont, Cal.            *Charles Kent McClain              1981, May
 Fresno, Cal.             *vacant
 Fullerton, Cal.          *William C. Winter                 1979, Oct.
 Gadsden, Ala.            David Nolen, D                     1994, July
 Gainesville, Fla.        *W.D. Higginbotham Jr.             1984, Sept.
 Galesburg, Ill.          *Robert Knabel                     1989, Feb.
 Galveston, Tex.          *Douglas W. Matthews               1985, Mar.
 Gardena, Cal.            *Kenneth Landau                    1985, Apr.
 Garden Grove, Cal.       *Delbert L. Powers                 1980, July
 City                     Name                               Term
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Garden Grove, Cal.       *Delbert L. Powers                 1980, July
 Garfield Hts., Oh.       Thomas Longo, D                    1993, Nov.
 Garland, Tex.            *James K. Spore                    1985, Mar.
 Gary, Ind.               Thomas Barnes, D                   1991, Nov.
 Gastonia, N.C.           *Gary Hicks                        1973, Dec.
 Glendale, Ariz.          *Martin Vanacour                   1985, Mar.
 Glendale, Cal.           *David Ramsay                      1988, May
 Grand Forks, N.D.        Michael Polovitz, D                1992, Apr.
 Grand Island, Neb        Ernie Dobesh, N-P                  1994, Nov.
 Gr. Prairie, Tex.        *Wendel Hulse                      1987, Apr.
 Gr. Rapids, Mich.        *Kurt Kimball                      1987, Apr.
 Great Falls, Mont.       *G. Allen Johnson                  1981, Jan.
 Greeley, Col.            *Sam Sasaki                        1987, Mar.
 Green Bay, Wis.          Samuel Halloin, N-P                1991, Apr.
 Greensboro, N.C.         *W.H. Carstarphen                  1984, June
 Greenville, S.C.         *John Dullea                       1971, Oct.
 Greenwich, Conn.         John Margenot, D, first selectman  1991, Nov.
 Groton, Conn.            Catherine Kolnaski, D.             1991, May
 Gulfport, Miss.          Ken Combs, R.                      1993, June
 City                     Name                               Term
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Gulfport, Miss.          Ken Combs, R.                      1993, June
 Hackensack, N.J.         *James Lacava                      1990, Feb.
 Hagerstown, Md.          Stephen Sager                      1993, May
 Hamden, Conn.            John L. Carusone, D                1991, Nov.
 Hamilton, Oh.            *Hal Shepherd                      1989, Apr.
 Hammond, Ind.            Thomas McDermott, R                1991, Nov.
 Hampton, Va.             James Eason, D.                    1992, May
 Harlingen, Tex.          *Mike Perez                        1989, July
 Harrisburg, Pa.          Stephen Reed, D                    1993, Nov.
 Hartford, Conn.          Carrie Saxon Perry, D              1991, Nov.
 Hattiesburg, Miss.       Ed Morgan, D                       1993, June
 Haverhill, Mass.         Theodore Pelosi, R                 1991, Nov.
 Hawthorne, Cal.          *James Mitsch                      1990, Dec.
 Hayward, Cal.            *Louis Garcia                      1989, Jan.
 Hialeah, Fla.            Raul Martinez, D                   1993, Nov.
 High Point, N.C.         *H. Lewis Price                    1983, July
 Hollywood, Fla.          *Irving Rosenbaum                  1988, Aug.
 Holyoke, Mass.           Michael Dunn, D                    1991, Nov.
 Honolulu, Ha.            Frank Fasi, R                      1992, Nov.
 City                     Name                               Term
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Honolulu, Ha.            Frank Fasi, R                      1992, Nov.
 Hot Springs, Ark.        *Gus Pappas                        1989, Mar.
 Houston, Tex.            Kathryn Whitmire, N-P              1991, Nov.
 Huntington, W. Va.       Robert Nelson, D                   1993, June
 Huntington Beach, Cal.   *Michael Ubervaga                  1990, Feb.
 Huntsville, Ala.         Steve Hettinger, N-P               1992, Aug.
 Hutchinson, Kan.         *Joe Palacioc                      1989, Jan.
 Idaho Falls, Ida.        Thomas Campbell, N-P               1993, Nov.
 Independence, Mo.        *L.C. Kaufman                      1990, Aug.
 Indianapolis, Ind.       William Hudnut, R                  1991, Nov.
 Inglewood, Cal.          *Paul Eckles                       1975, Nov.
 Inkster, Mich.           *S. Thomas White                   1990, Feb.
 Iowa City, Ia.           *Stephen Atkins                    1986, July
 Irving, Tex.             *Jack Huffman                      1974, Jan.
 Irvington, N.J.          Michael Steele, D                  1994, May
 Jackson, Mich.           *William P. Buchanan               1985, Nov.
 Jackson, Miss.           Kane Ditto, D                      1993, May
 Jackson, Tenn.           Charles Farmer, D                  1991, May
 Jacksonville, Fla.       Tommy Hazouri, D                   1991, May
 City                     Name                               Term
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Jacksonville, Fla.       Tommy Hazouri, D                   1991, May
 Janesville, Wis.         *Steven Sheiffer                   1987, May
 Jersey City, N.J.        Gerald McCann, N-P                 1993, May
 Johnson City, Tenn.      *John G. Campbell                  1984, June
 Johnstown, Pa.           Herbert Pfuhl Jr., R               1993, Nov.
 Joliet, Ill.             *John M. Mezera                    1987, Jan.
 Joplin, Mo.              *Leonard A. Martin                 1986, Sept.
 Kalamazoo, Mich.         *James Holgersson                  1989, June
 Kansas City, Kan.        *David Isabell                     1985, June
 Kansas City, Mo.         Richard Berkley, R                 1991, Apr.
 Kenner, La.              Aaron Broussard, N-P               1994, June
 Kenosha, Wis.            Patrick Moran, N-P                 1992, Apr.
 Kettering, Oh.           Richard Hartmann, R.               1993, Nov.
 Key West, Fla.           *G. Felix Cooper                   1990, May
 Killeen, Tex.            *Daniel Hobbs                      1990, Jan.
 Knoxville, Tenn.         Victor Ashe, R                     1991, Nov.
 Kokomo, Ind.             Robert Sargent, D                  1991, Nov.
 LaCrosse, Wis.           Patrick Zielke, N-P                1993, Apr.
 La Habra, Cal.           *Lee Risner                        1970, Nov.
 City                     Name                               Term
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
La Habra, Cal.           *Lee Risner                        1970, Nov.
 La Mesa, Cal.            *David Wear                        1990, Apr.
 La Mirada, Cal.          *Gary K. Sloan                     1981, Apr.
 Lafayette, Ind.          James Riehle, D                    1991, Nov.
 Lafayette, La.           Dud Lastrapes, R                   1992, Mar.
 Lake Charles, La.        James Sudduth, D                   1993, Apr.
 Lakeland, Fla.           *E.S. Strickland                   1986, Feb.
 Lakewood, Cal.           *Howard L. Chambers                1976, June
 Lakewood, Col.           *Larry Rice                        1986, May
 Lakewood, Oh.            Anthony Sinagra, R                 1991, Nov.
 Lancaster, Pa.           Janice Stork, D.                   1993, Nov.
 Lansing, Mich.           Terry John McKane, N-P             1993, Nov.
 Laredo, Tex.             *Marvin Townsend                   1982, June
 Largo, Fla.              George McGough, R                  1991, Apr.
 Las Cruces, N.M.         *Dana Miller                       1983, Feb.
 Las Vegas, Nev.          Ron Lurie, D                       1991, June
 Lawrence, Kan.           *Buford M. Watson Jr.              1970, Jan.
 Lawrence, Mass.          Kevin Sullivan, N-P                1993, Nov.
 Lawton, Okla.            *Robert Hopkins                    1990, Jan.
 City                     Name                               Term
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Lawton, Okla.            *Robert Hopkins                    1990, Jan.
 Lewiston, Me.            James Howaniec, D                  1991, Nov.
 Lexington, Ky.           Scotty Baesler, N-P                1993, Nov.
 Lima, Oh.                David Berger, N-P                  1993, Nov.
 Lincoln, Neb.            Bill Harris, D                     1991, May
 Little Rock, Ark.        *Thomas Dalton                     1986, June
 Livermore, Cal.          *Leland Horner                     1978, Oct.
 Livonia, Mich.           Robert Bennett, N-P                1991, Nov.
 Lombard, Ill.            *William Lichter                   1985,Jan.
 Long Beach, Cal.         *James Hankla                      1987, Mar.
 Long Beach, N.Y.         *Edwin Eaton                       1979, June
 Longmont,Col.            *Geoff Dolan                       1987, Jan.
 Longview, Tex.           *C. Ray Jackson                    1980, Apr.
 Lorain, Oh.              Alex Olejko, D                     1991, Nov.
 Los Angeles, Cal.        Thomas Bradley, N-P                1993, June
 Louisville, Ky.          Jerry Abramson, D                  1993, Nov.
 Lowell, Mass.            *James Campbell                    1987, Jan.
 L. Merion, Pa.           *Thomas B. Fulweiler               1968, Jan.
 Lubbock, Tex.            *Larry Cunningham                  1976, Sept.
 City                     Name                               Term
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Lubbock, Tex.            *Larry Cunningham                  1976, Sept.
 Lynchburg, Va.           *E. Allen Culverhouse              1979, June
 Lynn, Mass.              Albert DiVirgilio, D               1991, Nov.
 Lynwood, Cal.            *Charles Gomez                     1982, Mar.
 Macon, Ga.               William L. Robinson, D             1991, Nov.
 Madison, Wis.            Paul Soglin, R                     1991, Apr.
 Malden, Mass.            James S. Conway, D                 1991, Nov.
 Manchester, N.H.         Ray Wiecvorek, R                   1991, Nov.
 Manitowoc, Wis.          Kevin Crawford, N-P                1991, Apr.
 Mansfield, Oh.           Edward Meehan, R                   1991, Nov.
 Marion, Ind.             Robert Mitchell, D                 1991, Nov.
 Marion, Oh.              Robert S. Brown, R                 1991, Nov.
 McAllen, Tex.            Othal Brand, R                     1993, Apr.
 McKeesport, Pa.          Lou Washowich, D                   1991, Nov.
 Medford, Mass.           Michael McGlynn, N-P               1991, Nov.
 Melbourne, Fla.          *Samuel Halter                     1978, July
 Memphis, Tenn.           Richard C. Hackett, N-P            1991, Oct.
 Mentor, Oh.              *Julian Suso                       1990, Mar.
 Meriden, Conn.           *Michael Aldi                      1988, Mar.
 City                     Name                               Term
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Meriden, Conn.           *Michael Aldi                      1988, Mar.
 Meridian, Miss.          Jimmy Kemp, R                      1993, June
 Mesa, Ariz.              *C.K. Luster                       1979, June
 Mesquite, Tex.           *James Prugel                      1987, Dec.
 Miami, Fla.              *Cesar H. Odio                     1985, Dec.
 Miami Beach, Fla.        *Rob Parkins                       1982, Apr.
 Middletown, Oh.          *William Klosterman                1988, July
 Midland, Tex.            Carroll M. Thomas, N-P             1992, May
 Midwest City, Okla.      *Charles Johnson                   1984, Nov.
 Milford, Conn.           Frederick Lisman, R.               1991, Nov.
 Milwaukee, Wis.          John Norquist, D                   1992, Apr.
 Minneapolis, Minn.       Donald Fraser, D                   1993, Nov.
 Minnetonka, Minn.        *James F. Miller                   1980, Jan.
 Minot, N.D.              *Robert Schempp, R                 1977, Nov.
 Mobile, Ala.             Michael Dow, N-P                   1993, Aug.
 Modesto, Cal.            *Garth Lipsky                      1974, Jan.
 Monroe, La.              Robert Powell, D                   1992, Apr.
 Montclair, N.J.          *Bertrand Kendall                  1980, Sept.
 Montebello, Cal.         *Richard Torres                    1989, May
 City                     Name                               Term
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Montebello, Cal.         *Richard Torres                    1989, May
 Monterey Park, Cal.      *Mark Lewis                        1988, July
 Montgomery, Ala.         Emory Folmar, R                    1991, Nov.
 Mt. Lebanon, Pa.         *James Cain                        1982, Apr.
 Mt. Prospect, Ill.       *John F. Dixon                     1987, Mar.
 Mt. Vernon, N.Y.         Roland Blackwood, D                1991, Nov.
 Mountain View, Cal.      *Bruce Liedstrand                  1976, June
 Muncie, Ind.             James Carey, D                     1991, Nov.
 Muskegon, Mich.          Norman Kruse, R.                   1991, Nov.
 Muskogee, Okla.          *Walter Beckham                    1984, Feb.
 Napa, Cal.               *Patricia Thompson                 1989, Oct.
 Naperville, Ill.         *Ralph DeSantis                    1986, June
 Nashua, N.H.             James Donchess, N-P                1991, Nov.
 Nashville, Tenn.         Bill Boner, D                      1991, Aug.
 National City, Cal.      *Tom McCabe                        1979, Mar.
 New Bedford, Mass.       John Bullard, D                    1991, Nov.
 New Britain, Conn.       Donald DeFronzo, D                 1991, Nov.
 New Castle, Pa.          Richard Christofer, D              1991, Nov.
 New Haven, Conn.         John Daniels, D                    1991, Nov.
 City                     Name                               Term
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
New Haven, Conn.         John Daniels, D                    1991, Nov.
 New London, Conn.        *C.F. Driscoll                     1969, May
 New Orleans, La.         Sidney Barthelemy, D               1994, Mar.
 New Rochelle, N.Y.       *C. Samuel Kissinger               1975, Apr.
 New York, N.Y.           David Dinkins, D                   1993, Nov.
 Newark, N.J.             Sharpe James, D                    1994, May
 Newark, Oh.              William Moore, R                   1991, Nov.
 Newport, R.I.            *Francis Edwards                   1987, Jan.
 Newport Beach, Cal.      *Robert L. Wynn                    1971, Aug.
 Newport News, Va.        *Ed Maroney                        1987, Jan.
 Newton, Mass.            Theodore Mann, R                   1993, Nov.
 Niagara Falls, N.Y.      Michael O'Laughlin, D              1991, Nov.
 Norfolk, Va.             *James B. Oliver Jr.               1987, Jan.
 Norman, Okla.            *Ron Wood                          1989, May
 Norristown, Pa.          William DeAngelis, D.              1993, Nov.
 North Charleston, S.C.   John Bourne Jr., R                 1994, May
 North Las Vegas          *Michael Dyal                      1982, May
 No. Little Rock, Ark.    Patrick Hayes, D                   1992, Nov.
 Norwalk, Cal.            *Ray Gibbs                         1984, Feb.
 City                     Name                               Term
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Norwalk, Cal.            *Ray Gibbs                         1984, Feb.
 Norwalk, Conn.           Frank Esposito, R                  1991, Nov.
 Norwich, Conn.           *Ernert Zmyslinski                 1988, July
 Novato, Cal.             *Phillip J. Brown                  1975, May
 Oak Park, Ill.           *J.N. Nielsen                      1986, July
 Oak Ridge, Tenn.         *Jeffrey J. Broughton              1986, Sept.
 Oakland, Cal.            *Henry L. Gardner                  1981, June
 Oceanside, Cal.          *James Turner                      1990, Aug.
 Odessa, Tex.             *William Brown Jr.                 1987, Nov.
 Ogden, Ut.               Scott Sneddon, N-P                 1991, Nov.
 Oklahoma City, Okla.     *Paula Hearn                       1989, Oct.
 Omaha, Neb.              P.J. Morgan, D                     1993, May
 Ontario, Cal.            *Roger Hughbanks, N-P              1975, July
 Orange, Cal.             *J. William Little                 1984, Jan.
 Orange, N.J.             Robert L. Brown, D                 1992, May
 Orlando, Fla.            Bill Frederick, N-P                1992, Sept.
 Oshkosh, Wis.            *W. O. Frueh                       1976, Aug.
 Overland Park, Kan.      *Donald Pipes                      1977, June
 Owensboro, Ky.           *Max Rhoads                        1959, Sept.
 City                     Name                               Term
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Owensboro, Ky.           *Max Rhoads                        1959, Sept.
 Oxnard, Cal.             *Vernon Hazen                      1990, Aug.
 Pacifica, Cal.           *Daniel Pincetich                  1985, Dec.
 Palm Springs, Cal.       *Dallas Flicek                     1990, Aug.
 Palo Alto, Cal.          *William Zaner                     1979, Sept.
 Park Ridge, Ill.         *Martin Butler, N-P                1993, Apr.
 Parkersburg, W. Va.      Helen Albright, R                  1993, Nov.
 Parma, Oh.               Michael Ries, D                    1991, Nov.
 Pasadena, Cal.           Jeff Hughston, N-P                 1992, May
 Pasadena, Tex.           John Ray Harrison                  1993, May
 Paterson, N.J.           William Pascrell, D                1994, May
 Pawtucket, R.I.          Brian Sarault, D.                  1991, Nov.
 Peabody, Mass.           Peter Torigian, D                  1991, Nov.
 Pekin, Ill.              Larry Homerin, D                   1991, Apr.
 Pensacola, Fla.          *Steve Garman                      1986, June
 Peoria, Ill.             *Thomas Mikulecky                  1987, July
 Perth Amboy, N.J.        George J. Otlowski, D              1992, May
 Petersburg, Va.          *Richard M. Brown                  1984, Oct.
 Philadelphia, Pa.        W. Wilson Goode, D                 1991, Nov.
 City                     Name                               Term
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Philadelphia, Pa.        W. Wilson Goode, D                 1991, Nov.
 Phoenix, Ariz.           Terry Goddard, N-P                 1991, Oct.
 Pico Rivera, Cal.        *Dennis Courtemarche               1984, Nov.
 Pine Bluff, Ark          Carolyn Robinson, D                1992, Nov.
 Pittsburgh, Pa.          Sophie Masloff, D                  1993, Nov.
 Pittsfield, Mass.        Anne E. Wojtkowski, D.             1991, Nov.
 Plainfield, N.J.         Harold Mitchell, D.                1993, Nov.
 Plano, Tex.              *Thomas Muehlenbeck                1987, Dec.
 Pocatello, Ida.          Peter Angstadt, N-P                1993, Nov.
 Pomona, Cal.             *Julio Fuentes                     1989, Dec.
 Pompano Beach, Fla.      *Roy Stype                         1989, Oct.
 Pontiac, Mich.           Wallace Holland, N-P               1993, Nov.
 Port Arthur, Tex.        *Cornelius Boganey                 1990, Apr.
 Port Huron, Mich.        *Gerald R. Bouchard                1965, June
 Portland, Me.            *Robert Ganley                     1986, Sept.
 Portland, Ore.           Bud Clark, N-P                     1992, Nov.
 Portsmouth, Oh.          Franklin Gerlach, N-P              1993, Nov.
 Portsmouth, Va.          *George  Hanbury                   1982, June
 Poughkeepsie, N.Y.       *William J. Theysohn               1982,  Mar.
 City                     Name                               Term
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Poughkeepsie, N.Y.       *William J. Theysohn               1982,  Mar.
 Prichard, Ala.           Margie M. Wilson D.                1992, Aug.
 Providence, R.I.         Undecided                          1994, Nov.
 Provo, Ut.               Joseph Jenkins, R                  1993, Nov.
 Pueblo, Col.             *Lewis A. Quigley                  1987, Jan.
 Quincy, Ill.             Verne Hagstorm, D.                 1993, Apr.
 Quincy, Mass.            James Sheets, N-P                  1991, Nov.
 Racine, Wis.             N. Owen Davies, N-P                1991, Apr.
 Raleigh, N.C.            *Dempsey Benton                    1983, Dec.
 Rapid City, S.D.         Keith Carlyle, N-P                 1991, Apr.
 Reading, Pa.             William Haggerty Jr., D.           1991, Nov.
 Redding, Cal.            *Robert Christofferson             1987, Jan.
 Redlands, Cal.           *vacant
 Redondo Beach, Cal.      *R.H. Griest                       1990, July
 Redwood City, Cal.       *James M. Smith                    1982, Feb.
 Reno, Nev.               *Harold Schilling                  1986, Mar.
 Revere, Mass.            George V. Colella, D               1992, Nov.
 Richardson, Tex.         *Bob Hughey                        1974, Jan.
 Richfield, Minn.         *James Prosser                     1986, Sept.
 City                     Name                               Term
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Richfield, Minn.         *James Prosser                     1986, Sept.
 Richmond, Cal.           *Larry Moore                       1987, Aug.
 Richmond, Ind.           Frank Waltermann, D                1991, Nov.
 Richmond, Va.            *Robert C. Bobb                    1986, July
 Riverside, Cal.          *John E. Holmes                    1990, Oct.
 Roanoke, Va.             *W.R. Herbert                      1985, Nov.
 Rochester, Minn.         *Steven Kvenvold                   1979, June
 Rochester, N.Y.          Thomas Ryan Jr., D                 1993, Nov.
 Rock Hill, S.C.          *Joe Lanford                       1979, July
 Rock Island, Ill.        *John Phillips                     1986, Nov.
 Rockford, Ill.           Charles Box, D                     1993, Apr.
 Rockville, Md.           *Bruce Romer                       1988, Sept.
 Rome, N.Y.               Carl Eilenberg, R                  1991, Nov.
 Roseville, Mich.         Jeanne Riesterer, N-P              1993, Nov.
 Roswell, N.M.            *Ralph Fresquez                    1986, Jan.
 Royal Oak, Mich.         *William Baldridge                 1975, Sept.
 Sacramento, Cal.         *Walter Slipe                      1976, Mar.
 Saginaw, Mich.           *Vernon E. Stoner                  1987, Feb.
 St. Clair Shores, Mich.  *Mark Wollenweber                  1990, Jan.
 City                     Name                               Term
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
St. Clair Shores, Mich.  *Mark Wollenweber                  1990, Jan.
 St. Cloud, Minn.         Charles Winkleman, N-P             1993, Nov.
 St. Joseph, Mo.          Glenda Kelly, N-P                  1994, Apr.
 St. Louis, Mo.           Vincent  Schoemehl, D              1993, Apr.
 St. Louis Park, Minn.    *William C. Dixon                  1988, Oct.
 St. Paul, Minn.          James Scheibel, N-P                1993, Nov.
 St. Petersburg, Fla.     *Robert Obering                    1985, Oct.
 Salem, Mass.             Neil Harrington, N-P               1991, Nov.
 Salem, Ore.              *Gary Eide                         1988, Jan.
 Salina, Kan.             *Dennis Kissinger                  1988, Jan.
 Salinas, Cal.            *Roy Herte                         1988, Sept.
 Salt Lake City, Ut.      Palmer DePaulis, D                 1991, Nov.
 San Angelo, Tex.         *Stephen  Brown                    1982, May
 San Antonio, Tex.        Lila Cockrell, D                   1991, Apr.
 San Bernardino, Cal.     Bob Holcomb, D                     1993, May
 San Bruno, Cal.          *Lew Pond                          1990, May
 San Diego, Cal.          Maureen O'Connor, N-P              1992, Nov.
 San Francisco, Cal.      Art Agnos, D                       1991, Nov.
 San Jose, Cal.           *Leslie White                      1989, May
 City                     Name                               Term
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
San Jose, Cal.           *Leslie White                      1989, May
 San Leandro, Cal.        *Richard H. Randall                1986, July
 San Mateo, Cal.          *Richard Delong                    1976, Sept.
 San Rafael, Cal.         *Pamela Nicolai                    1985, Dec.
 Sandusky, Oh.            *Frank Link                        1972, Jan.
 Sandy City, Ut.          Larry Smith, N-P                   1991, Nov.
 Santa Ana, Cal.          *David Ream                        1986, July
 Santa Barbara, Cal.      *Richard Thomas                    1977, Jan.
 Santa Clara, Cal.        *Jennifer Sparacino                1987, Mar.
 Santa Cruz, Cal.         *Richard Wilson                    1981, June
 Santa Fe, N.M.           Sam Pick, D                        1994, Mar.
 Santa Maria, Cal.        *Wayne Schwammel                   1989, June
 Santa Monica, Cal.       *John Jalili                       1984, Dec.
 Santa Rosa, Cal.         *Kenneth Blackman                  1970, July
 Sarasota, Fla.           *David Sollenberger                1987, Mar.
 Savannah, Ga.            *Arthur A. Mendonsa                1962, July
 Schenectady, N.Y.        Karen Johnson, D                   1991, Nov.
 Scottsdale, Ariz.        *Jorge Carrasco                    1988, Oct.
 Scranton, Pa.            James Connors, R                   1992, Nov.
 City                     Name                               Term
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Scranton, Pa.            James Connors, R                   1992, Nov.
 Seattle, Wash.           Norman Rice, N-P                   1993, Nov.
 Shaker Heights, Oh.      Stephen Alfred, N-P                1991, Nov.
 Sheboygan, Wis.          Richard Schneider, N-P             1993, Apr.
 Shreveport, La.          *Judy Purgerson                    1988, Aug.
 Simi Valley, Cal.        *M.L. Koester                      1979, Sept.
 Sioux City, Ia.          Robert Scott, N-P                  1991, Nov.
 Sioux Falls, S.D.        Jack White, R                      1991, June
 Skokie, Ill.             *Albert Rigoni                     1987, Jan.
 Somerville, Mass.        Michael Capuano, D                 1991, Nov.
 South Bend, Ind.         Joseph Kernan, D                   1991, Nov.
 South Gate, Cal.         *vacant
 Southfield, Mich.        *Robert Block                      1985, Jan.
 Sparks, Nev.             *Patricia Thompson                 1983, Sept.
 Spartanburg, S.C.        *Wayne Bowers                      1984, Sept.
 Spokane, Wash.           *Terry Novak                       1978, July
 Springfield, Ill.        Ossie Langfelder, D                1991, Apr.
 Springfield, Mass        Mary Hurley, N-P                   1991, Nov.
 Springfield, Mo.         *Thomas Tinnie                     1990, Apr.
 City                     Name                               Term
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Springfield, Mo.         *Thomas Tinnie                     1990, Apr.
 Springfield, Oh.         *Matthew Kridler                   1988, Oct.
 Springfield, Ore.        *Michael Kelly                     1989, Jan.
 Stamford, Conn.          Thom Serrani, D                    1991, Nov.
 Sterling Hts., Mich.     *Steve Duchane                     1987, Nov.
 Stillwater, Okla.        *Carl Weinaug                      1983, Apr.
 Stockton, Cal.           *Alan N. Harvey                    1988, Aug.
 Stratford, Conn.         *Ronald Owens                      1984, July
 Sunnyvale, Cal.          *Thomas Lewcock                    1980, Apr.
 Syracuse, N.Y.           Thomas G. Young, D                 1993, Nov.
 Tacoma, Wash.            *Ray Corpuz Jr.                    1990, Jan.
 Tallahassee, Fla.        *Daniel A. Kleman                  1974, Aug.
 Tampa, Fla.              Sandra Friedman, N-P               1991, Mar.
 Taunton, Mass.           Richard Johnson, D                 1991, Nov.
 Taylor, Mich.            Cameron  Priebe, D                 1993, Nov.
 Teaneck, N.J.            *Werner H. Schmid                  1959, Mar.
 Tempe, Ariz.             Harry E. Mitchell, D               1992, Mar.
 Temple, Tex.             *Jack Parker                       1985, Apr.
 Terre Haute, Ind.        P. Pete Chalos, D                  1991, Nov.
 City                     Name                               Term
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Terre Haute, Ind.        P. Pete Chalos, D                  1991, Nov.
 Thousand Oaks, Cal.      *Grant Brimhall                    1978, Jan.
 Titusville, Fla.         *Norman Hickey                     1974, June
 Toledo, Oh.              *Thomas Hoover                     1990, Sept.
 Topeka, Kan.             Butch Felker, N-P                  1993, Apr.
 Torrance, Cal.           *Leroy J. Jackson                  1983, Jan.
 Trenton, N.J.            Douglas Palmer, N-P                1994, May
 Troy, Mich.              *Frank Gerstenecker                1970, Feb
 Troy, N.Y.               *Steven Dworsky                    1986, July
 Tucson, Ariz.            *Thomas Wilson                     1990, July
 Tulsa, Okla.             Rodger Randle, D                   1994, Apr.
 Tuscaloosa, Ala.         Alvin DuPont, D                    1993, Oct.
 Tyler, Tex.              *Gary Gwyn                         1982, Nov.
 Union City, N.J.         Robert Menendez, D                 1994, May
 Univ. City, Mo.          *Frank Ollendorff                  1980, Mar.
 Upland, Cal.             *Ray Silver                        1988, Dec.
 Upper Arlington, Oh.     *Richard King                      1984, Aug.
 Utica, N.Y.              Louis La Polla, R                  1991, Nov.
 Vallejo, Cal.            *Edward Wohlenberg                 1989, Apr.
 City                     Name                               Term
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Vallejo, Cal.            *Edward Wohlenberg                 1989, Apr.
 Vancouver, Wash.         *Paul Grattet                      1980, Aug.
 Ventura, Cal.            *John Baker                        1986, Nov.
 Victoria, Tex.           *James J. Miller                   1980, June
 Vineland, N.J.           Harry Curley, N-P                  1992, May
 Virginia Beach, Va.      Meyera Oberndorf, N-P.             1992, May
 Waco, Tex.               *John Harrison                     1977, Sept.
 Walnut Creek, Cal.       *Donald Blubaugh                   1988, Apr.
 Waltham, Mass.           William Stanley, D                 1991, Nov.
 Warren, Mich.            Ronald Bonkowski, N-P              1991, Nov.
 Warren, Oh.              Daniel Sferra, D                   1991, Nov.
 Warwick, R.I.            Charles Donovan, N-P               1994, Nov.
 Wash, D.C.               Sharon Dixon, D                    1994, Nov.
 Waterbury, Conn.         Joseph Santopietro, R              1991, Nov.
 Waterloo, Ia.            Bernard L. McKinley, N-P           1991, Nov.
 Waukegan, Ill.           Haig Paravonian, R                 1993, Apr.
 Waukesha, Wis.           Paul Vrakas, N-P                   1994, Apr.
 Wausau, Wis.             John Robinson, D                   1992, Apr.
 Wauwatosa, Wis.          James Brundahl, N-P                1992, Apr.
 City                     Name                               Term
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Wauwatosa, Wis.          James Brundahl, N-P                1992, Apr.
 W. Allis, Wis.           Fred Cashmore, N-P                 1992, Apr.
 W. Covina, Cal.          *Herman Fast                       1976, Aug.
 W. New York, N.J.        Anthony DeFino, D                  1991, May
 W. Orange, N.J.          Samuel Spina, D                    1994, May
 W. Palm Beach, Fla.      *Paul Steinbrenner                 1986, Jan.
 Westland, Mich.          Robert Thomas, D                   1993, Nov.
 Westminster, Cal.        *Jerry Kenny                       1989, Jan.
 Westminster, Col.        *William Christopher               1978, June
 Wheaton, Ill.            *Donald Rose                       1980, Nov.
 Wheeling, W. Va.         *Jimmy Curnes                      1990, May
 White Plains, N.Y.       Alfred Del Vecchio, R              1993, Nov.
 Whittier, Cal.           Thomas Sawyer, N-P                 1992, Apr.
 Wichita, Kan.            *Chris Cherches                    1985, Oct.
 Wichita Falls, Tex.      *James Berzina                     1983, June
 Wilkes-Barre, Pa.        Lee Namey, D                       1991, Nov.
 Williamsport, Pa.        Jessie Bloom, D                    1991, Nov.
 Wilmington, Del.         Daniel Frawley, D                  1992, Nov.
 Wilmington, N.C.         *William B. Farris                 1983, May
 City                     Name                               Term
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Wilmington, N.C.         *William B. Farris                 1983, May
 Winston-Salem, N.C.      *Bryce A. Stuart                   1980, Jan.
 Woonsocket, R.I.         Francis Lanctot, D                 1991, Nov.
 Worcester, Mass.         Jordan Levy, D                     1991, Nov.
 Wyandotte, Mich.         James R. DeSana, D                 1991, Apr.
 Wyoming, Mich.           *James Sheeran                     1976, Nov.
 Yakima, Wash.            *Richard Zais Jr.                  1979, Jan.
 Yonkers, N.Y.            *Neil De Luca                      1988, Jan.
 York, Pa.                William Althaus, R                 1993, Nov.
 Youngstown, Oh.          Patrick Ungaro, D                  1993, Nov.
 Yuma, Ariz.              *Doug Lowe, R                      1984, Jan.
 Zanesville, Oh.          Donald Lewis Mason, R              1991, Nov.



 *Asterisk before name denotes city manager. All others are mayors. For
 mayors, dates are those of next election; for city managers, they are dates
 of appointment.




                          How a Bill Becomes a Law

 1. A Senator or Representative introduces a bill by sending it to the clerk
 of the House, who assigns it a number and title. This procedure is termed
 the first reading. The clerk then refers the bill to the appropriate Senate
 or House committee.

 2. If the committee opposes the bill, they immediately table, or kill it.
 Otherwise, the committee holds hearings to listen to opinions and facts
 offered by members and other interested people. The committee then debates
 the bill and possibly offers amendments. A vote is taken, and if favorable,
 the bill is sent back to the clerk of the House.

 3. The clerk reads the bill to the House. This is termed the second reading.
 Members may then debate the bill and suggest amendments.

 4. The third reading is simply by title, and the bill is put to a voice or
 roll call vote.

 5. The bill then goes to the other house, where it may be defeated, or
 passed with or without amendments. If defeated, the bill dies. If passed
 with amendments, a joint Congressional committee works out the differences
 and arrives at a compromise.

 6. After its final passage by both houses, the bill is sent to the
 President. If he signs it, the bill becomes a law. However, he may veto the
 bill by refusing to sign it and sending it back to the house where it
 originated, with his reasons for the veto.

 7. The President's objections are then read and debated, and a roll-call
 vote taken. If the bill receives less than a two-thirds vote, it is
 defeated. If it receives at least two-thirds, it is sent to the other house.
 If that house also passes it by at least two-thirds, the President's veto is
 overridden, and the bill becomes a law.

 8. If the President wishes neither to sign nor to veto the bill, he may
 retain it for 10 days--not including Sunday--after which it automatically
 becomes a law even without his signature. However, if Congress has adjourned
 within those 10 days, the bill is automatically killed; this indirect
 rejection is termed a pocket veto.


                                  ECONOMICS

                U.S. Budget Receipts and Outlays--1986-1989
           U.S. Treasury Department, Financial Management Service
                        (Fiscal years end Sept. 30)
                            (millions of dollars)


╓┌───────────────────────────────────────────────┌────────────┌────────────┌─
 Classification                                  Fiscal 1986  Fiscal 1987  Fis
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Net Receipts
 Individual income taxes                         $348,959     $392,557     $40
 Corporation income taxes                        63,143       83,926       94,
 Social insurance taxes and contributions:
 Federal old-age and survivors insurance         182,518      194,541      220
 Federal disability insurance                    17,711       18,861       21,
 Federal hospital insurance                      51,335       55,992       59,
 Classification                                  Fiscal 1986  Fiscal 1987  Fis
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Federal hospital insurance                      51,335       55,992       59,
 Railroad retirement fund                        2,103        3,634        3,7
 Total employment taxes and contributions        255,062      273,028      305
 Other insurance and retirement:
 Unemployment                                    24,098       25,575       24,
 Federal employees retirement                    4,645        4,613        4,5
 Civil service retirement and disability         96           102          122
 Total social insurance taxes and contributions  283,901      303,318      334
 Excise taxes                                    32,919       32,457       35,
 Estate and gift taxes                           6,958        7,493        7,5
 Customs duties                                  13,323       15,085       15,
 Deposits of earnings-Federal Reserve Banks      18,374       16,817       17,
 All other miscellaneous receipts                1,514        2,490        2,7
 Net Budget Receipts                             $769,091     $854,143     $90
 Net Outlays
 Legislative Branch                              $1,665       $1,812       $1,
 The Judiciary                                   1,069        1,178        1,3
 Executive Office of the President:
 The White House Office                          23           25           26
 Classification                                  Fiscal 1986  Fiscal 1987  Fis
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
The White House Office                          23           25           26
 Office of Management and Budget                 37           37           41
 Total Executive Office                          107          109          121
 Funds appropriated to the President:
 International security assistance               10,371       6,820        4,2
 Multinational assistance                        1,838        1,306        1,4
 Agency for International Development            1,220        1,294        1,4
 International Development Assistance            3,121        2,673        2,9
 Total funds appropriated to the President       11,379       10,406       7,2
 Agriculture Department:
 Food stamp program                              12,443       12,405       13,
 Farmer's Home Admin.                            8,001        3,748        7,2
 Forest service                                  2,284        2,221        2,6
 Total Agriculture Department                    58,666       49,593       44,
 Commerce Department                             2,083        2,156        2,2
 Bureau of the Census                            -            217          333
 Defense Department:
 Military personnel                              71,511       72,020       76,
 Operation and maintenance                       75,259       76,178       84,
 Classification                                  Fiscal 1986  Fiscal 1987  Fis
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Operation and maintenance                       75,259       76,178       84,
 Procurement                                     76,517       80,744       77,
 Research, development, test, evaluation         32,283       33,596       34,
 Military construction                           5,067        5,853        5,8
 Total Defense Department (military)             265,636      273,938      281
 Defense Department (civil)                      20,243       20,659       22,
 Education Department                            17,673       16,800       18,
 Energy Department                               11,025       10,688       11,
 Health and Human Services Department:
 Food and Drug Administration                    417          422          463
 National Institutes of Health                   5,115        5,222        6,3
 Public Health Service                           9,504        9,886        11,
 Health Care Financing Adm.                      119,307      130,472      144
 Human Development Services                      5,412        5,448        5,8
 Total Health and Human Services Dept.           143,252      148,893      158
 Social Security                                 190,684      202,422      214
 Housing and Urban Development Department        14,139       15,464       18,
 Interior Department                             4,791        5,045        5,1
 Justice Department:
 Classification                                  Fiscal 1986  Fiscal 1987  Fis
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Justice Department:
 Federal Bureau of Investigation                 1,183        1,216        1,3
 Total Justice Department                        3,768        4,333        5,4
 Labor Department:
 Unemployment Trust Fund                         21,819       20,527       18,
 Total Labor Department                          24,141       23,453       21,
 State Department                                2,865        2,788        3,4
 Transportation Department                       27,365       25,431       26,
 Federal Aviation Adm                            4,673        4,895        5,1
 Treasury Department:
 Internal Revenue Service                        7,188        7,513        9,3
 Interest on the public debt                     190,151      195,390      214
 Total Treasury Department                       179,189      180,345      201
 Veterans Affairs Dept.                          -            -            18,
 Environmental Protection Agency                 4,869        4,903        4,8
 General Services Administration                 286          74           -28
 National Aeronautics and Space Administration   7,403        7,591        9,0
 Office of Personnel Management                  23,955       26,966       29,
 Small Business Administration                   490          -72          -54
 Classification                                  Fiscal 1986  Fiscal 1987  Fis
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Small Business Administration                   490          -72          -54
 Independent agencies:
 Action                                          154          159          153
 Board for International Broadcasting            127          156          194
 Corporation for Public Broadcasting             160          200          214
 District of Columbia                            530          560          550
 Equal Employment Opportunity Commission         159          158          176
 Export-Import Bank of the United States         -1,167       -2,300       -89
 Federal Communications Commission               92           79           52
 Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation           705          -1,438       2,1
 Federal Trade Commission                        62           66           69
 Interstate Commerce Comm.                       -            -            43
 Intragovernmental Agencies                      218          203          200
 Legal Services Corporation                      305          309          306
 National Archives & Record Adm.                 96           96           102
 National Foundation on the Arts and Humanities  320          310          322
 National Labor Relations Board                  132          127          132
 National Science Foundation                     1,550        1,562        1,6
 Nuclear Regulatory Commission                   421          393          232
 Classification                                  Fiscal 1986  Fiscal 1987  Fis
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Nuclear Regulatory Commission                   421          393          232
 Railroad Retirement Board                       3,980        4,196        4,1
 Securities and Exchange Commission              104          108          126
 Smithsonian Institution                         224          242          260
 Tennessee Valley Authority                      906          1,091        1,0
 U.S. Information Agency                         780          830          843
 Total independent agencies                      11,865       14,266       23,
 Undistributed offsetting receipts               -64,914      -72,400      -78
 Net Budget Outlays                              990,231      1,003,804    1,0
 Less net receipts                               769,091      854,143      908
 Deficit                                         -221,140     -149,661     -15





                        U.S. Net Receipts and Outlays
  U.S. Treasury Department; annual statements for year ending June 30
 (thousands of dollars)


╓┌───────────────┌──────────┌────────────────────────────────────────────────╖
 Yearly average  Receipts   Outlays
 ───────────────────────────────────────
 1789-18001      5,717      5,776
 1801-18102      13,056     9,086
 1811-18202      21,032     23,943
 1821-18302      21,928     16,162
 1831-18402      30,461     24,495
 1841-18502      28,545     34,097
 1851-1860       60,237     60,163
 1861-1865       160,907    683,785
 1866-1870       447,301    377,642
 1871-1875       336,830    287,460
 1876-1880       288,124    255,598
 1881-1885       366,961    257,691
 1886-1890       375,448    279,134
 1891-1895       352,891    363,599
 1896-1900       434,877    457,451
 1901-1905       559,481    535,559
 Yearly average  Receipts   Outlays
 ───────────────────────────────────────
1901-1905       559,481    535,559
 1906-1910       628,507    639,178
 1911-1915       710,227    720,252
 1916-1920       3,483,652  8,065,333
 1921-1925       4,306,673  3,578,989
 1926-1930       4,069,138  3,182,807
 1931-19353      2,770,973  5,214,874



 1 Average for period March 4, 1789, to Dec. 31, 1800. 2 Years ended Dec. 31,
 1801 to 1842; average for 1841-1850 is for the period Jan. 1, 1841, to June
 30, 1850. 3 Expenditures for years 1932 through 1935 have been revised to
 include Government corps. (wholly owned) etc. (net).



   Summary of Receipts, Outlays, and Surpluses or Deficits (--); 1934-1985
           U.S. Treasury Department, Financial Management Service
                          (In millions of dollars)


╓┌────────────────────┌─────────┌────────┌───────────────────────────────────╖
                      Total     Total    Total
 Year                 Receipts  Outlays  Surplus or Deficit (-)
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 1934                 2,955     6,541    -3,586
 1935                 3,609     6,412    -2,803
 1936                 3,923     8,228    -4,304
 1937                 5,387     7,580    -2,193
 1938                 6,751     6,840    -89
 1939                 6,295     9,141    -2,846
 1940                 6,548     9,468    -2,920
 1941                 8,712     13,653   -4,941
 1942                 14,634    35,137   -20,503
 1943                 24,001    78,555   -54,554
 1944                 43,747    91,304   -47,557
 1945                 45,159    92,712   -47,553
 1946                 39,296    55,232   -15,936
 1947                 38,514    34,496   4,018
                      Total     Total    Total
 Year                 Receipts  Outlays  Surplus or Deficit (-)
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
1947                 38,514    34,496   4,018
 1948                 41,560    29,764   11,796
 1949                 39,415    38,835   580
 1950                 39,443    42,562   -3,119
 1951                 51,616    45,514   6,102
 1952                 66,167    67,686   -1,519
 1953                 69,608    76,101   -6,493
 1954                 69,701    70,855   -1,154
 1955                 65,451    68,444   -2,993
 1956                 74,587    70,640   3,947
 1957                 79,990    76,578   3,412
 1958                 79,636    82,405   -2,769
 1959                 79,249    92,098   -12,849
 1960                 92,492    92,191   301
 1961                 94,388    97,723   -3,335
 1962                 99,676    106,821  -7,146
 1963                 106,560   111,316  -4,756
 1964                 112,613   118,528  -5,915
                      Total     Total    Total
 Year                 Receipts  Outlays  Surplus or Deficit (-)
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
1964                 112,613   118,528  -5,915
 1965                 116,817   118,228  -1,411
 1966                 130,835   134,532  -3,698
 1967                 148,822   157,464  -8,643
 1968                 152,973   178,134  -25,161
 1969                 186,882   183,640  3,242
 1970                 192,807   195,649  -2,842
 1971                 187,139   210,172  -23,033
 1972                 207,309   230,681  -23,373
 1973                 230,799   245,707  -14,908
 1974                 263,224   269,359  -6,135
 1975                 279,090   332,332  -53,242
 1976                 298,060   371,779  -73,719
 Transition quarter1  81,232    95,973   -14,741
 1977                 355,559   409,203  -53,644
 1978                 399,561   458,729  -59,168
 1979                 463,302   503,464  -40,162
 1980                 517,112   590,920  -73,808
                      Total     Total    Total
 Year                 Receipts  Outlays  Surplus or Deficit (-)
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
1980                 517,112   590,920  -73,808
 1981                 599,272   678,209  -78,936
 1982                 617,766   745,706  -127,940
 1983                 600,562   808,327  -207,764
 1984                 666,457   851,781  -185,324
 1985                 734,057   946,316  -212,260



 1 Effective fiscal year 1977, fiscal year is reckoned Oct. 1-Sept. 30;
 Transition Quarter covers July 1, 1976-Sept. 30, 1976.



                         The Federal Budget Process
    Executive Office of the President, Office of Management and Budget.


╓┌─────────────────────────┌──────────────────────┌──────────────────────────╖
 Executive budget process  Timing                 Congressional budget
                                                  process
 ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Agencies subject to       Sept. 1
 executive branch review
 submit initial budget
 request materials.

 Fiscal year begins.       Oct. 1                 Fiscal year begins.
 President's initial GRH
 sequester order takes
 effect (amounts are
 withheld from obligation
 pending issuance of
 final order).

                           Oct. 10                CBO issues revised GRH
                                                  report to OMB and
                                                  Congress.

 Executive budget process  Timing                 Congressional budget
                                                  process
 ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 OMB reports on changes    Oct. 15
 in initial GRH estimates
 and determinations
 resulting from
 legislation enacted and
 regulations promulgated
 after its initial report
 to Congress. President
 issues final GRH
 sequester order, which
 is effective immediately,
 and transmits message to
 Congress within 15 days
 of final order. Agencies
 not subject to executive
 branch review submit
 budget request materials.
 Executive budget process  Timing                 Congressional budget
                                                  process
 ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
budget request materials.

                           Nov. 15                Comptroller General
                                                  issues GRH compliance
                                                  report.

 Legislative branch and    Nov.-Dec.
 the judiciary submit
 budget request materials.

 President transmits the   1st Mon. after Jan. 3  Congress receives the
 budget to Congress.                              President's budget.

 OMB sends allowance       Jan.-Feb.
 letters to agencies.

                           Feb. 15                CBO reports to the
                                                  Budget Committees on the
 Executive budget process  Timing                 Congressional budget
                                                  process
 ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
                                                 Budget Committees on the
                                                  President's budget.

                           Feb. 25                Committees submit views
                                                  and estimates to Budget
                                                  Committee in their own
                                                  house.

 OMB and the President     Apr.-June
 conduct reviews to
 establish presidential
 policy to guide agencies
 in developing the next
 budget.

                           Apr. 1                 Senate Budget Committee
                                                  reports concurrent
                                                  resoluion on the budget.
 Executive budget process  Timing                 Congressional budget
                                                  process
 ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
                                                 resoluion on the budget.

                           Apr. 15                Congress completes
                                                  action on concurrent
                                                  resolution.

                           May 15                 House may consider
                                                  appropriations bills in
                                                  the absence of a
                                                  concurrent resolution on
                                                  the budget.

                           June 10                House Appropriations
                                                  Committee reports last
                                                  appropriations bill.

                           June 15                Congress completes
                                                  action on reconciliation
 Executive budget process  Timing                 Congressional budget
                                                  process
 ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
                                                 action on reconciliation
                                                  legislation.

                           June 30                House completes action
                                                  on annual appropriations
                                                  bills.

 President transmits the   July 15                Congress receives
 mid-session                                      mid-session review of
 review,updating the                              the budget.
 budget estimates.

 OMB provides agencies     July-Aug.
 with policy guidance for
 the upcoming budget.

 Date of "snapshot" of     Aug. 15
 projected deficits for
 Executive budget process  Timing                 Congressional budget
                                                  process
 ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
projected deficits for
 the up-coming fiscal
 year for initial OMB and
 CBO GRH

                           Aug. 20                CBO issues its initial
                                                  GRH report to OMB  and
                                                  Congress.

 OMB issues its initial    Aug. 25
 GRH report providing
 estimates and
 determinations to the
 President and Congress.
 President issues initial
 GRH sequester order and
 sends message to
 Congress within 15 days.
 Executive budget process  Timing                 Congressional budget
                                                  process
 ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Congress within 15 days.




 CBO = Congressional Budget Office; GRH = Gramm-Rudman-Hollings (Balanced
 Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act of 1985); OMB = Office of
 Management and Budget.



                          Public Debt of the U.S.
              U.S. Treasury Department, Bureau of Public Debt


╓┌────────────┌────────────────┌────────────────────┌────────────────────────
 Fiscal year  Debt (billions)  Per. cap. (dollars)  Interest paid (billions)
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Fiscal year  Debt (billions)  Per. cap. (dollars)  Interest paid (billions)
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 1870         $2.4             $61.06               -
 1880         2.0              41.60                -
 1890         1.1              17.80                -
 1900         1.2              16.60                -
 1910         1.1              12.41                -
 1920         24.2             228                  -
 1930         16.1             131                  -
 1940         43.0             325                  $1.0
 1945         258.7            1,849                3.8
 1950         256.1            1,688                5.7
 1955         272.8            1,651                6.4
 1960         284.1            1,572                9.2
 1965         313.8            1,613                11.3
 1970         370.1            1,814                19.3
 1975         533.2            2,475                32.7
 1976         620.4            2,852                37.1
 1977         698.8            3,170                41.9
 1978         771.5            3,463                48.7
 1979         826.5            3,669                59.8
 Fiscal year  Debt (billions)  Per. cap. (dollars)  Interest paid (billions)
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
1979         826.5            3,669                59.8
 1980         907.7            3,985                74.9
 1981         997.9            4,338                95.6
 1982         1,142.0          4,913                117.4
 1983         1,377.2          5,870                128.8
 1984         1,572.3          6,640                153.8
 1985         1,823.1          7,598                178.9
 1986         2,125.3          8,774                190.2
 1987         2,350.3          9,615                195.4
 1988         2,602.3          10,534               214.1
 1989         2,857.4          11,545               240.8



 Note: Through 1976 the fiscal year ended June 30. From 1977 on, fiscal year
 ends Sept. 30.



                      U.S. International Transactions
            Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Commerce Department
                            (millions of dollars)


╓┌───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┌────────┌──────
                                                             1960     1965
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Exports of goods services and income1                       30,556   42,722

 Merchandise, adjusted, excluding military2                  19,650   26,461

 Transfers under U.S. military agency sales contracts        2,030    2,465

 Travel                                                      919      1,380

 Passenger fares                                             175      271

 Other transportation                                        1,607    2,175

 Royalties and license fees3                                 837      1,534
                                                             1960     1965
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Royalties and license fees3                                 837      1,534

 Other private services                                      570      714

 U.S. Government miscellaneous services                      153      285

 Income receipts on U.S. assets abroad:                      4,616    7,437

 Direct investment                                           3,621    5,506

 Other private receipts                                      646      1,421

 U.S. Government receipts                                    349      510

 Imports of goods, services and income                       -23,670  -32,708

 Merchandise, adjusted, excluding military2                  -14,758  -21,510

 Direct defense expenditures                                 -3,087   -2,952
                                                             1960     1965
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Direct defense expenditures                                 -3,087   -2,952

 Travel                                                      -1,750   -2,438

 Passenger fares                                             -513     -717

 Other transportation                                        -1,402   -1,951

 Royalties and license fees3                                 -74      -135

 Other private services                                      -593     -461

 U.S. Government miscellaneous services                      -254     -457

 Income payments on foreign assets in the U.S.

 Direct investment                                           -394     -657

 Other private payments                                      -511     -942
                                                             1960     1965
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Other private payments                                      -511     -942

 U.S. Government payments                                    -332     -489

 Unilateral transfers, net                                   -4,062   -4,583

 U.S. Government grants                                      -3,367   -3,444

 U.S. Government pensions and other transfers                -273     -463

 Private remittances and other transfers                     -423     -677

 U.S. assets abroad, net (increase/capital outflow (-))      -4,099   -5,716

 U.S. official reserve assets, net                           2,145    1,225

 U.S. Government assets, other than official reserve assets,  -1,100   -1,605
 net

                                                             1960     1965
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 U.S. private assets, net                                    -5,144   -5,336

 Foreign assets in U.S., net (increase/capital inflow (+))   2,294    742

 Statistical discrepancy (sum of above items with sign       -1,019   -457
 reversed)

 Memoranda:

 Balance on merchandise trade

 Balance on services                                         4,892    4,951

 Balance on investment income                                3,379    5,350

 Balance on goods, services, and income                      -1,385   -287

 Balance on current account                                  2,824    5,431
                                                             1960     1965
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Balance on current account                                  2,824    5,431




 1 Excludes transfers of goods and services under U.S. military grant
 programs. 2 Excludes exports of goods under U.S. military agency sales
 contracts identified in Census export documents, excludes imports of goods
 under direct defense expenditures identified in Census import documents, and
 reflects various other adjustments. 3 Redefined in 1982.



            U.S. Direct Investment Abroad in Selected Countries
                 Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Commerce
                      Department(millions of dollars)


╓┌───────────────────────────────┌────────┌────────┌─────────────────────────╖
                                 1987     1988     1989
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 All countries                   314,307  333,501  373,436
 Africa                          5,869    5,468    5,024
 Egypt                           1,669    1,670    1,802
 Libya                           310      315      311
 Nigeria                         894      660      461
 S. Africa                       1,497    1,269    714
 Asia and Pacific (excl. Japan)  17,010   18,515   20,991
 Hong Kong                       4,389    5,244    5,853
 India                           439      436      549
 Indonesia                       3,070    2,925    3,696
 Malaysia                        952      1,135    1,098
 Philippines                     1,396    1,511    1,682
 Singapore                       2,384    2,290    2,213
 South Korea                     1,178    1,501    1,889
 Taiwan                          1,372    1,622    1,949
 Thailand                        1,274    1,132    1,279
 Australia                       11,363   13,186   14,495
 Bermuda                         19,215   19,040   17,849
 Canada                          57,783   62,610   66,856
                                 1987     1988     1989
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Canada                          57,783   62,610   66,856
 Europe                          150,439  156,932  176,736
 European Communities            119,428  125,590  143,360
 Belgium                         7,267    7,448    8,290
 Denmark                         1,070    1,163    1,246
 France                          11,868   13,150   14,747
 Germany, West                   24,388   21,742   23,059
 Greece                          132      195      265
 Ireland                         5,425    6,212    6,237
 Italy                           9,264    9,540    10,634
 Luxembourg                      660      850      904
 Netherlands                     14,842   16,047   17,168
 Portugal                        495      546      612
 Spain                           4,076    4,979    6,002
 United Kingdom                  44,512   49,274   60,810
 Non E.E.C.                      31,010   31,342   33,375
 Austria                         619      688      688
 Finland                         389      408      484
 Norway                          3,843    4,371    3,640
                                 1987     1988     1989
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Norway                          3,843    4,371    3,640
 Sweden                          1,139    1,119    1,102
 Switzerland                     19,665   18,357   19,952
 Turkey                          207      246      312
 Japan                           15,684   17,927   19,341
 South America                   21,227   21,690   23,557
 Argentina                       2,744    2,597    2,624
 Brazil                          10,951   12,460   14,687
 Chile                           348      691      1,018
 Colombia                        3,104    2,248    1,900
 Ecuador                         466      431      395
 Peru                            1,022    986      912
 Venezuela                       2,095    1,897    1,537
 Central America                 12,218   13,119   15,880
 Mexico                          4,913    5,694    7,079
 Panama                          6,622    6,632    7,906
 Middle East                     4,084    3,806    3,886
 Israel                          635      700      770
 Saudi Arabia                    2,092    1,782    1,812
                                 1987     1988     1989
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Saudi Arabia                    2,092    1,782    1,812
 United Arab Emirates            694      672      674





                         National Income by Industry
            Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Commerce Department
                            (billions of dollars)


╓┌───────────────────────────────────────────────────────┌──────┌──────┌─────
                                                         1960   1965   1970
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 National income without capital consumption adjustment  428.6  583.6  835.1
 Domestic industries                                     425.1  577.8  827.8
 Private industries                                      371.6  500.8  695.4
 Agriculture, forestry, fisheries                        17.8   21.0   25.9
                                                         1960   1965   1970
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Agriculture, forestry, fisheries                        17.8   21.0   25.9
 Mining                                                  5.6    6.1    8.4
 Construction                                            22.5   32.3   47.4
 Manufacturing                                           125.3  171.6  215.6
 Durable goods                                           73.4   105.6  127.7
 Nondurable goods                                        52.0   66.1   87.9
 Transportation, public utilities                        35.8   47.0   64.4
 Transportation                                          18.5   23.7   31.5
 Communication                                           8.2    11.5   17.6
 Electric, gas, and sanitary services                    9.1    11.7   86.8
 Wholesale trade                                         25.0   32.5   47.5
 Retail trade                                            41.3   55.1   79.9
 Finance, insurance, and real estate                     51.3   67.4   96.4
 Services                                                46.9   67.9   109.8
 Government, government enterprises                      53.5   76.9   132.4
 Rest of the world                                       3.5    5.8    7.3





                      National Income by Type of Income
           Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Commerce Department
                            (billions of dollars)


╓┌───────────────────────────────────────────────────────┌──────┌──────┌─────
                                                         1960   1965   1970
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 National income1                                        424.9  585.2  832.6
 Compensation of employees                               296.7  399.8  618.3
 Wages and salaries                                      272.8  363.7  551.5
 Government                                              49.2   69.9   117.1
 Other                                                   223.7  293.8  434.3
 Supplements to wages, salary                            23.8   36.1   66.8
 Employer contrib. for social ins.                       12.6   18.3   34.3
 Other labor income                                      11.2   17.8   32.5
 Proprietors' income                                     52.1   65.1   80.2
 Farm                                                    11.6   13.0   14.7
 Nonfarm                                                 40.5   52.1   65.4
                                                         1960   1965   1970
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Nonfarm                                                 40.5   52.1   65.4
 Rental income of persons with capital consump. adjust.  15.3   18.1   18.2
 Corp. prof., with inv. adjust.                          49.8   76.2   69.5
 Corp. profits before tax                                49.9   77.4   76.0
 Corp. profits tax liability                             22.7   30.9   34.4
 Corp. profits after tax                                 27.2   46.5   41.7
 Dividends                                               12.9   19.1   22.5
 Undistributed profits                                   14.3   27.4   19.2
 Inventory valuation adjustment                          -.2    -1.2   -6.6
 Net interest                                            11.3   20.9   41.2



 1 National income is the aggregate of labor and property earnings which
 arises in the current production of goods and services. It is the sum of
 employee compensation, proprietors' income, rental income, corporate
 profits, and net interest. It measures the total factor costs of the goods
 and services producted by the economy. Income is measured before deduction
 of taxes on income.



 Gross National Product, Net National Product, National Income, and Personal
 Income
           Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Commerce Department
                            (billions of dollars)


╓┌───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┌──────┌────────
                                                             1960   1970     1
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Gross national product1                                     515.3  1,015.5  1

 Less: Capital consumption allowances                        46.4   88.8     1

 Equals: Net national product                                468.9  926.6    1

 Less: Indirect business tax and nontax liability            45.3   94.0     1

 Business transfer payments                                  2.0    4.1      7
                                                             1960   1970     1
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Business transfer payments                                  2.0    4.1      7

 Statistical discrepancy                                     -2.8   -1.1     2

 Plus: Subsidies less current surplus of government          .4     2.9      2
 enterprises

 Equals: National income                                     424.9  832.6    1

 Less: Corporate profits with inventory valuation and        49.5   74.7     1
 capital consumption adjustment

 Net interest                                                11.3   41.2     8

 Contributions for social insurance                          21.9   62.2     1

 Wage accruals less disbursement                             .0     .0       .

 Plus: Government transfer payment to persons                27.5   81.8     1
                                                             1960   1970     1
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Plus: Government transfer payment to persons                27.5   81.8     1

 Personal interest income                                    24.9   69.3     1

 Personal dividend income                                    12.9   22.2     2

 Business transfer payments                                  2.0    4.1      7

 Equals: Personal income                                     409.4  831.8    1




 1 Gross National Product is the market value of all goods and services that
 have been bought for final use during a year. The GNP is considered the most
 comprehensive measure of a nation's economic activity.




                               Stock Exchanges



                      N.Y. Stock Exchange Transactions


╓┌─────┌───────────────┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────╖
       Yearly volume   Yearly volume
 Year  Stock shares    Bonds par values
 ────────────────────────────────────────
 1900  138,981,000     $579,293,000
 1905  260,569,000     1,026,254,000
 1910  163,705,000     634,863,000
 1915  172,497,000     961,700,000
 1920  227,636,000     3,868,422,000
 1925  459,717,623     3,427,042,210
 1929  1,124,800,410   2,996,398,000
 1930  810,632,546     2,720,301,800
 1935  381,635,752     3,339,458,000
       Yearly volume   Yearly volume
 Year  Stock shares    Bonds par values
 ────────────────────────────────────────
1935  381,635,752     3,339,458,000
 1940  207,599,749     1,669,438,000
 1950  524,799,621     1,112,425,170
 1960  766,693,818     1,346,419,750
 1970  2,937,359,448   4,494,864,600
 1975  4,693,427,000   5,178,300,000
 1980  11,352,294,000  5,190,304,000
 1981  11,853,740,659  5,733,071,000
 1982  16,458,036,768  7,155,443,000
 1983  21,589,576,997  7,572,315,000
 1984  23,071,031,447  6,982,291,000
 1985  27,510,706,353  9,046,453,000
 1986  35,680,016,341  10,475,399,000
 1987  47,801,308,660  9,726,244,000
 1988  40,438,346,358  7,594,644,000
 1989  41,698,538,270  8,836,374,000





                    American Stock Exchange Transactions


╓┌─────┌──────────────┌──────────────────────────────────────────────────────╖
       Yearly volume  Yearly volume
 Year  Stock shares   Bonds1 princ. amts.
 ──────────────────────────────────────────
 1929  476,140,375    $513,551,000
 1930  222,270,065    863,541,000
 1940  42,928,337     303,902,000
 1945  143,309,392    167,333,000
 1950  107,792,340    47,549,000
 1960  286,039,982    32,670,000
 1970  843,116,260    641,270,000
 1980  1,626,072,625  355,723,000
 1981  1,343,400,220  301,226,000
 1982  1,485,831,536  325,240,000
 1983  2,081,270,000  395,190,000
       Yearly volume  Yearly volume
 Year  Stock shares   Bonds1 princ. amts.
 ──────────────────────────────────────────
1983  2,081,270,000  395,190,000
 1984  1,545,010,000  371,990,000
 1985  2,100,860,000  645,182,000
 1986  2,978,540,000  810,264,000
 1987  3,505,950,000  684,965,000
 1988  2,515,210,000  604,950,000
 1989  3,125,030,000  708,836,000



 1 Corporate



                 Components of Dow Jones Industrial Average


 Allied-Signal

 Aluminum Co. of Amer.

 American Express

 AT&T

 Bethlehem Steel

 Boeing

 Chevron

 Coca-Cola

 DuPont

 Eastman Kodak

 Exxon

 General Electric

 General Motors

 Goodyear

 IBM

 International Paper

 McDonald's

 Merck

 Minn. Mining & Manuf.

 Navistar

 Philip Morris

 Primerica

 Procter & Gamble

 Sears, Roebuck

 Texaco

 Union Carbide

 United Technologies

 USX Corp.

 Westinghouse

 Woolworth

               Components of Dow Jones Transportation Average


 AMR Corp.

 Airborne Freight

 Alaska Air

 American President

 Burlington Northern

 CSX

 Carolina Freight

 Consolidated Freightways

 Consolidated Rail

 Delta Air Lines

 Federal Express

 Norfolk Southern

 Pan Am

 Ryder System

 Santa Fe Pacific

 Southwest Air Lines

 UAL

 Union Pacific

 USAir Group

 XTRA Corp
                  Components of Dow Jones Utility Average


 American Electric Power

 Centerior Energy

 Columbia Gas System

 Commonwealth Edison

 Consolidated Edison

 Consolidated Natural Gas

 Detroit Edison

 Houston Industries

 Niagara Mohawk Power

 Pacific Gas & Electric

 Panhandle Eastern

 Peoples Energy

 Philadelphia Electric

 Public Service Enterprises

 SCE
                  Dow Jones Industrial Average Since 1954


╓┌──────┌─────┌────────┌──────┌──────┌────┌──────────────────────────────────╖
 High   High  High     Year   Low    Low  Low
 ───────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Dec.   31    404.39   1954   Jan.   11   279.87
 Dec.   30    488.40   1955   Jan.   17   388.20
 Apr.   6     521.05   1956   Jan.   23   462.35
 July   12    520.77   1957   Oct.   22   419.79
 Dec.   31    583.65   1958   Feb.   25   436.89
 Dec.   31    679.36   1959   Feb.   9    574.46
 Jan.   5     685.47   1960   Oct.   25   566.05
 Dec.   13    734.91   1961   Jan.   3    610.25
 High   High  High     Year   Low    Low  Low
 ───────────────────────────────────────────────────
Dec.   13    734.91   1961   Jan.   3    610.25
 Jan.   3     726.01   1962   June   26   535.76
 Dec.   18    767.21   1963   Jan.   2    646.79
 Nov.   18    891.71   1964   Jan.   2    766.08
 Dec.   31    969.26   1965   June   28   840.59
 Feb.   9     995.15   1966   Oct.   7    744.32
 Sept.  25    943.08   1967   Jan.   3    786.41
 Dec.   3     985.21   1968   Mar.   21   825.13
 May    14    968.85   1969   Dec.   17   769.93
 Dec.   29    842.00   1970   May    6    631.16
 Apr.   28    950.82   1971   Nov.   23   797.97
 Dec.   11    1036.27  1972   Jan.   26   889.15
 Jan.   11    1051.70  1973   Dec.   5    788.31
 Mar.   13    891.66   1974   Dec.   6    577.60
 July   15    881.81   1975   Jan.   2    632.04
 Sept.  21    1014.79  1976   Jan.   2    858.71
 Jan.   3     999.75   1977   Nov.   2    800.85
 Sept.  8     907.74   1978   Feb.   28   742.12
 Oct.   5     897.61   1979   Nov.   7    796.67
 High   High  High     Year   Low    Low  Low
 ───────────────────────────────────────────────────
Oct.   5     897.61   1979   Nov.   7    796.67
 Nov.   20    1000.17  1980   Apr.   21   759.13
 Apr.   27    1024.05  1981   Sept.  25   824.01
 Dec.   27    1070.55  1982   Aug.   12   776.92
 Nov.   29    1287.20  1983   Jan.   3    1027.04
 Jan.   6     1286.64  1984   July   24   1086.57
 Dec.   16    1553.10  1985   Jan.   4    1184.96
 Dec.   2     1955.57  1986   Jan.   22   1502.29
 Aug.   25    2722.42  1987   Oct.   19   1738.74
 Oct.   21    2183.50  1988   Jan.   20   1879.14
 Oct.   9     2791.41  1989   Jan.   3    2144.64
 July   16    2999.75  1990*  Oct.   11   2365.10



 * As of 10/15/90



                     Most Active Common Stocks in 1989


╓┌────────────────────────────┌──────────────────────────────────────────────╖
 New York Exchange            New York Exchange
 Stock                        Volume (millions of shares)
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 AT&T                         462.1
 IBM                          402.3
 General Electric             357.6
 Exxon                        336.2
 Union Carbide                316.9
 Texaco                       297.3
 USX                          286.6
 Eastman Kodak                281.9
 Philip Morris                280.3
 Ford Motor                   263.9
 Warner Comm.                 256.1
 General Motors               252.3
 Citicorp                     238.8
 American Express             236.7
 New York Exchange            New York Exchange
 Stock                        Volume (millions of shares)
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
American Express             236.7
 Texas Utilities              230.8
 BankAmerica                  225.8
 Bristol-Myers                224.5
 BAT Industries               173.7
 Wang Labs "B"                123.6
 Texas Air                    119.1
 Amdahl                       99.0
 Echo Bay Mines               84.4
 Fruit of the Loom            82.3
 DWG                          64.4
 ENSCO                        56.9
 Diasonics                    50.3
 Bolar Pharm                  43.5
 Hasbro                       40.0
 New York Times               35.9
 Home Shopping                35.1
 Atari                        34.5
 New York Exchange            New York Exchange
 Stock                        Volume (millions of shares)
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Atari                        34.5
 Western Digital              34.1
 Magma Copper                 33.5
 OMI                          32.0
 Carnival Cruise              31.6
 MCI                          485.4
 Apple Computer               454.6
 Intel                        384.3
 Sun Microsystems             295.8
 Seagate Technology           199.2
 Jaguar                       196.7
 Tele-Comm. "A"               184.9
 Oracle Systems               182.2
 First Executive              168.0
 Liz Claiborne                154.2
 Microsoft                    135.4
 Laidlaw Transpt "B"          131.9
 Lin Broadcasting             130.0
 New York Exchange            New York Exchange
 Stock                        Volume (millions of shares)
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Lin Broadcasting             130.0
 Lotus Development            129.8
 Reuters Holdings             122.9
 Micron Technology            122.4
 McCaw Technology             116.9
 3 Com                        116.6





                              Top Mutual Funds
                       Lipper Analytical Services Inc.


╓┌─────────────────────────────────────┌─────────────────────────────────────╖
 Ten Years                             Ten Years
 12/31/79 To 12/31/89                  12/31/79 To 12/31/89
 Ten Years                             Ten Years
 12/31/79 To 12/31/89                  12/31/79 To 12/31/89
                                       Percent
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Fidelity Magellan                     1123.85
 Merrill Lynch Pacific A               940.74
 Japan Fund                            663.90
 Loomis-Sayles Capital                 624.22
 Phoenix: Growth                       620.91
 Lindner Fund                          592.25
 New England: Growth                   569.91
 Janus Fund                            558.51
 Phoenix: Stock                        555.17
 Lindner Dividend                      553.83
 AIM: Weingarten Equity                545.90
 20th Century: Select                  542.24
 GT Global Growth: Pacific             540.00
 IDS New Dimensions                    536.16
 New York Venture                      535.48
 Amev Capital                          526.48
 Windsor Fund                          524.81
 Ten Years                             Ten Years
 12/31/79 To 12/31/89                  12/31/79 To 12/31/89
                                       Percent
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Windsor Fund                          524.81
 Amev Growth                           524.67
 SteinRoe Special                      523.27
 Fidelity Destiny I                    520.47
 Vanguard High Yield Stock             515.11
 United Vanguard                       513.98
 SoGen International                   513.53
 Washington Mutual Inv                 512.88
 Sequoia Fund                          499.46
 New England Zenith Cap Growth         497.61
 Fidelity Overseas                     353.21
 Merrill Lynch Pacific A               328.87
 Japan Fund                            314.44
 Trustees Commingled Intl              292.02
 Alliance International                285.43
 Vanguard World: Intl Growth           285.22
 Kleinwort Benson: Intl Eq             282.49
 Ten Years                             Ten Years
 12/31/79 To 12/31/89                  12/31/79 To 12/31/89
                                       Percent
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Kleinwort Benson: Intl Eq             282.49
 GAM International                     278.01
 T Rowe Price Intl Stock               268.97
 20th Century: Giftrust                261.33
 GT Global Growth: Pacific             258.40
 Financial Port: Pacific               256.53
 Intl Fd for Institutions              255.00
 Oppenheimer Global                    250.21
 FT International                      249.64
 PaineWebber Classic: Atlas            246.79
 Scudder International                 241.92
 Bailard, Biehl&Kaiser Intl            240.06
 Financial Port: Health                239.20
 Putnam Intl Equities                  234.70
 Kemper International                  232.68
 First Inv Global                      231.79
 Oppenheimer Gld & Sp Min              227.01
 Ten Years                             Ten Years
 12/31/79 To 12/31/89                  12/31/79 To 12/31/89
                                       Percent
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Oppenheimer Gld & Sp Min              227.01
 Templeton Foreign                     224.52
 Alger: Small Capital                  65.08
 United Services Gold Shrs             64.73
 Strategic Investments                 61.21
 GT Global Growth: Japan               60.73
 Financial Port: Health                59.72
 Fidelity Sel Energy Ser               59.44
 Fidelity Sel Medical                  58.02
 Vista: Growth & Inc                   56.85
 GT Global Growth: America             54.77
 SLH Amer Telecom: Income              52.22
 20th Century: Vista Inv               52.20
 Eagle Growth Shares                   52.09
 International Investors               51.27
 Fidelity Sel Telecom                  50.88
 Janus Twenty                          50.85
 Ten Years                             Ten Years
 12/31/79 To 12/31/89                  12/31/79 To 12/31/89
                                       Percent
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Janus Twenty                          50.85
 20th Century: Giftrust                50.21
 Delaware: Trend                       49.69
 Flag Inv Telephone Inc                48.86
 One Hundred                           48.31
 GT Global Growth: Pacific             48.12
 Sherman, Dean                         47.27
 Kaufmann Fund                         46.85
 Janus Fund                            46.32
 Medical Research Inv                  45.51
 Amev Advntge: Capital App             45.02






                               NASDAQ in 1989

 NASDAQ, The National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations
 reported turnover volume of 33.3 billion shares in 1989. This was an
 increase of 7.9% over 1988. The number of companies with shares traded in
 this market was 4,963 at the start of 1990, making NASDAQ the third-largest
 market in the world, after the New York and Tokyo exchanges.

                       Employee Stock Ownership Plans
                   National Center for Employee Ownership

╓┌─────┌────────────────┌────────────────────────────────────────────────────╖
 Year  Number of plans  Employees in ESOPs (millions)
 ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 1980  5,009            4.048
 1981  5,680            4.537
 1982  6,082            4.745
 1983  6,456            5.397
 1984  6,904            6.576
 1985  7,402            7.353
 1986  8,046            7.860
 Year  Number of plans  Employees in ESOPs (millions)
 ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────
1986  8,046            7.860
 1987  8,777            8.860
 1988  9,700            9.700
 1989  10,0001          10,0002



 One of the fastest growing forms of employee compensation is the employee
 stock ownership plan (ESOP). The following table shows how ESOPs have grown
 during the 1980s.
 1 Estimated. 2 As of May 25, 1989.



                           Foreign Stock Markets

╓┌────────────────────────┌──────────────┌───────────────────────────────────╖
 Index                    Close 9/28/90  Pct.change year-to-date
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Index                    Close 9/28/90  Pct.change year-to-date
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Sydney (All Ordinaries)  1398.3         -15.20
 Toronto (300 comp.)      3159.4         -20.41
 Dow Jones industrials    2452.48        -10.92
 Amsterdam (CBS-all sh.)  167.6          -17.36
 Hong Kong (Hng. Sng.)    2760.8         -2.67
 London (FTSE 100)        1990.2         -17.85
 Zurich (Swiss index)     894.5          -21.39
 Paris (CAC 40)           1491.8         -25.45
 Singapore (Str. Times)   1098.7         -25.83
 Frankfurt (DAX avg.)     1334.9         -25.44
 Tokyo (Nikkei average)   20,983.5       -46.08





                      Leading U.S. Businesses in 1989
                  FORTUNE Magazine; World Almanac Research
                (millions of sales, unless otherwise noted)


╓┌────────────────────────────────────┌──────────────────────────────────────╖
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Aerospace                            Aerospace
 Boeing                               $20,276
 United Technologies                  19,766
 McDonnell Douglas                    14,995
 Rockwell International               12,633
 Allied-Signal                        12,021
 General Dynamics                     10,053
 Lockheed                             9,932
 Textron                              7,440
 Martin Marietta                      5,814
 Northrop                             5,200
 Apparel                              Apparel
 Levi Strauss                         $3,628
 VF                                   2,540
 Claiborne (Liz)                      1,411
 Fruit of the Loom                    1,321
 Hartmarx                             1,312
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Hartmarx                             1,312
 Crystal Brands                       857
 Leslie Fay                           786
 Kellwood                             754
 Russell                              688
 Phillips-Van Heusen                  642
 Beverages                            Beverages
 Pepsico                              $15,420
 Anheuser-Busch                       9,481
 Coca-Cola                            9,171
 Seagold Vineyards Hldg.              3,005
 Coors (Adolph)                       1,770
 Brown-Forman                         1,012
 Building Materials                   Building Materials
 Owens-Illinois                       $3,692
 American Standard                    3,631
 Owens-Corning Fiber.                 3,021
 Corning                              2,469
 Manville                             2,228
 USG                                  2,201
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
USG                                  2,201
 Norton                               1,535
 Lafarge                              1,497
 Certainteed                          1,365
 National Gypsum                      1,364
 Chemicals                            Chemicals
 Du Pont (E.I.) De Nemours            $35,209
 Dow Chemical                         17,730
 Union Carbide                        8,744
 Monsanto                             8,681
 Grace (W.R.)                         6,115
 Hoechst Celanese                     6,016
 Hanson Ind. NA                       5,933
 PPG Industries                       5,825
 Bayer USA                            5,425
 BASF                                 5,422
 Computers (incl. office equip.)      Computers (incl. office equip.)
 IBM                                  $63,438
 Digital Equipment                    12,866
 Hewlett-Packard                      11,899
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Hewlett-Packard                      11,899
 Unisys                               10,097
 NCR                                  5,956
 Apple Computer                       5,284
 Wang Laboratories                    3,078
 Pitney Bowes                         2,959
 Control Data                         2,952
 Compaq Computer                      2,876
 Electronics                          Electronics
 General Electric                     $55,264
 Westinghouse Electric                12,844
 Motorola                             9,620
 Raytheon                             8,796
 TRW                                  7,408
 Honeywell                            7,242
 Emerson Electric                     7,071
 Texas Instruments                    6,592
 Whirlpool                            6,289
 North American Philips               6,203
 Food                                 Food
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Food                                 Food
 Philip Morris                        $39,069
 RJR Nabisco                          15,224
 Sara Lee                             11,738
 Conagra                              11,340
 Archer Daniels                       8,057
 Borden                               7,593
 Ralston Purina                       6,712
 Heinz (H.J.)                         5,832
 General Mills                        5,798
 Quaker Oats                          5,724
 Forest Products                      Forest Products
 International Paper                  $11,378
 Georgia-Pacific                      10,171
 Weyerhaeuser                         10,106
 James River                          5,902
 Kimberly-Clark                       5,777
 Stone Container                      5,361
 Champion International               5,254
 Scott Paper                          5,066
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Scott Paper                          5,066
 Mead                                 4,647
 Boise Cascade                        4,338
 Furniture                            Furniture
 Johnson Controls                     $3,690
 Interco                              3,278
 Lear Siegler Seating                 1,015
 Leggett & Platt                      992
 Miller (Herman)                      799
 Ohio Mattress Hldg.                  706
 Hon Industries                       608
 Kimball International                597
 La-Z-Boy Chair                       556
 Industrial and Farm Equip.           Industrial and Farm Equip.
 Tenneco                              $14,439
 Caterpillar                          11,126
 Deere                                7,221
 Dresser Industries                   4,023
 Cummins Engine                       3,511
 Ingersoll-Rand                       3,447
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Ingersoll-Rand                       3,447
 Black & Decker                       3,221
 Parker Hannifin                      2,520
 Baker Hughes                         2,328
 Dover                                2,136
 Life Insurance1                      Life Insurance1
 Prudential of America                $129,118
 Metropolitan Life                    98,740
 Equitable Life Assurance             52,512
 Aetna Life                           52,023
 Teachers Insurance & Annuity         44,374
 New York Life                        37,302
 Connecticut General Life             33,991
 Travelers                            32,088
 John Hancock Mutual Life             30.925
 Northwestern Mutual Life             28,500
 Metal Products                       Metal Products
 Gillette                             $3,850
 Masco                                3,151
 Illinois Tool Works                  2,173
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Illinois Tool Works                  2,173
 McDermott                            2,121
 Stanley Works                        1,981
 Crown Cork & Seal                    1,910
 Harsco                               1,351
 Ball                                 1,222
 Hillenbrand Ind.                     1,144
 Newell                               1,123
 Metals                               Metals
 Aluminum Co. of Amer.                $11,162
 LTV                                  6,362
 Reynolds Metals                      6,201
 Bethlehem Steel                      5,306
 Inland Steel Ind.                    4,147
 Amax                                 3,915
 Phelps Dodge                         2,726
 National Steel                       2,577
 Armco                                2,494
 Maxxam                               2,423
 Motor Vehicles and Parts             Motor Vehicles and Parts
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Motor Vehicles and Parts             Motor Vehicles and Parts
 General Motors                       $126,974
 Ford Motor                           96,933
 Chrysler                             36,156
 Dana                                 5,157
 Navistar                             4,296
 Eaton                                4,249
 Paccar                               3,373
 Mack Trucks                          1,958
 Masco Industries                     1,687
 Fleetwood Enterprises                1,632
 Petroleum Refining                   Petroleum Refining
 Exxon                                $86,656
 Mobil                                50,976
 Texaco                               32,416
 Chevron                              29,443
 Amoco                                24,214
 Shell Oil                            21,703
 USX                                  17,755
 Atlantic Richfield                   15,905
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Atlantic Richfield                   15,905
 Phillips Petroleum                   12,492
 Unocal                               10,417
 Pharmaceuticals                      Pharmaceuticals
 Johnson & Johnson                    $9,844
 Bristol-Myers Squibb                 9,422
 American Home Products               6,747
 Merck                                6,698
 Pfizer                               5,904
 Abbott Laboratories                  5,454
 Warner-Lambert                       4,272
 Lilly (Eli)                          4,176
 Schering-Plough                      3,243
 Upjohn                               2,916
 Publishing & Printing                Publishing & Printing
 Time Warner                          $7,642
 Gannett                              3,523
 Times Mirror                         3,517
 Donnelly (R.R.)                      3,128
 Berkshire Hathaway                   2,484
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Berkshire Hathaway                   2,484
 Tribune                              2,455
 Knight-Ridder                        2,343
 Reader's Digest                      1,871
 New York Times                       1,807
 McGraw-Hill                          1,789
 Retail2                              Retail2
 Sears Roebuck                        $53,913
 K Mart                               29,557
 Wal-Mart Stores                      25,922
 American Stores                      22,004
 Kroger                               19,088
 J.C. Penney                          16,405
 Safeway Stores                       14,325
 Dayton Hudson                        13,645
 May Department Stores                12,043
 Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea         10,073
 Rubber and Plastics Products         Rubber and Plastics Products
 Goodyear Tire                        $11,045
 Premark                              2,601
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Premark                              2,601
 Uniroyal Goodrich                    2,267
 Rubbermaid                           1,349
 Raychem                              1,104
 Cooper Tire & Rubber                 870
 Tredegar Ind.                        638
 Schulman                             626
 Standard Products                    560
 Carlisle                             558
 Scientific and Photographic Equip.   Scientific and Photographic Equip.
 Eastman Kodak                        $18,398
 Xerox                                17,635
 Minnesota Mining                     11,990
 Baxter International                 7,399
 Polaroid                             1,942
 Becton Dickinson                     1,921
 EG&G                                 1,655
 Tektronix                            1,439
 Bausch & Lomb                        1,231
 Perkin-Elmer                         1,105
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Perkin-Elmer                         1,105
 Soaps, Cosmetics                     Soaps, Cosmetics
 Procter & Gamble                     $21,689
 Unilever U.S.                        8,114
 Colgate-Palmolive                    5,110
 Avon Products                        3,396
 Revlon Group                         2,739
 Clorox                               1,471
 International Flavors                870
 Alberto-Culver                       717
 Helene Curtis Ind.                   629
 Chemed                               594
 Textiles                             Textiles
 Wickes                               $4,802
 Armstrong World Ind.                 2,864
 West Point-Pepperell                 2,568
 Burlington Holdings                  2,198
 Springs Industries                   1,909
 Amoskeag                             1,402
 DWG                                  1,185
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
DWG                                  1,185
 Shaw Industries                      1,176
 JPS Textile Group                    821
 Cone Mills                           715
 Tobacco                              Tobacco
 American Brands                      $7,265
 Universal                            2,920
 Lorillard                            1,475
 Standard Commercial                  951
 Dibrell Brothers                     689
 UST                                  670
 Transportation3                      Transportation3
 United Parcel Service                $12,380
 AMR                                  10,590
 UAL                                  9,915
 Delta Air Lines                      8,090
 CSX                                  7,821
 Texas Air                            6,769
 Union Pacific                        6,590
 NWA                                  6,554
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
NWA                                  6,554
 USAir Group                          6,257
 Federal Express                      5,183
 Utilities1                           Utilities1
 GTE                                  $31,987
 BellSouth                            30,050
 Bell Atlantic                        26,220
 NYNEX                                25,909
 US West                              25,426
 Pacific Gas & Electric               21,352
 Pacific Telesis Group                21,194
 Southwestern Bell                    21,161
 Southern                             20,086
 American Information Tech.           19,833



 1 Millions of assets as of Dec. 31, 1989; 2 Includes revenues from
 nonretailing activities; 3 Includes revenues from nontransportation
 activities.



          U.S. Industrial Corporations with Largest Sales in 1989
                        FORTUNE Magazine


╓┌────────────────────────────┌─────────────────┌────────────────────────────╖
 Company (1988 rank)          Sales1(billions)  Income1(or loss)(millions)
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 General Motors (1)           $127.0            $4,224

 Ford Motor (2)               96.9              3,835

 Exxon (3)                    86.6              3,510

 IBM (4)                      63.4              3,758

 General Electric (5)         55.3              3,939

 Mobil (6)                    60.0              1,809
 Company (1988 rank)          Sales1(billions)  Income1(or loss)(millions)
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Mobil (6)                    60.0              1,809

 Philip Morris (10)           39.1              2,946

 Chrysler (7)                 36.1              359

 Du Pont (9)                  35.2              2,480

 Texaco (8)                   32.4              2,413

 Chevron (11)                 29.4              251

 Amoco (12)                   24.2              1,610

 Shell Oil (13)               21.7              1,405

 Procter & Gamble (15)        21.7              1,206

 Boeing (19)                  20.3              973
 Company (1988 rank)          Sales1(billions)  Income1(or loss)(millions)
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Boeing (19)                  20.3              973

 Occidental Petroleum (14)    20.1              285

 United Technologies (16)     19.8              702

 Eastman Kodak (18)           18.4              529

 USX (23)                     17.7              965

 Dow Chemical (21)            17.7              2,487

 Xerox (22)                   17.6              704

 Atlantic Richfield (17)      15.9              1,953

 Pepsico (26)                 15.4              901

 RJR Nabisco (20)             15.2              (1,149)
 Company (1988 rank)          Sales1(billions)  Income1(or loss)(millions)
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
RJR Nabisco (20)             15.2              (1,149)

 McDonnell Douglas (25)       15.0              219

 Tenneco (24)                 14.4              584

 Digital Equipment (30)       12.9              1,072

 Westinghouse Electric (27)   12.8              922

 Rockwell International (28)  12.6              734

 Phillips Petroleum (31)      12.5              219

 Allied-Signal (29)           12.0              528

 Minnesota Mining &           12.0              1,244
 Manufacturing (34)

 Company (1988 rank)          Sales1(billions)  Income1(or loss)(millions)
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 Hewlett-Packard (39)         11.9              829

 Sara Lee (36)                11.7              410

 International Paper (42)     11.4              864

 ConAgra (44)                 11.3              197

 ALCOA (40)                   11.2              944

 Caterpillar (35)             11.1              497

 Goodyear (32)                11.0              206

 Unocal (47)                  10.4              260

 Georgia Pacific (43)         10.2              661

 Company (1988 rank)          Sales1(billions)  Income1(or loss)(millions)
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 Weyerhaeuser (37)            10.1              341

 Unisys (38)                  10.1              (639)

 General Dynamics (41)        10.0              293

 Lockheed (33)                9.9               2

 Sun (48)                     9.9               98

 Johnson & Johnson (45)       9.8               1,082

 Motorola (52)                9.6               498

 Anheuser-Busch (46)          9.5               767

 Bristol-Myers Squibb (73)    9.4               747

 Company (1988 rank)          Sales1(billions)  Income1(or loss)(millions)
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────




 1 Fiscal year.



              Largest Corporate Mergers or Acquisitions in U.S.
                              (as of mid-1990)


╓┌────────────────────────┌────────────────────────┌──────────┌──────────────╖
 Company                  Acquirer                 Dollars    Year
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 RJR Nabisco              Kohlberg Kravis Roberts  24.9 bln.  1988
 Warner Communications    Time                     13.9 bln.  1989
 Gulf Oil                 Chevron                  13.3 bln.  1984
 Kraft                    Philip Morris            11.5 bln.  1988
 Company                  Acquirer                 Dollars    Year
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Kraft                    Philip Morris            11.5 bln.  1988
 Squibb                   Bristol-Myers            11.5 bln.  1989
 Getty Oil                Texaco                   10.1 bln.  1984
 Conoco                   DuPont                   8.0 bln.   1981
 Standard Oil             British Petroleum        7.9 bln.*  1987
 Federated Dept. Stores   Campeau                  7.4 bln.   1988
 Marathon Oil             U.S. Steel               6.5 bln.   1981
 Contel                   GTE                      6.2 bln.   1990
 Beatrice                 Kohlberg Kravis Roberts  6.2 bln.   1986
 RCA                      General Electric         6.2 bln.   1986
 Superior Oil             Mobil Oil                5.7 bln.   1984
 Pillsbury                Grand Metropolitan       5.7 bln.   1988
 General Foods            Philip Morris            5.6 bln.   1986
 Safeway Stores           Kohlberg Kravis Roberts  5.3 bln.   1986
 Farmers Group            B.A.T. Industries        5.2 bln.   1988
 Southern Pacific         Santa Fe Railroad        5.2 bln.   1983
 Southland                J.T. Acquisition         5.1 bln.   1987
 Hughes Aircraft          General Motors           5.0 bln.   1985
 Nabisco                  R.J. Reynolds            4.9 bln.   1985
 Company                  Acquirer                 Dollars    Year
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Nabisco                  R.J. Reynolds            4.9 bln.   1985
 Signal Cos.              Allied Corp.             4.9 bln.   1986
 Sperry                   Burroughs                4.8 bln.   1986
 Connecticut General      INA                      4.3 bln.   1981
 Borg-Warner              AV Holdings              4.2 bln.   1987
 Texasgulf                Elf Aquitaine            4.2 bln.   1981
 Cities Service           Occidental Petroleum     4.0 bln.   1982
 Dome Petroleum           Amoco                    3.8 bln.   1987
 R.H. Macy                various investors        3.7 bln.   1986
 American Hospital        Baxter Travenol          3.7 bln.   1986
 Owens-Illinois           Kohlberg Kravis Roberts  3.6 bln.   1987
 Belridge Oil             Shell Oil                3.6 bln.   1979
 NWA                      Checchi Group            3.6 bln.   1988
 Allied Stores            Campeau                  3.5 bln.   1986
 Fort Howard Paper        Morgan Stanley Group     3.5 bln.   1988
 ABC Broadcasting         Capital Cities Comm.     3.5 bln.   1985
 Columbia Pictures        Sony                     3.4 bln.   1989
 Viacom                   National Amusements      3.4 bln.   1987
 McCaw Cellular           LIN Broadcasting         3.3 bln.   1989
 Company                  Acquirer                 Dollars    Year
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
McCaw Cellular           LIN Broadcasting         3.3 bln.   1989
 Panhandle Eastern        Texas Eastern            3.2 bln.   1989
 Chesebrough-Pond's       Unilever N.V.            3.1 bln.   1987
 MidCon                   Occidental Petroleum     3.0 bln.   1986
 American Medical Intl.   IMA Holdings             3.0 bln.   1989
 Texas Oil and Gas        USX Corp.                3.0 bln.   1986
 Emhart                   Black & Decker           2.8 bln.   1989
 Carnation                Nestle                   2.8 bln.   1984
 Celanese                 American Hoechst         2.7 bln.   1987
 Esmark                   Beatrice Foods           2.7 bln.   1984
 G.D. Searle              Monsanto                 2.7 bln.   1986
 Continental Group        Kiewit-Murdock           2.7 bln.   1984
 St. Joe Minerals         Fluor                    2.6 bln.   1981
 Electronic Data Systems  General Motors           2.6 bln.   1984
 Firestone Tire           Bridgestone              2.6 bln.   1988
 Macmillan                Maxwell Comm.            2.6 bln.   1988
 Associated Dry Goods     May Dept. Stores         2.5 bln.   1986



 * For the 45% of Standard Oil that British Petroleum did not already own.



                  Highest Paid Business Executives in 1989
                          Business Week


╓┌────────────────────────────────────────┌──────────────────────────────────╖
 Executive, Company                       1989 Compensation (in millions)
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Craig O. McCaw, McCaw Cellular           $53.9
 Steven J. Ross, Time Warner              34.2
 Donald A. Pels, Lin Broadcasting         22.8
 Jim P. Manzi, Lotus Development          16.4
 Paul Fireman, Reebok International       14.6
 Ronald K. Richey, Torchmark              12.7
 Martin S. Davis, Paramount               11.6
 Roberto C. Goizueta, Coca-Cola           10.7
 Michael D. Eisner, Walt Disney           9.6
 Executive, Company                       1989 Compensation (in millions)
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Michael D. Eisner, Walt Disney           9.6
 August A. Busch III, Anheuser-Busch      8.9
 William G. McGowan, MCI                  8.7
 James R. Moffett, Freeport-McMoRan       7.3
 Donald E. Petersen, Ford Motor           7.1
 P. Roy Vagelos, Merck                    6.8
 W. Michael Blumenthal, Unisys            6.5
 S. Parker Gilbert, Morgan Stanley        5.5
 Harry A. Merlo, Louisiana-Pacific        5.3
 Reuben Mark, Colgate-Palmolive           5.0
 Robert J. Pfeiffer, Alexander & Baldwin  5.0
 William P. Stiritz, Ralston Purina       4.9



 The annual compensation survey of Business Week Magazine showed that U.S.
 chief executive officers make more than 3 times as much as Japanese CEOs and
 33 percent more than their European counterparts. Compensation includes
 stock options and other performance bonuses.



                   Distribution of Total Personal Income
           Bureau of Economic Analysis; U.S. Commerce Department
                               (in billions)


╓┌─────┌────────────────┌───────────────┌───────────────────────────┌────────

 Year  Personal income  Personal taxes  Disposable Personal income  Personal o
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 1960  $402.3           $50.4           $352.0                      $332.3
 1965  540.7            64.9            475.8                       442.1
 1970  811.1            115.8           695.3                       639.5
 1974  1,168.6          170.2           998.3                       913.2
 1975  1,265.0          168.9           1,096.1                     1,001.8
 1976  1,391.2          196.8           1,194.4                     1,111.9
 1977  1,540.4          226.4           1,314.0                     1,236.0
 1978  1,732.7          258.7           1,474.0                     1,384.6
 1979  1,951.2          301.0           1,650.2                     1,553.5

 Year  Personal income  Personal taxes  Disposable Personal income  Personal o
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
1979  1,951.2          301.0           1,650.2                     1,553.5
 1980  2,165.3          336.5           1,828.9                     1,718.7
 1981  2,429.5          387.7           2,041.7                     1,904.3
 1982  2,584.6          404.1           2,180.5                     2,044.5
 1983  2,838.6          410.5           2,428.1                     2,297.4
 1984  3,108.7          440.2           2,668.6                     2,504.5
 1985  3,325.3          486.6           2,838.7                     2,713.3
 1986  3,526.2          512.9           3,013.3                     2,888.5
 1987  3,776.6          571.7           3,205.9                     3,104.1
 1988  4,070.8          591.6           3,479.2                     3,333.6
 1989  4,384.3          658.8           3,725.5                     3,553.7






                            Consumer Price Index

 The Consumer Price Index (CPI) is a measure of the average change in prices
 over time of basic consumer goods and services. From Jan. 1978, the Bureau
 of Labor Statistics began publishing CPI's for two population groups: (1) a
 CPI for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U) which covers about 80% of the total
 population; and (2) a CPI for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers
 (CPI-W) which covers about 32% of the total population. The CPI-U includes,
 in addition to wage earners and clerical workers, groups such as
 professional, managerial, and technical workers, the self-employed,
 short-term workers, the unemployed, retirees and others not in the labor
 force.

 The CPI is based on prices of food, clothing, shelter, fuels, transportation
 fares, charges for doctors' and dentists' services, drugs, and the other
 goods and services bought for day-to-day living. The index had been
 measuring price changes from a designated reference date--1967--which
 equaled 100.0.

 Beginning with the release of data for January 1988, the standard reference
 base period for the Consumer Price Index is 1982-84. The rebasing is in
 keeping with the government's policy that index bases should be updated
 periodically. The 1982-84 period was chosen to coincide with the time period
 of the updated CPI's expenditure weights, which are based upon the Consumer
 Expenditure Surveys for 1982, 1983, and 1984. All of the CPI figures in the
 following tables have been changed to reflect the new reference base.

                        Consumer Price Indexes, 1990
              Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Labor Department


╓┌─────────────────────┌───────────────────┌─────────────────────┌───────────
                       CPI-U               CPI-U                 CPI-U
                       Unadjusted indexes  Unadjusted percent    Unadjusted pe
                                           change to June 1990   change to Jun
                                           from-                 from-
 (1982-84=100)         June 1990           June 1989             May 1990
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Food, beverages       131.7               5.4                   0.5

 Housing               128.3               4.4                   0.9

 Apparel, upkeep       123.3               4.7                   -1.8
                       CPI-U               CPI-U                 CPI-U
                       Unadjusted indexes  Unadjusted percent    Unadjusted pe
                                           change to June 1990   change to Jun
                                           from-                 from-
 (1982-84=100)         June 1990           June 1989             May 1990
Apparel, upkeep       123.3               4.7                   -1.8

 Transportation        118.2               2.0                   0.4

 Medical care          161.9               9.0                   0.7

 Entertainment1        131.9               4.5                   0.2

 Other goods,          157.8               7.9                   0.8
 services

 Services              138.8               5.5                   0.9

 Special Indexes

 All items less food   129.4               4.4                   0.5
                       CPI-U               CPI-U                 CPI-U
                       Unadjusted indexes  Unadjusted percent    Unadjusted pe
                                           change to June 1990   change to Jun
                                           from-                 from-
 (1982-84=100)         June 1990           June 1989             May 1990
All items less food   129.4               4.4                   0.5

 Commodities less      115.8               2.7                   -0.1
 food

 Nondurables1          124.6               4.7                   0.3

 Energy                99.5                0.5                   2.9

 All items less        134.2               5.1                   0.4
 energy






            Consumer Price Indexes for Selected Items and Groups
                Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Labor Dept.
                       (all urban consumers = CPI-U)
            (1982-84 = 100. Annual averages of monthly figures)


╓┌──────────────────────────────────┌─────┌──────┌─────┌──────┌──────┌──────┌
                                    1970  1975   1980  1985   1986   1987   19
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 All Items                          38.8  53.8   82.4  107.6  109.6  113.6  11
 Food and beverages                 40.1  60.2   86.7  105.6  109.1  113.5  11
 Food                               39.2  59.8   86.8  105.6  109.0  113.5  11
 Food at home                       39.9  61.8   88.4  104.3  107.3  111.9  11
 Cereals, bakery prods.             37.1  62.9   83.9  107.9  110.9  114.8  12
 Meats, poultry, fish, eggs         44.6  67.0   92.0  100.1  104.5  110.5  11
 Dairy prods.                       44.7  62.6   90.9  103.2  103.3  105.9  10
 Fruits, vegetables                 37.8  56.9   82.1  106.4  109.4  119.1  12
 Sugar, sweets                      30.5  65.3   90.5  105.8  109.0  111.0  11
 Fats, oils                         39.2  73.5   89.3  106.9  106.5  108.1  11
 Nonalcoholic beverages             27.1  41.3   91.4  104.3  110.4  107.5  10
                                    1970  1975   1980  1985   1986   1987   19
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Nonalcoholic beverages             27.1  41.3   91.4  104.3  110.4  107.5  10
 Other prepared foods               39.6  58.9   83.6  106.4  109.2  113.8  11
 Food away from home                37.5  54.5   83.4  108.3  112.5  117.0  12
 Alcoholic beverages                52.1  65.9   86.4  106.4  111.1  114.1  11
 Housing                            36.4  50.7   81.1  107.7  110.9  114.2  11
 Shelter                            35.5  48.8   81.0  109.8  115.8  121.3  12
 Rent                               46.5  58.0   80.9  111.8  118.3  123.1  12
 Maintenance, repairs               35.8  54.1   82.4  106.5  107.9  111.8  11
 Fuel, other utilities              29.1  45.4   75.4  106.5  104.1  103.0  10
 Electricity                        31.8  50.0   75.8  106.9  110.4  110.0  11
 Household furnishings & operation  46.8  63.4   86.3  103.8  105.2  107.1  10
 House furnishings                  55.5  69.8   88.5  101.7  102.2  103.6  10
 Apparel & upkeep                   59.2  72.5   90.9  105.0  105.9  110.6  11
 Apparel commodities                63.3  76.7   92.9  104.0  104.2  108.9  11
 Men's & boys'                      62.2  75.5   89.4  105.0  106.2  109.1  11
 Women's & girls'                   71.8  85.5   96.0  104.9  104.0  110.4  11
 Footwear                           56.8  69.6   91.8  102.3  101.9  105.1  10
 Transportation                     37.5  50.1   83.1  106.4  102.3  105.4  10
 Private                            37.5  50.6   84.2  106.2  101.2  104.2  10
                                    1970  1975   1980  1985   1986   1987   19
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Private                            37.5  50.6   84.2  106.2  101.2  104.2  10
 New cars                           53.0  62.9   88.4  106.1  110.6  114.6  11
 Used cars                          31.2  43.8   62.3  113.7  108.8  113.1  11
 Gasoline                           27.9  45.1   97.5  98.6   77.0   80.1   80
 Auto insurance                     42.0  48.4   82.0  119.2  135.0  146.2  15
 Public                             35.2  43.5   69.0  110.5  117.0  121.1  12
 Airline fares                      28.3  38.0   68.0  112.5  117.1  122.8  12
 Medical care                       34.0  47.5   74.9  113.5  122.0  130.1  13
 Prescription drugs                 47.4  51.2   72.5  120.1  130.4  140.8  15
 Physicians' services               34.5  48.1   76.5  113.3  121.5  130.4  13
 Dental services                    39.2  53.2   78.9  114.2  120.6  128.8  13
 Hospital room                      23.6  38.3   68.0  115.4  122.3  131.1  14
 Entertainment                      47.5  62.0   83.6  107.9  111.6  115.3  12
 Other goods & services             40.9  53.9   75.2  114.5  121.4  128.5  13
 Tobacco products                   43.1  54.7   72.0  116.7  124.7  133.6  14
 Personal care                      43.5  57.9   81.9  106.3  111.9  115.1  11
 Toilet goods                       42.7  58.0   79.6  107.6  111.3  113.9  11
 Personal care services             44.2  57.7   83.7  108.9  112.5  116.2  12
 Personal, educational expenses     35.5  48.7   70.9  119.1  128.6  138.5  14
                                    1970  1975   1980  1985   1986   1987   19
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Personal, educational expenses     35.5  48.7   70.9  119.1  128.6  138.5  14





                Consumer Price Indexes Annual Percent Change
              Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Labor Department


╓┌───────────────────────┌──────┌─────┌─────┌─────┌─────┌─────┌─────┌─────┌──
                         19771  1978  1979  1980  1981  1982  1983  1985  1986
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 All items               6.5    7.6   11.3  13.5  10.3  6.2   3.2   3.6   1.9
 Food                    6.3    9.9   11.0  8.6   7.8   4.1   2.1   2.3   3.2
 Shelter                 6.6    10.2  13.9  17.6  11.7  7.1   2.3   5.6   5.5
 Rent, residential       6.1    6.9   7.2   8.9   8.7   7.6   5.8   6.2   5.8
 Fuel & other utilities  10.7   6.9   10.8  16.4  14.6  9.8   5.6   1.6   -2.3
 Apparel and upkeep      4.5    3.6   4.3   7.1   4.8   2.6   2.5   2.8   0.9
                         19771  1978  1979  1980  1981  1982  1983  1985  1986
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Apparel and upkeep      4.5    3.6   4.3   7.1   4.8   2.6   2.5   2.8   0.9
 Private transportation  7.4    4.7   14.7  17.4  11.4  3.5   2.3   2.5   -4.7
 New cars                5.2    7.7   7.9   8.1   6.0   3.9   2.6   3.2   4.2
 Gasoline                5.7    4.2   35.5  38.9  11.3  -5.3  -3.3  .8    -21.
 Public transportation   4.6    3.0   6.6   25.7  24.1  10.9  4.8   4.5   5.9
 Medical care            9.6    8.4   9.2   11.0  10.7  11.6  8.8   6.3   7.5
 Entertainment           4.9    5.3   6.7   9.0   7.8   6.5   4.3   3.9   3.4
 Commodities             5.8    7.2   11.3  12.3  8.4   4.1   2.9   2.1   -0.9



 The Consumer Price Index (CPI-U) measures the average change in prices of
 goods and services purchased by all urban consumers.
 1 Change from 1976.



             Consumer Price Index by Region and Selected Cities
             Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Labor Department


╓┌───────────────────────────────────┌──────────────┌──────────────┌─────────
                                     CPI-U Indexes  CPI-U Indexes  CPI-U Index

 Area (1982-84 = 100)                Apr. 1990      May 1990       June 1990
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 U.S. city average                   128.9          129.2          129.9

 Northeast urban                     134.5          134.7          134.9

 More than 1,200,000                 135.4          135.4          135.4

 500,000 to 1,200,000                133.5          133.6          134.4

 50,000 to 500,000                   132.0          132.5          133.4

 North Central urban                 125.8          126.0          126.9

 More than 1,200,000                 127.3          127.4          128.6

                                     CPI-U Indexes  CPI-U Indexes  CPI-U Index

 Area (1982-84 = 100)                Apr. 1990      May 1990       June 1990
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 360,000 to 1,200,000                124.8          125.3          125.6

 50,000 to 360,000                   125.6          125.9          126.5

 Less than 50,000                    121.1          121.4          122.3

 South urban                         126.1          126.5          127.3

 More than 1,200,000                 126.8          127.1          127.8

 450,000 to 1,200,000                127.4          128.0          128.2

 50,000 to 450,000                   124.6          124.5          125.3

 Less than 50,000                    125.3          125.8          128.2

                                     CPI-U Indexes  CPI-U Indexes  CPI-U Index

 Area (1982-84 = 100)                Apr. 1990      May 1990       June 1990
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 West urban                          129.6          130.0          130.8

 More than 1,250,000                 131.5          132.0          132.6

 50,000 to 330,000                   126.2          126.4          127.7

 Selected areas

 Chicago, Ill.-Gary-Lake County,     130.4          130.4          131.7
 Ill., Ind., Wis.

 L.A.-Anaheim, Riverside, Cal.       134.2          134.6          135.0

 New York, N.Y.-Northern N.J., Long  137.3          137.2          137.1
 Island, N.Y.

                                     CPI-U Indexes  CPI-U Indexes  CPI-U Index

 Area (1982-84 = 100)                Apr. 1990      May 1990       June 1990
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 Philadelphia, Wilmington, Trenton,  134.3          134.6          135.1
 Pa., Del., N.J.

 San Francisco-Oakland, San Jose,    130.7          130.8          131.6
 Cal.

 Baltimore, Md.                      -              129.0          -

 Boston, Lawrence, Salem, Mass.,     -              137.0          -
 N.H.

 Cleveland, Akron, Lorain Oh.        -              128.1          -

 Miami, Ft. Lauderdale, Fla.         -              126.4          -

 St. Louis, E. St. Louis, Mo.-Ill.   -              126.7          -
                                     CPI-U Indexes  CPI-U Indexes  CPI-U Index

 Area (1982-84 = 100)                Apr. 1990      May 1990       June 1990
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
St. Louis, E. St. Louis, Mo.-Ill.   -              126.7          -

 Washington, D.C.-Md.-Va.            -              134.0          -

 Dallas-Fort Worth, Tex.             122.9          -              123.8

 Detroit, Ann Arbor, Mich.           126.9          -              127.7

 Houston, Galveston, Brazoria, Tex.  118.3          -              119.7

 Pittsburgh, Beaver Valley, Pa.      124.9          -              125.0






               Personal Consumption Expenditures in the U.S.
            Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Commerce Department
                            (billions of dollars)


╓┌──────────────────────────────────────────────────┌────────┌────────┌──────

                                                    1985     1986     1987
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Personal consumption expenditures                  2,629.0  2,797.4  3,009.4

 Food & Tobacco                                     503.8    533.7    566.4

 Food purchased for off-premise consumption         322.7    339.1    353.7

 Purchased meals and beverages                      139.9    151.6    165.5

 Tobacco products                                   32.2     33.6     35.6

 Clothing, accessories, jewelry                     193.3    207.5    222.3


                                                    1985     1986     1987
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 Shoes                                              22.9     24.3     25.9

 Clothing and accessories less shoes                133.4    142.4    152.5

 Jewelry and watches                                20.5     22.8     24.7

 Personal care                                      38.8     41.4     44.4

 Toilet articles, preparations                      23.1     24.6     26.3

 Barbershops, beauty parlors, baths, health clubs   15.7     16.8     18.2

 Housing                                            403.0    434.2    468.9

 Owner-occupied nonfarm dwellings space rent        272.7    293.7    316.9

 Tenant-occupied nonfarm dwellings rent             103.8    114.3    123.6

                                                    1985     1986     1987
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Tenant-occupied nonfarm dwellings rent             103.8    114.3    123.6

 Rental value of farm dwellings                     10.9     9.7      10.3

 Household operation                                334.1    347.5    363.3

 Furniture, incl. bedding                           28.0     30.4     31.8

 Kitchen, other household appliances                23.7     25.5     26.7

 China, glassware, tableware, utensils              13.0     14.3     15.3

 Other durable house furnishings                    28.2     30.6     33.5

 Semidurable house furnishings                      14.0     15.2     16.0

 Cleaning, household supplies, paper products       26.4     27.8     29.1


                                                    1985     1986     1987
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 Household utilities                                124.2    122.4    125.8

 Telephone, telegraph                               40.4     42.7     44.1

 Medical care                                       327.5    357.6    399.0

 Drug preparations, sundries                        28.1     30.2     32.3

 Physicians                                         73.5     80.6     94.0

 Dentists                                           21.5     22.8     25.0

 Privately controlled hospitals and sanitariums     140.2    152.4    166.3

 Health insurance                                   21.6     22.4     25.3

 Personal business                                  169.9    192.5    215.4

                                                    1985     1986     1987
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Personal business                                  169.9    192.5    215.4

 Brokerage charges, investment counseling           14.8     19.7     20.5

 Bank service charges, trust services, safe         11.7     13.0     14.6
 deposit box rental

 Legal services                                     28.0     30.9     35.0

 Funeral, burial expenses                           6.3      6.6      7.0

 Transportation                                     359.5    366.3    379.7

 User-operated transportation                       330.1    335.9    346.3

 New autos                                          87.4     101.3    93.5

 Used autos                                         35.1     33.6     38.5

                                                    1985     1986     1987
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Used autos                                         35.1     33.6     38.5

 Repair, greasing, washing, parking, storage,       49.1     52.0     55.9
 rental

 Gasoline and oil                                   90.6     73.5     75.3

 Tolls                                              1.4      1.7      1.9

 Insurance premiums less claims paid                9.9      12.6     15.4

 Purchased local transportation                     7.2      7.8      8.2

 Transit systems                                    3.6      3.8      4.0

 Taxicab                                            3.1      3.3      3.5

 Railway (commutation)                              .5       .6       .7

                                                    1985     1986     1987
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Railway (commutation)                              .5       .6       .7

 Purchased intercity transportation                 22.2     22.6     25.5

 Railway (excl. commutation)                        .6       .7       .7

 Bus                                                1.2      1.1      1.4

 Airline                                            18.5     18.8     20.8

 Recreation                                         185.7    201.2    223.2

 Books, maps                                        8.1      8.6      9.5

 Magazines, newspapers, sheet music                 13.2     13.9     15.4

 Nondurable toys and sport supplies                 21.1     23.1     26.2


                                                    1985     1986     1987
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 Wheel goods, durable toys, sports equipment,       26.7     29.7     33.2
 boats, pleasure aircraft

 Radio and TV receivers, records, musical           37.0     38.8     41.6
 instruments

 Flowers, seeds, potted plants                      5.5      5.8      7.0

 Admissions to specified spectator amusements       9.5      10.2     11.3

 Motion picture theaters                            3.6      3.9      4.2

 Legitimate theater, opera                          3.0      3.3      4.0

 Spectator sports                                   2.9      2.9      3.0

 Clubs, fraternal organizations                     4.8      5.0      5.5

                                                    1985     1986     1987
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Clubs, fraternal organizations                     4.8      5.0      5.5

 Commerical amusements                              15.1     16.0     17.1

 Private education, research                        43.3     46.6     50.9

 Higher education                                   15.7     16.9     17.7

 Elementary and secondary schools                   13.8     14.5     15.5

 Religious and welfare activities                   57.1     62.9     68.1






           Percent Change in Consumer Prices in Selected Countries
                        International Monetary Fund


╓┌───────────────┌────────────────┌────────────────┌────────────────┌────────
 Country         1970-1975, avg.  1975-1980, avg.  1980-1985, avg.  1986-1987,
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 United States   6.7              8.9              5.5              3.7
 Australia       10.2             10.6             8.3              8.5
 Austria         7.3              5.3              4.9              1.4
 Belgium         8.4              6.4              7.0              1.6
 Canada          7.3              8.7              7.4              4.4
 France          8.8              10.5             9.6              3.3
 Germany, W.     6.1              4.1              3.9              0.3
 Greece          12.3             16.3             20.7             16.4
 Italy           11.3             16.3             13.7             4.7
 Japan           11.5             6.5              2.7              0
 Netherlands     8.6              6.0              4.2              -0.5
 Norway          8.4              8.4              9.0              8.7
 Portugal        15.4             21.8             23.2             9.3
 Spain           12.1             18.6             12.2             5.3
 Sweden          8.0              10.5             9.0              4.2
 Country         1970-1975, avg.  1975-1980, avg.  1980-1985, avg.  1986-1987,
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Sweden          8.0              10.5             9.0              4.2
 Switzerland     7.7              2.3              4.3              1.4
 Turkey          18.6             50.1             37.8             38.8
 United Kingdom  13.0             14.4             7.2              4.2





                                  Inflation

                         Bureau of Labor Statistics
 Inflation started the 1980s in double digits but sank to as low as 1.1
 percent in 1986. For the decade, prices rose 64.4 percent from the start of
 1980 through December 1989. This was a marked improvement over the 1970s
 when inflation exploded 103.0 percent, mostly as the result of soaring oil
 prices. The 1960s saw inflation rise 28.2 percent, and the 1950s 24.6
 percent.


                    Index of Leading Economic Indicators

          Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of Commerce
 The index of leading economic indicators, which is issued to project the
 economy's performance six months or a year ahead, was unchanged in July
 1990. Analysts said that the increase suggests that the economy may be on
 the verge of a recession.

 The index is made up of eleven measurements of economic activity that tend
 to change direction long before the overall economy does. The volatility of
 the index, caused in part by the fact that many of the statistics covered do
 not reach the Commerce Department until weeks after the initial report,
 usually results in at least one revision after the initial reporting.


                   Leading Indicators: Component Analysis


╓┌─────────────────────────────────────┌─────────────────────────────────────╖
 Components                            Contribution to change June to July
 Components                            Contribution to change June to July
                                       1990
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Average workweek of production        -0.07
 workers in manufacturing

 Average weekly claims for state       -0.01
 unemployment insurance1

 New orders for consumer goods and     -0.00
 materials, adjusted for inflation

 Vendor performance (companies         -0.17
 receiving slower deliveries from
 suppliers)

 Contracts and orders for plant and    +0.21
 equipment, adjusted for inflation

 New building permits issued           -0.07

 Components                            Contribution to change June to July
                                       1990
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 Change in manufactureres unfilled     -0.08
 orders, durable goods

 Change in sensitive materials prices  +0.12

 Index of stock prices                 -0.01

 Money supply: M-2, adjusted for       -0.08
 inflation

 Index of consumer expectations        +0.03

 Leading indicators index, percent     0.00
 change




 1 Series is inverted in computing index; that is, a decrease in the series
 is considered upward movement.



                               State Finances
             Revenues, Expenditures, Debts, Taxes, and U.S. Aid
                     Census Bureau, U.S. Commerce Dept.
                             (fiscal year 1989)


╓┌────────────────────┌───────────────────┌────────────────────────┌─────────
 State, bond rating1  Revenue (millions)  Expenditures (millions)  Debt (milli
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Alabama, AA          $8,278              $7,401                   $4,078
 Alaska, AA-          5,112               4,448                    5,611
 Arizona, NR          7,578               7,157                    2,069
 Arkansas, AA         4,300               3,840                    1,767
 California, AAA      81,708              72,583                   26,207
 Colorado, NR         6,967               5,878                    2,171
 State, bond rating1  Revenue (millions)  Expenditures (millions)  Debt (milli
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Colorado, NR         6,967               5,878                    2,171
 Connecticut, AA+     9,045               8,972                    9,573
 Delaware, AA+        2,257               1,929                    2,831
 Florida, AA          22,160              19,977                   8,967
 Georgia, AA+         11,898              10,835                   3,039
 Hawaii, AA           4,041               3,184                    3,063
 Idaho, NR            2,195               1,858                    834
 Illinois, AA+        22,243              20,346                   14,158
 Indiana, NR          10,733              9,668                    3,587
 Iowa, NR             6,441               5,892                    1,618
 Kansas, NR           4,630               4,206                    344
 Kentucky, AA         8,028               7,401                    5,136
 Louisiana, BBB+      9,558               8,734                    12,160
 Maine, AAA           3,164               2,837                    2,032
 Maryland, AAA        11,501              10,117                   5,834
 Massachusetts, BBB   16,000              17,320                   16,336
 Michigan, AA         22,707              20,881                   8,198
 Minnesota, AA+       12,390              10,584                   3,601
 Mississippi, AA-     5,055               4,528                    1,346
 State, bond rating1  Revenue (millions)  Expenditures (millions)  Debt (milli
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Mississippi, AA-     5,055               4,528                    1,346
 Missouri, AAA        8,703               7,738                    4,893
 Montana, AA-         2,087               1,880                    1,347
 Nebraska, NR         2,864               2,559                    1,411
 Nevada, AA           2,784               2,532                    1,423
 New Hampshire, AA+   1,840               1,851                    2,946
 New Jersey, AAA      21,869              20,812                   17,393
 New Mexico, AA       4,596               3,962                    1,896
 New York, A          60,678              54,073                   43,306
 North Carolina, AAA  13,533              12,366                   2,950
 North Dakota, AA-    1,756               1,725                    927
 Ohio, AA             27,478              22,975                   10,513
 Oklahoma, AA         7,011               6,212                    3,577
 Oregon, AA-          6,767               5,686                    6,737
 Pennsylvania, AA-    25,681              22,987                   10,540
 Rhode Island, AA     2,960               2,744                    3,343
 South Carolina, AAA  8,061               6,958                    3,775
 South Dakota, NR     1,407               1,253                    1,860
 Tennessee, AA+       8,325               7,742                    2,574
 State, bond rating1  Revenue (millions)  Expenditures (millions)  Debt (milli
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Tennessee, AA+       8,325               7,742                    2,574
 Texas, AA            29,389              24,226                   6,665
 Utah, AAA            3,693               3,513                    1,694
 Vermont, AA          1,530               1,434                    1,108
 Virginia, AAA        13,096              11,724                   5,510
 Washington, AA       13,507              11,650                   5,364
 West Virginia, AA-   3,985               3,820                    2,452
 Wisconsin, AA        13,132              10,514                   5,931
 Wyoming, NR          1,843               1,566                    926
 United States        $586,560            $525,077                 $295,618



 1 Standard & Poor's long-term bond ratings for the states. The assessments
 range from AAA to BBB depending on the credit agency's estimate of their
 ability to pay principal and interest and their susceptibility to adverse
 economic conditions. Ratings as of Mar. 1990. NR = States that have no
 outstanding debt or have never applied for a rating. Totals do not add up
 due to rounding.



                 Federal Aid to State and Local Governments
                    U.S. Office of Management and Budget
                            (million of dollars)


╓┌──────────────────────────────────────────────────┌───────┌───────┌───────┌
 Type of aid, function, and major program           1970    1975    1980    19
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Grant-in-aid shared revenue                        24,065  49,791  91,451  10
 National defense                                   37      74      93      15
 Natural resources & environment                    411     2,437   5,363   4,
 Energy                                             25      43      499     52
 Agriculture                                        604     404     569     2,
 Transportation2                                    4,599   5,864   13,087  17
 Airports                                           83      292     590     78
 Highways                                           4,395   4,702   9,209   12
 Railroads                                          -       (z)     54      35
 Urban mass transit                                 105     689     3,129   2,
 Type of aid, function, and major program           1970    1975    1980    19
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Urban mass transit                                 105     689     3,129   2,
 Commerce & housing credit                          4       2       3       2
 Community & regional development2                  1,780   2,842   6,486   5,
 Education, employment, training, social services2  6,393   12,133  21,862  17
 Health2                                            3,849   8,810   15,758  24
 Alcohol, drug abuse, & mental health3              146     590     679     50
 Medicaid3                                          2,727   6,840   13,957  22
 Income security2                                   5,819   9,352   18,495  27
 Assistance payment program3                        4,142   5,121   6,888   8,
 Food stamps, administration                        559     136     413     88
 Child nutrition & special milk programs3           379     1,565   3,388   3,
 Housing assistance3                                436     1,326   3,435   6,
 Veterans benefits & services                       18      33      90      91
 Administration of justice                          42      725     529     95
 General government4                                49      101     138     18





        Percent Change in Federal Aid to State and Local Governments
                    U.S. Office of Management and Budget


╓┌──────────────────────────────────────────────────┌──────────┌──────────┌──
 Type of aid, function, and major program           1970-1975  1975-1980  1980
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Grant-in-aid shared revenue                        106%       83%        15%
 National defense                                   100        25         68
 Natural resources & environment                    492        120        -24
 Energy                                             72         1,060      6
 Agriculture                                        -33        40         325
 Transportation2                                    27         123        30
 Commerce & housing credit                          -50        50         -33
 Community & regional development2                  59         128        -19
 Education, employment, training, social services2  89         80         -18
 Health2                                            128        78         55
 Income security2                                   60         97         46
 Veterans benefits & services                       83         172        1
 Administration of justice                          1,626      -27        -82
 Type of aid, function, and major program           1970-1975  1975-1980  1980
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Administration of justice                          1,626      -27        -82
 General government4                                106        36         31



 1 Estimate. 2 Includes items not shown separately. 3 Incl. grants for
 payments to individuals. 4 Incl. general purpose fiscal assistance.



                   Foreign Direct Investment in the U.S.
           Bureau of Economic Analysis; U.S. Commerce Department
                           (billions of dollars)


╓┌───────────────┌──────┌──────┌─────┌──────┌──────┌──────┌──────────────────╖
                 1970   1975   1980  1985   1987   1988   1989
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 All Countries   13.2   27.6   83.0  184.6  271.7  328.8  401.0
                 1970   1975   1980  1985   1987   1988   1989
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 All Countries   13.2   27.6   83.0  184.6  271.7  328.8  401.0
 Canada          3.1    5.3    12.1  17.1   24.0   27.3   32.0
 Netherlands     2.1    5.3    19.1  37.0   49.1   48.9   60.0
 Switzerland     1.5    2.1    5.0   10.5   14.6   15.8   -
 United Kingdom  4.1    6.3    14.1  43.5   79.6   101.9  119.0
 W. Germany      0.680  1.4    7.5   14.8   20.3   23.8   28.0
 Japan           0.229  0.591  4.7   19.3   35.1   53.3   70.0



 Five countries accounted for 77 percent of the $401 billion worth of foreign
 direct investment in the U.S. at the end of 1989.



                 Consumer Credit Outstanding, 1970 to 1988
                           Federal Reserve System
                           (billions of dollars)
 Estimated amounts of credit outstanding as of end of year. Seasonally
 adjusted.


╓┌──────────────────────────────────────────────┌──────┌──────┌──────┌──────┌
 Type of Credit                                 1970   1975   1980   1982   19
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Credit outstanding                             131.6  204.9  349.4  381.1  43
 Ratio to disposable personal income1(percent)  18.3   17.9   18.2   16.9   17
 Installment                                    103.9  167.0  297.6  323.5  36
 Automobile paper                               36.3   56.9   111.9  124.2  14
 Revolving                                      4.9    14.5   54.8   66.2   78
 Mobile home paper                              2.4    15.3   18.6   22.8   23
 All other loans                                60.2   80.1   112.1  110.2  12
 Commercial banks                               48.6   82.9   145.5  149.1  16
 Finance companies                              27.2   32.7   61.9   74.9   82
 Credit unions                                  12.8   25.4   43.6   46.8   52
 Retailers2                                     12.9   16.6   26.1   29.4   34
 Other3                                         2.3    9.2    20.3   23.2   28
 Noninstallment                                 27.7   37.9   51.8   57.6   62
 Single-payment loans                           18.9   26.8   39.6   45.5   48
 Charge accounts                                8.7    11.0   12.1   12.0   13
 Type of Credit                                 1970   1975   1980   1982   19
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Charge accounts                                8.7    11.0   12.1   12.0   13



 1 Based on fourth quarter seasonally adjusted disposable personal income at
 annual rates as published by the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis. 2
 Excludes 30-day charge credit held by travel and entertainment companies. 3
 Comprises savings institutions and gasoline companies.




                          Philanthropy in the U.S.

 Giving USA, 1989; a publication of the American Association of Fund-Raising
 Counsel Trust for Philanthropy

                           (billions of dollars)



                           Sources of Contributors


╓┌─────────────┌─────────────┌────────────┌────────────┌─────────┌─────────┌─
 Corporations  Corporations  Foundations  Foundations  Bequests  Bequests  Ind
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 1970          .797          1970         1.90         1970      2.13      197
 1975          1.202         1975         1.65         1975      2.23      197
 1980          2.359         1980         2.81         1980      2.86      198
 1985          4.472         1985         4.90         1985      4.77      198
 1988          4.800         1988         6.15         1988      6.57      198
 1989          5.000         1989         6.70         1989      6.70      198





                            Uses of Contributions


╓┌─────┌─────────┌──────────┌───────┌──────────────┌─────────────────────────
       Religion  Education  Health  Human service  Arts, culture & humanities
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 1970  9.34      2.60       3.44    2.92           .663
 1975  12.81     2.83       3.61    2.94           1.56
 1980  22.23     4.96       5.34    4.91           3.15
 1985  37.46     8.17       7.72    8.50           5.08
 1988  48.09     10.23      9.58    10.49          6.79
 1989  54.32     10.69      10.04   11.39          7.49






                           Federal Reserve System

                             (as of Aug. 1990)

 The Federal Reserve System is the central bank for the United States. The
 system was established on December 23, 1913, originally to give the country
 an elastic currency, to provide facilities for discounting commercial paper,
 and to improve the supervision of banking. Since then, the System's
 responsibilities have been broadened. Over the years, stability and growth
 of the economy, a high level of employment, stability in the purchasing
 power of the dollar, and reasonable balance in transactions with foreign
 countries have come to be recognized as primary objectives of governmental
 economic policy.

 The Federal Reserve System consists of the Board of Governors, the 12
 District Reserve Banks and their branch offices, and the Federal Open Market
 Committee. Several advisory councils help the Board meet its varied
 responsibilities.

 The hub of the System is the seven member Board of Governors in Washington.
 The members of the Board are appointed by the President and confirmed by the
 Senate, to serve 14-year terms. The President also appoints the Chairman and
 Vice-Chairman of the Board from among the board members for 4-year terms
 that may be renewed. Currently, the board members are: Alan Greenspan,
 Chairman; Edward W. Kelley, Jr.; Martha R. Seger; Wayne D. Angell; John P.
 La Ware.

 The Board is the policy-making body. In addition to its policy making
 responsibilities, it supervises the budget and operations of the Reserve
 Banks, approves the appointments of their presidents and appoints 3 of each
 District Bank's directors, including the chairman and vice chairman of each
 Reserve Bank's board.

 The 12 Reserve Banks and their branch offices serve as the decentralized
 portion of the System, carrying out day-to-day operations such as
 circulating currency and coin, providing fiscal agency functions and
 payments mechanism services. The District Banks are located in Boston, New
 York, Philadelphia, Cleveland, Richmond, Atlanta, Chicago, St. Louis,
 Minneapolis, Kansas City, Dallas and San Francisco.

 The System's principal function is monetary policy, which it controls using
 three tools: reserve requirements, the discount rate and open market
 operations. Uniform reserve requirements, set by the Board, are applied to
 the transaction accounts and nonpersonal time deposits of all depository
 institutions. Responsibility for setting the discount rate (the interest
 rate at which depository institutions can borrow money from the Reserve
 Banks) is shared by the Board of Governors and the Reserve Banks. Changes in
 the discount rate are recommended by the individual Boards of Directors of
 the Reserve Banks and are subject to approval by the Board of Governors. The
 most important tool of monetary policy is open market operations (the
 purchase and sale of government securities). Responsibility for influencing
 the cost and availability of money and credit through the purchase and sale
 of government securities lies with the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC).
 This committee is composed of the 7 members of the Board of Governors, the
 president of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, and 4 other Federal
 Reserve Bank presidents, who serve one-year terms on a rotating basis. The
 committee bases its decisions on current economic and financial developments
 and outlook, setting yearly growth objectives for key measures of money
 supply and credit. The decisions of the committee are carried out by the
 Domestic Trading Desk of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York.

 The Federal Reserve Act prescribes a Federal Advisory Council, consisting of
 one member from each Federal Reserve District, elected annually by the Board
 of Directors of each of the 12 Federal Reserve Banks. They meet with the
 Federal Reserve Board four times a year to discuss business and financial
 conditions and to make advisory recommendations.

 The Consumer Advisory Council is a statutory body, including both consumer
 and creditor representatives, which advises the Board of Governors on its
 implementation of consumer regulations and other consumer-related matters.

 Following the passage of the Monetary Control Act of 1980, the Board of
 Governors established the Thrift Institutions Advisory Council to provide
 information and views on the special needs and problems of thrift
 institutions. The group is comprised of representatives of mutual savings
 banks, savings and loan associations, and credit unions.

                    Federal Reserve Board Discount Rate

 The discount rate is the rate of interest set by the Federal Reserve that
 member banks are charged when borrowing money through the Federal Reserve
 System


╓┌────────────────────────┌────────────────────────┌─────────────────────────╖
 Effective Date           Effective Date           Rate
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 1980:                    Feb. 15                  13
                          May 30                   12
 Effective Date           Effective Date           Rate
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
                         May 30                   12
                          June 13                  11
                          July 28                  10
                          Sept. 26                 11
                          Nov. 17                  12
                          Dec. 5                   13
 1981:                    May 5                    14
                          Nov. 2                   13
                          Dec. 4                   12
 1982:                    July 20                  11
                          Aug. 2                   11
                          Aug. 16                  10
                          Aug. 27                  10
                          Oct. 12                  9
                          Nov. 22                  9
                          Dec. 15                  8
 1984:                    April 9                  9
                          Nov. 21                  8
                          Dec. 24                  8
 Effective Date           Effective Date           Rate
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
                         Dec. 24                  8
 1985:                    May 20                   7
 1986:                    March 7                  7
                          April 21                 6
                          July 11                  6
                          Aug. 21                  5
 1987:                    Sept. 4                  6
 1988:                    Aug. 9                   6
 1989:                    Feb. 24                  7
 In effect Aug. 30, 1990  In effect Aug. 30, 1990  7





               Gold Reserves of Central Banks and Governments
             IMF, International Financial Statistics
                         (Million fine troy ounces)


╓┌─────────┌───────────────┌──────────────┌───────┌──────┌────────┌───────┌──
 Year end  All countries1  United States  Canada  Japan  Belgium  France  West
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 1973      1,022.24        275.97         21.95   21.11  42.17    100.91  117.
 1974      1,020.24        275.97         21.95   21.11  42.17    100.93  117.
 1975      1,018.71        274.71         21.95   21.11  42.17    100.93  117.
 1976      1,014.23        274.68         21.62   21.11  42.17    101.02  117.
 1977      1,029.19        277.55         22.01   21.62  42.45    101.67  118.
 1978      1,036.82        276.41         22.13   23.97  42.59    101.99  118.
 1979      944.44          264.60         22.18   24.23  34.21    81.92   95.2
 1980      952.99          264.32         20.98   24.23  34.18    81.85   95.1
 1981      953.72          264.11         20.46   24.23  34.18    81.85   95.1
 1982      949.16          264.03         20.26   24.23  34.18    81.85   95.1
 1983      947.84          263.39         20.17   24.23  34.18    81.85   95.1
 1984      946.79          262.79         20.14   24.23  34.18    81.85   95.1
 1985      949.39          262.65         20.11   24.33  34.18    81.85   95.1
 1986      949.11          262.04         19.72   24.23  34.18    81.85   95.1
 1987      944.49          262.38         18.52   24.23  33.63    81.85   95.1
 1988      944.92          261.87         17.14   24.23  33.67    81.85   95.1
 1989      938.95          261.93         16.10   24.23  30.23    81.85   95.1
 Year end  All countries1  United States  Canada  Japan  Belgium  France  West
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
1989      938.95          261.93         16.10   24.23  30.23    81.85   95.1



 1 Covers IMF members with reported gold holdings. For countries not listed
 above, see International Financial Statistics, a monthly publication of the
 International Monetary Fund.



                        The Savings and Loan Crisis

 The savings and loan industry had its worst year ever in 1989 as losses
 soared to $19.2 billion. This exceeded the previous biggest shortfall, which
 came in 1988, when savings and loans lost $13.4 billion. There is no way to
 forecast how much the U.S. government will eventually pay to save the
 troubled industry. The following is the General Accounting Office estimate
 of the cost of the bailout as of June 1990. (See Chronology for additional
 information.)

 In June 1990, The Resolution Trust Corporation, the government organization
 created in 1989 to handle the savings & loan industry bailout, released its
 list of real estate for sale. It included 35,908 properties with a book
 value of $14.9 billion. The properties had been owned by 148 failed savings
 and loans in liquidation.



                              Type of Property

 Nearly 84 percent of the property for sale was residential property, mainly
 in Texas. The remaining 16 percent was commercial property; less than 1
 percent was undeveloped land.

                        Properties by State and Type


╓┌─────────────────────┌───────────┌─────┌───────────────────────────────────╖
                       Commercial  Land  Residential
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────
                       Commercial  Land  Residential
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Alabama               102         11    314
 Alaska                21          0     331
 Arizona               349         6     1,576
 Arkansas              60          2     303
 California            81          4     222
 Colorado              444         10    1,384
 Connecticut           0           0     7
 Delaware              1           0     1
 District of Columbia  0           0     3
 Florida               276         6     1,174
 Georgia               34          5     622
 Hawaii                1           0     1
 Idaho                 2           0     12
 Illinois              30          3     334
 Indiana               7           1     16
 Iowa                  20          1     77
 Kansas                65          2     410
 Kentucky              0           0     35
 Louisiana             395         9     2,486
                       Commercial  Land  Residential
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Louisiana             395         9     2,486
 Maine                 1           0     1
 Maryland              3           0     14
 Massachusetts         0           0     3
 Michigan              2           0     9
 Minnesota             20          1     131
 Mississippi           76          1     263
 Missouri              11          1     150
 Montana               0           1     1
 Nebraska              12          0     67
 Nevada                4           0     38
 New Jersey            2           0     7
 New Mexico            148         6     649
 New York              0           0     18
 North Carolina        13          0     47
 North Dakota          15          0     59
 Ohio                  10          0     113
 Oklahoma              153         3     1,770
 Oregon                10          1     156
                       Commercial  Land  Residential
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Oregon                10          1     156
 Pennsylvania          15          1     263
 South Carolina        19          0     113
 Tennessee             34          21    298
 Texas                 3,063       127   15,156
 Utah                  45          2     440
 Virginia              11          0     140
 Washington            21          0     65
 West Virginia         1           0     3
 Wisconsin             23          3     20
 Wyoming               13          0     43
 State not known       86          4     631
 Puerto Rico           0           0     1
 Total                 5,699       232   29,977





                             Capital Gains Tax
                          U.S. Chamber of Commerce


 The following shows how the world's stock market indexes performed for the
 first 9 months of 1990


╓┌───────────────────┌───────────────────────────────────────────────────────╖
 Year                Effective rate (percent)
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 1960                25.0
 1968                26.9
 1969                27.5
 1970                32.2
 1971                34.4
 1972                45.5
 1976                49.1
 1979                28.0
 1981                20.0
 1987                28.0
 Year                Effective rate (percent)
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
1987                28.0
 1988                33.0



 The following shows how the top effective tax rate on capital gains has
 changed since 1960.




                                 Chapter 11

 Chapter 11 refers to the provisions in the Federal Bankruptcy Act for
 court-supervised reorganization of debtor companies. A company files for
 Chapter 11 protection when it can no longer pay its creditors or when it
 expects future liabilities it cannot hope to pay, like product liability
 damage awards.

                                  Process

      1. Judge issues automatic stay
         *  Creditors cannot press suits for repayment.
         *  Debts are frozen.
         *  Company's day-to-day operations continue.
         *  Significant spending must have judge's approval.
         *  Secured creditors can ask court for hardship exemption from debt
 freeze.

      2. Unsecured creditors form a committee
         *  Representatives are chosen to deal with the company.
         *  Creditors can ask the court to appoint an examiner to investigate
 possible fraud or mismanagement.
         *  Court can name a trustee to run the company.

      3. The committee and company negotiate a reorganization plan.
         *  Parties hammer out a repayment plan for frozen debts. This step
 can take months or years.

      4. Creditors approve the plan
         *  Must have assent of majority of creditors as well as creditors
 who are owed two-thirds of the debt.

      5. Judge approves the plan


                        Reorganized Company Emerges


 *  It must meet the terms of the agreed repayment plan.

 *  It operates as a normal company.

                       Bankruptcy Petitions, 1905-1988
   Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts, Annual Report of the Director
                               (In thousands)


╓┌─────┌──────┌──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╖
 Year  Filed  Pending
 ──────────────────────
 Year  Filed  Pending
 ──────────────────────
 1905  17     28
 1910  18     28
 1915  28     44
 1920  14     30
 1925  46     60
 1930  63     61
 1935  69     65
 1940  53     55
 1945  13     21
 1950  33     38
 1955  59     56
 1960  110    95
 1965  180    162
 1970  194    191
 1975  254    202
 1980  278    346
 1981  360    362
 1982  368    461
 1983  375    537
 Year  Filed  Pending
 ──────────────────────
1983  375    537
 1984  344    578
 1985  365    609
 1986  478    729
 1987  561    809
 1988  594    815



 For fiscal years ending in year shown. Covers all U.S. bankruptcy courts.
 Bankruptcy petitions "Filed" means the commencement of a proceeding through
 the presentation of a petition to the clerk of the bankruptcy court;
 "Pending" is a proceeding in which the administration has not been
 completed.



                         Notable Bankruptcy Filings


╓┌───────────────────────────┌─────┌─────────────────────────────────────────╖
 Company                     Year  Assets (billions)
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Texaco                      1987  $35.89
 Financial Corp. of America  1988  33.86
 MCorp.                      1989  20.23
 Baldwin-United              1983  9.38
 Southmark                   1989  9.16
 Allied/Federated            1990  9.13
 Penn Central                1970  6.85
 Lomas Financial             1989  6.64
 LTV Corp.                   1986  6.31
 American Continental        1989  5.10
 Drexel Burnham Lambert      1990  3.60
 Manville                    1982  2.00
 Wheeling-Pittsburgh Steel   1985  1.00





                    All Banks in U.S.--Number, Deposits
                           Federal Reserve System


╓┌─────┌───────────────┌───────────────┌───────────────┌───────────────┌─────
       Number of       Number of       Number of       Number of       Number
       banks           banks           banks           banks           banks

                       F.R.S. members  F.R.S. members  F.R.S. members  Nonmemb
 Year  Total all       Total           Nat'l           State           Mutual
       banks
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 1925  26,479          9,538           8,066           1,472           621

 1930  23,855          8,315           7,247           1,068           604

 1935  16,047          6,410           5,425           985             569

 1940  14,955          6,398           5,164           1,234           551

       Number of       Number of       Number of       Number of       Number
       banks           banks           banks           banks           banks

                       F.R.S. members  F.R.S. members  F.R.S. members  Nonmemb
 Year  Total all       Total           Nat'l           State           Mutual

 1945  14,542          6,840           5,015           1,825           539

 1950  14,674          6,885           4,971           1,914           527

 1955  14,309          6,611           4,744           1,867           525

 1960  14,006          6,217           4,542           1,675           513

 1965  14,295          6,235           4,803           1,432           504

 1970  14,167          5,805           4,638           1,167           496

 1975  15,108          5,787           4,741           1,046           475

 1980  15,145          5,422           4,425           997             460
       Number of       Number of       Number of       Number of       Number
       banks           banks           banks           banks           banks

                       F.R.S. members  F.R.S. members  F.R.S. members  Nonmemb
 Year  Total all       Total           Nat'l           State           Mutual
1980  15,145          5,422           4,425           997             460

 1985  14,713          6,044           4,964           1,080           344

 1987  14,068          5,736           4,630           1,106           371

 1988  13,500          5,435           4,363           1,072           376

 1989  13,102          5,245           4,198           1,047           375




 Comprises all national banks in the United States and all state commercial
 banks, trust companies, mutual stock savings banks, private and industrial
 banks, and special types of institutions that are treated as banks by the
 federal bank supervisory agencies. Data as of June 30 prior to 1975.




                Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)

  The primary purpose of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) is
 to insure  deposits in all banks approved for insurance coverage benefits
 under the Federal Deposit Insurance Act. The major functions of the FDIC are
 to pay off depositors of insured banks closed without adequate provision
 having been made to pay depositors' claims, to act as receiver for all
 national banks placed in receivership and for state banks placed in
 receivership when appointed receiver by state authorities, and to prevent
 the continuance or development of unsafe and unsound banking practices. The
 FDIC's entire income consists of assessments on insured banks and income
 from investments; it receives no appropriations from Congress. It may borrow
 from the U.S. Treasury not to exceed $3 billion outstanding, but has made no
 such borrowings since it was organized in 1933. The FDIC surplus (Deposit
 Insurance Fund) as of Jan. 1, 1990 was $13.2 billion.

       Assets and Liabilities of Individuals in the U.S.1
                           Federal Reserve System
                           (billions of dollars)


╓┌────────────────────────────────┌───────┌───────┌───────┌───────┌───────┌──
                                  1960    1965    1970    1975    1980    1985
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Total financial assets           1010.1  1501.9  1963.5  2625.6  4680.0  8057
 Checkable deposits & currency    91.4    107.0   136.9   186.2   298.8   447.
 Time & savings deposits          164.8   289.7   427.4   766.3   1276.8  2025
 Money market fund shares         -       -       -       3.7     64.9    214.
 Securities                       513.3   763.6   923.2   906.7   1604.8  2817
 U.S. savings bonds               45.6    49.7    52.1    67.4    72.5    79.8
 Other U.S. Treasury securities   27.3    26.5    33.5    50.6    150.6   409.
 U.S. Govt. agency securities     1.0     1.1     15.9    8.0     45.4    98.0
 Tax-exempt obligations           31.0    36.5    47.1    67.2    78.2    219.
 Corporate & foreign bonds        10.9    9.0     33.8    68.2    53.2    38.0
 Open-market paper                2.0     5.8     13.6    8.0     41.4    85.7
 Mutual fund shares               17.0    34.4    44.5    38.7    52.1    203.
 Other corporate equities         378.4   600.5   682.7   598.6   1111.3  1684
                                  1960    1965    1970    1975    1980    1985
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Other corporate equities         378.4   600.5   682.7   598.6   1111.3  1684
 Private life insurance res.      78.8    98.9    123.3   158.5   207.4   246.
 Private insured pension res.     18.9    27.3    41.0    72.3    172.0   400.
 Private noninsured pension res.  38.1    74.4    112.0   225.0   469.6   848.
 Govt. insurance & pension res.   40.2    60.8    95.2    154.7   283.6   563.
 Miscellaneous financial assets   64.5    80.3    104.4   152.1   302.3   493.
 Total liabilities                287.1   448.7   650.3   1127.2  2180.0  3642
 Mtg. debt on nonfarm homes       139.1   216.3   292.2   473.3   950.3   1485
 Other mortgage debt2             34.0    63.3    117.4   223.4   413.8   768.
 Consumer credit                  61.3    97.5    134.0   207.6   355.4   601.
 Security credit                  5.4     9.1     10.4    12.1    28.5    56.8
 Policy loans                     5.7     8.3     17.0    25.5    42.6    55.5
 Other liabilities2               41.7    54.2    79.2    185.3   389.4   675.



 1 Combined statement for households, farm business, and nonfarm noncorporate
 business.2 Includes corporate farms.



                       Largest U.S. Commercial Banks
             American Banker; based on deposits Dec. 31, 1989.
                                 (thousands)


╓┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────┌─────────────────────╖
 Bank                                                  Deposits
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Citibank NA, New York                                 $111,487,000
 Bank of America NT&SA, San Francisco                  73,295,000
 Chase Manhattan Bank NA, New York                     61,720,245
 Manufacturers Hanover Trust Co., New York             42,736,000
 Morgan Guaranty Trust Co., New York                   40,953,451
 Security Pacific National Bank, Los Angeles           40,597,338
 Wells Fargo Bank NA, San Francisco                    36,462,605
 Bank of New York                                      34,411,451
 Chemical Bank, New York                               32,312,000
 Bankers Trust Co., New York                           27,879,571
 First National Bank, Chicago                          26,403,340
 Bank                                                  Deposits
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
First National Bank, Chicago                          26,403,340
 NCNB Texas National Bank, Dallas                      25,623,428
 First National Bank, Boston                           22,061,157
 Continental Bank NA, Chicago                          18,178,226
 Marine Midland Bank NA, Buffalo, N.Y.                 18,021,665
 First Interstate Bank of California, Los Angeles      17,849,795
 Mellon Bank NA, Pittsburgh                            15,022,808
 Republic National Bank, New York                      14,250,340
 National Westminster Bank USA, New York               12,740,471
 Southeast Bank NA, Miami                              12,715,951
 National Bank of Detroit                              12,288,133
 Union Bank, San Francisco                             11,637,088
 Wachovia Bank & Trust Co. NA, Winston-Salem, N.C.     11,344,443
 NCNB National Bank of North Carolina, Charlotte       10,585,048
 First Union National Bank, Charlotte, N.C.            10,507,659
 Pittsburgh National Bank                              10,263,540
 Sovran Bank NA, Richmond                              10,193,846
 Seattle-First National Bank                           9,660,669
 NCNB National Bank of Florida, Tampa                  9,637,057
 Bank                                                  Deposits
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
NCNB National Bank of Florida, Tampa                  9,637,057
 Citizens & Southern National Bank, Atlanta            9,468,585
 Bank of New England NA, Boston                        9,208,787
 First Bank NA, Minneapolis                            9,104,370
 First Fidelity Bank NA, Newark, N.J.                  8,615,504
 Banc One, Texas NA, Dallas                            8,525,136
 Connecticut Bank & Trust Co. NA, Hartford             8,450,053
 Meridian Bank, Reading, Pa.                           8,394,187
 Valley National Bank, Phoenix                         8,370,893
 Connecticut National Bank, Hartford                   8,196,372
 Michigan National Bank, Farmington Hills              7,888,735
 Midlantic National Bank, Newark, N.J.                 7,791,480
 Boston Safe Deposit & Trust Co.                       7,782,273
 Crestar Bank, Richmond                                7,631,619
 Comerica Bank-Detroit                                 7,561,148
 Philadephia National Bank                             7,261,814
 First Union National Bank of Florida, Jacksonville    7,090,935
 AmeriTrust Co. NA, Cleveland                          7,072,134
 United States National Bank, Portland, Ore.           6,994,001
 Bank                                                  Deposits
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
United States National Bank, Portland, Ore.           6,994,001
 Manufacturers National Bank, Detroit                  6,946,034
 Bank of Hawaii, Honolulu                              6,940,435
 Fidelity Bank NA, Philadelphia                        6,919,305
 Harris Trust & Savings Bank, Chicago                  6,854,159
 Maryland National Bank, Baltimore                     6,631,568
 Huntington National Bank, Columbus, Oh.               6,566,863
 Security Pacific Bank Washington, Seattle             6,439,119
 Texas Commerce Bank NA, Houston                       6,416,672
 Society National Bank, Cleveland                      6,280,633
 First National Bank, Atlanta                          6,139,163
 State Street Bank & Trust Co., Boston                 6,137,917
 Fleet National Bank, Providence, R.I.                 6,111,457
 First Interstate Bank of Arizona NA, Phoenix          6,105,115
 Florida National Bank, Jacksonville                   6,055,322
 First Interstate Bank of Texas NA, Houston            5,881,038
 Bank of Tokyo Trust Co., New York                     5,805,020
 AmSouth Bank NA, Birmingham, Ala.                     5,787,896
 Riggs National Bank, Washington, D.C.                 5,702,593
 Bank                                                  Deposits
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Riggs National Bank, Washington, D.C.                 5,702,593
 Provident National Bank, Philadelphia                 5,692,972
 Norwest Bank Minnesota NA, Minneapolis                5,654,443
 Hibernia National Bank, New Orleans                   5,604,612
 Sanwa Bank California, San Francisco                  5,564,162
 National City Bank, Cleveland                         5,528,397





                           Largest Foreign Banks
 American Banker; based on deposits Dec. 31, 1989, or nearest fiscal
 year-end.
                        (thousands of U.S. dollars)


╓┌───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┌───────────────╖
 Bank, country                                               Deposits
 Bank, country                                               Deposits
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Dai-Ichi Kangyo Bank Ltd., Tokyo, Japan                     $314,780,128
 Sumitomo Bank Ltd., Osaka, Japan                            288,242,189
 Mitsubishi Bank Ltd., Tokyo, Japan                          278,806,753
 Fuji Bank, Ltd., Tokyo, Japan                               278,642,535
 Sanwa Bank Ltd., Osaka, Japan                               275,972,496
 Industrial Bank of Japan, Ltd., Tokyo, Japan                213,287,599
 Banque Nationale de Paris, France                           192,525,992
 Mitsubishi Trust & Banking Corp., Tokyo, Japan              192,294,268
 Deutsche Bank, Frankfurt, Germany                           184,378,643
 Tokai Bank Ltd., Nagoya, Japan                              179,030,994
 Norinchukin Bank, Tokyo, Japan                              176,329,604
 Credit Lyonnais, Paris, France                              176,099,988
 Sumitomo Trust & Banking Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan            171,664,091
 Credit Agricole Mutuel, Paris, France                       169,711,546
 Barclays Bank Pic, London, U.K.                             167,127,661
 National Westminster Bank Pic, London, U.K                  163,014,110
 Mitsui Trust & Banking Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan              159,219,084
 Mitsui Bank, Ltd., Tokyo, Japan                             157,894,949
 Bank of Tokyo, Ltd., Japan                                  152,933,845
 Bank, country                                               Deposits
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Bank of Tokyo, Ltd., Japan                                  152,933,845
 Long-Term Credit Bank of Japan Ltd., Tokyo, Japan           148,398,357
 Societe Generale, Paris, France                             141,977,467
 Taiyo Kobe Bank, Ltd., Kobe, Japan                          136,538,177
 Dresdner Bank, Frankfurt, Germany                           135,670,068
 Yasuda Trust & Banking Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan              135,105,776
 Daiwa Bank, Ltd., Osaka, Japan                              131,680,308
 Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corp., Hong Kong              118,504,960
 Commerzbank, Frankfurt, Germany                             106,668,460
 Swiss Bank Corp., Basle, Switzerland                        100,865,736
 Toyo Trust & Banking Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan                 100,172,771
 Union Bank of Switzerland, Zurich, Switzerland              96,977,909
 Westdeutsche Landesbank Girozentrale, Duesseldorf, Germany  96,532,850
 Bayerische Vereinsbank, Munich, Germany                     95,993,000
 Nippon Credit Bank, Ltd., Tokyo, Japan                      88,179,792
 Midland Bank Plc, London, U.K.                              88,034,800
 Banca Nazionale del Lavoro, Rome, Italy                     84,811,188
 Lloyds Bank Plc, London, U.K.                               84,355,950
 Bayerische Hypotheken-und Wechsel-Bank, Munich, Germany     83,191,003
 Bank, country                                               Deposits
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Bayerische Hypotheken-und Wechsel-Bank, Munich, Germany     83,191,003
 Istituto Bancario San Paolo di Torino, Turin, Italy         79,614,718
 Kyowa Bank, Ltd, Tokyo, Japan                               78,919,007
 Banca Commerciale Italiana, Milan, Italy                    77,865,384





                                Bank Failures
                       Federal Deposit Insurance Corp


╓┌─────────────────────────┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────╖
 Year                      Closed
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 1934                      61
 1935                      32
 1936                      72
 Year                      Closed
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
1936                      72
 1937                      84
 1938                      81
 1939                      72
 1940                      48
 1955                      5
 1959                      3
 1960                      2
 1961                      9
 1963                      2
 1964                      8
 1965                      9
 1966                      8
 1967                      4
 1969                      9
 1970                      8
 1971                      6
 1972                      3
 1973                      6
 Year                      Closed
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
1973                      6
 1975                      14
 1976                      17
 1978                      7
 1979                      10
 1980                      10
 1981                      10
 1982                      42
 1983                      48
 1984                      79
 1985                      120
 1986                      138
 1987                      184
 1988                      200
 1989                      206






                             United States Mint

                United States Mint, U.S. Treasury Department
 The United States Mint was created by Act of Congress April 2, 1792, which
 established the U.S. national coinage system. Initially, operations were
 conducted at Philadelphia, then the nation's capital. Supervision of the
 Mint was a function of the secretary of state, but in 1799, it became an
 independent agency reporting directly to the president. The Mint was made a
 statutory bureau of the Treasury Department in 1873, with a director
 appointed by the president to oversee its operations from headquarters
 offices in the Treasury Department in Washington, D.C.

 The Mint manufactures all U.S. coins and distributes them through the
 Federal Reserve banks and branches. The Mint also maintains physical custody
 of the treasury's monetary stocks of gold and silver, moving, storing and
 releasing from custody as authorized. There are 6 field facilities. Mints
 are located in Philadelphia and Denver; the San Francisco Mint and San
 Francisco Old Mint perform coinage operations and numismatic functions; two
 depositories, one at Fort Knox, Ky., for the storage of gold, and the other
 at West Point, N.Y., where gold and silver are stored and coinage is
 produced by congressional authorization. A museum is maintained at the San
 Francisco Old Mint.

 The traditional 90% silver coinage was phased out and cupronickel clad
 coinage introduced when the Coinage Act of 1965 removed all silver from the
 dime and quarter and reduced the silver content of the half dollar to 40%.
 In 1970, legislative action removed the remaining silver from the half
 dollar and in providing for the resumption of dollar coinage, directed that
 both denominations produced for circulation also be cupronickel clad metal.
 Changes in the design, weight and size of the standard silver dollar were
 approved by Congress in 1978, and beginning in 1979, a smaller cupronickel
 dollar coin bearing the likeness of Susan B. Anthony and the Apollo II moon
 landing was released.

 A change in the composition of the cent was effected in 1982, when the
 current copper-plated zinc cent was introduced to replace the traditional
 95% copper cent.

 The Mint manufactures and sells bronze medals of a national character,
 produces numismatic coins and coin sets. Special government-sponsored
 numismatic coinage includes congressionally authorized 90% silver half
 dollars produced in 1982 to mark the 250th anniversary of George
 Washington's birth, and 90% gold $10 coins dated 1984 and two 90% silver
 dollars dated 1983 and 1984, respectively, commemorating the 1984 Olympic
 games, and a 90% gold $5 coin, a 90% silver dollar coin and a cupronickel
 half dollar for the Statue of Liberty Centennial in 1986. The Mint issued a
 1987 dated 90% gold $5 coin and a 1987 dated 90% silver dollar coin honoring
 the 200th Anniversary of the U.S. Constitution. Other Congressionally
 authorized commeroratives include the 1990 Eisenhower silver dollar and the
 1991 Mt. Rushmore gold, silver and lead coin series. Congress has also
 directed the U.S. Mint to commence the production and sale of legal tender
 gold and silver bullion coins designated as "American Eagle Bullion Coins"
 by the mint. The coins in the series contain .9167 fine gold, and have a
 face value of $50 (1 oz.), $25 (1/2 oz.), $10 (1/4 oz.), and $5 (1/10 oz.).
 The American Eagle silver bullion coin has a face value of $1 and contains 1
 troy ounce of .999 fine silver. Information concerning these and other Mint
 coin programs and coin availability, may be secured from the United States
 Mint, 10001 Aerospace Road, Lanham, MD 20706.

                          Domestic Coin Production


╓┌─────┌───────────────┌──────────────┌──────────────┌──────────────┌────────
       Cents           Nickels        Dimes          Quarters       Halves
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 1980  12,554,803,660  1,095,327,448  1,454,524,321  1,154,159,487  77,590,449
 1981  12,864,985,677  1,022,305,843  1,388,934,143  1,177,438,833  57,383,533
 1982  16,725,504,368  666,081,544    1,062,188,584  980,973,788    23,959,102
 1983  14,219,554,428  1,098,341,276  1,377,154,224  1,291,341,446  66,611,244
 1984  13,720,317,906  1,264,444,146  1,561,472,976  1,223,028,064  52,291,158
 1985  10,935,889,813  1,106,862,408  1,293,180,932  1,295,781,850  38,520,996
 1986  8,934,262,191   898,702,633    1,155,976,667  1,055,497,993  28,473,778
 1987  9,561,856,445   782,090,085    1,415,912,883  1,238,094,177  99,481
 1988  11,346,550,443  1,435,131,652  1,992,935,488  1,158,862,687  25,626,096
 1989  12,837,140,268  1,497,523,652  2,240,355,488  1,417,290,422  41,196,188





      Portraits on U.S. Treasury Bills, Bonds, Notes and Savings Bonds


╓┌─────────────┌──────────────┌──────────────┌─────────────┌─────────────────╖
 Denomination  Savings bonds  Treas. bills   Treas. bonds  Treas.notes
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 50            Washington     Washington     Jefferson     Jefferson
 75            Adams          Adams          Adams         Adams
 100           Jefferson      Jefferson      Jackson       Jackson
 200           Madison        Madison        Madison       Madison
 500           Hamilton       Hamilton       Washington    Washington
 1,000         Franklin       H. McCulloch   Lincoln       Lincoln
 5,000         Revere         J.G. Carlisle  Monroe        Monroe
 10,000        Wilson         J. Sherman     Cleveland     Cleveland
 50,000                       C. Glass       C. Glass      C. Glass
 100,000                      A Gallatin     Grant         Grant
 1,000,000                    O. Wolcott     T. Roosevelt  T. Roosevelt
 100,000,000                                               Madison
 500,000,000                                               McKinley





             Large Denominations of U.S. Currency Discontinued


╓┌──────────┌───────────┌────────────────────────────────────────────────────╖
 Amt.       Portrait    Embellishment on back
 ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 $1         Washington  Great Seal of U.S.
 2          Jefferson   Signers of Declaration
 5          Lincoln     Lincoln Memorial
 10         Hamilton    U.S. Treasury
 20         Jackson     White House
 50         Grant       U.S. Capitol
 100        Franklin    Independence Hall
 500        McKinley    Ornate denominational marking
 1,000      Cleveland   Ornate denominational marking
 5,000      Madison     Ornate denominational marking
 10,000     Chase       Ornate denominational marking
 100,000*   Wilson      Ornate denominational marking



 The largest denomination of United States currency now being issued is the
 $100 bill. Issuance of currency in denominations larger than $100 was
 discontinued in 1969.
 As large denomination bills reach the Federal Reserve Bank they are removed
 from circulation.
 Because some of the discontinued currency is expected to be in the hands of
 holders for many years, the description of the various denominations below
 is continued:
 * For use only in transactions between Federal Reserve System and Treasury
 Department.




                           U.S. Currency and Coin

   U.S. Treasury Department; Financial Management Service (Mar. 31, 1990)



                   Amounts Outstanding and in Circulation


╓┌──────────────────────────┌────────────────────┌───────────────────────┌───
                                                 Less amounts held by:   Less
                            Amounts outstanding  United States Treasury  Feder
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Currency
 Federal Reserve notes1     $278,708,725,606     $6,901,702              $39,7
 United States notes        325,520,966          32,563,039              213
 Currency no longer issued  266,409,785          224,029                 13,28
 Total                      $279,300,656,357     $39,688,770             $39,7
 Coin2
 Dollars3                   $2,024,703,898       $332,383,689            $105,
 Fractional coin            17,224,335,000       190,490,530             462,4
 Total                      $19,249,038,898      $512,874,219            $567,
 Total currency and coin    $298,549,695,255     $552,562,989            $40,3





                  Currency in Circulation by Denominations


╓┌─────────────────┌──────────────────────────────┌───────────────────────┌──
 Denomination      Total currency in circulation  Federal Reserve Notes1  U.S.
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 1 Dollar          $4,637,138,793                 $4,485,760,535          $143
 2 Dollars         813,797,428                    680,965,674             132,
 5 Dollars         5,772,195,480                  5,624,058,815           111,
 10 Dollars        11,657,610,095                 11,633,396,500          5,95
 20 Dollars        63,607,774,344                 63,587,626,680          3,38
 50 Dollars        31,156,036,500                 31,144,482,950          -
 100 Dollars       121,523,382,100                121,453,055,000         48,2
 500 Dollars       149,620,000                    149,431,000             -
 1,000 Dollars     173,305,000                    173,098,000             -
 5,000 Dollars     1,790,000                      1,745,000               -
 10,000 Dollars    3,450,000                      3,350,000               -
 Fractional parts  487                            --                      --
 Partial notes4    115                            --                      90
 Total currency    $239,496,100,342               $238,936,970,154        $292
 Denomination      Total currency in circulation  Federal Reserve Notes1  U.S.
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Total currency    $239,496,100,342               $238,936,970,154        $292





           Comparative Totals of Money in Circulation -- Selected


╓┌──────────────┌──────────────────────┌─────────────────────────────────────╖
 Date           Dollars (in millions)  Per capita5
 ───────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Mar. 31, 1990  257,664.4              1,028.71
 June 30, 1989  249,182.7              1,002.54
 June 30, 1988  235,415.9              956.57
 June 30, 1987  215,158.6              883.45
 June 30, 1986  199,309.2              883.45
 June 30, 1985  185,890.7              778.58
 June 30, 1984  175,059.6              739.64
 Date           Dollars (in millions)  Per capita5
 ───────────────────────────────────────────────────
June 30, 1984  175,059.6              739.64
 June 30, 1980  127,097.2              558.28
 June 30, 1975  81,196.4               380.08
 June 30, 1970  54,351.0               265.39
 June 30, 1965  39,719.8               204.14
 June 30, 1960  32,064.6               177.47
 June 30, 1955  30,229.3               182.90
 June 30, 1950  27,156.3               179.03
 June 30, 1945  26,746.4               191.14
 June 30, 1940  7,847.5                59.40
 June 30, 1935  5,567.1                43.75
 June 30, 1930  4,522.0                36.74
 June 30, 1925  4,815.2                41.56
 June 30, 1920  5,467.6                51.36
 June 30, 1915  3,319.6                33.01
 June 30, 1910  3,148.7                34.07



 1 Issued on and after July 1, 1929.2 Excludes coin sold to collectors at
 premium prices.3 Includes $481,781,898 in standard silver dollars. 4
 Represents value of certain partial denominations not presented for
 redemption. 5 Based on Bureau of the Census estimates of population.
 The requirement for a gold reserve against U.S. notes was repealed by Public
 Law 90-269 approved Mar. 18, 1968. Silver certificates issued on and after
 July 1, 1929 became redeemable from the general fund on June 24, 1968. The
 amount of security after those dates has been reduced accordingly.



                   Seigniorage on Coin and Silver Bullion
           U.S. Treasury Department, Financial Management Service


╓┌────────────────────────────────────────────┌──────────────────────────────╖
 Fiscal year                                  Dollars
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Jan. 1, 1935-June 30, 1965, cumulative       2,525,927,763.84
 1968                                         383,141,339.001
 1970                                         274,217,884.01
 Fiscal year                                  Dollars
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
1970                                         274,217,884.01
 1972                                         580,586,683.00
 1974                                         320,706,638.49
 1975                                         660,898,070.69
 1980                                         662,814,791.48
 1983                                         477,479,387.58
 1984                                         498,371,724.09
 1985                                         515,906,969.31
 1986                                         392,445,674.57
 1987                                         458,070,694.43
 1988                                         470,409,480.20
 Cumulative Jan. 1, 1935-Sept. 30, 1988       13,727,374,271.32



 Seigniorage is the profit from coining money; it is the difference between
 the monetary value of coins and their cost, including the manufacturing
 expense.
 1 Revised to include seigniorage on clad coins.




                                 AGRICULTURE

                                  U.S. Farms
                       U.S. Department of Agriculture


╓┌──────────────┌──────────┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────╖
 Number of      Number of
 State          Farms      % Change
 ────────────────────────────────────
 Alabama        47,000     -2.1
 Alaska         600        -3.2
 Arizona        8,100      0.0
 Arkansas       49,000     0.0
 California     84,000     0.0
 Colorado       27,300     0.0
 Connecticut    4,000      0.0
 Number of      Number of
 State          Farms      % Change
 ────────────────────────────────────
Connecticut    4,000      0.0
 Delaware       3,000      0.0
 Florida        41,000     0.0
 Georgia        48,000     -2.0
 Hawaii         4,650      0.0
 Idaho          22,300     -0.9
 Illinois       86,000     -2.3
 Indiana        71,000     -4.1
 Iowa           105,000    -1.9
 Kansas         69,000     0.0
 Kentucky       96,000     -1.0
 Louisiana      35,000     6.1
 Maine          7,300      0.0
 Maryland       15,600     -2.5
 Mass.          6,900      0.0
 Michigan       55,000     -1.8
 Minnesota      90,000     -2.2
 Mississippi    41,000     -2.4
 Number of      Number of
 State          Farms      % Change
 ────────────────────────────────────
Mississippi    41,000     -2.4
 Missouri       108,000    -1.8
 Montana        24,700     0.4
 Nebraska       57,000     -1.7
 Nevada         2,500      -3.8
 New Hampshire  3,200      0.0
 New Jersey     8,300      0.0
 New Mexico     14,000     0.0
 New York       39,000     -4.9
 N. Carolina    65,000     -4.4
 N. Dakota      33,500     0.0
 Ohio           87,000     2.4
 Oklahoma       69,000     -1.4
 Oregon         37,000     1.4
 Pennsylvania   54,000     -1.8
 Rhode Island   770        0.0
 S. Carolina    25,500     -1.9
 S. Dakota      35,000     0.0
 Number of      Number of
 State          Farms      % Change
 ────────────────────────────────────
S. Dakota      35,000     0.0
 Tennessee      91,000     0.0
 Texas          186,000    -0.5
 Utah           13,000     -2.3
 Vermont        7,100      0.0
 Virginia       47,000     -2.1
 Washington     38,000     0.0
 West Virginia  21,000     0.0
 Wisconsin      81,000     -1.2
 Wyoming        8,900      0.0
 Total          2,173,220  -1.1



 The Department of Agriculture estimated the number of U.S. farms in June,
 1989 at 2.17 million, a drop of 1.1 percent from June, 1988, when there were
 2.19 million farms. The decline continued a slide that began in 1982, when
 there were 2.4 million farms. The size of the average U.S. farm increased in
 1989 to 456 acres, from 453 acres in 1988. Overall, about 991 million U.S.
 acres were devoted to agriculture, as of June 1989.



              Farm Income--Marketings and Government Payments
         Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture
                              (1,000 dollars)


╓┌──────┌─────────────────────┌─────────────────────┌───────────────────────┌
        1988 Farm marketings  1988 Farm marketings  1988 Farm marketings    19
 State  Total                 Crops                 Livestock and products  To
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 AL     2,422,328             727,686               1,694,642               2,
 AK     30,128                20,198                9,930                   28
 AZ     1,968,560             1,176,873             791,687                 1,
 AR     3,831,380             1,551,698             2,279,682               4,
 CA     16,651,568            11,969,628            4,681,940               17
 CO     3,699,885             1,034,111             2,665,774               3,
 CT     397,741               214,465               183,276                 40
        1988 Farm marketings  1988 Farm marketings  1988 Farm marketings    19
 State  Total                 Crops                 Livestock and products  To
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
CT     397,741               214,465               183,276                 40
 DE     595,191               151,654               443,537                 62
 FL     5,819,668             4,687,549             1,132,119               6,
 GA     3,569,538             1,553,763             2,015,775               3,
 HI     578,897               490,277               88,620                  58
 ID     2,324,460             1,285,380             1,039,080               2,
 IL     6,182,225             3,927,100             2,255,125               6,
 IN     4,036,261             2,320,256             1,716,005               4,
 IA     8,774,969             3,787,193             4,987,776               9,
 KS     6,319,703             2,195,389             4,124,314               6,
 KY     2,509,516             979,590               1,529,926               2,
 LA     1,876,454             1,294,525             581,929                 1,
 ME     414,176               197,489               216,687                 44
 MD     1,224,339             456,736               767,603                 1,
 MA     409,928               305,295               104,633                 42
 MI     2,739,381             1,534,589             1,204,792               2,
 MN     6,066,701             2,649,046             3,417,655               6,
 MS     2,304,852             1,132,802             1,172,050               2,
        1988 Farm marketings  1988 Farm marketings  1988 Farm marketings    19
 State  Total                 Crops                 Livestock and products  To
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
MS     2,304,852             1,132,802             1,172,050               2,
 MO     3,757,664             1,746,152             2,011,512               3,
 MT     1,432,966             616,704               816,262                 1,
 NE     7,799,582             2,409,260             5,390,322               8,
 NV     237,998               78,872                159,126                 23
 NH     136,120               77,436                58,684                  14
 NJ     644,581               452,040               192,541                 66
 NM     1,283,132             374,528               908,604                 1,
 NY     2,668,132             865,499               1,802,633               2,
 NC     4,037,795             1,850,167             2,187,628               4,
 ND     2,358,232             1,507,398             850,834                 2,
 OH     3,563,523             1,979,660             1,583,863               3,
 OK     3,354,415             1,111,886             2,242,529               3,
 OR     2,181,559             1,508,477             673,082                 2,
 PA     3,295,551             963,662               2,331,889               3,
 RI     79,072                65,732                13,340                  79
 SC     1,106,007             615,714               490,293                 1,
 SD     2,944,782             895,056               2,049,726               2,
        1988 Farm marketings  1988 Farm marketings  1988 Farm marketings    19
 State  Total                 Crops                 Livestock and products  To
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
SD     2,944,782             895,056               2,049,726               2,
 TN     1,932,702             876,954               1,055,748               1,
 TX     10,251,368            3,689,338             6,562,030               10
 UT     701,250               173,025               528,225                 74
 VT     401,222               50,603                350,619                 42
 VA     1,913,993             614,333               1,299,660               2,
 WA     3,336,153             2,196,242             1,139,911               3,
 WV     285,930               68,179                217,751                 31
 WI     4,979,643             764,405               4,215,238               5,
 WY     761,204               176,995               584,209                 85
 U.S.   150,192,425           71,371,609            78,820,816              15





             Farms--Number and Acreage by State, 1980 and 1990
    Natl. Agricultural Statistics Service: U.S. Agriculture  Department


╓┌───────────────┌──────────────┌──────────────┌───────────────┌─────────────
                 Farms (1,000)  Farms (1,000)  Acreage (mil.)  Acreage (mil.)
 State           1980           1990           1980            1990
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 U.S.            2,437          2,143          1,039           988
 Alabama         59             47             12              10
 Alaska          (z)            1              2               1
 Arizona         7              8              38              36
 Arkansas        58             47             17              16
 California      79             85             34              31
 Colorado        26             27             36              33
 Connecticut     4              4              (z)             (z)
 Delaware        4              3              1               1
 Florida         38             41             13              11
 Georgia         59             49             15              13
 Hawaii          4              5              2               2
 Idaho           24             22             15              14
 Illinois        108            83             29              29
 Indiana         88             68             17              16
                 Farms (1,000)  Farms (1,000)  Acreage (mil.)  Acreage (mil.)
 State           1980           1990           1980            1990
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Indiana         88             68             17              16
 Iowa            121            104            34              34
 Kansas          75             69             48              48
 Kentucky        103            93             15              14
 Louisiana       37             34             10              9
 Maine           8              7              2               1
 Maryland        17             15             3               2
 Massachusetts   6              7              1               1
 Michigan        66             54             11              11
 Minnesota       104            89             30              30
 Mississippi     56             40             15              13
 Missouri        121            108            31              30
 Montana         24             25             62              61
 Nebraska        65             57             48              47
 Nevada          3              3              9               9
 New Hampshire   3              3              1               (z)
 New Jersey      10             8              1               1
 New Mexico      13             14             47              45
                 Farms (1,000)  Farms (1,000)  Acreage (mil.)  Acreage (mil.)
 State           1980           1990           1980            1990
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
New Mexico      13             14             47              45
 New York        48             39             9               8
 North Carolina  92             62             12              10
 North Dakota    41             34             42              41
 Ohio            96             84             16              16
 Oklahoma        72             70             35              33
 Oregon          34             37             18              18
 Pennsylvania    61             53             9               8
 Rhode Island    1              1              (z)             (z)
 South Carolina  35             25             6               5
 South Dakota    39             35             45              44
 Tennessee       96             89             14              12
 Texas           192            186            138             132
 Utah            13             13             12              11
 Vermont         7              7              2               2
 Virginia        59             46             10              9
 Washington      37             37             16              16
 West Virginia   20             21             4               4
                 Farms (1,000)  Farms (1,000)  Acreage (mil.)  Acreage (mil.)
 State           1980           1990           1980            1990
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
West Virginia   20             21             4               4
 Wisconsin       94             80             19              18
 Wyoming         9              10             35              35



 z Less than 500 farms or 500,000 acres



                       Livestock on Farms in the U.S.
     Natl. Agricultural Statistics Service: U.S. Agriculture Department
                                (thousands)


╓┌─────────────────┌───────────┌──────────┌──────────┌───────────────────────╖
 Year (On Jan. 1)  All cattle  Milk cows  All sheep  Hogs3
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Year (On Jan. 1)  All cattle  Milk cows  All sheep  Hogs3
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 1890              60,014      15,000     44,518     48,130
 1900              59,739      16,544     48,105     51,055
 1910              58,993      19,450     50,239     48,072
 1920              70,400      21,455     40,743     60,159
 1925              63,373      22,575     38,543     55,770
 1930              61,003      23,032     51,565     55,705
 1935              68,846      26,082     51,808     39,066
 1940              68,309      24,940     52,107     61,165
 1945              85,573      27,770     46,520     59,373
 1950              77,963      23,853     29,826     58,937
 1955              96,592      23,462     31,582     50,474
 1960              96,236      19,527     33,170     59,026
 1965              109,000     216,981    25,127     56,106
 1970              112,369     13,303     20,423     57,046
 1975              132,028     11,220     14,515     54,693
 1980              111,242     10,758     10,716     67,318
 1985              109,749     10,805     10,145     54,073
 1988              99,622      10,311     10,945     54,384
 1989              99,180      10,212     10,858     55,469
 Year (On Jan. 1)  All cattle  Milk cows  All sheep  Hogs3
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
1989              99,180      10,212     10,858     55,469
 1990              99,337      10,149     11,368     53,852



 1 Total estimated value on farms as of Jan. 1, 1990, was (avg. value per
 head in parentheses): cattle & calves $63,627,207 ($641); sheep & lambs
 $997,809,000 ($87.80); hogs & pigs $4,258,285,000 ($79.10). 2 New series,
 milk cows & heifers that have calved, from 1965. 3 As of Dec. 1 of preceding
 year.



                U.S. Meat and Lard Production and Consumption
           Economic Research Service, U.S. Agriculture Department
                               (million lbs.)


╓┌─────┌───────────┌─────────────┌───────────┌─────────────┌────────────────┌
       Beef        Beef          Veal        Veal          Lamb and mutton  La
 Year  Production  Consumption1  Production  Consumption1  Production       Co
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 1940  7,175       7,257         981         981           876              87
 1950  9,534       9,529         1,230       1,206         597              59
 1960  14,728      15,465        1,109       1,118         769              85
 1970  21,685      23,391        588         610           551              66
 1980  21,643      23,513        400         418           318              34
 1985  23,728      25,472        515         533           359              38
 1989  23,082      24,326        355         356           342              40



 1 Includes shipments. 2 Direct use. Excludes lard used in indirect food use
 such as table spreads and shortenings. 3 Meats may not add to total. 4
 Discontinued series.



               Selected Indexes of Farm Inputs: 1960 to 1988
           Economic Research Service, U.S. Agriculture Department
 (1977 = 100. Inputs based on physical quantities of resources used in
 production.)


╓┌─────────────────────────────────────┌─────┌─────┌─────┌─────┌─────┌─────┌─
 Input                                 1960  1965  1970  1975  1980  1981  198
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Total                                 99    97    96    97    103   102   99
 Farm labor                            177   144   112   100   96    96    93
 Farm real estate2                     103   103   105   97    103   104   102
 Mechanical power and machinery        83    80    85    96    101   98    92
 Agricultural chemicals3               32    49    75    83    123   129   118
 Feed, seed, and livestock purchases4  77    86    96    93    114   108   108
 Taxes and interest                    95    101   102   100   100   99    92



 1 Preliminary. 2 Includes service buildings, improvements. 3 Includes
 fertilizer, lime, and pesticides. 4 Nonfarm portion.



                     Residence of the Population, 1988
 Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture; and Bureau of the
 Census, U.S. Department of Commerce, 1988.
                           (Numbers in thousands)


╓┌───────────────────────────┌─────────┌─────────────┌───────────────────────╖
 Residence                   Total     Metropolitan  Nonmetropolitan
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Total                       240,8871  187,106       53,781
 Urban                       176,089   157,392       18,697
 Rural                       64,798    29,714        35,084
 Rural nonfarm               59,847    28,415        31,432
 Rural farm                  4,951     1,299         3,652
 Percent distribution Total  100.0     77.7          22.3
 Urban                       100.0     89.4          10.6
 Rural                       100.0     45.9          54.1
 Rural nonfarm               100.0     47.5          52.5
 Rural farm                  100.0     26.2          73.8



 1 Refers only to civilian noninstitutionalized population.



            Age and Sex of the Farm and Nonfarm Population, 1988
 Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture; and Bureau of the
 Census, U.S. Department of Commerce, 1988.
                           (Numbers in thousands)


╓┌─────────────────────┌───────────┌──────┌───────┌───────────┌────────┌─────
                       Farm        Farm   Farm    Nonfarm     Nonfarm  Nonfarm
 Age                   Both sexes  Male   Female  Both sexes  Male     Female
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 All ages              4,951       2,586  2,366   235,936     114,060  121,875
 Under 15 years        1,000       519    481     51,945      26,575   25,371
 15 to 19              421         219    202     17,435      8,788    8,647
 20 to 24              279         161    117     18,155      8,769    9,387
 25 to 29              268         149    119     21,023      10,299   10,724
                       Farm        Farm   Farm    Nonfarm     Nonfarm  Nonfarm
 Age                   Both sexes  Male   Female  Both sexes  Male     Female
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
25 to 29              268         149    119     21,023      10,299   10,724
 30 to 34              316         162    154     21,003      10,324   10,680
 35 to 39              321         170    151     18,535      9,073    9,461
 40 to 44              344         175    169     15,585      7,588    7,997
 45 to 49              337         166    171     12,584      6,107    6,477
 50 to 54              304         158    146     10,778      5,192    5,586
 55 to 59              343         171    172     10,495      4,996    5,499
 60 to 64              321         165    156     10,482      4,861    5,620
 65 to 69              276         149    126     9,557       4,313    5,243
 70 to 74              199         105    94      7,484       3,205    4,280
 75 years and over     222         115    107     10,874      3,970    6,904
 Median age (years)    38.0        37.4   38.6    32.2        31.3     33.2
 Percent Distribution
 All ages              100.0       100.0  100.0   100.0       100.0    100.0
 Under 15 years        20.2        20.1   20.3    22.0        23.3     20.8
 15 to 19              8.5         8.5    8.5     7.4         7.7      7.1
 20 to 24              5.6         6.2    4.9     7.7         7.7      7.7
 25 to 29              5.4         5.8    5.0     8.9         9.0      8.8
                       Farm        Farm   Farm    Nonfarm     Nonfarm  Nonfarm
 Age                   Both sexes  Male   Female  Both sexes  Male     Female
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
25 to 29              5.4         5.8    5.0     8.9         9.0      8.8
 30 to 34              6.4         6.3    6.5     8.9         9.1      8.8
 35 to 39              6.5         6.6    6.4     7.9         8.0      7.8
 40 to 44              6.9         6.8    7.1     6.6         6.7      6.6
 45 to 49              6.8         6.4    7.2     5.3         5.4      5.3
 50 to 54              6.1         6.1    6.2     4.6         4.6      4.6
 55 to 59              6.9         6.6    7.3     4.4         4.4      4.5
 60 to 64              6.5         6.4    6.6     4.4         4.3      4.6
 65 to 69              5.6         5.8    5.3     4.1         3.8      4.3
 70 to 74              4.0         4.1    4.0     3.2         2.8      3.5
 75 years and over     4.5         4.4    4.5     4.6         3.5      5.7





                   Persons in Farm Occupations, 1820-1988
 Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture; and Bureau of the
 Census, U.S. Department of Commerce, 1988.
                           (Numbers in thousands)


╓┌─────────────┌───────────────┌─────────────────┌───────────────────────────╖
                               Farm occupations  Farm occupations
 Year          Total workers1  Number            % of total
 ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 1820          2,881           2,069             71.8
 1850          7,697           4,902             63.7
 1870          12,925          6,850             53.0
 1900          29,030          10,888            37.5
 1920          42,206          11,390            27.0
 1930          48,686          10,321            21.2
 1940          51,742          8,995             17.4
 1950          59,230          6,858             11.6
 1960          67,990          4,132             6.1
 1970          79,802          2,881             3.6
 1980          104,058         2,818             2.7
 1985 (March)  106,214         2,949             2.8
 1988 (March)  113,299         2,891             2.6
                               Farm occupations  Farm occupations
 Year          Total workers1  Number            % of total
 ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
1988 (March)  113,299         2,891             2.6



 1 Total workers for 1985 to 1988 are employed workers 15 years and over;
 total workers for 1970 and 1980 are members of the experienced civilian
 labor force 16 years and over; total workers for 1900 to 1960 are members of
 the experienced civilian labor forced 14 years and over; and total workers
 for 1820 to 1890 are gainful workers 10 years and over.



          Grain, Hay, Potato, Cotton, Soybean, Tobacco Production
           Economic Research Service, U.S. Agriculture Department


╓┌───────────────┌───────────────────┌───────────────────┌───────────────────
 1989 State      Barley 1,000        Corn, grain 1,000   Cotton lint 1,000   A
 1989 State      Barley 1,000        Corn, grain 1,000   Cotton lint 1,000   A
                 bushels             bushels             bales
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Alabama         --                  14,580              390                 1

 Alaska          -                   -                   -                   -

 Arizona         1,236               1,885               1,115               1

 Arkansas        -                   7,076               850                 2

 California      13,440              27,200              2,688               8

 Colorado        12,160              134,850             -                   3

 Connecticut     -                   -                   -                   1

 Delaware        2,200               13,300              -                   7

 Florida         -                   5,920               34                  5

 1989 State      Barley 1,000        Corn, grain 1,000   Cotton lint 1,000   A
                 bushels             bushels             bales
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 Georgia         -                   52,250              350                 1

 Hawaii          -                   -                   -                   -

 Idaho           59,500              6,250               -                   4

 Illinois        -                   1,322,250           -                   3

 Indiana         -                   691,600             -                   2

 Iowa            -                   1,445,500           -                   6

 Kansas          576                 155,000             1                   5

 Kentucky        1,139               136,880             -                   5

 Louisiana       -                   12,540              875                 7
 1989 State      Barley 1,000        Corn, grain 1,000   Cotton lint 1,000   A
                 bushels             bushels             bales
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Louisiana       -                   12,540              875                 7

 Maine           -                   -                   -                   4

 Maryland        4,000               44,000              -                   6

 Massachusetts   -                   -                   -                   2

 Michigan        2,320               222,610             -                   5

 Minnesota       44,000              700,000             -                   6

 Mississippi     -                   9,800               1,560               1

 Missouri        -                   219,840             269                 6

 Montana         68,800              320                 -                   4

 1989 State      Barley 1,000        Corn, grain 1,000   Cotton lint 1,000   A
                 bushels             bushels             bales
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 Nebraska        650                 852,000             -                   5

 Nevada          990                 -                   -                   1

 New Hampshire   -                   -                   -                   1

 New Jersey      472                 7,242               -                   2

 New Mexico      375                 9,765               122                 1

 New York        -                   53,010              -                   4

 North Carolina  2,064               88,350              140                 1

 North Dakota    98,050              34,875              -                   3

 Ohio            -                   342,200             -                   4
 1989 State      Barley 1,000        Corn, grain 1,000   Cotton lint 1,000   A
                 bushels             bushels             bales
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Ohio            -                   342,200             -                   4

 Oklahoma        900                 9,204               180                 5

 Oregon          12,060              3,520               -                   2

 Pennsylvania    5,015               98,880              -                   4

 Rhode Island    -                   -                   -                   1

 South Carolina  560                 30,940              155                 5

 South Dakota    19,250              190,800             -                   4

 Tennessee       -                   56,710              473                 3

 Texas           480                 148,400             3,028               9

 1989 State      Barley 1,000        Corn, grain 1,000   Cotton lint 1,000   A
                 bushels             bushels             bales
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 Utah            9,006               2,640               -                   1

 Vermont         -                   -                   -                   7

 Virginia        4,875               40,150              3                   2

 Washington      28,420              15,750              -                   2

 West Virginia   -                   4,370               -                   1

 Wisconsin       3,705               310,800             -                   8

 Wyoming         7,200               3,895               -                   1

 Total U.S.      403,443             7,527,152           12,233              1






                       Production of Chief U.S. Crops

   National Agricultural Statistics Service: U.S. Agriculture Department



╓┌─────┌────────────────────┌────────────────────┌────────────────────┌──────
 Year  Corn for grain       Oats 1,000 bushels   Barley 1,000         Sorghumf
       1,000 bushels                             bushels              1,000 bu
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 1970  4,152,243            915,236              416,091              683,179

 1975  5,828,961            638,960              379,162              754,354

 1980  6,639,396            458,792              361,135              579,343

 1982  8,235,101            592,630              515,935              835,083
 Year  Corn for grain       Oats 1,000 bushels   Barley 1,000         Sorghumf
       1,000 bushels                             bushels              1,000 bu
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
1982  8,235,101            592,630              515,935              835,083

 1984  7,672,130            473,661              598,034              866,241

 1985  8,875,453            518,490              590,213              1,120,27

 1986  8,249,864            386,356              610,522              938,124

 1987  7,131,300            373,713              521,499              730,809

 1988  4,928,681            217,600              289,994              576,686

 1989  7,527,152            373,778              403,443              617,860








╓┌─────┌───────────────────┌───────────────────┌────────────────────────────┌
 Year  Tobacco 1,000 lbs.  All Hay 1,000 tons  Beans dry edible 1,000 cwt.  Pe
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 1970  1,906,453           126,969             17,399                       3,
 1975  2,182,304           132,397             17,442                       2,
 1980  1,786,225           130,740             26,729                       3,
 1982  1,994,494           149,241             25,563                       NA
 1984  1,727,962           150,582             21,070                       NA
 1985  1,511,638           148,719             22,298                       NA
 1986  1,163,940           155,529             22,886                       3,
 1987  1,188,868           147,457             26,031                       3,
 1988  1,369,500           126,010             19,253                       3,
 1989  1,414,179           145,445             24,333                       3,







╓┌─────┌────────────────┌─────────────────────┌───────────────────────┌──────
 Year  Rice 1,000 cwt.  Sugarcane 1,000 tons  Sugar beets 1,000 tons  Pecans 1
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 1970  NA               23,996                26,378                  NA
 1975  NA               28,344                29,704                  NA
 1980  146,150          26,963                23,502                  91.8
 1982  153,637          29,770                20,894                  109.3
 1984  138,810          27,340                22,134                  116.2
 1985  134,913          28,213                22,529                  122.2
 1986  133,356          30,311                25,167                  136.4
 1987  129,603          29,218                28,072                  131.1
 1988  159,897          29,904                24,810                  154.0
 1989  154,487          29,570                25,553                  108.8



 NA = Not available. * Crop year ending in year cited.



                 Harvested Acreage of Principal U.S. Crops
  National Agricultural Statistics Service: U.S. Department of Agriculture
                            (thousands of acres)


╓┌───────────────┌────────┌────────┌─────────────────────────────────────────╖
 State           1987     1988     1989p
 ───────────────────────────────────────────
 Alabama         2,358    2,389    2,356
 Arizona         723      784      830
 Arkansas        7,132    7,538    7,595
 California      4,950    5,107    4,891
 Colorado        5,634    5,609    5,677
 Connecticut     132      124      128
 Delaware        514      504      537
 Florida         1,108    1,115    1,137
 Georgia         3,601    3,754    4,210
 Hawaii          87       86       80
 Idaho           4,141    4,018    4,333
 Illinois        20,335   21,581   22,977
 State           1987     1988     1989p
 ───────────────────────────────────────────
Illinois        20,335   21,581   22,977
 Indiana         10,781   11,082   11,631
 Iowa            20,956   23,092   24,097
 Kansas          19,924   19,191   18,795
 Kentucky        4,975    4,968    5,491
 Louisiana       3,905    4,308    3,933
 Maine           356      346      364
 Maryland        1,493    1,493    1,603
 Massachusetts   158      143      136
 Michigan        6,124    6,401    6,390
 Minnesota       17,397   18,767   18,661
 Mississippi     5,020    5,149    4,613
 Missouri        12,436   12,684   13,249
 Montana         9,242    7,118    9,475
 Nebraska        15,932   16,765   17,641
 Nevada          558      549      554
 New Hampshire   102      99       93
 New Jersey      381      368      380
 New Mexico      953      936      926
 State           1987     1988     1989p
 ───────────────────────────────────────────
New Mexico      953      936      926
 New York        3,628    3,439    3,560
 North Carolina  4,155    4,104    4,526
 North Dakota    19,415   16,216   20,660
 Ohio            9,698    9,731    10,259
 Oklahoma        8,353    8,482    9,380
 Oregon          2,257    2,168    2,339
 Pennsylvania    4,257    4,199    4,199
 Rhode Island    13       11       10
 South Carolina  1,925    2,022    2,283
 South Dakota    14,601   13,508   15,294
 Tennessee       4,463    4,548    4,564
 Texas           16,267   16,527   16,644
 Utah            1,080    1,026    983
 Vermont         465      453      442
 Virginia        2,732    2,708    2,767
 Washington      3,902    3,890    4,045
 West Virginia   657      644      664
 Wisconsin       8,351    8,430    8,614
 State           1987     1988     1989p
 ───────────────────────────────────────────
Wisconsin       8,351    8,430    8,614
 Wyoming         1,796    1,674    1,628
 *Total U.S.     289,422  289,846  305,641



 p Preliminary. * States may not add due to rounding.



                   Average Prices Received by U.S. Farmers
     Natl. Agricultural Statistics Service, U.S. Agriculture Department


╓┌─────┌──────┌──────────────┌──────────────┌──────┌──────┌────────────┌─────
 Year  Hogs   Cattle (beef)  Calves (veal)  Sheep  Lambs  Cows (milk)  All mil
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 1930  8.84   7.71           9.68           4.74   7.76   74           2.21
 1940  5.39   7.56           8.83           3.95   8.10   61           1.82
 Year  Hogs   Cattle (beef)  Calves (veal)  Sheep  Lambs  Cows (milk)  All mil
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 1940  5.39   7.56           8.83           3.95   8.10   61           1.82
 1950  18.00  23.30          26.30          11.60  25.10  198          3.89
 1960  15.30  20.40          22.90          5.61   17.90  223          4.21
 1970  22.70  27.10          34.50          7.51   26.40  332          5.71
 1975  46.10  32.20          27.20          11.30  42.10  412          8.75
 1979  41.80  66.10          88.80          26.30  66.70  1,040        12.00
 1980  38.00  62.40          76.80          21.30  63.60  1,190        13.05
 1984  47.10  57.30          59.90          16.40  60.10  895          13.46
 1985  44.00  53.70          62.10          23.90  67.70  860          12.76
 1986  49.30  52.60          61.10          25.60  69.00  820          12.51
 1987  51.20  61.10          78.50          29.50  77.60  920          12.54
 1988  42.30  66.60          89.20          25.60  69.10  990          12.26
 1989  42.50  69.50          90.80          24.40  66.10  10.30        13.56



 The figures represent dollars per 100 lbs. for hogs, beef cattle, veal
 calves, sheep, lamb, and milk (wholesale), dollars per head for milk cows;

 wool; cents for eggs per dozen.
 Weighted calendar year prices for livestock and livestock products other
 than wool. 1943 through 1963, wool prices are weighted on marketing year
 basis. The marketing year has been changed (1964) from a calendar year to a
 Dec.-Nov. basis for hogs, chickens, broilers and eggs.
 The figures represent cents per lb. for cotton, apples, and peanuts; dollars
 per bushel for oats, wheat, corn, barley, and soybeans; dollars per 100 lbs.
 for rice, sorghum, and potatoes; dollars per ton for cottonseed and baled
 hay.
 Weighted crop year prices. Crop years are as follows: apples, June-May;
 wheat, oats, barley, hay and potatoes, July-June; cotton, rice, peanuts and
 cottonseed, August-July; soybeans, September-August; and corn and sorghum
 grain, October-September.





╓┌─────┌─────┌──────┌───────────────┌──────┌───────┌──────┌─────────┌────────
 Year  Corn  Wheat  Upland cotton1  Oats   Barley  Rice   Soybeans  Sorghum  P
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Year  Corn  Wheat  Upland cotton1  Oats   Barley  Rice   Soybeans  Sorghum  P
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 1930  .598  .663   9.46            0.311  .420    1.74   1.34      1.02     5
 1940  .618  .674   9.83            0.298  .393    1.80   .892      .873     3
 1950  1.52  2.00   39.90           0.788  1.19    5.09   2.47      1.88     1
 1960  1.00  1.74   30.08           0.599  .840    4.55   2.13      1.49     1
 1970  1.33  1.33   21.86           0.623  .973    5.17   2.85      2.04     1
 1975  2.54  3.55   51.10           1.45   2.42    8.35   4.92      4.21     1
 1979  2.52  3.78   62.3            1.36   2.29    10.50  6.28      4.18     2
 1980  3.11  3.91   74.4            1.79   2.86    12.80  7.57      5.25     2
 1984  2.63  3.39   58.7            1.67   2.29    8.04   5.84      4.15     2
 1985  2.23  3.08   56.8            1.23   1.98    6.53   5.05      3.45     2
 1986  1.50  2.42   51.5            1.21   1.61    3.75   4.78      2.45     2
 1987  1.94  2.57   63.7            1.56   1.81    7.27   5.88      3.04     2
 1988  2.55  3.72   54.8            2.61   2.79    6.70   7.55      4.07     2
 1989  2.33  3.72   63.3            1.49   2.42    7.53   5.60      3.66     2



 1Beginning 1964, 480 lb. net weight bales.



         Grain Storage Capacity at Principal Grain Centers in U.S.
      Chicago Board of Trade Market Information Department, Aug. 1990
                                 (bushels)


╓┌───────────────────────────────────────┌───────────────────────────────────╖
 Cities                                  Capacity
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Atlantic Coast                          31,700,000
 Great Lakes
 Toledo                                  53,600,000
 Buffalo                                 15,200,000
 Chicago                                 52,400,000
 Milwaukee                               6,600,000
 Duluth                                  64,300,000
 River Points
 Minneapolis                             105,800,000
 Peoria                                  3,300,000
 St. Louis                               17,700,000
 Cities                                  Capacity
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
St. Louis                               17,700,000
 Sioux City                              7,800,000
 Omaha-Council Bluffs                    23,100,000
 Atchison                                16,500,000
 St. Joseph                              22,300,000
 Kansas City, Mo.                        92,200,000
 Southwest
 Fort Worth                              68,600,000
 Texas High Plains                       79,500,000
 Enid                                    79,700,000
 Gulf Points
 South Mississippi                       44,700,000
 North Texas Gulf                        24,200,000
 South Texas Gulf                        15,300,000
 Plains
 Wichita                                 37,400,000
 Topeka                                  54,100,000
 Salina                                  49,500,000
 Hutchinson                              42,000,000
 Cities                                  Capacity
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Hutchinson                              42,000,000
 Hastings-Grand Island                   25,300,000
 Lincoln                                 33,700,000
 Pacific N.W.
 Puget Sound (incl. Portland)            35,100,000
 California ports                        NA



 Atlantic Coast--Albany, N.Y., Philadelphia, Pa., Baltimore, Md., Norfolk,
 Va. Gulf Points--New Orleans, Baton Rouge, Ama. Belle Chase, La., Mobile,
 Ala. North Texas Gulf--Houston, Galveston, Beaumont, Port Arthur, Texas.
 South Texas Gulf--Corpus Christi, Brownsville, Texas. Pacific N.W.--Seattle,
 Tacoma, Wash., Portland, Oreg., Columbia River. Texas High Plains--Amarillo,
 Lubbock, Hereford, Plainview, Texas. NA = Not available.



              Consumption of Major Food Commodities per Person
           Economic Research Service: U.S. Agriculture Department


╓┌───────────────────────────────────┌───────┌──────┌────────────────────────╖
 Commodity1                          1987    1988   1989p
 ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Red Meats2,3                        113.3   115.1  111.3
 Beef2                               69.2    68.2   65.0
 Veal2                               1.3     1.1    1.0
 Lamb and mutton2                    1.0     1.0    1.1
 Pork2                               41.8    44.7   44.3
 Poultry2,3                          55.3    57.1   60.5
 Chicken2                            43.2    44.5   47.0
 Turkey2                             12.0    12.6   13.5
 Fish2                               15.5    15.0   15.7
 Eggs                                32.1    31.0   29.7
 Dairy products:
 Cheese (natural equivalent)         24.0    23.6   23.7
 Condensed and evaporated milk       3.4     3.5    3.0
 Fluid milk and cream                237.4   233.4  230.5
 Whole milk                          111.1   105.2  95.3
 Commodity1                          1987    1988   1989p
 ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Whole milk                          111.1   105.2  95.3
 Lowfat milk4                        100.1   100.0  103.6
 Skim milk                           14.0    16.0   19.7
 Cream5                              4.6     4.6    4.7
 Yogurt                              4.4     4.6    4.3
 Specialty cream products6           2.9     3.0    3.0
 Ice cream                           18.3    17.2   16.0
 Fats and Oils--Total fat content    62.7    62.7   60.7
 Butter                              4.6     4.5    4.3
 Margarine                           10.5    10.2   10.1
 Lard (direct use)                   1.8     1.7    1.8
 Edible tallow (direct use)          1.0     0.8    0.9
 Shortening                          21.3    21.2   21.2
 Salad and cooking oils              24.7    24.8   23.6
 Other edible fats and oils          1.3     1.3    1.3
 Fruits:
 Fresh7                              96.9    94.4   NA
 Citrus7                             24.7    25.6   NA
 Noncitrus7                          72.2    68.8   NA
 Commodity1                          1987    1988   1989p
 ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Noncitrus7                          72.2    68.8   NA
 Processed:
 Canned fruit                        8.8     8.8    NA
 Frozen fruit                        3.9     3.8    NA
 Dried Fruit                         2.7     2.9    NA
 Vegetables:
 Fresh7,8                            95.4    98.7   101.9
 For canning7                        87.1    83.1   NA
 For freezing7                       16.8    17.9   16.9
 Potatoes7                           125.4   123.5  123.3
 Grains:
 Wheat flour                         129.3   129.3  122.7
 Rice                                13.5    14.3   15.7
 Pasta (excl. fresh)                 11.9    12.2   12.8
 Caloric and noncaloric sweeteners9  151.4   153.0  NA
 Caloric sweeteners                  132.4   133.0  133.3
 Refined cane and beet sugar         62.4    62.0   62.2
 Corn sweeteners                     68.6    69.6   69.7
 High fructose                       47.1    48.0   47.8
 Commodity1                          1987    1988   1989p
 ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
High fructose                       47.1    48.0   47.8
 Low-calorie sweeteners10            19.0    20.0   NA
 Other:
 Coffee (beans)                      10.2    10.2   10.2
 Tea                                 0.7     0.7    0.7
 Cocoa (beans)                       4.8     4.9    5.0
 Peanuts (shelled)                   6.4     6.8    7.1
 Tree nuts                           2.2     2.2    2.5
 Dry edible beans                    5.0     5.7    NA



 1 Quantity in pounds, retail weight unless otherwise shown. Data on calendar
 year basis except for dried fruits, fresh citrus fruits, and peanuts which
 are on a crop-year basis, and rice and eggs which are on a marketing year
 basis. Data are as of August 1990. 2 Boneless, trimmed weight. 3 Total may
 not add due to rounding. 4 Includes plain lowfat, flavored, and buttermilk.
 5 Includes heavy cream, light cream, and half and half. 6 Includes eggnog
 and sour cream and dip. 7 Farm weight. 8 Commercial production for sale as
 fresh produce. 9 Dry weight. 10 Sugar-sweetness equivalent. p Preliminary.
 NA = not available.



                            U.S. Egg Production
           Economic Research Service, U.S. Agriculture Department
                             (millions of eggs)


╓┌───────┌───────┌───────┌───────┌───────────────────────────────────────────╖
 State   1986    1987    1988    1989
 ────────────────────────────────────────
 Ala.    2,723   2,605   2,596   2,184
 Alas.   12.8    6.6     0.7     0.7
 Ariz.   121     98      86      79
 Ark.    3,731   3,874   3,784   3,352
 Cal.    7,850   8,023   7,718   7,317
 Col.    575     641     784     824
 Conn.   1,281   1,200   1,121   935
 Del.    135     144     146     147
 State   1986    1987    1988    1989
 ────────────────────────────────────────
Del.    135     144     146     147
 Fla.    2,683   2,568   2,758   2,602
 Ga.     4,318   4,476   4,294   4,233
 Ha.     227     223     224.4   226.5
 Ida.    230     238     217     217
 Ill.    663     709     780     794
 Ind.    5,561   5,750   5,644   5,529
 Ia.     1,441   1,534   2,140   2,140
 Kan.    463     486     387     387
 Ky.     420     466     407     407
 La.     336     323     311     299
 Me.     1,239   1,827   1,300   1,138
 Md.     890     926     932     965
 Mass.   315     273     262     238
 Mich.   1,644   1,656   1,553   1,454
 Minn.   2,312   2,263   2,250   2,236
 Miss.   1,274   1,259   1,251   1,289
 Mo.     1,351   1,397   1,526   1,485
 Mont.   201     205     194     180
 State   1986    1987    1988    1989
 ────────────────────────────────────────
Mont.   201     205     194     180
 Neb.    829     869     902     1,037
 Nev.    2.2     2.2     2.2     2.3
 N.H.    95      76      51      53
 N.J.    501     475     486     437
 N.M.    280     302     287     294
 N.Y.    1,523   1,115   1,013   1,036
 N.C.    3,400   3,251   3,396   3,312
 N.D.    118     61      59      47
 Oh.     3,873   4,351   4,477   4,353
 Okla.   809     805     863     885
 Ore.    659     638     617     678
 Pa.     4,692   4,853   5,317   5,232
 R.I.    58      55      52      46
 S.C.    1,615   1,604   1,432   1,342
 S.D.    395     358     348     373
 Tenn.   663     670     532     318
 Tex.    3,355   3,424   3,363   3,304
 Ut.     457     496     490     460
 State   1986    1987    1988    1989
 ────────────────────────────────────────
Ut.     457     496     490     460
 Vt.     57      60      54      36
 Va.     914     937     911     894
 Wash.   1,295   1,303   1,327   1,299
 W. Va.  109     128     126     121
 Wis.    830     877     881     852
 Wyo.    4.5     4.3     3.6     2.3
 Total*  68,407  68,398  69,655  67,100



 Note: The egg and chicken production year runs from Dec. 1 of the previous
 year through Nov. 30. 1 Included are eggs destroyed because of possible PCB
 contamination. *States may not add to total.



       Farm-Real Estate Debt Outstanding by Lender Groups1
           Economic  Research Service, U.S. Agriculture Department


╓┌────────┌─────────────────────────────┌────────────────────┌───────────────
                                                             Amounts held by p
 Dec. 31  Total farm-real estate debt2  Federal land banks2  Farmers Home Admi
          $1,000                        $1,000               $1,000
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 1955     9,048,676                     1,480,000            413,000
 1960     12,867,524                    2,539,000            723,000
 1965     21,220,912                    4,240,000            1,497,000
 1970     30,492,357                    7,145,363            2,440,043
 1975     49,852,888                    16,029,468           3,368,747
 1980     97,486,996                    36,196,103           8,163,270
 1982     111,312,036                   47,821,589           9,169,874
 1985     105,739,201                   44,583,842           10,426,971
 1986     95,879,799                    37,757,626           10,348,597
 1987     87,717,601                    32,637,687           10,083,239
 1988     82,952,518                    30,326,707           9,606,796
 1989     80,476,478                    28,501,000           8,719,822



 1 Includes opertator households. 2 Includes data for joint stock land banks
 and real estate loans by Agricultural Credit Assn. 3 Includes loans made
 directly by FmHA for farm ownership, soil and water loans to individuals,
 Indian tribe land acquisition, grazing associations, and half of economic
 emergency loans. Also includes loans for rural housing on farm tracts and
 labor housing. 4 American Council of Life Insurance. 5 Estimated by ERS,
 USDA. Includes CCC storage and drying facility loans.



           Government Payments by Programs and State1
           Economic Research Service, U.S. Agriculture Department
                                 (thousands)


╓┌───────────────┌───────────┌─────────┌─────────┌───────────┌─────────┌─────
 1989 State      Feed Grain  Wheat     Rice      Cotton      Wool Act  Conserv
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Alabama         $8,573      $2,132    0         $44,156     $6        $28,951
 Alaska          23          0         0         0           4         1,075
 1989 State      Feed Grain  Wheat     Rice      Cotton      Wool Act  Conserv
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Alaska          23          0         0         0           4         1,075
 Arizona         2,527       1,176     0         73,089      1,179     2,031
 Arkansas        12,708      11,195    $275,616  70,957      72        16,157
 California      10,331      10,426    124,811   148,324     3,203     13,684
 Colorado        45,314      22,761    0         0           2,517     87,262
 Connecticut     624         0         0         0           10        326
 Delaware        2,057       58        0         0           2         281
 Florida         4,546       499       38        3,166       6         9,578
 Georgia         27,331      7,937     0         33,427      9         33,032
 Hawaii          0           0         0         0           0         267
 Idaho           4,862       18,721    0         0           1,216     38,555
 Illinois        437,335     9,610     0         0           247       50,585
 Indiana         204,923     5,045     0         0           114       28,084
 Iowa            578,178     248       0         0           784       154,809
 Kansas          166,126     103,644   0         37          593       160,417
 Kentucky        41,522      2,493     0         0           61        28,335
 Louisiana       6,608       2,225     105,932   90,576      12        8,769
 Maine           651         0         0         0           30        4,376
 Maryland        9,918       285       0         0           33        2,042
 1989 State      Feed Grain  Wheat     Rice      Cotton      Wool Act  Conserv
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Maryland        9,918       285       0         0           33        2,042
 Massachusetts   256         0         0         0           13        478
 Michigan        98,903      6,385     0         0           569       15,433
 Minnesota       257,740     28,691    0         0           505       101,057
 Mississippi     7,370       3,801     53,764    171,377     8         34,187
 Missouri        94,961      14,846    18,702    23,238      357       101,412
 Montana         11,344      48,614    0         0           2,589     105,442
 Nebraska        377,604     24,256    0         0           478       76,744
 Nevada          92          268       0         0           292       1,167
 New Hampshire   193         0         0         0           9         671
 New Jersey      2,870       177       0         0           11        633
 New Mexico      10,596      2,950     0         8,802       3,416     21,588
 New York        27,879      1,626     0         0           118       7,962
 North Carolina  41,464      2,584     0         11,513      25        10,590
 North Dakota    38,688      86,525    0         0           568       101,104
 Ohio            120,695     7,194     0         0           533       18,336
 Oklahoma        10,968      48,418    129       31,399      1,840     53,630
 Oregon          2,699       12,633    0         0           945       29,968
 Pennsylvania    17,083      434       0         0           193       9,392
 1989 State      Feed Grain  Wheat     Rice      Cotton      Wool Act  Conserv
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Pennsylvania    17,083      434       0         0           193       9,392
 Rhode Island    1           0         0         0           2         65
 South Carolina  17,698      3,487     0         16,578      1         14,434
 South Dakota    101,989     28,893    0         0           2,362     63,749
 Tennessee       18,730      3,405     69        40,826      18        26,178
 Texas           165,919     38,589    91,921    416,170     50,131    177,398
 Utah            1,368       1,523     0         0           2,069     12,176
 Vermont         525         3         0         0           34        1,882
 Virginia        14,514      1,277     0         181         275       7,358
 Washington      8,077       35,241    0         0           198       54,270
 West Virginia   1,806       36        0         0           142       2,447
 Wisconsin       122,410     961       0         0           176       39,967
 Wyoming         2,197       1,725     0         0           3,428     12,330
 Total U.S.      $3,140,796  $602,997  $670,982  $1,183,816  $81,403   $1,770,



 1 Includes both cash payments and payment-in-kind (PIK). 2 Includes amount
 paid under agriculture and conservation programs (Conservation Bonus,
 Conservation Reserve, Agriculture Conservation, Emergency Conservation, and
 Great Plains Program). 3 The programs included: Rural Clean Water, Clean
 Lakes, Animal Waste Management, Forest Incentive, Water Bank, Milk
 Indemnity, Dairy Termination, Emergency Feed, Extended Warehouse Storage,
 Extended Farm Storage, Milk Diversion, Disaster Program Crops, Disaster
 Program Non-Crops, Colorado River Salinity, Warehouse Storage Deduction,
 Livestock Emergency Assistance, Interest Penalty Payments, Disaster, and
 Loan Deficiency.



                Federal Food Assistance Programs1
           Food and Nutrition Service, U.S. Agriculture Department
                           (millions of dollars)


╓┌──────────────────────────────────────────────────────┌───────┌───────┌────
                                                        1981    1982    1983
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Food StampPgm.2,6                                      10,328  10,159  11,863
 P.R. Nutrition Asstnce. Grant3                         908     898     825
                                                        1981    1982    1983
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
P.R. Nutrition Asstnce. Grant3                         908     898     825
 Natl. School Lunch Pgm.4                               3,276   2,942   3,203
 School Breakfast Pgm.                                  332     317     344
 Special Supp. Food Pgm. for Women, Infants, Children5  872     949     1,126
 Summer Food Service Pgm.4                              106     87      93
 Child and Adult Care Food Pgm.4                        340     324     356
 Special Milk Pgm.                                      101     18      17
 Nutrition Pgm. for the Elderly4                        94      102     120
 Needy Family Pgm.4                                     37      41      44
 Commodity Supp. Food Pgm.4,7                           28      28      41
 Food Distribution to Charities Inst.4,8                78      117     154
 Other Costs9                                           56      233     1,079
 Total10                                                16,556  16,216  19,264



 1 Data are for Fiscal (not Calendar) years. 1989 and prior years are updated
 per current reports; 1990 data represent the program level under current law
 in the 1991 budget. 2 Excludes Puerto Rico. 3 Grant was initiated in June
 1982; prior data are Food Stamp costs. 4 Includes the value of commodities
 (entitlement, bonus and cash-in-lieu). 5 Includes program studies; excludes
 Farmers Market Demo. Projects. 6 Includes SAE, other program costs, and
 transfers. 7 Includes Elderly Feeding Projects. 8 Includes Summer Camps. 9
 Includes Child Nutrition State Admin. Expenses, CN Nutrition Studies &
 Education, Temporary Emergency Food Assist. Program (commodity and admin.
 costs), and the costs of entitlement foods distributed to Soup Kitchens/Food
 Banks. 10 Excludes food program administration (FPA) costs, Northern
 Marianas Nutrition Assistance Grant, and Disaster Relief. The Northern
 Marianas Grant was $0.9 million in FY 1982, and $3.7 million for subsequent
 years.



                World Wheat, Rice and Corn Production, 1988
                   U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization
                         (thousands of metric tons)


╓┌────────────────┌────────┌────────┌────────────────────────────────────────╖
 Country          Wheat    Rice     Corn
 Country          Wheat    Rice     Corn
 ────────────────────────────────────────────
 World, total     509,952  483,466  405,460
 Afghanistan      2,900    490      839
 Argentina        7,769    383      9,200
 Australia        14,102   740      208
 Austria          1,430    NA       1,640
 Bangladesh       1,048    21,900   3
 Belgium1         1,327    NA       40
 Brazil           5,436    11,804   24,709
 Bulgaria         4,713    60       1,625
 Canada           15,655   NA       5,369
 Chile            1,734    162      661
 China            87,505   172,365  73,820
 Colombia         63       1,775    908
 Cuba             NA       488      95
 Czechoslovakia   6,547    NA       996
 Denmark          2,080    NA       NA
 Ecuador          31       420      387
 Egypt            2,839    1,900    4,088
 Ethiopia         825      NA       1,650
 Country          Wheat    Rice     Corn
 ────────────────────────────────────────────
Ethiopia         825      NA       1,650
 Finland          285      NA       NA
 France           29,677   65       13,996
 Germany (GDR)    3,697    NA       1
 Germany (FDR)    12,044   NA       1,435
 Greece           2,550    116      2,116
 Hungary          6,962    52       6,027
 India            45,096   101,950  7,500
 Indonesia        NA       41,769   6,668
 Iran             8,200    1,757    60
 Iraq             1,200    250      62
 Ireland          418      NA       NA
 Israel           211      NA       25
 Italy            7,945    1,094    6,318
 Japan            1,021    12,419   1
 Kampuchea        NA       2,000    100
 Korea (DPR)      880      6,350    2,950
 Korean Republic  3        8,400    130
 Laos             NA       1,003    40
 Country          Wheat    Rice     Corn
 ────────────────────────────────────────────
Laos             NA       1,003    40
 Madagascar       NA       2,100    150
 Malaysia         NA       1,669    31
 Mexico           3,700    420      11,800
 Myanmar          241      14,000   300
 Nepal            745      2,787    890
 Netherlands      816      NA       5
 New Zealand      235      NA       190
 Pakistan         12,675   4,577    1,150
 Panama           NA       166      97
 Peru             134      1,080    880
 Philippines      NA       8,971    4,428
 Poland           7,582    NA       204
 Portugal         401      151      663
 Romania          9,000    150      19,500
 South Africa     3,400    3        6,900
 Soviet Union     84,500   2,900    16,000
 Spain            6,514    499      3,577
 Sri Lanka        NA       2,466    43
 Country          Wheat    Rice     Corn
 ────────────────────────────────────────────
Sri Lanka        NA       2,466    43
 Sweden           1,357    NA       NA
 Switzerland      553      NA       237
 Syria            2,067    NA       61
 Thailand         NA       20,813   5,166
 Turkey           20,500   263      2,100
 United Kingdom   11,605   NA       1
 United States    49,295   7,237    125,003
 Uruguay          390      381      118
 Venezuela        1        385      1,400
 Vietnam          NA       15,200   580
 Yugoslavia       6,303    36       7,697



 1 Includes Luxembourg. Note: Some figures are FAO estimates. NA = Not
 available.



     Wheat, Rice and Corn--Exports and Imports of 10 Leading Countries
           Economic Research Service, U.S. Agriculture Department
                         (thousands of metric tons)


╓┌──────────────────┌─────────┌─────────┌─────────┌──────────────────┌───────
 Leading Exporters  Exports1  Exports1  Exports1  Leading Importers  Imports1
                    1980      1988      1989p                        1980
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Wheat                                            Wheat
 United States      41,204    38,619    33,557    USSR               16,000
 France             13,423    18,843    19,100    China              13,789
 Canada             16,262    12,420    17,500    Egypt              5,423
 Australia          9,577     11,375    11,000    Japan              5,840
 Argentina          3,845     4,034     5,900     Italy              3,028
 United Kingdom     1,100     2,200     4,500     Iran               1,896
 Germany, Fed Rep   1,502     3,700     2,800     Algeria            2,294
 Italy              1,620     3,600     2,400     Iraq               1,366
 Saudi Arabia       0         2,000     1,900     Turkey             0
 Hungary            700       1,900     1,500     South Korea        2,095
 Leading Exporters  Exports1  Exports1  Exports1  Leading Importers  Imports1
                    1980      1988      1989p                        1980
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Hungary            700       1,900     1,500     South Korea        2,095
 Rice                                             Rice
 Thailand           3,049     6,037     4,000     Iran               583
 United States      3,028     2,786     2,497     USSR               1,283
 Vietnam            5         1,400     2,000     Philippines        0
 Pakistan           1,163     792       850       Saudi Arabia       356
 Italy              475       443       525       Iraq               350
 Australia          468       500       461       Indonesia          2,040
 India              900       400       400       China              110
 China              580       320       300       Hong Kong          362
 Uruguay            184       209       290       Senegal            340
 Burma              674       456       200       Malaysia           167
 Corn                                             Corn
 United States      60,737    51,525    59,693    USSR               11,800
 France             2,380     6,685     7,470     Japan              13,989
 China              125       3,700     2,500     South Korea        2,355
 Argentina          9,098     1,800     2,400     Taiwan             2,703
 Thailand           2,142     1,560     1,250     Mexico             3,833
 Leading Exporters  Exports1  Exports1  Exports1  Leading Importers  Imports1
                    1980      1988      1989p                        1980
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Thailand           2,142     1,560     1,250     Mexico             3,833
 South Africa       4,955     4,400     1,200     Netherlands        2,638
 Zimbabwe           305       400       400       United Kingdom     2,349
 Indonesia          15        225       350       Malaysia           717
 Kenya              0         125       260       Spain              4,251
 Hungary            300       152       170       Brazil             0



 1 Marketing years; p Preliminary.




                                 EMPLOYMENT

                U.S. Labor Force, Employment and Unemployment
             Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Labor Department
                           (numbers in thousands)


╓┌─────────────────────┌────────────────┌────────────────┌────────────────┌──
                       Annual averages  Annual averages  Annual averages  1990
 Employment status     1987             1988             1989             Jan.
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Civilian labor force  119,865          121,669          123,869          124,
 Employed              112,440          114,968          117,342          117,
 Unemployed            7,425            6,701            6,528            6,53
 Unemployment rate     6.2              5.5              5.3              5.3





                      Selected Unemployment Indicators
                 (quarterly averages, seasonally adjusted)


╓┌────────────────────────────────────────────────┌─────┌─────┌─────┌─────┌──
                                                  1987  1987  1987  1988  1988
 Category                                         II    III   IV    I     II
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Characteristic
 Total (all civilian workers)                     6.3   6.0   5.8   5.7   5.5
 Men, 20 years and over                           5.6   5.3   5.0   4.9   4.8
 Women, 20 years and over                         5.4   5.3   5.2   5.1   4.9
 Both sexes, 16 to 19 years                       17.0  16.2  16.6  16.0  15.1
 White                                            5.4   5.1   5.0   4.9   4.7
 Black and other                                  11.7  11.4  11.0  11.0  10.6
 Black                                            13.1  12.7  12.3  12.3  12.0
 Hispanic origin                                  8.7   8.1   8.5   8.1   8.8
 Married men, spouse present                      4.1   3.8   3.5   3.4   3.2
 Married women, spouse present                    4.3   4.2   4.2   4.1   3.8
 Women who maintain  families                     9.5   9.1   8.6   8.2   8.3
 Full-time workers                                5.9   5.6   5.5   5.3   5.1
 Part-time workers                                8.2   8.2   8.2   8.0   7.6
 Unemployed 15 weeks and over1                    1.7   1.6   1.5   1.4   1.3
 Labor force time lost2                           7.2   6.9   6.7   6.6   6.3
 Industry
 Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers  6.3   6.0   5.8   5.7   5.5
                                                  1987  1987  1987  1988  1988
 Category                                         II    III   IV    I     II
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers  6.3   6.0   5.8   5.7   5.5
 Goods-producing industries                       7.5   7.0   6.6   6.8   6.4
 Mining                                           11.1  8.2   7.5   7.8   8.4
 Construction                                     12.0  11.4  10.9  11.2  10.6
 Manufacturing                                    6.1   5.7   5.4   5.4   5.2
 Durable goods                                    6.0   5.7   5.0   5.4   4.8
 Nondurable goods                                 6.3   5.8   6.0   5.6   5.7
 Service-producing industries                     5.7   5.5   5.3   5.2   5.0
 Transportation and public utilities              4.5   4.3   4.5   3.9   4.0
 Wholesale and retail trade                       7.1   6.7   6.4   6.5   6.1
 Finance and service industries                   4.9   4.9   4.7   4.6   4.5
 Government workers                               3.4   3.4   3.3   3.0   2.9
 Agricultural wage and salary workers             8.9   10.2  11.3  11.1  10.6



 1 Unemployment as a percent of the civilian labor force. 2 Aggregate hours
 lost by the unemployed and persons on part time for economic reasons as a
 percent of potentially available labor force hours.



                Employed Persons by Occupation, Sex, and Age
                         Bureau of Labor Statistics
                               (in thousands)


╓┌────────────────────────────────────────────────────┌──────────────────┌───
                                                      Total              Total
                                                      16 years and over  16 ye
 Occupation                                           1988               1989
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Total                                                114,968            117,3
 Managerial and professional specialty                29,190             30,39
 Executive, administrative and managerial             14,216             14,84
 Professional specialty                               14,974             15,55
 Technical, sales and administrative support          35,532             36,12
 Technicians and related support                      3,521              3,645
 Sales occupations                                    13,747             14,06
                                                      Total              Total
                                                      16 years and over  16 ye
 Occupation                                           1988               1989
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Sales occupations                                    13,747             14,06
 Administrative support, including clerical           18,264             18,41
 Service occupations                                  15,332             15,55
 Private household                                    909                872
 Protective service                                   1,944              1,960
 Service, except private household and protective     12,479             12,72
 Precision production, craft, and repair              13,664             13,81
 Mechanics and repairers                              4,454              4,550
 Construction trades                                  5,098              5,142
 Other precision production, craft, and repair        4,112              4,126
 Operators, fabricators, and laborers                 17,814             18,02
 Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors        8,117              8,248
 Transportation and material moving occupations       4,831              4,886
 Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers  4,866              4,888





               Selected Unemployment Insurance Data by State
                  Calendar year 1989, state programs only.


╓┌──────┌───────────────────┌───────────────┌─────────────┌────────────────┌─
        Insured claimants1  Beneficiaries2  Exhaustions3  Initial claims4  Ben
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 AL     172,035             151,376         27,858        64,267           $15
 AK     36,364              33,093          13,972        354,277          72,
 AZ     108,583             73,524          19,738        213,522          125
 AR     117,317             83,388          20,339        171,548          126
 CA     1,258,789           1,023,682       287,428       2,559,133        1,7
 CO     96,996              74,111          25,133        139,383          148
 CT     126,385             119,473         22,904        219,229          271
 DE     27,564              22,049          2,213         34,381           33,
 DC     26,793              19,462          10,208        46,935           71,
 FL     254,036             186,715         63,265        388,179          339
 GA     285,901             209,516         50,190        401,529          253
 HI     26,250              19,098          3,395         46,581           38,
        Insured claimants1  Beneficiaries2  Exhaustions3  Initial claims4  Ben
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
HI     26,250              19,098          3,395         46,581           38,
 ID     41,997              36,539          10,069        138,358          54,
 IL     291,363             302,991         95,294        98,592           767
 IN     171,622             115,811         22,511        688,648          121
 IA     89,264              73,393          15,970        323,160          130
 KS     86,072              69,306          19,550        161,241          153
 KY     143,125             113,154         19,744        286,997          159
 LA     126,097             99,250          32,900        249,293          164
 ME     55,431              44,387          8,677         486,565          68,
 MD     146,689             88,861          19,697        212,442          199
 MA     151,987             260,788         69,468        119,044          819
 MI     304,853             393,128         101,631       941,068          938
 MN     146,184             122,906         34,140        239,919          321
 MS     97,717              71,642          18,034        431,059          93,
 MO     201,464             160,747         42,282        208,775          244
 MT     27,608              21,827          7,296         45,476           35,
 NE     36,720              27,469          6,988         703,263          35,
 NV     50,095              35,647          7,741         31,898           65,
 NH     43,145              32,041          923           57,377           26,
        Insured claimants1  Beneficiaries2  Exhaustions3  Initial claims4  Ben
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
NH     43,145              32,041          923           57,377           26,
 NJ     326,645             267,941         88,531        55,776           757
 NM     35,501              28,267          9,850         511,566          57,
 NY     594,845             544,073         160,305       59,284           1,4
 NC     312,000             210,837         27,817        74,910           223
 ND     17,231              15,217          6,447         1,098,028        26,
 OH     385,419             305,056         64,506        673,746          479
 OK     67,790              49,749          16,470        123,224          95,
 OR     126,707             105,684         22,757        270,060          206
 PA     501,204             406,243         88,757        1,043,877        993
 PR     100,087             107,584         47,055        216,432          111
 RI     61,359              46,217          12,058        98,955           109
 SC     151,554             96,588          16,227        305,966          104
 SD     10,590              8,284           925           21,620           10,
 TN     218,317             164,170         39,543        450,229          196
 TX     458,543             340,411         133,002       711,368          751
 UT     46,980              31,371          8,890         56,247           58,
 VT     24,171              19,300          2,102         316,479          29,
 VA     176,453             130,971         18,567        5,324            135
        Insured claimants1  Beneficiaries2  Exhaustions3  Initial claims4  Ben
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
VA     176,453             130,971         18,567        5,324            135
 VI     4,965               1,267           404           38,439           3,3
 WA     219,574             168,682         44,690        456,679          371
 WV     54,157              52,999          10,961        382,559          95,
 WI     213,505             172,008         37,757        90,401           317
 WY     15,237              10,407          3,024         30,206           23,
 Total  8,871,280           7,368,700       1,940,203     17,153,514       14,



 1 Claimants whose base-period earnings or whose employment, covered by the
 unemployment insurance program, was sufficient to make them eligible for
 unemployment insurance benefits as provided by state law. 2 First payments.
 3 Final payments. Claimants who exhaust their benefit rights in one benefit
 year may be entitled to further benefits in the following benefit year. 4
 Excludes intrastate transitional claims. 5 Adjusted for voided benefit
 checks and transfers under interstate combined wage plan.



                  Employment and Unemployment in the U.S.
                         Bureau of Labor Statistics
   Civilian labor force, persons 16 years of age and over (in thousands)


╓┌──────┌─────────┌───────────┌──────────────────────────────────────────────╖
 Year*  Employed  Unemployed  Unemployment Rate
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────
 19401  47,520    8,120       14.6%
 1950   58,918    3,288       5.0
 1960   65,778    3,852       5.5
 1970   78,678    4,093       4.9
 1975   85,846    7,929       8.5
 1978   96,048    6,202       6.1
 1980   99,303    7,637       7.1
 1981   100,397   8,273       7.6
 1982   99,526    10,678      9.7
 1983   100,834   10,717      9.6
 1984   105,005   8,539       7.5
 1985   107,150   8,312       7.2
 Year*  Employed  Unemployed  Unemployment Rate
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────
1985   107,150   8,312       7.2
 19862  109,597   8,237       7.0
 1987   112,440   7,425       6.2
 1988   114,988   6,701       5.5
 1989   117,342   6,528       5.3



 1 Persons 14 years of age and over; 2 Not strictly comparable with prior
 years.
 *Early unemployment rates: 1915, 9.7; 1916, 4.8; 1917, 4.8; 1918, 1.4; 1919,
 2.3; 1920, 4.0; 1921, 11.9; 1922, 7.6; 1923, 3.2; 1924, 5.5; 1925, 4.0;
 1926, 1.9; 1927, 4.1; 1928, 4.4; 1929, 3.2; 1930, 8.7; 1931, 15.9; 1932,
 23.6; 1933, 24.9; 1934, 21.7; 1935, 20.1; 1936, 16.9; 1937, 14.3; 1938,
 19.0; 1939, 17.2.




         Employment and Training Services and Unemployment Insurance

      Employment and Training Administration, U.S. Department of Labor

                             Employment Service

 The Federal-State Employment Service consists of the United States
 Employment Service and affiliated state employment services which make up
 the nation's public employment service system. During program year 1987, the
 public employment service listed 7.2 million job openings and placed more
 than 3.8 million people in jobs.

 The employment service refers employable applicants to job openings that use
 their highest skills and helps the unemployed obtain services or training to
 make them employable. It also provides special attention to handicapped
 workers, migrants and seasonal farmworkers, workers who lose their jobs
 because of foreign trade competition, and other worker groups. Veterans
 receive priority services including referral to jobs and training. During
 program year 1987, 455,813 veterans were placed in jobs.


                                Job Training

 The Job Training Partnership Act (JTPA), which became fully operational on
 October 1, 1983, provides job training and employment services for
 economically disadvantaged youth and adults, dislocated workers, and others
 who face significant employment barriers. The goal of the Act is to move as
 many jobless workers as possible into permanent, unsubsidized,
 self-sustaining employment.

 Since its inception, JTPA has provided approximately four and a half million
 Americans with training and employment services. Its placement rate is 68
 percent, making it one of the most successful job and training efforts ever
 undertaken.

 Title I of the Act's five titles basically establishes an administrative
 structure for the delivery of job and training services. Generally, state
 governors receive bloc grants from the Labor Department, and the funds are
 then distributed to Service Delivery Areas -- areas of 200,000 population or
 more where local elected officials work with Private Industry Councils to
 plan and conduct local training projects.

 Title II is in two parts, with Title II-A spelling out the Act's provision
 of employment and training projects for the economically disadvantaged. In
 program year 1987 (July 1, 1987 to June 30, 1988), these projects served
 more than 1.3 million people.

 Title II-A outlines a summer youth program offering basic and remedial
 education, institutional and on-the-job training, work experience, and
 supportive services. This program had nearly 640,000 participants in program
 year 1987.

 Title III, Economic Dislocation and Worker Adjustment Assistance, provides
 for job and training help for dislocated workers -- workers who lose jobs
 and are unlikely to return to their previous industries or occupations. This
 includes workers who lose their jobs because of plant closings or mass
 layoffs; long-term unemployed persons with limited local opportunities for
 jobs in their fields; farmers, ranchers, and other self-employed persons who
 become jobless due to general economic conditions or natural disasters; and,
 under certain circumstances, displaced homemakers. Such assistance
 benefitted nearly 183,000 workers in program year 1987.

 Title IV authorizes programs to address the employment and training needs of
 specific groups facing significant barriers to productive employment,
 including Native Americans, migrant and seasonal farmworkers, and the
 disabled. In program year 1987, these programs served 33,000 Native
 Americans; 46,800 migrant and seasonal farmworkers; and 8,550 disabled
 persons.

 In addition, Title IV includes the Job Corps, which each year enrolls
 approximately 100,000 young people between the ages of 16 and 21 in 107
 residential job training centers throughout the United States; the National
 Commission for Employment Policy; and nationally administered programs for
 technical assistance, labor market information, research and evaluation, and
 pilots and demonstrations.

 Title V contains miscellaneous provisions, including amendments to the
 Wagner-Peyser Act of 1933 -- the legislation authorizing the federal-state
 Employment Service.


                   Trade Ajustment Assistance for Workers

 The Trade Adjustment Assistance (TAA) is available to workers who lose their
 jobs or whose hours of work and wages are reduced as a result of increased
 imports. TAA includes a variety of benefits and reemployment services to
 help unemployed workers prepare for and obtain suitable employment. Workers
 may be eligible for training, job search, relocation and other reemployment
 services. Additionally, weekly trade readjustment allowances (TRA) may be
 payable to eligible workers following their exhaustion of unemployment
 insurance benefits. In fiscal year 1989, about 23,700 workers received $186
 million in TRA payments; about 15,200 workers entered training; about 900
 workers were involved in  job search visits; and about 1,000 workers
 relocated in order to obtain long term jobs.

 The TAA program is administered by the Employment and Training
 Administration's Office of Trade Adjustment Assistance. State employment
 security agencies serve as agents of the U.S., under an agreement with the
 Secretary of Labor, for administering the TAA benefit provisions in the
 Trade Act of 1974.


                           Unemployment Insurance

 Unlike old-age and survivors insurance, entirely a federal program, the
 unemployment insurance program is a Federal-State system that provides
 insured wage earners with partial replacement of wages lost during
 involuntary unemployment. The program protects most workers.   During
 calendar year 1989, an estimated 104.8 million workers in commerce,
 industry, agriculture, and government, including the armed forces, were
 covered under the Federal-State system. In addition, an estimated 308,000
 railroad workers were insured against unemployment by the Railroad
 Retirement Board.

 Each state, as well as the District of Columbia,  Puerto Rico, and the
 Virgin Islands, has its own law and operates its own program. The amount and
 duration of the weekly benefits are determined by state laws, based on prior
 wages and length of employment. States are required to extend the duration
 of benefits when unemployment rises to and remains above specified state
 levels; costs of extended benefits are shared by the state and federal
 governments.

 Under the Federal Unemployment Tax Act, as amended in 1985, the tax rate is
 6.2% on the first $7,000 paid to each employee of employers with one or more
 employees in 20 weeks of the year or a quarterly payroll of $1,500. A credit
 of up to 5.4% is allowed for taxes paid under state unemployment insurance
 laws that meet certain criteria, leaving the federal share at 0.8% of
 taxable wages.


                        Social Security Requirement

 The Social Security Act requires, as a condition of such grants, prompt
 payment of due benefits. The Federal Unemployment Tax Act provides
 safeguards for workers' right to benefits if they refuse jobs that fail to
 meet certain labor standards. Through the Unemployment Insurance Service of
 the Employment and Training Administration, the Secretary of Labor
 determines whether states qualify for grants and for tax offset credit from
 employers.

 Benefits are financed solely by employer contributions, except in Alaska,
 Pennsylvania and New Jersey where employees also contribute. Benefits are
 paid through the states' public employment offices, at which unemployed
 workers must register for work and to which they must report regularly for
 referral to a possible job during the time when they are drawing weekly
 benefit payments. During the fiscal year 1989, $14.30 billion in benefits
 was paid under state unemployment insurance programs to 7 million
 beneficiaries. They received an average weekly payment of $152.08 for total
 unemployment for an average of 13.3 weeks.

                        Average Annual Pay, by State
                         Bureau of Labor Statistics


╓┌─────────────────────┌────────────────────┌────────────────────┌───────────╖
                       Average annual pay1  Average annual pay1  % Change
 State                 19882                19892                1988-893
 ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 U.S.                  $21,872              $22,567              3.2
 Alabama               19,003               19,593               3.1
 Alaska                28,033               29,704               6.0
 Arizona               20,383               20,808               2.1
 Arkansas              17,023               17,418               2.3
 California            24,126               24,921               3.3
 Colorado4             21,472               21,940               2.2
 Connecticut           26,234               27,500               4.8
 Delaware              21,977               23,268               5.9
 District of Columbia  30,253               32,106               6.1
                       Average annual pay1  Average annual pay1  % Change
 State                 19882                19892                1988-893
 ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
District of Columbia  30,253               32,106               6.1
 Florida               19,523               20,072               2.8
 Georgia               20,504               21,071               2.8
 Hawaii                20,444               21,624               5.8
 Idaho                 17,648               18,146               2.8
 Illinois              23,608               24,211               2.6
 Indiana               20,437               20,931               2.4
 Iowa                  17,928               18,420               2.7
 Kansas                19,030               19,474               2.3
 Kentucky              18,545               19,001               2.5
 Louisiana             19,330               19,750               2.2
 Maine                 18,347               19,202               4.7
 Maryland              22,515               23,466               4.2
 Massachusetts         24,143               25,233               4.5
 Michigan              24,193               24,853               2.7
 Minnesota             21,481               22,155               3.1
 Mississippi           16,522               17,047               3.2
 Missouri              20,295               20,899               3.0
                       Average annual pay1  Average annual pay1  % Change
 State                 19882                19892                1988-893
 ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Missouri              20,295               20,899               3.0
 Montana               16,957               17,224               1.6
 Nebraska              17,190               17,694               2.9
 Nevada                20,548               21,342               3.9
 New Hampshire         20,749               21,551               3.9
 New Jersey            25,748               26,780               4.0
 New Mexico            18,259               18,667               2.2
 New York              26,347               27,303               3.6
 North Carolina        18,636               19,320               3.7
 North Dakota          16,508               16,932               2.6
 Ohio                  21,501               21,986               2.3
 Oklahoma              19,098               19,530               2.3
 Oregon                19,637               20,303               3.4
 Pennsylvania          21,485               22,312               3.8
 Rhode Island          20,206               21,128               4.6
 South Carolina        18,009               18,797               4.4
 South Dakota          15,424               15,810               2.5
 Tennessee             19,209               19,712               2.6
                       Average annual pay1  Average annual pay1  % Change
 State                 19882                19892                1988-893
 ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Tennessee             19,209               19,712               2.6
 Texas                 21,130               21,740               2.9
 Utah                  18,910               19,362               2.4
 Vermont               18,640               19,497               4.6
 Virginia              21,053               21,879               3.9
 Washington            20,806               21,617               3.9
 West Virginia         19,341               19,789               2.3
 Wisconsin             19,743               20,204               2.3
 Wyoming               19,097               19,230               0.7



 1 Includes workers covered by Unemployment Insurance (UI) and Unemployment
 Compensation for Federal Employees (UCFE) programs. 2 Data are preliminary.
 3 Percent changes were computed from unrounded average annual pay data and
 may differ from those computed using data rounded to the nearest dollar.



                   Employment Growth, By State, 1979-1987
                         Bureau of Labor Statistics


╓┌──────┌──────────────┌───────────────┌─────────────────────────────────────╖
 State  State          '87-'89 % chg.  '79-'87 rank
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 1.     Nevada         17.1            5
 2.     Idaho          11.5            45
 3.     Washington     10.5            18
 4.     Hawaii         8.8             15
 5.     Oregon         8.7             37
 6.     Utah           8.7             20
 7.     Florida        8.4             1
 8.     Alaska         8.4             7
 9.     Maine          7.5             10
 10.    S. Carolina    7.4             14
 11.    Iowa           7.2             46
 12.    Montana        6.9             47
 13.    California     6.6             12
 State  State          '87-'89 % chg.  '79-'87 rank
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────
13.    California     6.6             12
 14.    N. Carolina    6.5             11
 15.    Kentucky       6.4             31
 16.    Indiana        6.2             34
 17.    Minnesota      6.0             29
 18.    New Mexico     6.0             24
 19.    Wisconsin      5.9             33
 20.    Virginia       5.9             6
 21.    S. Dakota      5.8             32
 22.    Kansas         5.8             36
 23.    Arkansas       5.8             26
 24.    Wyoming        5.7             50
 25.    Mississippi    5.3             39
 26.    Tennessee      5.3             21
 27.    Georgia        5.2             4
 28.    Delaware       4.9             9
 29.    Nebraska       4.8             35
 30.    Arizona        4.7             2
 31.    Vermont        4.6             8
 State  State          '87-'89 % chg.  '79-'87 rank
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────
31.    Vermont        4.6             8
 32.    Ohio           4.5             40
 33.    Maryland       4.4             13
 34.    Missouri       4.2             30
 35.    Texas          4.2             23
 36.    Oklahoma       4.0             44
 37.    Alabama        4.0             28
 38.    Illinois       3.9             43
 39.    Colorado       3.7             22
 40.    Michigan       3.7             38
 41.    New Jersey     3.2             16
 42.    Pennsylvania   2.9             41
 43.    N. Dakota      2.5             42
 44.    W. Virginia    2.1             49
 45.    New York       1.9             27
 46.    Louisiana      1.2             48
 47.    Connecticut    0.7             19
 48.    Rhode Island   0.3             25
 49.    Massachusetts  0.2             17
 State  State          '87-'89 % chg.  '79-'87 rank
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────
49.    Massachusetts  0.2             17
 50.    New Hampshire  0.9             3





 Employment Status of Women 16 Years and Over By Presence and Age of Own
 Children, March 1988
                         Bureau of Labor Statistics
                           (Numbers in thousands)


╓┌───────────────────────────────┌───────┌─────────────────────────────────┌─
                                 Total   Total With Own Children Under 18  Wit
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Total                           96,516  33,098                            15,
 In Labor Force                  53,987  21,528                            8,8
 Labor Force Participation Rate  55.9    65.0                              56.
                                 Total   Total With Own Children Under 18  Wit
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Labor Force Participation Rate  55.9    65.0                              56.
 Employed                        51,027  20,132                            8,1
 Full time                       37,448  14,682                            5,6
 Part time                       13,579  5,450                             2,4
 Unemployed                      2,960   1,396                             761
 Unemployment Rate               5.5     6.5                               8.6





                       Earnings by Occupation and Sex
                         Bureau of Labor Statistics
 (Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by
 occupation and sex, annual averages)


╓┌────────────────────────┌────────────────────────┌────────────────────────┌
                          Number of Workers (in    Number of Workers (in    Me
                          Number of Workers (in    Number of Workers (in    Me
                          thousands)               thousands)
 Occupation               1989                     1990                     19
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Men

 Managerial and           12,125                   12,588                   $6
 professional specialty

 Executive,               6,324                    6,534                    67
 administrative, and
 managerial

 Professional specialty   5,801                    6,054                    67

 Technical, sales, and    9,109                    9,472                    48
 administrative support

 Technicians and related  1,645                    1,729                    54
 support

                          Number of Workers (in    Number of Workers (in    Me
                          thousands)               thousands)
 Occupation               1989                     1990                     19
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 Sales occupations        4,467                    4,701                    48

 Administrative support,  2,996                    3,041                    43
 including clerical

 Service occupations      4,086                    4,229                    30

 Private household        11                       0                        (1

 Protective service       1,389                    1,518                    45

 Service, except private  2,686                    2,712                    26
 household and
 protective

 Precision production,    10,142                   10,109                   46
                          Number of Workers (in    Number of Workers (in    Me
                          thousands)               thousands)
 Occupation               1989                     1990                     19
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Precision production,    10,142                   10,109                   46
 craft, and repair

 Mechanics and repairers  3,777                    3,693                    45

 Construction trades      3,369                    3,524                    44

 Other precision          2,997                    2,892                    49
 production, craft, and
 repair

 Operators, fabricators,  11,025                   10,758                   36
 and laborers

 Machine operators,       4,525                    4,449                    36
 assemblers, and
 inspectors
                          Number of Workers (in    Number of Workers (in    Me
                          thousands)               thousands)
 Occupation               1989                     1990                     19
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
inspectors

 Transportation and       3,584                    3,502                    40
 material moving
 occupations

 Handlers, equipment      2,915                    2,807                    29
 cleaners, helpers, and
 laborers

 Farming, forestry, and   1,037                    1,020                    $2
 fishing

 Women

 Managerial and           10,261                   10,501                   48
 professional specialty
                          Number of Workers (in    Number of Workers (in    Me
                          thousands)               thousands)
 Occupation               1989                     1990                     19
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
professional specialty

 Executive,               4,681                    4,651                    45
 administrative, and
 managerial

 Professional specialty   5,580                    5,851                    50

 Technical, sales, and    15,180                   16,239                   31
 administrative support

 Technicians and related  1,330                    1,443                    39
 support

 Sales occupations        3,046                    3,560                    28

 Administrative support,  10,804                   11,236                   31
                          Number of Workers (in    Number of Workers (in    Me
                          thousands)               thousands)
 Occupation               1989                     1990                     19
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Administrative support,  10,804                   11,236                   31
 including clerical

 Service occupations      4,405                    4,350                    21

 Private household        334                      292                      17

 Protective service       172                      189                      38

 Service, except private  3,899                    3,870                    21
 household and
 protective

 Precision production,    1,003                    921                      30
 craft, and repair

 Mechanics and repairers  149                      149                      36
                          Number of Workers (in    Number of Workers (in    Me
                          thousands)               thousands)
 Occupation               1989                     1990                     19
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Mechanics and repairers  149                      149                      36

 Construction trades      52                       56                       (1

 Other precision          802                      716                      29
 production, craft, and
 repair

 Operators, fabricators,  3,752                    3,493                    24
 and laborers

 Machine operators,       2,944                    2,691                    24
 assemblers, and
 inspectors

 Transportation and       253                      238                      31
 material moving
                          Number of Workers (in    Number of Workers (in    Me
                          thousands)               thousands)
 Occupation               1989                     1990                     19
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
material moving
 occupations

 Handlers, equipment      554                      565                      21
 cleaners, helpers, and
 laborers

 Farming, forestry, and   152                      124                      20
 fishing




 1 Data not shown where base is less than 100,000.



          Occupations with Projected Largest Job Growth, 1988-2000
                   Bureau of Labor Statistics; May, 1990
                           (Numbers in thousands)


╓┌──────────────────────────────────────────────────┌───────────┌───────────┌
                                                    Employment  Employment
 Occupation                                         1988        2000        Nu
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Paralegals                                         83          145         62
 Medical assistants                                 149         253         10
 Radiologic technologists and technicians           132         218         87
 Homemaker-home health aides                        327         537         20
 Data processing equipment repairers                71          115         44
 Medical record technicians                         47          75          28
 Medical secretaries                                207         327         12
 Physical therapists                                68          107         39
 Surgical technicians                               35          55          20
 Operations research analysts                       55          85          30
 Securities and financial services sales workers    200         309         10
 Travel agents                                      142         219         77
                                                    Employment  Employment
 Occupation                                         1988        2000        Nu
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Travel agents                                      142         219         77
 Actuaries                                          16          24          8
 Computer systems analysts                          403         617         21
 Physical and corrective therapy assistants         39          60          21
 Subway and streetcar operators                     8           13          4
 EEG technologists                                  6           10          3
 Occupational therapists                            33          48          16
 Computer programmers                               519         769         25
 Human services workers                             118         171         53
 Occupational therapy assistants  and aides         8           13          4
 Respiratory therapists                             56          79          23
 Correction officers                                186         262         76
 Employment interviewers                            81          113         33
 Electrical and electronics engineers               439         615         17
 Receptionists                                      833         1,164       33
 Registered nurses                                  1,577       2,190       61
 Flight attendants                                  88          123         34
 Electromedical and biomedical equipment repairers  7           10          3
                                                    Employment  Employment
 Occupation                                         1988        2000        Nu
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Electromedical and biomedical equipment repairers  7           10          3
 Recreational therapists                            26          35          10
 Licensed practical nurses                          626         855         22
 Guards                                             795         1,050       25
 Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants           1,184       1,562       37
 Lawyers                                            582         763         18
 Waiters and waitresses                             1,786       2,338       55
 Food service and lodging managers                  560         721         16
 Child care workers                                 670         856         18
 Cooks, restaurant                                  572         728         15





  Women Employed as Executives, Administrators, and Managers, by Industry
                         Bureau of Labor Statistics
                           (1988 annual averages)


╓┌────────────────────────────────────┌────────────────────────┌─────────────
 Industry (in thousands)              Employed Women Managers  Women as % of T
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Total                                5,590                    39.3
 Agriculture                          23                       *
 Mining                               28                       *
 Construction                         129                      12.9
 Manufacturing                        647                      26.3
 Durable Goods                        365                      24.3
 Nondurable Goods                     282                      29.4
 Transportation and Public Utilities  274                      29.9
 Wholesale and Retail Trade           865                      42.5
 Wholesale Trade                      167                      32.5
 Retail Trade                         698                      45.9
 Finance, Insurance, and Real Estate  1,014                    50.7
 Services**                           2,114                    47.4
 Professional Services                1,336                    54.7
 Public Administration                496                      42.8



 *Percentage not shown where base is less than 35,000. **Includes business
 and repair services; personal services, except private household;
 entertainment and recreation services; professional and related services;
 and forestry and fisheries.



            Percent of People, Age 16-64, with a Work Disability
                     Bureau of the Census; 1988 figures


╓┌───────────────────────────┌───────────┌───────────┌──────┌───────┌────────
                             Both sexes  Both sexes  Males  Males   Females  F
 Characteristics             Total       Severe      Total  Severe  Total    S
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Total                       8.6         4.8         8.7    4.9     8.4      4
 Age
 16 to 24 years              3.8         1.7         4.1    1.9     3.6      1
 25 to 34 years              5.6         2.7         5.9    3.1     5.4      2
                             Both sexes  Both sexes  Males  Males   Females  F
 Characteristics             Total       Severe      Total  Severe  Total    S
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
25 to 34 years              5.6         2.7         5.9    3.1     5.4      2
 35 to 44 years              7.1         3.6         7.7    4.3     6.5      3
 45 to 54 years              10.3        6.0         10.3   6.0     10.2     6
 55 to 64 years              22.3        14.0        22.4   13.7    22.2     1
 Years of School Completed1
 Less than 8 years           29.7        23.4        29.1   23.2    30.2     2
 8                           24.6        16.8        23.9   15.8    25.2     1
 9 to 11                     17.7        11.6        17.5   11.7    17.9     1
 12                          8.8         4.5         9.3    5.1     8.4      4
 13 to 15                    7.5         3.2         8.4    3.4     6.7      3
 16 or more                  3.8         1.3         3.8    1.4     3.8      1
 Income to Poverty Ratio
 Less than 1.00              21.9        15.5        24.4   17.9    20.3     1
 1.00 to 1.24                17.8        12.4        19.0   14.6    16.8     1
 1.25 to 1.49                13.4        8.3         13.4   8.6     13.4     8
 1.50 to 1.99                11.3        6.9         12.8   8.4     9.9      5
 2.00 and over               5.6         2.4         5.8    2.4     5.3      2
 Race and Hispanic Origin2
                             Both sexes  Both sexes  Males  Males   Females  F
 Characteristics             Total       Severe      Total  Severe  Total    S
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Race and Hispanic Origin2
 White                       7.9         4.1         8.2    4.3     7.7      3
 Black                       13.7        9.9         13.7   10.3    13.8     9
 Hispanic Origin             8.2         5.6         8.4    5.9     7.9      5



 1 Persons 25-64 years old. 2 Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.



  Full-Time Employees Participating in Selected Employee Benefit Programs
                         Bureau of Labor Statistics
                 (In percent; medium and large firms, 1989)


╓┌──────────────────────────┌──────────────┌──────────────────────────┌──────
 Employee benefit program   All employees  Professional and           Technica
 Employee benefit program   All employees  Professional and           Technica
                                           administrative employees   employee
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Paid:

 Holidays                   97             97                         96

 Vacations                  97             98                         99

 Personal leave             22             28                         30

 Lunch period               10             4                          4

 Rest period                71             57                         69

 Funeral leave              84             87                         86

 Jury duty leave            90             95                         92

 Military leave             53             61                         57

 Employee benefit program   All employees  Professional and           Technica
                                           administrative employees   employee
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 Sick leave                 68             93                         87

 Maternity leave            3              4                          2

 Paternity leave            1              2                          1

 Unpaid:

 Maternity leave            37             39                         37

 Paternity leave            18             20                         17

 Sickness and accident      43             29                         29
 insurance

 Long-term disability       45             65                         57
 insurance
 Employee benefit program   All employees  Professional and           Technica
                                           administrative employees   employee
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
insurance

 Medical care               92             93                         91

 Dental care                66             69                         66

 Life insurance             94             95                         94

 Defined benefit pension    63             64                         63

 Defined contribution       48             59                         52

 Retirement2                36             43                         39

 Capital accumulation3      14             18                         14

 All retirement4            81             85                         81

 Employee benefit program   All employees  Professional and           Technica
                                           administrative employees   employee
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 Flexible benefits plans    9              14                         15

 Reimbursement accounts     23             36                         31




 1 Survey coverage excludes executives and employees in constant travel
 status, such as airline pilots, as well as data for Alaska and Hawaii.
 Except for maternity and paternity leave and reimbursement accounts,
 benefits paid for entirely by the employee were excluded from the
 tabulations. Professional-administrative and technical-clerical workers are
 often discussed jointly as white-collar workers. Production-service workers
 are often called blue-collar workers. 2 Includes money purchase pension,
 profit sharing, savings and thrift, stock bonus, and employee stock
 ownership plans in which employer contributions must remain in the
 participant's account until retirement age, death, disability, separation
 from service, age 59, or hardship. 3 Includes plans in which participants
 may withdraw employer contributions from their accounts without regard to
 the conditions listed in footnote 2. 4 Includes defined benefit pension
 plans and defined contribution retirement plans. Many employees participated
 in both types of plans.



                     Injuries and Illnesses in Industry
                         Bureau of Labor Statistics
                               (in thousands)


╓┌─────────────────────────────────┌─────────────┌─────────────┌─────────────
 Industry division                 Total cases1  Total cases1  Lost workday ca

                                   1987          1988          1987
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Injuries and Illnesses2           6,035.9       6,438.6       2,801.6

 Agriculture, forestry, and        99.6          101.9         50.8
 Industry division                 Total cases1  Total cases1  Lost workday ca

                                   1987          1988          1987
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Agriculture, forestry, and        99.6          101.9         50.8
 fishing2

 Mining3                           61.5          64.4          35.1

 Construction                      638.3         656.5         295.0

 Manufacturing                     2,212.6       2,464.8       976.5

 Durable goods                     1,385.6       1,601.7       597.0

 Nondurable goods                  827.0         863.1         379.5

 Transportation and public         429.2         464.8         250.6
 utilities

 Wholesale and retail trade        1,470.5       1,534.8       654.8
 Industry division                 Total cases1  Total cases1  Lost workday ca

                                   1987          1988          1987
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Wholesale and retail trade        1,470.5       1,534.8       654.8

 Wholesale trade                   408.7         432.9         205.4

 Retail trade                      1,061.8       1,101.9       449.4

 Finance, insurance, and real      115.3         119.4         51.2
 estate

 Services                          1,009.0       1,031.9       487.5

 Injuries                          5,845.5       6,197.7       2,721.3

 Illnesses                         190.4         240.9         80.3




 1 Includes fatalities; 2 Excludes farms with fewer than 11 employees; 3
 Excludes independent mining contractors. Note: Becauseof rounding,
 components may not add to totals.



           Projected Job Growth in Metropolitan Areas: 1985-2000
                       National Planning Association
         Following are the top 30 metro area for employment growth:


╓┌─────────────────────┌─────────────────────┌───────────────────────────────╖
 City                  Year 2000 job totals  1985-2000 increase
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Los Angeles           5,306,000             1,032,000
 Boston                3,056,800             754,700
 Anaheim               1,849,900             701,500
 San Jose              1,453,600             539,200
 Phoenix               1,453,700             537,000
 Washington            2,622,100             509,000
 City                  Year 2000 job totals  1985-2000 increase
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Washington            2,622,100             509,000
 Houston               2,191,500             497,700
 Chicago               3,627,700             493,500
 Dallas                1,853,700             485,000
 Atlanta               1,875,900             462,700
 San Diego             1,438,200             422,400
 Tampa                 1,245,400             421,500
 Philadelphia          2,700,000             406,100
 New York              4,700,800             383,600
 San Francisco         1,435,700             360,400
 Denver                1,283,700             354,800
 Minneapolis-St. Paul  1,652,800             352,000
 Detroit               2,177,300             328,500
 Nassau-Suffolk, NY    1,498,500             318,500
 Orlando               773,700               308,600
 Fort Lauderdale       796,400               299,400
 Miami                 1,198,400             284,100
 Oakland               1,149,000             277,700
 Seattle               1,202,500             268,400
 City                  Year 2000 job totals  1985-2000 increase
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Seattle               1,202,500             268,400
 Baltimore             1,445,800             249,000
 Middlesex Cty., NJ    736,000               206,100
 Riverside, CA         816,500               200,500
 West Palm Beach       534,200               196,400
 Newark                1,232,300             195,300
 Hartford              844,800               190,200
 United States         140.1 mil.            26.1 mil





                     Unpaid Volunteer Workers, May 1989
                         Bureau of Labor Statistics
                           (Numbers in thousands)


╓┌────────────────────┌────────────────────┌──────────────────┌──────────────
                      Total both sexes     Total both sexes   Total both sexes
                                           Volunteer workers  Volunteer worker
 Characteristic       Civilian             Number             % of population
 Total                noninstitutional
                      population
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Total, 16 years and  186,181              38,042             20.4
 over

 16-19 years          14,231               1,902              13.4

 20-24 years          18,114               2,064              11.4

 25-34 years          42,868               8,680              20.2

 35-44 years          35,775               10,337             28.9

 45-54 years          24,668               5,670              23.0

 55-64 years          21,373               4,455              20.8

                      Total both sexes     Total both sexes   Total both sexes
                                           Volunteer workers  Volunteer worker
 Characteristic       Civilian             Number             % of population
 Total                noninstitutional
                      population

 65 years and over    29,153               4,934              16.9

 Race and Hispanic
 Origin

 White                159,200              34,823             21.9

 Black                20,985               2,505              11.9

 Hispanic origin      13,728               1,289              9.4

 Marital Status

 Single, never        46,071               6,327              13.7
 married
                      Total both sexes     Total both sexes   Total both sexes
                                           Volunteer workers  Volunteer worker
 Characteristic       Civilian             Number             % of population
 Total                noninstitutional
                      population
married

 Married, spouse      106,117              26,344             24.8
 present

 Married, spouse      5,772                765                13.2
 absent

 Divorced             14,551               2,510              17.3

 Widowed              13,671               2,096              15.3

 Educational
 Attainment

 Less than 4 years    35,240               2,939              8.3
                      Total both sexes     Total both sexes   Total both sexes
                                           Volunteer workers  Volunteer worker
 Characteristic       Civilian             Number             % of population
 Total                noninstitutional
                      population
Less than 4 years    35,240               2,939              8.3
 of high school

 4 years of high      59,156               11,105             18.8
 school

 1 to 3 years of      26,992               7,572              28.1
 college

 4 years of college   32,448               12,459             38.4
 or more




 Data relate to persons 25 years and over.
 Note: Data on volunteer workers relate to persons who performed unpaid work
 for an organization or institution during the year ended May 1989. Detail
 for race and Hispanic-origin groups will not add to totals because data for
 the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both
 the white and black population groups.



 Employed Wage and Salary Workers Paid at or Below Minimum Hourly Wage Rate,
 1989
                         Bureau of Labor Statistics


╓┌─────────────────────┌─────────────────────┌─────────────────────┌─────────
                       Number of Workers1     Number of Workers1     Number of
                       (1,000)               (1,000)               (1,000)

 Characteristic        Total paid hourly     At $3.35              Below $3.35
                       rates
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Total, 16 years and   62,389                1,790                 1,372
                       Number of Workers1     Number of Workers1     Number of
                       (1,000)               (1,000)               (1,000)

 Characteristic        Total paid hourly     At $3.35              Below $3.35
                       rates
Total, 16 years and   62,389                1,790                 1,372
 over2

 16 to 24 years        15,635                1,050                 673

 16 to 19 years        6,077                 710                   369

 25 years and over     46,754                739                   699

 Male, 16 years and    31,687                733                   379
 over

 16 to 24 years        8,135                 497                   220

 16 to 19 years        3,066                 343                   118

                       Number of Workers1     Number of Workers1     Number of
                       (1,000)               (1,000)               (1,000)

 Characteristic        Total paid hourly     At $3.35              Below $3.35
                       rates

 25 years and over     23,552                237                   159

 Women, 16 years and   30,702                1,056                 994
 over

 16 to 24 years        7,500                 553                   453

 16 to 19 years        3,011                 367                   251

 25 years and over     23,203                503                   540

 White                 52,249                1,380                 1,213

 Black                 8,152                 372                   119

                       Number of Workers1     Number of Workers1     Number of
                       (1,000)               (1,000)               (1,000)

 Characteristic        Total paid hourly     At $3.35              Below $3.35
                       rates

 Hispanic origin3      5,692                 192                   85

 Full-time workers     47,059                585                   455

 Part-time workers4    15,330                1,204                 918

 Private sector        54,540                1,590                 1,305

 Goods-producing       19,468                234                   89
 industries5

 Service-producing     35,072                1,356                 1,215
 industries6

 Retail trade          13,314                868                   847
                       Number of Workers1     Number of Workers1     Number of
                       (1,000)               (1,000)               (1,000)

 Characteristic        Total paid hourly     At $3.35              Below $3.35
                       rates
Retail trade          13,314                868                   847

 Services              14,133                413                   328

 Public sector         7,849                 199                   68




 1 Excludes the incorporated self-employed. 2 Includes races not shown
 separately. 3 Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race. 4 Working fewer
 than 35 hours per week. 5 Includes agriculture, mining, construction, and
 manufacturing. 6 Includes transportation and public utilities; wholesale
 trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; private households; and other
 service industries, not shown separately.



                Federal Minimum Hourly Wage Rates Since 1950
                         U.S. Department of Labor.


╓┌───────────────┌──────────────────────────┌──────────────────────────┌─────
                 Minimum Rates for Nonfarm  Minimum Rates for Nonfarm  Minimum
                 Workers                    Workers                    Workers
 Effective date  Laws prior to 19661        Percent, avg earnings2     1966 an

 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Jan. 25, 1950   $.75                       54                         (X)

 Mar. 1, 1956    1.00                       52                         (X)

 Sept. 3, 1961   1.15                       50                         (X)

 Sept. 3, 1963   1.25                       51                         (X)

 Feb. 1, 1967    1.40                       50                         $1.00
                 Minimum Rates for Nonfarm  Minimum Rates for Nonfarm  Minimum
                 Workers                    Workers                    Workers
 Effective date  Laws prior to 19661        Percent, avg earnings2     1966 an

 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Feb. 1, 1967    1.40                       50                         $1.00

 Feb. 1, 1968    1.60                       54                         1.15

 Feb. 1, 1969    (5)                        (5)                        1.30

 Feb. 1, 1970    (5)                        (5)                        1.45

 Feb. 1, 1971    (5)                        (5)                        1.60

 May 1, 1974     2.00                       46                         1.90

 Jan. 1, 1975    2.10                       45                         2.00

 Jan. 1, 1976    2.30                       46                         2.20

                 Minimum Rates for Nonfarm  Minimum Rates for Nonfarm  Minimum
                 Workers                    Workers                    Workers
 Effective date  Laws prior to 19661        Percent, avg earnings2     1966 an

 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 Jan. 1, 1977    (5)                        (5)                        2.30

 Jan. 1, 1978    2.65                       44                         2.65

 Jan. 1, 1979    2.90                       45                         2.90

 Jan. 1, 1980    3.10                       45                         3.10

 Jan. 1, 1981    3.35                       43                         3.35

 Apr. 1, 1990    3.806

 Apr. 1, 1991    4.256




 (Employee estimates as of September 1984, except as indicated. The Fair
 Labor Standards Act of 1938 and subsequent amendments provide for minimum
 wage coverage applicable to specified nonsupervisory employment categories.
 Exempt from coverage are executives and administrators or professionals).
 X Not applicable. 1 Applies to workers covered prior to 1961 Amendments and,
 after Sept. 1965, to workers covered by 1961 Amendments. Rates set by 1961
 Amendments were: Sept. 1961, $1.00; Sept. 1964, $1.15; and Sept. 1965,
 $1.25. 2 Percent of gross average hourly earnings of production workers in
 manufacturing. 3 Applies to workers newly covered by Amendments of 1966,
 1974, and 1977, and Title IX of Education Amendments of 1972. 4 Included in
 coverage as of 1966, 1974, and 1977 Amendments. 5 No change in rate. 6
 Training wage for workers age 16-19 in first six months of first job: 1990,
 $3.35; 1991, $3.61.



 Average Weekly Earnings of Production Workers1 by Major Industry, 1966-1989
                         Bureau of Labor Statistics
                             (annual averages)


╓┌─────┌────────┌─────────────┌──────────────┌───────────────────────────────
 Year  Mining   Construction  Manufacturing  Transportation and public utiliti
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 1966  $130.24  $146.26       $112.19        $128.13
 1967  135.89   154.95        114.49         130.82
 1968  142.71   164.49        122.51         138.85
 1969  154.80   181.54        129.51         147.74
 1970  164.40   195.45        133.33         155.93
 1971  172.14   211.67        142.44         168.82
 1972  189.14   221.19        154.71         187.86
 1973  201.40   235.89        166.46         203.31
 1974  219.14   249.25        176.80         217.48
 1975  249.31   266.08        190.79         233.44
 1976  273.90   283.73        209.32         256.71
 1977  301.20   295.65        228.90         278.90
 1978  332.88   318.69        249.27         302.80
 1979  365.07   342.99        269.34         325.58
 1980  397.06   367.78        288.62         351.25
 1981  438.75   399.26        318.00         382.18
 Year  Mining   Construction  Manufacturing  Transportation and public utiliti
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
1981  438.75   399.26        318.00         382.18
 1982  459.88   426.82        330.26         402.48
 1983  479.40   442.97        354.08         420.81
 1984  503.58   458.51        374.03         438.13
 1985  519.93   464.46        386.37         450.30
 1986  525.81   466.75        396.01         458.64
 1987  531.70   480.44        406.31         471.58
 1988  541.44   495.73        418.81         475.69
 1989  569.75   512.41        430.09         490.53



 1 Production or nonsupervisory workers or private nonagriculture payrolls



                    Work Stoppages (Strikes) in the U.S.
                         Bureau of Labor Statistics
                      (involving 1,000 workers or more)


╓┌─────┌──────────────────┌──────────────────────────────┌───────────────────
 Year  Number stoppages1  Workers involved1 (thousands)  Work days idle1 (thou
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 1955  363                2,055                          21,100
 1960  222                896                            13,260
 1965  268                999                            15,140
 1966  321                1,300                          16,000
 1967  381                2,192                          31,320
 1968  392                1,855                          35,567
 1969  412                1,576                          29,397
 1970  381                2,468                          52,761
 1971  298                2,516                          35,538
 1972  250                975                            16,764
 1973  317                1,400                          16,260
 1974  424                1,796                          31,809
 1975  235                965                            17,563
 1976  231                1,519                          23,962
 1977  298                1,212                          21,258
 1978  219                1,006                          23,774
 Year  Number stoppages1  Workers involved1 (thousands)  Work days idle1 (thou
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
1978  219                1,006                          23,774
 1979  235                1,021                          20,409
 1980  187                795                            20,844
 1981  145                729                            16,908
 1982  96                 656                            9,061
 1983  81                 909                            17,461
 1984  62                 376                            8,499
 1985  54                 324                            7,079
 1986  69                 533                            11,861
 1987  46                 174                            4,481
 1988  40                 118                            4,364
 1989  51                 452                            16,996



 1 The number of stoppages and workers relate to stoppages that began in the
 year. Days of idleness include all stoppages in effect. Workers are counted
 more than once if they were involved in more than one stoppage during the
 year.



                Civilian Employment of the Federal Government
 Workforce Analysis and Statistics Division, U.S. Office of Personnel
 Management as of May 1990
                      (Payroll in thousands of dollars)


╓┌───────────────────────────────┌───────────┌──────────┌──────────────┌─────
                                 All Areas   All Areas  United States  United
 Agency                          Employment  Payroll    Employment     Payroll
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Total, all agencies1            3,496,573   8,178,282  3,354,214      7,836,3
 Legislative branch              38,149      113,984    38,094         113,793
 Congress                        20,000      54,306     20,000         54,306
 U.S. Senate                     7,581       20,690     7,581          20,690
 House of Rep Summary            12,404      33,575     12,404         33,575
 Comm. on Scty & Coop in Eur     15          41         15             41
 Architect of the Capitol        2,246       5,080      2,246          5,080
 Botanic Garden                  66          150        66             150
                                 All Areas   All Areas  United States  United
 Agency                          Employment  Payroll    Employment     Payroll
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Botanic Garden                  66          150        66             150
 Committee on Agricltl. Workers  5           11         5              11
 Comm Int Mig&Coop Econ Dev      9           33         9              33
 Congressional Budget Ofc        218         1,033      218            1,033
 Copyright Royalty Tribunal      9           36         9              36
 General Accounting Ofc          5,309       17,486     5,260          17,682
 Government Printing Ofc         5,017       21,142     5,017          21,142
 Library of Congress             4,722       12,647     4,716          12,620
 Nat Comm on AIDS Syndrome       8           30         8              30
 Nat Comm Prev Infant Mort       10          20         10             20
 Ofc Technology Assessment       193         458        193            458
 Physician Payment Rev Comm      1           1          1              1
 Prosptv Paymt Assessmt Com      5           5          5              5
 U.S. Tax Court                  331         1,186      331            1,186
 Judicial Branch                 22,903      63,012     22,644         62,296
 Supreme Court                   346         869        346            869
 U.S. Courts                     22,525      62,042     22,266         61,326
 U.S. Court of Vets Appeals      32          101        32             101
                                 All Areas   All Areas  United States  United
 Agency                          Employment  Payroll    Employment     Payroll
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
U.S. Court of Vets Appeals      32          101        32             101
 Executive Branch                3,435,521   8,001,286  3,293,476      7,660,2
 Exec Ofc of the President       1,682       5,777      1,673          5,729
 White House Office              386         1,156      386            1,156
 Ofc of Vice President           21          75         21             75
 Ofc of Mgt & Budget             536         2,047      536            2,047
 Office of Administration        217         567        217            567
 Council Economic Advisors       27          112        27             112
 Council on Environ Qual         17          63         17             63
 Ofc of Policy Development       37          103        37             103
 Exec Residence at WH            90          338        90             338
 Natl Crit Materials Coun        1           6          1              6
 National Security Council       65          235        65             235
 National Space Council          3           13         3              13
 Ofc of Natl Drug Control        91          325        91             325
 Ofc of Sci and Tech Policy      21          113        21             113
 Ofc of U.S. Trade Rep           170         624        161            576
 Executive Departments           2,432,594   5,491,012  2,310,965      5,199,2
                                 All Areas   All Areas  United States  United
 Agency                          Employment  Payroll    Employment     Payroll
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Executive Departments           2,432,594   5,491,012  2,310,965      5,199,2
 State                           25,222      70,568     9,366          28,622
 Treasury                        164,753     381,585    163,692        378,159
 Defense, Total                  1,054,279   2,755,549  958,099        2,531,4
 Dept of the Army                374,930     879,961    329,530        788,687
 Dept of the Navy                338,790     949,715    315,454        916,225
 Dept of the Air Force           247,124     66,757     232,862        613,781
 Defense Log Agcy                51,480      118,038    51,074         116,603
 Other Defense Activities        41,955      141,078    29,179         96,197
 Justice                         81,690      241,111    80,266         236,321
 Interior                        76,301      176,868    75,917         175,809
 Agriculture                     118,959     258,484    117,430        255,734
 Commerce                        421,153     277,521    420,252        274,441
 Labor                           17,844      54,963     17,807         54,817
 Health and Human Services       122,514     315,915    121,825        314,149
 Housing & Urban Dev             13,313      36,628     13,194         36,285
 Transportation                  66,617      242,413    66,097         240,370
 Energy                          17,473      57,717     17,468         57,685
                                 All Areas   All Areas  United States  United
 Agency                          Employment  Payroll    Employment     Payroll
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Energy                          17,473      57,717     17,468         57,685
 Education                       4,831       14,461     4,826          14,446
 Veterans Affairs                247,645     607,229    244,726        600,897
 Independent agencies1           1,001,245   2,504,497  980,838        2,455,3
 Environmtl Protect Agcy         16,625      47,767     16,608         47,705
 Equal Employ Opp Comm           2,795       7,803      2,795          7,803
 Federal Deposit Ins Corp.       14,415      44,483     14,401         44,433
 Fed Emergency Mgmt Agcy         3,479       9,098      3,263          8,794
 General Svcs Admin.             20,258      51,367     20,177         51,139
 Natl Archives & Recds, Admin.   3,032       5,015      3,032          5,015
 Natl Aero Space Admin           24,561      96,262     24,553         96,202
 Nuclear Regulatory Comm         3,318       14,908     3,318          14,908
 Office of Personnel Mgmt        6,705       13,574     6,680          13,538
 Panama Canal Commission         8,289       15,713     18             47
 Small Business Admin            5,376       14,642     5,057          13,834
 Smithsonian, Summary            5,060       11,810     4,912          11,500
 Tennessee Valley Auth           26,769      89,533     26,767         89,529
 U.S. Information Agency         8,635       28,146     4,283          16,930
                                 All Areas   All Areas  United States  United
 Agency                          Employment  Payroll    Employment     Payroll
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
U.S. Information Agency         8,635       28,146     4,283          16,930
 U.S. Intnatl Dev Coop Agcy      4,826       16,439     2,452          8,169
 U.S. Postal Service             823,314     1,964,407  819,677        1,954,1



 1 Included in Total are other independent agencies with fewer than 2,500
 employees.




                            Labor Union Directory

          Bureau of Labor Statistics; World Almanac questionnaire
         (*) Independent union; all others affiliated with AFL-CIO.

 American Federation of Labor & Congress of Industrial
 Organizations (AFL-CIO), 815 16th St. NW, Washington, DC 20006; 14.5 mln.
 members.

 Actors and Artistes of America, Associated (AAAA), 165 W. 46th St., New
 York, NY 10036; founded 1919; Theodore Bikel, Pres.; no individual members,
 9 National Performing Arts Unions are affiliates; approx. 220,000 combined
 membership.

 Actors' Equity Association, 165 W. 46th St., New York, NY 10036; founded
 1913; Colleen Dewhurst, Pres.; 39,000 active members.

 Air Line Pilots Association, 1625 Massachusetts Ave. NW, Washington, DC
 20036. Henry A. Duffy, Pres.; 41,000 members.

 Aluminum Brick & Glass Workers International Union (ABGWIU), 3362 Hollenberg
 Drive, Bridgeton, MO 63044;  founded 1953; Ernie Labaff, Pres. (since 1985);
 51,800 members, 390 locals.

 Automobile, Aerospace & Agricultural Implement Workers of
 America, International Union, United (UAW), 8000 E. Jefferson Ave., Detroit,
 MI 48214; founded 1935; Owen Bieber, Pres. (since 1983); 1,000,000 members,
 1,194 locals.

 Bakery, Confectionery & Tobacco Workers International Union
 (BC&T), 10401 Connecticut  Ave.,  Kensington, MD 20895; founded 1886; John
 DeConcini, Pres. (since 1978); 139,000 members, 139 locals.

 Boilermakers, Iron Shipbuilders, Blacksmiths, Forgers and
 Helpers, International Brotherhood of (IBBISB/BF&H), 570 New Brotherhood
 Bldg., 753 State Ave., Kansas City, KS 66101; founded 1880; Charles W.
 Jones, Pres. (since 1983) 95,000 members, 375 locals.

 Bricklayers and Allied Craftsmen, International Union of, 815 15th St. NW,
 Washington, DC 20005; John T. Joyce, Pres.; 106,000 members, 525 locals.

 Carpenters and Joiners of America, United Brotherhood of, 101 Constitution
 Ave. NW, Washington, DC 20001; founded 1881; Sigurd Lucassen, Gen. Pres.;
 595,000 members, 1,500 locals.

 Chemical Workers Union, International (ICWU), 1655 West Market St., Akron,
 OH 44313; founded 1944; Frank D. Martino, Pres. (since 1975); 50,000
 members, 350 locals.

 Clothing and Textile Workers Union, Amalgamated (ACTWU), 15 Union Square,
 New York, NY 10003; founded 1976; union founded 1914; Jack Sheinkman, Pres.
 (since 1987); 272,669 members, 1,400 locals.

 Communications Workers of America, (AFL-CIO, CLC) 1925 K St. NW, Washington,
 DC 20006; Morton Bahr, Pres.; 700,000  members, 1,200 locals.

 Distillery, Wine & Allied Workers International Union (DWU), 66 Grand Ave.,
 Englewood, NJ 07631; founded 1940; George J. Orlando, Pres. (since 1984);
 15,500 members, 57 locals.

 *Education Association, National, 1201 16th St. NW, Washington, DC 20036;
 Keith Geiger, Pres. (since 1989); 2,000,000 members, 12,000 affiliates.

 Electrical Workers, International Brotherhood of (IBEW), 1125 15th St., NW,
 Washington, DC 20005; founded 1891; J.J. Barry, Int'l Pres.; 1,000,000
 members, 1,400 locals.

 Electronic, Electrical, Salaried, Machine and Furniture Workers,
 International Union of (IUE), 1126 16th St. NW, Washington, DC 20036;
 founded 1949; William H. Bywater, Pres. (since 1982); 190,000 members, 530
 locals.

 Farm Workers of America, United (UFW), P.O. Box 62, Keene, CA 93531; founded
 1962; Cesar E. Chavez, Pres. (since 1962); 100,000 members.

 *Federal Employees, National Federation of (NFFE), 1016 16th St. NW,
 Washington, DC 20036; founded 1917; James M. Peirce Jr., Pres. (since 1976);
 60,000+  members, 487 locals.

 Fire Fighters, International Association of, 1750 New York Ave. NW,
 Washington, DC 20006; John A. Gannon, Pres.; 172,401 members, 1,943 locals.

 Firemen and Oilers, International Brotherhood of, 1100 Circle 75 Parkway,
 Suite 350, Atlanta, GA 30339; Jimmy L. Walker, Pres.; 30,000 members.

 Food and Commercial Workers International Union, United, (UFCW) 1775 K St.,
 NW, Washington, DC 20006; founded 1979 following merger; William H. Wynn,
 Int'l Pres. (since 1977); 1.3 million members, 600 locals.

 Garment Workers of America, United (UGWA), 4207 Lebanon Rd., Hermitage, TN
 37076; founded 1891; Earl W. Carroll, Gen. Pres. (since 1987); 25,000
 members, 125 locals.

 Glass, Molders, Pottery, Plastics & Allied Workers Intl. Union
 (GMP), 608 E. Baltimore Pike, P.O. Box 607, Media, PA 19063; founded 1842;
 James E. Hatfield, Int'l Pres. (since 1977); 90,000 members, 435 locals.

 Government Employees, American Federation of (AFGE) AFL-CIO, 80 F St., NW,
 Washington, DC 20001; founded 1932; John N. Sturdivant, Natl. Pres. (since
 1988); 210,000 members, 1,300 locals.

 Grain Millers, American Federation of (AFGM), 4949 Olson Memorial Hwy.,
 Minneapolis, MN 55422; founded 1948; Robert W. Willis, Gen. Pres.; 30,000
 members, 210 locals.

 Graphic Communications International Union (GCIU), 1900 L St., NW,
 Washington, DC 20036; founded 1983; James J. Norton, Pres. (since 1985);
 182,706 members, 520 locals.

 Hotel Employees and Restaurant Employees International Union, 1219-28th St.,
 NW, Washington, DC 20007; Edward T. Henley, Gen. Pres.; 330,000 members, 190
 locals.

 Industrial Workers of America, International Union, Allied
 (AIW), 3520 W. Oklahoma Ave., Milwaukee, WI 53215; founded 1935; Dominick
 D'Ambrosio, Intl. Pres. (since 1975); 61,000 members, 330 locals.

 Iron Workers, International Association of Bridge Structural
 and Ornamental, 1750 New York Ave. NW, Washington, DC 20006; Jake West, Gen.
 Pres.; 145,000 members, 300 locals.

 Laborers' International Union of North America (LIUNA), 905 16th St. NW,
 Washington, DC 20006; founded 1903; Angelo Fosco, Gen. Pres. (since 1976);
 450,000 members, 696 locals.

 Ladies Garment Workers Union, International (ILGWU), 1710 Broadway, New
 York, NY 10019; founded 1900; Jay Mazur, Pres. (since 1986); 175,000
 members, 340 locals.

 Leather Goods, Plastic and Novelty Workers' Union,
 International, 265 W. 14th St., New York, NY 10011; Domenic DiPaolo, Gen.
 Pres.; 20,000 members, 85 locals.

 Letter Carriers, National Association of (NALC), 100 Indiana Ave. NW,
 Washington, DC 20001; founded 1889; Vincent R. Sombrotto, Pres. (since
 1978); 315,281 members, 3,622 locals.

 *Locomotive Engineers, Brotherhood of (BLE), The Standard Bldg., Cleveland,
 OH 44113; founded 1863; Larry McFather, Pres. (since 1987); 56,000 members,
 650 divisions.

 Longshoremen's Association, International, 17 Battery Pl., New York, NY
 10004; Thomas W. Gleason, Pres.; 76,579 members, 367 locals.

 *Longshoremen's & Warehousemen's Union, International
 (ILWU), 1188 Franklin St., San Francisco, CA 94109; founded 1937; James R.
 Herman, Pres. (since 1977); 55,000 members, 58 locals.

 Machinists and Aerospace Workers, International Association
 of (IAM), 1300 Connecticut Ave. NW, Washington, DC 20036; founded 1888;
 George J. Kourpias, Int'l Pres.; 826,875 members, 1,700 locals.

 Maintenance of Way Employes, Brotherhood of (BMWE), 12050 Woodward Ave.,
 Detroit, MI 48203; founded 1887; Geoffrey N. Zeh, Pres. (since 1986); 75,000
 members, 910 locals.

 Marine & Shipbuilding Workers of America, Industrial Union
 of (IUMSWA), 5101 River Rd., #110, Bethesda, MD 20816; founded 1934; (merged
 with Machinists and Aerospace Workers, effective Dec. 1, 1990).

 Marine Engineer Beneficial Assn./National Maritime Union
 (MEBA/NMU), 444 N. Capitol St. NW, Suite 800, Washington, D.C. 20001; C.E.
 DeFries, Pres.; 50,000 members.

 *Mine Workers of America, United
 (UMWA), 900 15th St. NW, Washington, DC 20005; founded 1890; Richard Trumka,
 Int'l Pres. (since 1982); 186,000 members, 800 locals.

 Musicians of the United States and Canada, American
 Federation of (AF of M), 1501 Broadway, Suite 600, New York, NY 10036;
 founded 1896; J. Martin Emerson, Pres. (since 1987); 206,000 members, 480
 locals.

 Newspaper Guild, The (TNG), 8611 Second Ave., Silver Spring, MD 20910;
 founded 1933; Charles Dale, Pres. (since 1987); 33,000 members, 80 locals.

 Novelty & Production Workers, Intl. Union of Allied, 1815 Franklin Ave.,
 Valley Stream, NY 11581; Julius Isaacson, Pres. 30,000 members, 18 locals.

 *Nurses Association, American, 2420 Pershing Rd., Kansas City, MO 64108;
 Lucille A. Joel, Ed.D, R.N., F.A.A.N., Pres.; 53 constituent state assns.

 Office and Professional Employees International Union (OPEIU), 265 W. 14th
 St., New York, NY 10011; founded 1945 (AFL Charter); John Kelly, Int'l Pres.
 (since 1979); 135,000 members, 300 locals.

 Oil, Chemical and Atomic Workers International Union (OCAW), PO Box 2812,
 Denver, CO 80201; Joseph M. Misbrener, Pres. (since 1983); 100,000 members,
 400 locals.

 Operating Engineers, International Union of (IUOE), 1125 17th St. NW,
 Washington, DC 20036; founded 1896; Larry Dugan, Jr., Gen. Pres. (since
 1985); 375,000 members, 200 locals.

 Painters and Allied Trades, International Brotherhood of
 (IBPAT), 1750 New York Ave. NW, Washington, DC 20006; founded 1887; William
 A. Duval, Gen. Pres. (since 1984); 156,597 members, 640 locals.

 Paperworkers International Union, United (UPIU), 3340 Perimeter Hill Dr.,
 Nashville, TN 37202; founded 1884; Wayne E. Glenn, Pres. (since 1978);
 230,000 members, 1,100 locals.

 *Plant Guard Workers of America, International Union,
 United (UPGWA), 25510 Kelly Rd., Roseville, MI 48066; founded 1948; Gene
 McConville,  Pres.; 28,000 members, 176 locals.

 Plasterers' and Cement Mason's International Association of
 the United States & Canada; Operative, 1125 17th St. NW, Washington, DC
 20036; Robert J. Holton, Pres.; Vincent J. Panepinto, Secy.-Treas.; 65,000
 members, 365 locals.

 Plumbing and Pipe Fitting Industry of the United States and
 Canada, United Association of Journeymen and Apprentices of the, 901
 Massachusetts Ave. NW, Washington, DC 20001; Marvin J. Boede, Pres.; 325,000
 members.

 *Police, Fraternal Order of, 2100 Gardiner Lane, Louisville, KY 40205; Dewey
 R. Stokes, Natl. Pres. and Charles R. Orms, Natl. Secy.; 212,000 members,
 1,843 affiliates.

 *Postal Supervisors, National Association of, 490 L'Enfant Plaza SW, Suite
 3200, Washington, DC 20024-2120; Rubin Handelman,  Pres.; 44,000 members,
 443 locals.

 Postal Workers Union, American (APWU), 1300 L St. NW, Washington, DC 20005;
 founded 1971; Moe Biller, Pres. (since 1980); 365,000 members, 2,000 locals.


 Railway Carmen Division of Transportation Communications Int'l.
 Union (BRC Division/TCU), 4929 Main St., Kansas City, MO 64112; founded
 1888; W.G. Fairchild, Gen. Pres. (since 1989); 50,000 members, 310 locals.

 Retail, Wholesale and Department Store Union, 30 E. 29th St., New York, NY
 10016; Lenore Miller, Pres.; 200,000 members, 250 locals.

 Roofers, Waterproofers & Allied  Workers, United
 Union of, 1125 17th St. NW, Washington, DC 20036; Earl J. Kruse, Pres.;
 27,000 members, 138 locals.

 Rubber, Cork, Linoleum and Plastic Workers of America,
 United (URW), 87 South High St., Akron, OH 44308; founded 1935; Milan Stone;
 Int'l Pres. (since 1981); 109,000 members, 411 locals.

 *Rural Letter Carriers' Association, National, Suite 100, 1448 Duke St.,
 Alexandria, VA 22314; founded 1903; Vernon H. Meier, Pres. (since 1989);
 80,000 members; 47 state organizations.

 Seafarers International Union of North America (SIUNA), 5201 Auth Way, Camp
 Springs, MD 20746; founded 1938; Michael Sacco, Pres.; 90,000 members.

 Service Employees International Union (SEIU), 1313 L St. NW, Washington, DC
 20005; founded 1921; John J. Sweeney, Pres. (since 1980); 850,000 members,
 300 locals.

 Sheet Metal Workers' International Association (SMWIA), 1750 New York Ave.
 NW, Washington, DC 20006; founded 1888; Edward J. Carlough, Gen. Pres.
 (since 1970); 150,000 members, 245 locals.

 State, County and Municipal Employees, American Federation
 of, 1625 L St. NW, Washington, DC 20036; Gerald McEntee, Pres.; 1,200,000
 members, 2,991 locals.

 Steelworkers of America, United (USWA), 5 Gateway Center, Pittsburgh, PA
 15222; founded 1936; Lynn Williams, Int'l Pres. (since 1984); 750,000
 members, 3,500 locals.

 Teachers, American Federation of (AFT), 555 New Jersey Ave. NW, Washington,
 DC 20001; founded 1916; Albert Shanker, Pres. (since 1974); 750,000 members,
 2,400 locals.

 Teamsters, Chauffeurs, Warehousemen and Helpers of
 America, International Brotherhood of (IBT), 25 Louisiana Ave. NW,
 Washington, DC 20001; founded 1903; William J. McCarthy, Gen. Pres.;
 1,600,000 members, 700 locals.

 Television and Radio Artists, American Federation of, 260 Madison Ave., New
 York, NY 10016; founded 1937; Reed Farrell, Pres.; 67,000 members, 38
 locals.

 Textile Workers of America, United (UTWA), 2 Echelon Plaza, Laurel Rd., P.O.
 Box 749, Voorhees, NJ 08043-0749; founded 1901; Vernon Mustard, Intl. Pres.
 (since 1986); 26,000 members, 180 locals.

 Theatrical Stage Employes and Moving Picture Machine Operators of
 the United States and Canada, International Alliance of, 1515 Broadway, New
 York, NY 10036; Alfred W. Di Tolla, Pres.; 61,471 members, 750 locals.

 Transit Union, Amalgamated (ATU), 5025 Wisconsin Ave. NW, Washington, DC
 20016; founded 1892; James La Sala, Intl. Pres. (since 1986); 165,000
 members, 275 locals.

 Transport Workers Union of America, 80 West End Ave., New York, NY 10023;
 founded 1934; George Leitz, Int'l Pres. (since 1985); 100,000 members, 94
 locals.

 Transportation Communications International Union (TCU), 3 Research Place,
 Rockville, MD 20850; Richard I. Kilroy, Int'l Pres. (since 1981); 160,000
 members, 750 locals.

 *Transportation Union, United (UTU), 14600 Detroit Ave., Cleveland, OH
 44107; founded 1969; Fred A. Hardin, Pres. (since 1979); 100,000 members;
 769 locals.

 *Treasury Employees Union, National (NTEU), 1730 K St. NW, Suite 1101,
 Washington, DC 20006; founded 1938; Robert M. Tobias, Natl. Pres. (since
 1983); 120,000 represented, 250 chapters.

 *University Professors, American Association of (AAUP), 1012-14th St.,
 Washington, DC 20005; founded 1915; Carol Simpson Stern, Pres.; 40,000
 members, 600 chapters.

 Upholsterers' International Union of North America (UIU), 25 N. 4th St.,
 Philadelphia, PA 19106; founded 1882; John Serembus, Pres.; 31,827 members,
 133 locals.

 Utility Workers Union of America (UWUA), 815 16th St. NW, Washington, DC
 20006; founded 1945; James Joy Jr., Natl. Pres. (since 1980); 60,000
 members, 220 locals.

 International Woodworkers of America --U.S. (IWA--U.S.), 25 Cornell,
 Gladstone, OR 97027; founded 1987; Wilson (Bill) Hubbell, Natl. Pres.;
 28,000 members, 100 locals.

                      U.S. Union Membership, 1930-1989
                         Bureau of Labor Statistics


╓┌─────┌─────────────────────────┌───────────────────────────┌───────────────╖
 Year  Labor1 Force (thousands)  Union2 Members (thousands)  Percent
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 1930  29,424                    3,401                       11.6
 1935  27,053                    3,584                       13.2
 1940  32,376                    8,717                       26.9
 1945  40,394                    14,322                      35.5
 1950  45,222                    14,267                      31.5
 1955  50,675                    16,802                      33.2
 1960  54,234                    17,049                      31.4
 1965  60,815                    17,299                      28.4
 1970  70,920                    19,381                      27.3
 1975  76,945                    19,611                      25.5
 1980  90,564                    19,843                      21.9
 1983  88,290                    17,717                      20.1
 Year  Labor1 Force (thousands)  Union2 Members (thousands)  Percent
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
1983  88,290                    17,717                      20.1
 1984  92,194                    17,340                      18.8
 1985  94,521                    16,996                      18.0
 1986  96,903                    16,975                      17.5
 1987  99,303                    16,913                      17.0
 1988  101,407                   17,002                      16.8
 1989  103,480                   16,960                      16.4



 1 Does not include agricultural employment; from 1983 data do not include
 self-employed or unemployed persons. 2 From 1930 to 1980 data are the number
 of dues paying members of traditional trade unions with members counted
 regardless of employment status; from 1983 members include employee
 associations that engage in collective bargaining with employers.




                                   TAXES


                             Federal Income Tax

 George W. Smith III, CPA, Cut Your Own Taxes and Save, Pharos Books.
 During the past decade, Congress enacted the most dramatic changes in our
 tax law in over fifty years. Its purpose was to create a more equitable
 income tax system for all taxpayers. Many of the provisions resulting from
 these massive changes in legislation will affect all taxpayers filing their
 1990 income tax return.

                  History of the United States Income Tax

 The history of taxation in the United States centers primarily around the
 income tax and is consistent with the pattern of taxation in almost every
 highly developed country. Although the Massachusetts Bay Colony enacted an
 income tax in 1643, the first U.S. income tax was not created until the
 Civil War. However, this infant income tax had little vitality and it
 expired soon after the war.

 In 1894, another income tax act was passed by Congress. By this time, income
 tax had become a very important political issue, but in the following year,
 the Supreme Court held that the income tax law was unconstitutional and
 invalidated the entire statute.

 Congress did not give up and passed the Sixteenth Amendment to the United
 States Constitution. This amendment was passed by Congress on July 12, 1909
 and laid the foundation for the basic framework of our modern income tax
 system. It was ratified by the required number of state legislatures early
 in 1913 and states broadly and explicitly:

 "The Congress shall have the power to lay and collect taxes on incomes, from
 whatever source derived, without apportionment among the several States, and
 without regard to any census or enumeration."

 Congress quickly expanded on this newly sanctioned source of revenue.
 Corporations as well as individuals became subject to the new income tax.
 Since then various revenue acts have been passed. One of the most important
 of these acts was the Current Tax Payment Act of 1943. This act instituted
 for the first time the "pay-as-you go" system. This system, which requires
 the regular withholding of tax from each employee's paycheck and the filing
 of estimated tax payments, remains the basic method for the collection of
 our income taxes today.

 During the past few decades, Congress enacted several major tax acts.
 However, the Tax Reform Act of 1986 represents the most extensive overhaul
 of the tax code since 1954. This Act contains approximately 1,850 separate
 Code amendments. Because of the scope and magnitude of these amendments
 Congress decided to redesignate the 1954 Code as the Internal Revenue Code
 of 1986.

                  Tax Law Changes and Recent Developments


 *  Interest earned on Series EE bonds issued in 1990 or later may be exempt
 from federal income tax if used to pay tuition and fees for a taxpayer,
 spouse or dependents to attend a college, university or qualified technical
 school during the year the bonds are redeemed. This exclusion is subject to
 an income phaseout.

 *  Parents may elect to include on their income tax return the unearned
 income of a dependent child under age 14 whose income is more than $500 but
 less than $5,000. The income must consist solely of interest, dividends or
 Alaska Permanent Fund dividends. This election is not available if estimated
 tax payments were made in the child's name. Form 8814, Parent's Election to
 Report Child's Interest and Dividends, is required to report this income.

 *  For individuals age 55 or over, the 3 out of 5 year home use rule for the
 sale of a principal residence has been expanded. Certain incapacitated
 individuals who reside in state licensed facilities may exclude from gross
 income up to $125,000 of gain resulting from the sale of their house if the
 house was used as their principal residence for at least one year out of the
 last 5 years.

 *  For a taxpayer to be eligible for the child and dependent care credit,
 the dependent must be under age 13. The taxpayer must also report the name,
 address, and identification number of the child care provider on their
 income tax return or the taxpayer will not be entitled to the credit.

 *  An individual may not claim an exemption for a dependent child for 1990
 who qualifies as a full time student and is over age 23 at the end of the
 year unless the child's gross income is less than $2,050.

 *  A taxpayer must list the social security number of any dependent claimed
 on his income tax return who is at least 2 years old by the end of the tax
 year. The penalty for noncompliance can be $50 per omitted number.

 *  A business deduction is not allowed for the base rate on the first
 telephone line into a personal residence. This disallowance does not affect
 the deductibility of long distance calls or optional services such as call
 waiting, call forwarding, three-way calling or extra directory listings as
 long as they are business related.

 *  IRA investments are allowed for certain gold and silver coins issued by
 the U.S. Government. Investments also may include coins issued by a state
 government. However, only certain state coins issued after November 10, 1988
 qualify.

 *  Jury duty pay surrendered by an employee to an employer in return for his
 normal salary is deductible as an adjustment to income--not as an itemized
 deduction.

 *  Starting with 1990, the IRS does not require the filing of Form 4562,
 Depreciation and Amortization, for individuals claiming a deduction for
 depreciation on nonlisted property placed in service in a previous year.

 *  For 1990, the standard mileage rate for business use of an automobile has
 been increased to 26 cents per mile. This rate applies to all business miles
 driven and not just for the first 15,000 miles as in prior years.

 *  Starting with 1990, the business use of a cellular phone must be for the
 convenience of the employer and a condition of employment to be an allowable
 business deduction for employees.

 *  For 1990, self-employed persons will be entitled to an income tax
 deduction up to one-half of the social security self-employment (SE) tax
 liability. The SE tax rate for 1990 is 15.3 percent of the first $51,300 of
 net earnings from self-employment or a maximum tax of $7,848.90. The
 deduction is also taken into account when computing SE net income and may
 reduce the SE tax liability.

                         1990 Individual Tax Rates

 There will be only two rates for 1990 -- 15% and 28%. The dollar bracket
 amounts have been adjusted for inflation.



╓┌─────────────────────────────────────┌─────────────────────────────────────╖
 Tax Rates                             Bracket
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Single                                Single

 15%                                   $0 to $19,450

 28%                                   Over $19,450

 Married Filing Jointly or Qualifying  Married Filing Jointly or Qualifying
 Widow(er)                             Widow(er)

 15%                                   $0 to $32,450

 28%                                   Over $32,450

 Married Filing Separately             Married Filing Separately

 Tax Rates                             Bracket
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 15%                                   $0 to $16,225

 28%                                   Over $16,225

 Head of Household                     Head of Household

 15%                                   $0 to $26,050

 28%                                   Over $26,050






 Certain higher incomes will be subject to an additional 5% tax. This 5% rate
 adjustment phases out the benefit of the lower 15% tax rate. For married
 taxpayers filing jointly, the 5% phaseout begins with taxable income of
 $78,400 and is fully phased out at $162,770.

 Heads of household with taxable income over $67,200 but not exceeding
 $134,930 will be subject to the 5% adjustment as will single individuals
 with taxable income over $47,050 but not exceeding $97,620. The phaseout for
 married taxpayers filing separately will apply when taxable income is over
 $39,200 but not exceeding $123,570.

                             Standard Deduction

 The standard deduction is a flat amount that is subtracted from adjusted
 gross income for taxpayers who do not itemize their deductions. The amount
 of the basic standard deduction depends upon the taxpayer's filing status
 and is adjusted annually for inflation.

 Taxpayers with itemized deductions such as medical expenses, charitable
 contributions, interest, taxes, etc., totaling more than the standard
 deduction amount should not use the standard deduction. Instead, they should
 itemize their deductions.



╓┌────────────────────────────────────────────┌──────────────────────────────╖
 1990 Basic Standard Deduction                1990 Basic Standard Deduction
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Single                                       $3,250

 Married filing jointly or Qualifying         $5,450
 widow(er)

 Married filing separately                    $2,725

 Head of household                            $4,750






 An individual claimed as a dependent on another person's income tax return
 may claim on their return the larger of $500, or the amount of earned income
 up to the amount of the standard deduction which the taxpayer would normally
 be allowed. Earned income includes wages, salaries, commissions, tips, net
 profit from self-employment--any money received as compensation for personal
 services rendered. It also includes any part of a scholarship or fellowship
 grant that must be included in gross income.

 Example: A dependent parent, age 60, had unearned income (interest and
 dividends) of $1,700 during 1990. He had no earned income. His basic
 standard deduction would be $500. He would have taxable income of $1,200.

 Example: A dependent son had $10,000 of unearned income and $100 of earned
 income. He is entitled to a $500 standard deduction. He is limited to this
 amount because he is a dependent and his earned income is less than $500.
 The taxpayer would, therefore, have $9,600 in taxable income.

 Example: A dependent daughter with $4,000 of earned income and $600 of
 unearned income would claim a maximum $3,250 standard deduction because her
 earned income of $4,000 is greater than the standard deduction. She would
 have taxable income of $1,350.

            Additional Standard Deduction for Age and Blindness

 Elderly or blind taxpayers may also claim an additional standard deduction.
 Taxpayers who are age 65 or over or blind at the end of 1990, qualify for
 the additional standard deduction for age and/or blindness. Taxpayers who
 claim the additional standard deduction for blindness must attach a doctor's
 statement to their income tax return. Taxpayers who itemize their deductions
 will lose the additional standard deduction. This standard deduction is
 adjusted each year for inflation.



╓┌───────────────────────────────────────┌───────────────────────────────────╖
 1990 Additional Standard Deduction      1990 Additional Standard Deduction
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Single or Head of household, age 65 or  $800
 over or blind

 Single or Head of household, age 65 or  $1,600
 over and blind

 Married filing jointly, or Qualifying   $650
 widow(er), age 65 or over or blind
 1990 Additional Standard Deduction      1990 Additional Standard Deduction
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
widow(er), age 65 or over or blind
 (per person)

 Married filing jointly or Qualifying    $1,300
 widow(er), age 65 or over and blind
 (per person)






 Example: A single, sixty-five year old individual would have a standard
 deduction of $4,050 computed as follows:



╓┌───────────────────────────────────────────────────┌───────────────────────╖
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Basic standard deduction for a single person        $3,250
 Additional standard deduction for age               800
 Total                                               $4,050





 Example: A seventy year old husband and a fifty-eight year old blind wife
 filing jointly would be entitled to a standard deduction totaling $6,750
 computed as follows.



╓┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┌─────────────────╖
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Basic standard deduction for married filing jointly       $5,450
 Additional standard deduction for (husband's) age         650
 Additional standard deduction for (wife's) blindness      650
 Total                                                     $6,750
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Total                                                     $6,750






                                 Exemptions

 The 1990 personal exemption amount is $2,050 and is adjusted each year for
 inflation.

                           Adjustments to Income


                   Individual Retirement Accounts (IRAs)

 Taxpayers with earned income may still make contributions to their IRAs;
 however, there may be limits as to the amount that can be deducted on their
 income tax return if they are covered by a qualified retirement plan by
 their employer. Income earned from IRAs will remain tax-free until the
 taxpayer withdraws it.

 For 1990, married taxpayers filing jointly with adjusted gross income of
 $40,000 or less may take an IRA deduction whether or not they are active
 participants in a qualified retirement plan. Single taxpayers in qualified
 retirement plans may also deduct IRAs if their adjusted gross income is
 $25,000 or less. The IRA deduction phases out over the next $10,000 of
 adjusted gross income if taxpayers are active participants in a qualified
 retirement plan. Consequently, married couples filing jointly with adjusted
 gross income over $50,000 or single filers with adjusted gross income over
 $35,000 may not deduct any contributions to their IRAs.

 Taxpayers who do not have a qualified retirement plan where they are
 employed may take an IRA deduction up to the lesser of $2,000, or the amount
 of their earned income, regardless of their total income.

 Taxpayers who are eligible to participate in their employers' qualified
 plans are considered to belong to the plan even if they choose not to
 participate.

 A qualified retirement plan generally includes: (1) a qualified pension,
 profit-sharing or stock bonus plan; (2) a qualified annuity plan; (3) a
 simplified employee pension plan; or (4) a plan established for its
 employees by the federal, state or other political subdivision or by an
 agency of these entities.

                            Itemized Deductions


 *  Medical expenses are deductible, but only for the amount that exceeds 7.5
 percent of adjusted gross income.

 *  1990 is the final year for the consumer interest deduction such as
 finance charges on personal credit cards and installment interest on
 personal automobile loans. Only 10% of this interest is deductible in 1990.
 Beginning in 1991, there will be no consumer interest deduction.

 *  Investment interest for 1990 is deductible to the extent of net
 investment income plus up to 10% of the next $10,000 of investment interest
 expense ($5,000 for a married person filing separately).

 *  Mortgage interest on a taxpayer's first and second homes remains fully
 deductible. However, there are limitations.

 *  Home equity loans are deductible up to the first $100,000 in equity debt.


 *  Charitable contributions by an individual to qualified charities for
 business purposes are deductible but only if the taxpayer itemizes
 deductions.

 *  State and local income taxes, real estate taxes, and personal property
 taxes remain fully deductible.

 *  Casualty and theft losses are deductible subject to the 10% and $100
 limitations.

 *  Miscellaneous deductions, such as union and professional dues, tax
 preparation fees, safe deposit box rental and employee business expenses are
 deductible, but only for the amount that exceeds 2 percent of adjusted gross
 income.


                              Moving Expenses

 Taxpayers who change jobs during the year can usually deduct some of their
 moving expenses. These expenses include the cost of moving household goods,
 travel to the new home, househunting trips, temporary living quarters, and
 other related expenses. To qualify, the move must be job-related and it must
 meet several other requirements including a distance and time test. The
 expenses for moving household goods and traveling to a new home have some
 limitations. All other deductible moving expenses, such as househunting
 trips or temporary living quarters, are subject to a $3,000 ceiling. Meal
 expenses are only 80% deductible. Moving expenses are deductible only if the
 taxpayer itemizes deductions on Schedule A of Form 1040.  Moves within the
 U.S. are reported on Form 3903.


                         Employee Business Expense

 All employee business expenses including travel, automobile, and
 entertainment are allowed only as itemized miscellaneous deductions. Only
 80% of the cost of customer meals and entertainment is deductible. These
 expenses are then subject to the 2% of adjusted gross income limitation for
 miscellaneous deductions.

                            Earned Income Credit

 Low income workers who have dependent children and maintain a household are
 eligible for a refundable earned income credit. The credit for 1990 is
 calculated on earned income with a maximum credit of $953. When income is
 more than $10,730, the credit begins to phase out until it is completely
 phased out at $20,264.

 If an individual qualifies, the credit is refundable even if the taxpayer is
 not required to file an income tax return. However, a tax return must be
 filed in order to receive the credit. To assist individuals, the IRS
 publishes a table showing the earned income credit at various levels of
 income.

                          Taxing Children's Income

 A child who may be claimed as a dependent by another taxpayer may not claim
 their own exemption on their tax return. Further, children under age 14 with
 at least one living parent may use up to $500 of their standard deduction
 against unearned income. Unearned income includes dividends and interest
 income. If the child's unearned income is more than $1,000, that income will
 be taxed at the child's tax rate, or the parent's rate, whichever is higher.


 The effect of this is to charge a higher tax rate on children's unearned
 income by taxing it at the parent's rate when that rate is higher. The
 parent has the option of including the child's unearned income on their tax
 return. However, if the unearned income is reported on the child's tax
 return, only the amount over $1,000 is subject to this treatment. Therefore,
 the child does get the benefit of a lower tax rate on the first $1,000.

 For example, assuming the child has $3,000 of interest income, the child's
 taxable income would be $2,500, allowing for the $500 standard deduction.
 Assuming that the parent's rate is 28%, the child's tax would be $637 ($77
 from the tax table plus 28% of $2,000).


                                Who Must File

 Whether U.S. citizens or resident aliens living in the United States must
 file an income tax return depends on their gross income, filing status, and
 age.

 Generally, U.S. citizens or resident aliens will have to file an income tax
 return if their gross income for the year is at least as much as the amount
 shown in the following table.



╓┌────────────────────────────────────┌──────────────────────────────────────╖
 Filing Status                        1990 Gross Income
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Single
 Under 65                             $5,300
 65 or older                          $6,100
 Married filing jointly
 Both spouses under 65                $9,550
 One spouse 65 or older               $10,200
 Both spouses 65 or older             $10,850
 Married filing separately            $2,050
 Filing Status                        1990 Gross Income
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Married filing separately            $2,050
 Head of household
 Under 65                             $6,800
 65 or older                          $7,600
 Qualifying widow(er)
 Under 65                             $7,500
 65 or older                          $8,150





 Example: John and Mary Smith intend to file a joint return for 1990. John's
 income is all from wages. Mary receives no income subject to tax. Neither
 John nor Mary is blind. John is 67 years old but Mary will not be 65 until
 next year. For 1990, their combined gross income subject to tax will be
 $10,750. They will have to file a tax return because their gross income will
 be at least $10,200.

 If Mary were age 65, they would not have to file a 1990 tax return because
 their gross income would be less than $10,850 as shown in the table.

 Some Exceptions to Filing Requirements. An individual must file a tax return
 if:


 *  Net earnings from self employment for the year are $400 or more.

 *  Advance earned income credit payments were received during the year from
 their employer.

 *  Qualifications for the earned income credit are met.

 *  An income tax refund is due.

 *  Gross income is less than the filing requirement amount but additional
 taxes are owed for:

 *  Social security tax on unreported tips;

 *  Alternative minimum tax;

 *  Recapture of investment credit;

 *  Tax attributable to qualified retirement plans (including IRAs),
 annuities, and modified endowment contracts.

                                When to File

 For 1990, U.S. individual income tax returns are required to be filed with
 the Internal Revenue Service no later than Monday, April 15, 1991.

 If an income tax return cannot be completed by the due date, file Form 4868,
 Application for Automatic Extension of Time to File U.S. Individual Income
 Tax Return, to receive an automatic four-month extension.

 The automatic extension does not extend time for paying the tax liability.
 If a return is filed late, it may be subject to penalties and interest on
 any unpaid tax liability. Form 4868 must be filed on or before April 15,
 1991.

                             Which Form to File

 You may be able to use the short Form 1040EZ if:


 *  You are single and do not claim any dependents.

 *  You are not 65 or older or blind.

 *  You have income only from wages, salaries, tips, taxable scholarships or
 fellowships, and not more than $400 of interest income.

 *  Your taxable income is less than $50,000.

 *  You do not itemize deductions or claim any adjustments to income or tax
 credits.

 *  You did not make estimated tax payments.

 You may be able to use Form 1040A if:


 *  You have income from wages, salaries, tips, taxable scholarships or
 fellowships, interest, and dividends.

 *  You have income from Individual Retirement Account (IRA) distributions,
 pensions, annuities, unemployment compensation, and social security
 benefits.

 *  Your taxable income is less than $50,000.

 *  You do not itemize deductions.

 *  You claim a deduction for qualified contributions to an IRA.

 *  You claim a credit for child and dependent care expenses, credit for the
 elderly or the disabled, or the earned income credit.

 *  You have made estimated tax payments.

 *  You filed for an extension of time to file.

 Either use Form 1040EZ or Form 1040A unless filing Form 1040 allows you to
 pay a lower tax. Forms 1040EZ and 1040A are easier to complete than the
 longer Form 1040. Even if you do meet the above tests, you will have to file
 Form 1040 if any of the following situations apply.

 You must use Form 1040 if:


 *  Your taxable income is $50,000 or more.

 *  You itemize deductions.

 *  You receive any nontaxable dividends or capital gain distributions.

 *  You have foreign accounts and/or foreign trusts.

 *  You have taxable refunds of state and local income taxes.

 *  You have business, farm or rental income.

 *  You have miscellaneous income not allowed on Form 1040EZ or 1040A such as
 alimony or lottery winnings.

 *  You have certain adjustments to income such as alimony paid.

 *  You can claim a foreign tax credit or certain other credits to which you
 are entitled.

 *  You have other taxes such as self-employment tax or the alternative
 minimum tax.

 *  You file any of these forms:

 Form 2555, Foreign Earned Income.

 Form 3903, Moving Expense.

 Form 8814, Parent's Election To Report Child's Interest and Dividends.

                             Electronic Filing

 Electronic filing is a process of transmitting completed personal income tax
 returns to the Internal Revenue Service. Originating as a pilot program in
 1986, almost 4,000,000 returns were filed electronically during 1990.

 If a refund is due on your 1990 income tax return, you may be able to have
 your return filed electronically. Electronic filing shortens the average
 time for processing returns to within 3 weeks. Refunds may also be deposited
 directly into your savings or checking account. Since electronic filing
 automates most of the manual steps needed to process standard paper returns,
 processing is faster, less expensive, and more accurate.

 The electronic filing method can be used by many tax return preparers. These
 preparers are equipped to send tax return information over telephone lines
 to an Internal Revenue Service Center. The preparer will ask you to sign a
 declaration form, Form 8453, U.S. Individual Income Tax Declaration for
 Electronic Filing. This form is not a power of attorney and it does not
 authorize your tax preparer to receive information from the IRS about your
 account.

                         Frequently Used Tax Forms

       706 U.S. Estate (and Generation-Skipping Transfer) Tax Return

 Used for the estate of a deceased United States resident or citizen.

                   709-A U.S. Short Form Gift Tax Return

 Used by married couples to report nontaxable gifts of more than $10,000 but
 less than $20,000.

                   1040 U.S. Individual Income Tax Return

 Used by citizens and residents of the United States to report income tax.

                   1040-ES Estimated Tax for individuals

 Used to make estimated tax payments as a means for paying currently any
 income tax (including self-employment tax and the alternative minimum tax)
 due in excess of the tax withheld from wages, salaries, and other payments
 for personal services. It is not required unless the total tax exceeds
 withholding (if any) and applicable tax credits by $500 or more.

              1040NR U.S. Nonresident Alien Income Tax Return

 Used by all nonresident alien individuals who file a U.S. tax return,
 whether or not engaged in a trade or business within the United States. Also
 used as required for filing nonresident alien fiduciary (estate and trust)
 returns.

              1040X Amended U.S. Individual Income Tax Return

 Used to correct Form 1040, Form 1040A or 1040EZ that you have already filed.


                   1041 U.S. Fiduciary Income Tax Return

 Used by a fiduciary for domestic estate or domestic trust.

                   1065 U.S. Partnership Return of Income

 Used by partnerships as an information return.

 1116 Computation of Foreign Tax Credit--Individual, Fiduciary, or
 Nonresident Alien Individual

 Used to figure and support the foreign tax credit claimed for the amount of
 any income, war profits, and excess profits taxes paid or accrued during the
 tax year to any foreign country or U.S. possession.

                  1120 U.S. Corporation Income Tax Return

 Used by a corporation to report income tax.

             1120S U.S. Income Tax Return for an S Corporation

 Used by S corporations to report taxes under Subchapter S of the IRC and as
 an information return.

             1139 Corporation Application for Tentative Refund

 Used by corporations that have certain carrybacks and desire a quick refund
 of taxes.

      1310 Statement of Person Claiming Refund Due a Deceased Taxpayer

 Used by a claimant to secure payment of refund on behalf of a deceased
 taxpayer.

                      2106 Employee Business Expenses

 For use by employee and outside salespersons to support deductions from
 income for travel, transportation, and expenses (except moving expenses).

                           2119 Sale of Your Home

 For use by individuals who sold their principal residence. Also used by
 those individuals 55 or older who elect to exclude gain on the sale of their
 principal residence.

                     2120 Multiple Support Declaration

 Used as a statement to disclaim as an income tax exemption an individual to
 whose support the taxpayer and others have contributed.

                   2441 Child and Dependent Care Expenses

 Used to figure the credit for child and dependent care expenses.

 2688 Application for Additional Extension of Time To File U.S. Individual
 Income Tax Return

 Used to apply for an additional extension of time to file Form 1040.

          2848 Power of Attorney and Declaration of Representative

 Used as an authorization for one person to act for another in any tax matter
 (except alcohol and tobacco taxes and firearms activities).

                            3903 Moving Expenses

 For optional use to support deductions from income for expenses of travel,
 transportation (including meals and lodging), and certain expenses of
 selling an old residence and buying a new residence for employees or
 self-employed individuals moving to a new job location in the U.S. or its
 possessions.

                     4562 Depreciation and Amortization

 For use by: individuals, estates and trusts, partnerships, and corporations
 claiming depreciation, amortization, and section 179 expense deduction. Also
 used to provide required information for automobiles and all other "listed
 property."

                         4684 Casualties and Thefts

 For use by all taxpayers for reporting gains and losses from casualties and
 thefts.

 4868 Application for Automatic Extension of Time To File U.S. Individual
 Income Tax Return

 Used to apply for an automatic 4-month extension of time to file Form 1040.

 5329 Return for Additional Taxes Attributable to Qualified Retirement Plans
 (Including IRAs), Annuities, and Modified Endowment Contracts

 Used to report tax on excess contributions, premature distributions, excess
 distributions and excess accumulations.

 5500EZ Annual Return of One-Participant (Owners and Their Spouses) Pension
 Benefit Plan

 Used to report on a pension, profit-sharing, etc., plan covering an
 individual, partner or an individual and spouse or partners and spouses who
 wholly own a business.

                 6251 Alternative Minimum Tax--Individuals

 Used by individuals to report tax preference items and to figure their
 alternative minimum tax liability.

 7004 Application for Automatic Extension of Time To File Corporation Income
 Tax Return

 Used by corporations and certain exempt organizations to request an
 automatic extension of 6 months to file their income tax returns.

                   8283 Noncash Charitable Contributions

 Used by taxpayers to report contributions of property in which the total
 claimed fair market value of all property contributed exceeds $500.

                   8582 Passive Activity Loss Limitations

 Used to determine limitations on passive activity losses.

 8606 Nondeductible IRA Contributions, IRA Basis, and Nontaxable IRA
 Distributions

 Used to report the nondeductible amount of IRA, contributions and
 distributions. It is also used to determine IRA basis.

 8615 Computation of Tax for Children Under Age 14 Who Have Investment Income
 of More Than $1,000

 Used to figure the tax on unearned income of more than $1,000 belonging to a
 child under age 14.

                       Internal Revenue Service Audit

 There are two important facts that should be remembered regarding the IRS
 audit program. First, fewer than one out of every hundred individual tax
 returns will be audited in 1991. Second, the IRS is good at selecting
 returns for audit that will yield additional income taxes.

 Returns to be audited are chosen by one of the following six methods and
 also by random selection:


 *  The Discriminate Function System (DIF)

 *  Taxpayer Compliance Measurement Program (TCMP)

 *  Matching Information Documents

 *  Targeted Group Projects

 *  Discrepancies in Your Return

 *  Tips from Informants

 If your return is audited and you feel you are not being treated fairly, or
 that proper attention is not being paid to your statements, you have a right
 to ask for a hearing at the IRS appellate level. If you are still
 dissatisfied, you can take your case to the United States Tax Court. If the
 total amount in question is less than $10,000, your case can be handled
 under the Small Tax Case procedures. If you are still dissatisfied, your
 next move would be the United States Circuit Court of Appeals.

                         Your Rights As a Taxpayer

 Congress responded to complaints that taxpayers were not being treated
 fairly by the IRS and passed a comprehensive law to force the IRS to
 explain, in easy to understand language, the actions it proposes to take
 against a taxpayer and to relax some of its audit and collection procedures.
 This law is called "The Taxpayer Bill of Rights."

 Some of the features of this bill of rights are:


 *  Plain English statements

 *  Allowing recordings of audit conferences

 *  Not requiring taxpayers to attend the examination

 *  New audit location rules

 *  Guidelines for installment payment of taxes

 *  Acting on wrong IRS advice

 *  Hardship relief

 *  Specific basis of IRS decision

 *  Levies on property

 *  Suing the IRS for damages

 You can obtain the IRS Publication, "Your Rights As a Taxpayer," free by
 calling 1-800-424-FORM. Ask for Publication 1.

             Federal Death Taxes and the State "Pick-Up" Credit
          Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations, 1990


 Federal death taxes are made up of two components--gift taxes and estate
 taxes. Gift taxes are levied on the donor, while the donor is alive, on
 transfers above $10,000 ($20,000 for joint gifts), per donee, for a single
 year. Estate taxes are levied on the entire taxable estate (gross estate
 less administrative expenses, bequests to spouse, debts, charitable
 contributions, and funeral expenses) after the death of the donor. Gift
 taxes paid during the donor's lifetime are credited dollar for dollar
 against estate taxes due at time of death.
 Although estate and gift tax rates begin at the first dollar of taxable
 estate, there is a unified credit of $192,800 against transfer tax
 liability. This is equivalent to a $600,000 exemption. In addition to the
 unified credit, a credit for state death taxes is also allowed; see the
 table below for maximum state death tax credit ("Pick-Up").
 1 For decedents dying from 1984 through 1992. 2 Taxable estate less $60,000.
 3 On taxable estates between $10,000,000 and $21,040,000, an additional tax
 of 5% of the transfer above $10,000,000 is imposed.


╓┌────────────────────────────┌────────────────────────────┌─────────────────
 Unified Transfer Tax Rates1  Unified Transfer Tax Rates1  Unified Transfer Ta
 Taxable Estate               Tax on Lower Amount          Rate on Excess
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 $10,000 or less              $0                           18%
 10,000-19,999                1,800                        20
 20,000-39,999                3,800                        22
 40,000-59,999                8,200                        24
 60,000-79,999                13,000                       26
 80,000-99,999                18,200                       28
 100,000-149,999              23,800                       30
 150,000-249,999              38,800                       32
 250,000-499,999              70,800                       34
 500,000-749,999              155,800                      37
 750,000-999,999              248,300                      39
 1,000,000-1,249,999          345,800                      41
 1,250,000-1,499,999          448,300                      43
 1,500,000-1,999,999          555,800                      45
 2,000,000-2,499,999          780,800                      49
 2,500,000-2,999,999          1,025,800                    53
 Unified Transfer Tax Rates1  Unified Transfer Tax Rates1  Unified Transfer Ta
 Taxable Estate               Tax on Lower Amount          Rate on Excess
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
2,500,000-2,999,999          1,025,800                    53
 over 3,000,0003              1,290,800                    55







                       Federal Tax Filing Dates, 1991

                                 January 15

 Individuals. File an estimated tax payment for 1990 if you did not pay your
 income tax for the year through withholding (or did not pay in enough tax
 that way). Use Form 1040-ES. This is the final installment date for 1990
 estimated tax. However, you do not have to make this payment if you file
 your 1990 return (Form 1040) and pay any tax due by January 31, 1991.

 Farmers and fishermen. Pay your estimated tax for 1990 using Form 1040-ES.
 You can then file your 1990 income tax return (Form 1040) by April 15. If
 you do not pay at this time, file your 1990 return by March 1.

                                 January 31

 All employers. Give your employees their Form W-2 for 1990. In addition,
 furnish Notice 797, You May Be Eligible for a Refund on Your Federal Income
 Tax Return Because of the Earned Income Credit (EIC), to each employee you
 employed during 1990 who did not have any tax withheld during 1990.

 Individuals. File your income tax return (Form 1040) for 1990 if you did not
 pay your last installment of estimated tax by January 15. Filing your return
 now prevents any penalty for late payment of the last installment.

                                 February 15

 Individuals. If you claimed exemption from income tax withholding last year
 on Form W-4, you must file a new Form W-4 by this date to continue your
 exemption for another year with your employer.

                                   March 1

 Farmers and fishermen. File your 1990 income tax return (Form 1040) to avoid
 an underpayment penalty if you owe estimated tax. However, you have until
 April 15 if you paid your 1990 estimated tax by January 15, 1991.

                                  March 15

 Corporations. File a 1990 calendar year income tax return (Form 1120 or
 1120-A) and pay any tax due. If you want an automatic 6-month extension,
 file Form 7004 and deposit what you estimate you owe.

 S Corporations. File a 1990 calendar year income tax return (Form 1120S) and
 pay any tax due. If you want an automatic 6-month extension, file Form 7004
 and deposit what you estimate you owe.

 Corporations. File Form 2553 to choose to be treated as an S corporation,
 beginning with calendar year 1991. If Form 2553 is filed late, S treatment
 will begin with calendar year 1992.

                                  April 15

 Individuals. File an income tax return for 1990 (Form 1040, 1040A, or
 1040EZ) and pay any tax due. If you want an automatic 4-month extension,
 file Form 4868 and pay any tax you estimate will be due. Then file Form 1040
 or 1040A by August 15. If you want an additional extension, file Form 2688
 as soon as possible so that your application can be acted on before August
 15.

 Individuals. If you are not paying your 1991 income tax through withholding
 (or will not pay in enough tax during the year that way), pay the first
 installment of your 1991 estimated tax by this date. Use Form 1040-ES.

 Partnerships. File a 1990 calendar year return (Form 1065).

 C and S Corporations. Deposit the 1st installment of your estimated income
 tax for 1991.

                                   June 17

 Individuals. Make a payment of your 1991 estimated tax by this date if you
 are not paying your income tax for the year through withholding (or will not
 pay in enough tax that way). Use Form 1040-ES. This is the 2nd installment
 date for estimated tax in 1991.

 C and S Corporations. Deposit the 2nd installment of your estimated income
 tax for 1991.

                                  August 15

 Individuals. If you were given an automatic 4-month extension to file your
 income tax return for 1990, file Form 1040 and pay any tax, interest, and
 penalties due.

                                September 16

 Individuals. Make a payment of your 1991 estimated tax by this date, if you
 are not paying your income tax for the year through withholding (or will not
 pay in enough tax that way). Use Form 1040-ES. This is the 3rd installment
 date for estimated tax in 1991.

 Corporations. File a 1990 income tax return (Form 1120 or 1120A) and pay any
 tax due. This due date applies only if you were given an automatic 6-month
 extension from March 15.

 S Corporations. File a 1990 income tax return (Form 1120S) and pay any tax
 due. This due date applies only if you were given an automatic 6-month
 extension from March 15.

 C and S Corporations. Deposit the 3rd installment of your estimated income
 tax for 1991.

                                 December 16

 C and S Corporations. Deposit the 4th installment of your estimated income
 tax for 1991.


                           Free IRS Tax Services

                       IRS Information and Assistance

 The Internal Revenue Service provides over 100 publications on various
 topics to help taxpayers understand the complex tax laws. Most of these
 publications are revised annually.

 Most taxpayers should be able to meet the requirements of the tax laws by
 using information such as tax package instructions, publications, taxpayer
 education programs, films, and library programs.

 Toll-free telephone numbers and walk-in assistance are available to answer
 questions on a taxpayer's account, IRS procedures, or technical inquiries on
 tax-related matters.

                             Telephone Service

 Toll-free telephone assistance is available in all 50 states, the District
 of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands. Through the toll-free
 system, taxpayers may obtain assistance on their questions.

 During periods of peak demand for telephone assistance, it may be difficult
 to get through. Generally, early in the morning and later in the week are
 the best times to call the IRS.

                    Telephone service for deaf taxpayers.

 Toll-free telephone assistance for deaf taxpayers is available for those who
 have access to TV/Telephone-TTY equipment. The hours of operation for this
 service are 8:00 a.m. to 6:45 p.m. Eastern Standard Time for January thru
 April 15 and 8:00 a.m. to 4:30 p.m. for April 16 thru December. Residents of
 Indiana may call 1-800-382-4059. Residents elsewhere in the U.S. including
 Alaska, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands may call 1-800-428-4732.


                         Information for the Blind

 Braille materials are available at Regional Libraries for the Blind and
 Physically Handicapped in conjunction with the Library of Congress. These
 materials include Publications 17 and 334, Forms 1040, 1040A, and 1040EZ,
 and Schedules A and B, and instructions.

                              Walk-In Service

 While the Internal Revenue Service will not prepare tax returns, assistors
 are available in most IRS offices throughout the country to help taxpayers
 prepare their own returns. Taxpayers will be expected to help themselves to
 the maximum extent possible. However, they will be provided assistance and,
 at the same time, provided the opportunity of learning how to research and
 prepare their own tax returns. An assistor will "walk-through" a return with
 a number of taxpayers in a group setting.

 In many IRS offices a walk-in counter is available to help with inquiries
 that do not involve preparation of a return, such as receipt of an IRS
 notice or bill. Certain technical information or publications may also be
 obtained at most IRS offices.

 Taxpayers who wish assistance with their tax returns should bring in their
 tax packages, Forms W-2 and 1099, and any other information (such as a copy
 of last year's return) which will enable the IRS to help.

                        Taxpayer Education Programs

 The Internal Revenue Service has a number of programs designed to educate
 the public about our nation's voluntary compliance tax system and each
 citizen's share in it so that the system works as smoothly as possible. The
 more that citizens understand about their role in this tax system, the
 better they will be able to carry out their responsibilities with the
 minimum amount of confusion. Most of these taxpayer education programs offer
 opportunity for citizen involvement through service as a volunteer.

                             Understanding Taxes

 This is a tax education program that begins in the schools, where young
 people are taught about their tax rights and responsibilities under our
 voluntary compliance tax system. They also learn how to fill out basic tax
 returns. Since many of them already are working, often at their first job,
 this learning has immediate practical value. They also learn about the
 history of taxes and current issues in taxation, such as tax reform. All
 materials a teacher may need are available free of charge, including a
 series of video programs. These films were produced in cooperation with the
 states. Workshops are conducted during the year to help prepare teachers for
 course instruction.

                          Small Business Workshops

 These workshops help people start small businesses by providing them with
 the information they need to carry out their tax responsibilities, including
 tax withholding, making correct and timely tax deposits, and filing a
 business return. Some sessions focus on the needs of the self-employed,
 minority entrepreneurs, and specialized business groups. Active or retired
 businesspersons often volunteer their services and provide invaluable
 information.

                       Volunteer Income Tax Assistance

 The Volunteer Income Tax Assistance program (VITA) provides free tax
 assistance to elderly, non-English-speaking, handicapped people, and also to
 members of the military. Generally, those who receive these services can't
 afford professional tax assistance. After completing the IRS training,
 volunteers provide free help at special locations.

                       Tax Counseling for the Elderly

 Tax Counseling for the Elderly (TCE) provides free tax assistance to people
 60 or older, especially those who are disabled or have other special needs.
 Non-profit organizations under cooperative agreements with the IRS provide
 local assistance.

 Both VITA and TCE sites are usually located in neighborhood centers,
 libraries, churches, and other places in the community.

                      Community Outreach Tax Assistance

 This is a year-round program of assistance to groups who need help
 understanding the tax laws, especially as they apply to members of their
 profession or group, such as teaching, business, or farming. Seminars are
 conducted at times and locations in the community that are convenient for
 members of the group.

                  State Government Individual Income Taxes
             Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations
 (As of October 1989. Only basic rates, brackets, and exemptions are shown.
 Local income tax rates, even those mandated by the state, are not included.
 Taxable income rates and brackets listed below apply to single taxpayers and
 married taxpayers filing "combined separate" returns in states where this is
 permitted.)


╓┌────────┌──────────────────┌──────────────────┌──────────────────┌─────────
          Taxable Income     Taxable Income     Taxable Income     Personal
          Brackets           Brackets           Brackets           Exemptions
 State    Tax Rates (range   Lowest: Amount     Highest: Amount    Single
          in percent)        Under              Over
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 AL+*     2.0-5.0%           $500               $3,000             $1,500

 AK       No state income    No state income    No state income    No state in
          tax                tax                tax                tax

 AZc      2.0-8.0            1,290              7,740              2,229

 AR       1.0-7.0            3,000              25,000             20

 CAc      1.0-9.3            4,020              26,380             55d

 CO       5 percent of       5 percent of       5 percent of       5 percent o
          modified federal   modified federal   modified federal   modified fe
          taxable income     taxable income     taxable income     taxable inc

 CT*      Limited income     Limited income     Limited income     Limited inc
          Taxable Income     Taxable Income     Taxable Income     Personal
          Brackets           Brackets           Brackets           Exemptions
 State    Tax Rates (range   Lowest: Amount     Highest: Amount    Single
          in percent)        Under              Over
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
CT*      Limited income     Limited income     Limited income     Limited inc
          tax                tax                tax                tax

 DE+      3.2-7.7            1,000              40,000             1,250

 DC       6.0-9.5            10,000             20,000             1,160

 FL       No state income    No state income    No state income    No state in
          tax                tax                tax                tax

 GA       1.0-6.0            750                7,000              1,500

 HI*      2.0-10.0           1,500              20,500             1,040

 ID       2.0-8.2            1,000              20,000             Same as fed

          Taxable Income     Taxable Income     Taxable Income     Personal
          Brackets           Brackets           Brackets           Exemptions
 State    Tax Rates (range   Lowest: Amount     Highest: Amount    Single
          in percent)        Under              Over
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 IL       3.0                Flat rate          Flat rate          1,000

 IN+      3.4                Flat rate          Flat rate          1,000

 IAc*     0.4-9.98           1,016              45,720             20d

 KS*      4.5-5.95           27,500             27,500             2,000

 KY+      2.0-6.0            3,000              8,000              20

 LA       2.0-6.0            10,000             50,000             4,500


 ME       2.0-8.5            4,000              16,000             2,000

          Taxable Income     Taxable Income     Taxable Income     Personal
          Brackets           Brackets           Brackets           Exemptions
 State    Tax Rates (range   Lowest: Amount     Highest: Amount    Single
          in percent)        Under              Over
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 MD+*     2.0-5.0            1,000              3,000              1,100

 MA*      5.0-10.0           Flat rate          Flat rate          2,200

 MI+      4.6                Flat rate          Flat rate          2,000

 MN*      6.0-8.0            13,000             13,000             Same as fed

 MS       3.0-5.0            5,000              10,000             6,000

 MO+*     1.5-6.0            1,000              9,000              1,200

 MTc      2.0-11.0           1,500              52,500             1,200

 NE       2.0-5.9            1,800              27,000             1,180
          Taxable Income     Taxable Income     Taxable Income     Personal
          Brackets           Brackets           Brackets           Exemptions
 State    Tax Rates (range   Lowest: Amount     Highest: Amount    Single
          in percent)        Under              Over
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
NE       2.0-5.9            1,800              27,000             1,180

 NV       No state income    No state income    No state income    No state in
          tax                tax                tax                tax

 NH*      Limited income     Limited income     Limited income     Limited inc
          tax                tax                tax                tax

 NJ*      2.0-3.5            20,000             50,000             1,000

 NM       1.8-8.5            5,200              64,000             2,000

 NY+*     4.0-7.5            5,500              13,000             0

 NC*      6.0-7.0            12,750             12,750             2,000

          Taxable Income     Taxable Income     Taxable Income     Personal
          Brackets           Brackets           Brackets           Exemptions
 State    Tax Rates (range   Lowest: Amount     Highest: Amount    Single
          in percent)        Under              Over
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 ND*      2.6-12.0           3,000              50,000             Same as fed

 OH+*     0.743-6.9          5,000              100,000            650

 OK*      0.5-6.0            1,000              7,500              1,000

 OR*c     5.0-9.0            2,000              5,000              94d

 PA+      2.1                Flat rate          Flat rate          NA

 RI       22.96 percent of   22.96 percent of   22.96 percent of   22.96 perce
          federal income     federal income     federal income     federal inc
          tax liability      tax liability      tax liability      tax liabili

 SCc      3.0-7.0            4,000              10,000             Same as fed
          Taxable Income     Taxable Income     Taxable Income     Personal
          Brackets           Brackets           Brackets           Exemptions
 State    Tax Rates (range   Lowest: Amount     Highest: Amount    Single
          in percent)        Under              Over
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
SCc      3.0-7.0            4,000              10,000             Same as fed

 SD       No state income    No state income    No state income    No state in
          tax                tax                tax                tax

 TN*      Limited income     Limited income     Limited income     Limited inc
          tax                tax                tax                tax

 TX       No state income    No state income    No state income    No state in
          tax                tax                tax                tax

 UT*      2.55-7.2           750                3,750              75 percent
                                                                   federal
                                                                   exemptions

 VT*      25 percent of      25 percent of      25 percent of      25 percent
          Taxable Income     Taxable Income     Taxable Income     Personal
          Brackets           Brackets           Brackets           Exemptions
 State    Tax Rates (range   Lowest: Amount     Highest: Amount    Single
          in percent)        Under              Over
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
VT*      25 percent of      25 percent of      25 percent of      25 percent
          federal income     federal income     federal income     federal inc
          tax liaiblity      tax liaiblity      tax liaiblity      tax liaibli

 VA*      2.0-5.75           3,000              16,000             800

 WA       No state income    No state income    No state income    No state in
          tax                tax                tax                tax

 WV*      3.0-6.5            10,000             60,000             2,000

 WI*      4.9-6.93           7,500              15,000             0

 WY       No state income    No state income    No state income    No state in
          tax                tax                tax                tax

          Taxable Income     Taxable Income     Taxable Income     Personal
          Brackets           Brackets           Brackets           Exemptions
 State    Tax Rates (range   Lowest: Amount     Highest: Amount    Single
          in percent)        Under              Over
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────




 Notes: NA = not applicable. + = states in which one or more local
 governments levy a local income tax. a The lesser of 1 the percentage
 indicated, multiplied by adjusted gross income, or 2 the dollar value
 listed. In some states, when a standard deduction computed using a
 percentage of AGI is less than the fixed amount shown above, a minimum
 dollar deduction is allowed. Maryland and Utah have a minimum deduction as
 well. b A state provision that allows the taxpayer to deduct fully the
 federal income tax reduces the effective marginal tax rate for persons in
 the highest state and federal tax brackets by approximately 30% of the
 nominal tax rate--the deduction is of a lesser benefit to other taxpayers
 with lower federal and state top tax brackets. c Indexed by an inflation
 factor. d Tax credit per dependent. Taxpayers 65 or older receive a $25
 credit.
 *State Notes:
 Alabama: Social Security taxes are included in itemized deductions. Taxable
 income brackets for married filing joint over $6,000, taxed at highest rate.
 Arizona: Federal income taxes are deducted from taxable income. An
 additional deduction from income is allowed in the amount of 65% of federal
 tax liability or $600, whichever is greater, but not to exceed $10,000 for
 married filing joint or $5,000 for all other filers.
 Arkansas: Tax credit per dependent. Taxpayers 65 or older receive a $20
 credit.
 Colorado: Modifications for federal interest income, non-Colorado state and
 local interest income, and Colorado pension exclusion.
 Connecticut: There is an income tax on interest, capital gains, and dividend
 income only. The rate of this tax ranges from 1% of interest and dividend
 income for taxpayers with an AGI of $54,000-$57,999 to 12% of such income of
 taxpayers with an AGI over $100,000. Capital gains are taxed at 7% after an
 exemption of $100 is applied.
 District of Columbia: Exemption will increase to $1,370 by 1991.
 Hawaii: A refundable tax credit of $45 per exemption is granted; credit of
 $1.25 per exemption is granted for 1989; a refundable medical services
 excise tax credit of 4% of qualified medical expenses, subject to
 limitation, is granted. Tax credit per dependent. Taxpayers 65 or older
 receive a $20 credit.
 Idaho: Idaho allows a refundable $15/exemption credit.
 Illinois: Effective 1/1/90 an additional $1,000 exemption for persons 65
 years of age or older. An additional $1,000 exemption for persons who are
 blind.
 Indiana: Additional $1,000 exemption if taxpayer or spouse is over 65 or
 blind.
 Iowa: Tax may not reduce after-tax income of taxpayer below $5,000 (single)
 or $7,500 (married filing joint, head-of-household, surviving spouse). Only
 limitation for the standard deduction is that the deduction otherwise
 allowable of $1,230 or $3,030 may not exceed the amount of income remaining
 after the federal tax deduction.
 Kansas: A child care credit equal to 25% of the federal child care credit is
 allowed to taxpayers claiming the federal credit. These rates and brackets
 apply to single persons not deducting federal income tax. For individuals
 deducting the tax, rates range from 4.75% of the first $2,000 to 8.5% on
 income over $30,000.
 Kentucky: Tax credit per dependent. Taxpayers 65 or older receive a $60
 credit.
 Maryland: All counties have a local income tax surcharge of at least 20% of
 the state tax liability; most counties have a surcharge of 50%. Personal
 exemption increases to $1,200 in 1990. Blind and elderly get an additional
 exemption of $1,000 beginning with 1989.
 Massachusetts: 10% (flat rate) imposed on net capital gains, interest, and
 dividends of residents, and Massachusetts business income of nonresidents.
 All other net income taxed at 5%. No tax is imposed on a single person whose
 gross income is $8,000 or less ($12,000 married). Social Security taxes are
 deducted from taxable income up to $2,000 per taxpayer.
 Missouri: For taxpayers itemizing deductions, Social Security taxes are
 deductible.
 Minnesota: Additional rate of 0.5% on certain income classes to reflect
 federal phaseout of personal exemptions and the 15% federal rate bracket.
 Total rate on brackets of higher income is 8.5%.
 Montana: Taxable income brackets, personal exemption level, and standard
 deduction levels are indexed annually for inflation.
 New Hampshire: There is a 5% tax on interest and dividends (excluding income
 from savings bank deposits) in excess of $1,200 ($2,400 married). There is
 no filing requirement for an individual whose total interest and dividend
 income, after deducting all interest from U.S. obligations, New Hampshire
 and Vermont banks or credit unions; and dividends from New Hampshire
 non-holding company bonds is less than $1,200 ($2,400 for joint filers) for
 a taxable period.
 New Jersey: No taxpayer is subject to tax if gross income is $3,000 or less
 ($1,500 married, filing separately).
 New Mexico: Several rebates are available for lower income taxpayers.
 New York: Rates are scheduled to be reduced further in 1990, when the top
 rate will be 7%.
 North Carolina: Breaking point for higher marginal tax rate varies according
 to filing status. Taxable income brackets shown are for single taxpayers.
 North Dakota: Information in table  applies to the long form method. As an
 alternative, taxpayers may use the short form method where the tax is 14% of
 the adjusted federal income tax liability.
 Ohio: Taxpayers take a $20 tax credit per exemption.
 Oklahoma: These rates and brackets apply to single persons not deducting
 federal income tax. For individuals deducting the tax, rates range from 0.5%
 of the first $1,000 to 10% on income over $23,000.
 Oregon: Federal tax deduction limited to $3,000 ($1,500 if married filing
 separately).
 Tennessee: Interest and dividends taxed at 6%. Persons over 65 having total
 annual gross income derived from any and all sources of $9,000 or less are
 exempt. Blindness is a basis for total exemption.
 Utah:  One-half of federal tax liability is deductible.
 Vermont: Refundable state earned income tax credit (25% of federal credit,
 maximum $227.50).
 Virginia: Top tax bracket is increased to $17,000 in 1990.
 West Virginia:  Eliminated standard deduction; all itemized deductions
 prohibited and replaced with larger personal exemptions.
 Wisconsin: The standard deduction is gradually phased out as income
 increases; deduction is completely phased out at $50,830 of AGI for single
 filers and $55,000 of AGI for joint filers.



 Estimated State and Local Taxes Paid by a Family of Four in Selected Large
 Cities, by Income Level: 1988
 Government of the District of Columbia, Department of Finance and Revenue
 (Preliminary. Data based on average family of four, two wage earners and two
 school age children, owning their own home and living in a city where taxes
 apply. Comprises state and local sales, income, auto, and real estate taxes.



╓┌───────────────────┌─────────────────────┌─────────────────────┌───────────
                     Total Taxes Paid by   Total Taxes Paid by   Total Taxes P
                     Gross Family Income   Gross Family Income   Gross Family
                     Level (dol.)          Level (dol.)          Level (dol.)
 City                $25,000               $50,000               $75,000
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Albuquerque, NM     1,898                 3,944                 6,296

 Atlanta, GA         2,107                 4,403                 7,014

 Baltimore, MD       2,809                 5,712                 8,594

 Bridgeport, CT      2,188                 3,653                 6,033

 Burlington, VT      2,015                 4,055                 6,653

 Charleston, WV      2,097                 4,134                 7,166

 Charlotte, NC       2,255                 4,539                 6,815

 Chicago, IL         2,031                 3,913                 5,762

                     Total Taxes Paid by   Total Taxes Paid by   Total Taxes P
                     Gross Family Income   Gross Family Income   Gross Family
                     Level (dol.)          Level (dol.)          Level (dol.)
 City                $25,000               $50,000               $75,000

 Cleveland, OH       2,508                 5,256                 8,148

 Columbia, SC        2,131                 4,540                 7,394

 Des Moines, IA      2,640                 5,444                 8,451

 Detroit, MI         3,002                 6,068                 9,236

 Honolulu, HI        2,522                 5,299                 8,054

 Indianapolis, IN    2,239                 3,943                 6,299

 Jackson, MS         1,921                 3,863                 6,556

 Louisville, KY      2,193                 4,417                 6,586

                     Total Taxes Paid by   Total Taxes Paid by   Total Taxes P
                     Gross Family Income   Gross Family Income   Gross Family
                     Level (dol.)          Level (dol.)          Level (dol.)
 City                $25,000               $50,000               $75,000

 Memphis, TN         1,890                 3,163                 4,522

 Milwaukee, WI       3,425                 7,299                 11,044

 Newark, NJ          2,751                 5,572                 8,542

 New York City, NY   2,465                 6,393                 10,151

 Norfolk, VA         2,327                 4,444                 7,258

 Omaha, NE           2,241                 4,257                 7,002

 Philadelphia, PA    3,073                 5,781                 8,356

 Portland, ME        1,966                 4,890                 8,482

                     Total Taxes Paid by   Total Taxes Paid by   Total Taxes P
                     Gross Family Income   Gross Family Income   Gross Family
                     Level (dol.)          Level (dol.)          Level (dol.)
 City                $25,000               $50,000               $75,000

 Portland, OR        3,332                 7,018                 10,973

 Providence, RI      2,614                 4,986                 8,297

 St. Louis, MO       2,076                 3,969                 6,090

 Salt Lake City, UT  2,285                 4,771                 7,254

 Sioux Falls, SD     2,337                 4,052                 5,724

 Washington, DC      2,514                 5,427                 8,557

 Median1             2,031                 4,001                 6,574




 1 Median of all 51 cities.



       Residential Property Tax Rates in Selected Large Cities: 1988
 Government of the District of Columbia, Department of Finance and Revenue.


╓┌───────────────────┌──────────────────────────┌──────────────────────────┌─
                     Effective tax rate per     Effective tax rate per
                     $100                       $100
 City                Rank                       Rate                       Ass
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Detroit, MI         1                          4.10                       49.

 Milwaukee, WI       2                          3.69                       99.

 Newark, NJ          3                          3.20                       22.

 Portland, OR        4                          3.10                       100
                     Effective tax rate per     Effective tax rate per
                     $100                       $100
 City                Rank                       Rate                       Ass
Portland, OR        4                          3.10                       100

 Des Moines, IA      5                          2.97                       80.

 Baltimore, MD       6                          2.64                       42.

 Sioux Falls, IA     7                          2.47                       46.

 Providence, RI      8                          2.39                       100

 Philadelphia, PA    9                          2.38                       30.

 Omaha, NE           10                         2.29                       88.

 Minneapolis, MN     11                         2.15                       17.

 Cleveland, OH       12                         2.10                       35.

                     Effective tax rate per     Effective tax rate per
                     $100                       $100
 City                Rank                       Rate                       Ass

 Jacksonville, FL    13                         1.97                       97.

 Boise City, ID      14                         1.93                       100

 Memphis, TN         15                         1.77                       25.

 Burlington, VT      16                         1.76                       81.

 Manchester, NH      17                         1.71                       17.

 Fargo, ND           18                         1.62                       4.5

 Portland, ME        19                         1.57                       48.

 Indianapolis, IN    20                         1.57                       15.

 Wilmington, DE      21                         1.56                       100
                     Effective tax rate per     Effective tax rate per
                     $100                       $100
 City                Rank                       Rate                       Ass
Wilmington, DE      21                         1.56                       100

 Bridgeport, CT      22                         1.55                       27.

 Chicago, IL         23                         1.55                       16.

 Houston, TX         24                         1.53                       100

 Atlanta, GA         25                         1.50                       28.

 Anchorage, AK       26                         1.48                       90.

 New Orleans, LA     27                         1.39                       10.

 Jackson, MS         28                         1.39                       10.

 Louisville, KY      29                         1.33                       100

                     Effective tax rate per     Effective tax rate per
                     $100                       $100
 City                Rank                       Rate                       Ass

 Billings, MT        30                         1.30                       3.9

 Charlotte, NC       31                         1.25                       100

 Seattle, WA         32                         1.24                       92.

 Norfolk, VA         33                         1.22                       90.

 Wichita, KS         34                         1.17                       7.8

 St. Louis, MO       35                         1.16                       19.

 Columbia, SC        36                         1.13                       4.0

 Washington, DC      37                         1.13                       92.

 New York City, NY   38                         1.13                       12.
                     Effective tax rate per     Effective tax rate per
                     $100                       $100
 City                Rank                       Rate                       Ass
New York City, NY   38                         1.13                       12.

 Salt Lake City, UT  39                         1.11                       100

 Boston, MA          40                         1.08                       100

 Charleston, WV      41                         1.07                       62.

 Little Rock, AR     42                         1.02                       20.

 Albuquerque, NM     43                         1.01                       33.

 Denver, CO          44                         .94                        16.

 Las Vegas, NV       45                         .88                        32.

 Oklahoma City, OK   46                         .81                        11.

                     Effective tax rate per     Effective tax rate per
                     $100                       $100
 City                Rank                       Rate                       Ass

 Casper, WY          47                         .70                        9.1

 Birmingham, AL      48                         .70                        10.

 Phoenix, AZ         49                         .68                        5.4

 Los Angeles, CA     50                         .64                        61.

 Honolulu, HI        51                         .59                        89.






               Tax Revenues--Selected Countries: 1975 to 1987
            Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
    (Covers national and local taxes and Social Security contributions.)


╓┌───────────────┌───────────────────┌───────────────────┌───────────────────
                 Tax Revenues, 1987  Tax Revenues, 1987  Tax Revenues as     T
                                                         Percent of Gross    P
                                                         Domestic Product    D

 Country         Total (bil. dol.)   Per capita (dol.)   1975                1
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 United States   $1,316.1            $5,396              29.0                2

 Australia       64.6                3,975               27.9                2

 Austria         49.6                6,550               38.6                4

 Belgium         65.8                6,665               41.1                4

 Canada          146.5               5,710               32.4                3

 Denmark         52.6                10,257              41.4                4
                 Tax Revenues, 1987  Tax Revenues, 1987  Tax Revenues as     T
                                                         Percent of Gross    P
                                                         Domestic Product    D

Denmark         52.6                10,257              41.4                4

 Finland         32.1                6,515               35.3                3

 France          394.9               7,099               37.4                4

 Greece          17.6                1,764               24.6                2

 Italy           273.9               4,778               25.1                3

 Japan           727.5               5,959               20.9                2

 Netherlands     102.9               7,012               43.7                4

 New Zealand     13.5                4,076               31.3                3

 Norway          39.9                9,546               44.8                4
                 Tax Revenues, 1987  Tax Revenues, 1987  Tax Revenues as     T
                                                         Percent of Gross    P
                                                         Domestic Product    D

Norway          39.9                9,546               44.8                4

 Portugal        11.6                1,185               24.7                2

 Spain           95.5                2,459               19.6                2

 Sweden          89.9                10,707              43.9                4

 Switzerland     54.7                8,267               29.6                3

 United Kingdom  253.4               4,451               35.4                3

 West Germany    420.7               6,880               35.7                3







                         MANUFACTURES AND MINERALS

                 Industrial Production Indexes, by Industry
                           Federal Reserve System


╓┌────────────────────────────────┌─────┌─────┌─────┌─────┌─────┌─────┌──────╖
 Major Industry Group             1970  1975  1980  1985  1986  1987  1988
 ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Industrial production            79    85    109   124   125   134   137
 Manufacturing                    77    83    100   126   129   135   143
 Durable goods                    78    83    109   127   128   133   142
 Lumber and products              81    81    93    113   124   130   137
 Furniture and fixtures           75    80    109   140   144   153   162
 Clay, glass, and stone products  76    83    102   116   118   119   123
 Primary metals                   95    88    90    81    75    81    89
 Fabricated metal products        82    83    102   107   108   111   121
 Nonelectrical machinery          73    85    123   145   145   153   171
 Major Industry Group             1970  1975  1980  1985  1986  1987  1988
 ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Nonelectrical machinery          73    85    123   145   145   153   171
 Electrical machinery             69    77    130   168   166   172   181
 Transportation equipment         75    81    97    121   128   129   132
 Instruments                      60    81    122   139   140   144   154
 Nondurable goods                 76    85    107   125   130   137   144
 Food                             82    90    111   130   134   138   143
 Tobacco products                 92    100   106   100   97    104   105
 Textile mill products            81    85    101   103   109   116   116
 Paper and products               81    85    111   128   137   144   150
 Printing and publishing          82    84    115   154   161   172   184
 Chemicals and products           67    83    106   127   132   140   152
 Petroleum products               80    87    94    87    93    94    96
 Rubber and plastic products      58    73    108   147   151   164   174
 Leather and products             117   102   93    69    61    60    60
 Mining                           99    97    112   109   100   101   103
 Utilities                        81    94    107   112   109   110   114



 1977 = 100.



                 Manufacturing Production Worker Statistics
              Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Labor Department


╓┌──────┌─────┌──────────────┌───────────────────┌──────────────────┌────────
 Year   Year  All employees  Production workers  Constant Dollars1  Avg. weekl
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 1955   1955  16,882,000     13,288,000          -                  $75.30
 1960   1960  16,796,000     12,586,000          183.5              89.72
 1965   1965  18,062,000     13,434,000          206.4              107.53
 1970   1970  19,367,000     14,044,000          208.0              133.33
 1975   1975  18,323,000     13,043,000          214.9              190.79
 1980   1980  20,285,000     14,214,000          212.0              288.62
 1985   1985  19,260,000     13,092,000          220.15             386.37
 1987   1987  19,024,000     12,970,000          220.10             406.31
 1988   1988  19,403,000     13,254,000          217.80             418.40
 1989   1989  19,612,000     13,375,000          -                  429.27
 Year   Year  All employees  Production workers  Constant Dollars1  Avg. weekl
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
1989   1989  19,612,000     13,375,000          -                  429.27
 1990p  Jan.  19,231,000     13,018,000          -                  429.95
        July  19,289,000     13,068,000          -                  440.64



 1 Earnings in current dollars divided by the Consumer Price Index on a 1977
 basis. (p -- preliminary)



          International Manufacturing Productivity and Labor Costs
              Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Labor Department
                                 (1982=100)


╓┌───────────────┌───────────────────┌───────────────────┌───────────────────
 Country         1960                1965                1970                1
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Country         1960                1965                1970                1
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
                 Output per hour     Output per hour     Output per hour     O

 United States   56.9                70.2                75.2                8

 Canada          51.6                66.1                76.9                9

 Japan           17.2                25.9                48.0                6

 France          30.7                41.4                58.5                7

 West Germany    36.9                49.4                65.2                8

 Italy           28.9                40.0                54.3                6

 Norway          47.8                58.0                74.5                8

 Sweden          36.5                50.4                69.6                8

 United Kingdom  49.4                58.4                70.8                8
 Country         1960                1965                1970                1
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
United Kingdom  49.4                58.4                70.8                8

                 Unit Labor Costs    Unit Labor Costs    Unit Labor Costs    U
                 in U.S. dollars     in U.S. dollars     in U.S. dollars     i

 United States   39.5                37.5                47.7                6

 Canada          40.6                34.4                44.1                6

 Japan           26.2                32.5                35.9                7

 France          32.2                37.4                36.2                7

 West Germany    21.7                27.2                35.8                7

 Italy           29.6                37.6                46.2                9

 Norway          18.7                23.2                29.8                6

 Country         1960                1965                1970                1
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 Sweden          31.0                36.6                42.5                8

 United Kingdom  23.4                27.0                28.7                5




 NOTE: The data relate to all employed persons (wage & salary, the
 self-employed, and unpaid family workers) in the U.S. and Canada, and all
 employees (wage & salary earners) in the other countries.



     Sales and Profits of Manufacturing Corporations by Industry Group
              Bureau of the Census--Economic Surveys Division
                           (millions of dollars)


╓┌────────────────────────────────────────────┌────────┌────────┌────────┌───
                                              Sales    Sales    Sales    Incom
 Industry group                               1Q 1989  4Q 1989  1Q 1990  1Q 19
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 All manufacturing corporations               665,974  690,248  667,193  37,85
 Nondurable manufacturing corporations        334,317  350,541  343,382  21,91
 Food and kindred products                    93,573   101,259  95,179   3,865
 Textile mill products                        13,686   13,883   13,345   340
 Paper and allied products                    27,594   28,661   28,534   1,998
 Printing and publishing                      32,220   36,537   34,233   1,605
 Chemicals and allied products                69,490   67,523   68,960   6,960
 Industrial chemicals and synthetics          28,892   25,978   26,592   3,006
 Drugs                                        12,458   13,552   14,075   2,102
 Petroleum and coal products                  61,325   68,090   70,386   5,679
 Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products   19,217   18,819   18,649   786
 Other nondurable manufacturing corporations  17,213   15,770   14,096   679
 Durable manufacturing corporations           331,656  339,706  323,811  15,94
 Stone, clay, and glass products              12,765   13,961   12,933   (26)
 Primary metal industries                     29,475   26,497   27,451   1,704
 Iron and steel                               14,306   12,821   13,356   475
 Nonferrous metals                            15,169   13,677   14,095   1,228
                                              Sales    Sales    Sales    Incom
 Industry group                               1Q 1989  4Q 1989  1Q 1990  1Q 19
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Nonferrous metals                            15,169   13,677   14,095   1,228
 Fabricated metal products                    36,960   34,836   34,617   1,629
 Machinery, except electrical                 59,524   65,674   61,672   2,550
 Electrical and electronic equipment          53,447   57,605   51,961   2,364
 Transportation equipment                     87,991   87,110   82,397   5,221
 Motor vehicles and equipment                 58,837   52,186   48,855   3,950
 Aircraft, guided missiles, and parts         26,490   31,625   30,435   1,237
 Instruments and related products             23,974   25,505   24,782   1,574
 Other durable manufacturing corporations     27,520   28,518   27,998   925
 All mining corporations*                     8,603    9,929    9,822    486
 All retail trade corporations*               132,746  173,025  NA       2,365
 All wholesale trade corporations*            165,367  183,743  187,513  1,857



 *With assets over $50 million.



      Annual Percent Change in Productivity and Related Data, 1979-1989
              Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Labor Department


╓┌───────────────────────────────┌─────┌─────┌─────┌─────┌─────┌─────┌─────┌─
 Item                            1979  1980  1981  1982  1983  1984  1985  198
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Business sector:
 Output per hour of all persons  1.1   -0.3  1.5   -0.7  2.4   2.6   2.0   2.3
 Real compensation per hour1     -1.4  -2.6  -0.9  1.2   0.6   -0.2  0.8   3.3
 Unit labor cost                 11.1  10.9  7.7   8.3   1.4   1.5   2.3   2.8
 Unit nonlabor payments          5.3   5.4   13.5  1.4   7.3   7.0   2.8   0.7
 Implicit price deflator2        9.0   9.0   9.6   5.9   3.3   3.3   2.5   2.1
 Nonfarm business sector:
 Output per hour of all persons  -1.5  -0.4  1.1   -0.9  3.0   2.1   1.3   2.0
 Real compensation per hour1     -1.6  -2.6  -0.7  1.1   0.7   -0.4  0.5   3.2
 Unit labor cost                 11.2  11.0  8.3   8.4   1.0   1.8   2.8   3.0
 Unit nonlabor payments          4.5   7.1   12.7  2.2   8.7   5.5   3.6   0.9
 Implicit price deflator2        8.9   9.7   9.7   6.3   3.5   3.0   3.0   2.3
 Manufacturing:
 Item                            1979  1980  1981  1982  1983  1984  1985  198
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Manufacturing:
 Output per hour of all persons  0.0   0.0   2.3   2.5   5.2   5.4   4.5   3.8
 Real compensation per hour      -1.4  -1.6  -0.5  2.6   -0.7  -0.9  1.2   2.6
 Unit labor cost                 9.7   11.7  7.3   6.2   -2.5  -1.9  0.3   0.7



 1 Adjusted for changes in the CPI for all urban consumers;2 Current dollar
 gross product divided by constant dollar grossproduct.



               U.S. Reliance on Foreign Supplies of Minerals
                 Bureau of Mines, U.S. Interior Department


╓┌──────────────────────┌─────────────────────────┌──────────────────────────
 Mineral                Percent imported in 1989  Major sources (1985-88)
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Mineral                Percent imported in 1989  Major sources (1985-88)
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Columbium              100%                      Brazil, Canada, Thailand

 Graphite               100                       Mexico, China, Brazil, Madag

 Manganese              100                       Gabon, S. Africa

 Mica (sheet)           100                       India, Belgium, France, Japa

 Strontium (Celestite)  100                       Mexico, Spain, China


 Bauxite and alumina    97                        Australia, Guinea, Jamaica,

 Platinum group         95                        South Africa, Britain, USSR


 Fluorspar              91                        Mexico, South Africa


 Mineral                Percent imported in 1989  Major sources (1985-88)
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 Diamonds (industrial)  90                        South Africa, Britain, Irela
                                                  Zaire

 Cobalt                 86                        Zaire, Zambia, Canada, Norwa

 Tantalum               85                        Thailand, Brazil, Australia,

 Chromium               79                        South Africa, Zimbabwe, Turk
                                                  Yugoslavia

 Tungsten               73                        China, Bolivia, Germany, Can

 Tin                    73                        Brazil, Indonesia, Bolivia

 Barite                 71                        China, Morocco, India

 Potash                 70                        Canada, Israel, East Germany

 Mineral                Percent imported in 1989  Major sources (1985-88)
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 Zinc                   69                        Canada, Mexico, Peru, Spain


 Nickel                 65                        Canada, Australia, Norway

 Cadmium                62                        Canada, Australia, Mexico, W
                                                  Germany

 Silver                 NA                        Canada, Mexico, Britain, Per








                                  Minerals

         Bureau of Mines, U.S. Interior Department, as of mid-1990
 Aluminum: the most abundant metal element in the Earth's crust. Bauxite is
 the main source of aluminum; convert to aluminum equivalent by multiplying
 by 0.211. Guinea and Australia have 46 percent of the world's reserves.
 Aluminum is used in the U.S. in packaging 31%, transportation 22% and
 building 19%.

 Chromium: some 99 percent of the world's chromite is found in South Africa
 and Zimbabwe. The chemical and metallurgical industries use about 85% of the
 chromite consumed in the U.S.

 Cobalt: used in superalloys for jet engines; chemicals (paint driers,
 catalysts, magnetic coatings); permanent magnets; and cemented carbides for
 cutting tools. Principal cobalt producing countries include Zaire, Zambia,
 and the USSR. The U.S. uses about one-third of total world consumption.
 Although its resources are relatively large, the U.S. has produced no cobalt
 since 1971; cobalt resources are low grade and production from these
 deposits is not economically feasible.

 Columbium: used mostly as an additive in steel making and in superalloys.
 Brazil and Canada are the world's leading producers. There is no U.S.
 columbium mining industry.

 Copper: main uses of copper in the U.S. are in nonelectrical building
 construction 15%, electrical and electronic products 72%, industrial
 machinery and equipment 6%, transportation 3%. The leading producer is
 Chile, followed by the U.S., USSR, Canada, Zambia, and Zaire. Principal
 mining states are Arizona, New Mexico, and Utah.

 Gold: used in the U.S. in jewelry and arts 56%, industrial (mainly
 electronic) 36%, dental 8%. South Africa has about half of the world's
 resources; significant quantities are also present in the U.S., Canada,
 USSR, and Brazil. Gold mining in the U.S. takes place in nearly all of the
 western states and Alaska.

 Iron ore: the source of primary iron for the world's iron and steel
 industries. Major iron ore producers include the USSR, Brazil, Australia,
 and China.

 Lead: the U.S. is the world's largest producer and consumer of lead metal.
 Transportation accounted for the major end use in the U.S. with 71% used in
 batteries, gasoline additives, and other applications. Other uses include
 emergency power supply batteries, construction sheeting, sporting ammunition
 and TV tubes. Other major mine producers include the USSR, Australia, and
 Canada.

 Manganese: essential to iron and steel production. The U.S., Japan, and
 Western Europe are all nearly deficient in economically minable manganese.
 South Africa and the USSR have over 70% of the world's reserves.

 Nickel: vital to stainless steel industry and played a key role in the
 development of the chemical and aerospace industries. Leading producers
 include the USSR, Canada, Japan and Australia.

 Platinum-Group Metals: the platinum group comprises 6 closely related
 metals: platinum, palladium, rhodium, ruthenium, iridium, and osmium. They
 commonly occur together in nature and are among the scarcest of the metallic
 elements. They are consumed in the U.S. by the following industries:
 automotive 37%, electrical and electronic 25%, and chemical 11%. The USSR
 and South Africa have nearly all the world's reserves.

 Silver: used in the following U.S. industries: photography; electrical and
 electronic products; sterlingware, electroplated ware, and jewelry. Silver
 is mined in more than 56 countries. Nevada produces over 30% of the U.S.
 silver.

 Tantalum: a refractory metal with unique electrical, chemical, and physical
 properties used mostly in the U.S to produce electronic components tantalum
 capacitors. Thailand, Australia, Brazil and Canada are the leading
 producers. There is no U.S. tantalum mining industry.

 Titanium: a metal which is mostly used in jet engines, airframes, and space
 and missile applications. It is produced in the USSR, Japan, and the western
 and central U.S., the United Kingdom, and China.

 Vanadium: used as an alloying element in steel, as an alloying agent in
 aerospace titanium alloys, and as a catalyst in the production of sulfuric
 acid and maleic anhydride. The USSR and South Africa are the world's largest
 producers.

 Zinc: used as protective coating on steel, as diecastings, as an alloying
 metal with copper to make brass, and as chemical compounds in rubber and
 paints. It is mined in over 50 countries with Canada the leading producer,
 followed by the USSR, Australia, Peru and China. In the U.S., mine
 production comes mostly from Tennessee, Missouri, New York and Alaska.

                         World Mineral Reserve Base
                 Bureau of Mines, U.S. Interior Department


╓┌─────────────────────────────┌─────────────────────────────────────────────╖
 Mineral                       Reserve Base1
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Aluminum                      25,000 mln. metric tons2
 Chromium                      6,800 mln. metric tons
 Cobalt                        8,340 thou. metric tons.
 Columbium                     9,100 mln. lbs.
 Copper                        570 mln. metric tons
 Gold                          1,510 mln. troy oz.
 Iron                          210,000 mln. metric tons3
 Lead                          125 mln. metric tons
 Manganese                     3,900,000 thousand short tons
 Nickel                        121,000 thousand short tons
 Platinum--Group Metals        2,140 mln. troy oz.
 Mineral                       Reserve Base1
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Platinum--Group Metals        2,140 mln. troy oz.
 Silver                        420,000 metric tons
 Tantalum                      76 mln. lbs.
 Titanium                      320 mln. metric tons
 Vanadium                      18,300 thousand short tons
 Zinc                          295 mln. metric tons



 1 Includes demonstrated resources that are currently economic  (reserves),
 marginally economic (marginal reserves), and some of those that are
 currently subeconomic. 2 Bauxite. 3 Crude ore.



           U.S. Nonfuel Mineral Production--Leading States in 1988
                  Bureau of Mines, U.S. Interior Department


╓┌─────────────┌──────────────────┌──────────────────────────────────────────╖
 State         Value (thousands)  Principal minerals
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Arizona       $2,733,411         Copper, gold, sand and gravel.

 California    2,708,768          Cement, boron minerals, sand and gravel
                                  (construction), stone (crushed).

 Nevada        1,944,566          Gold, sand & gravel (construction),
                                  silver.

 Michigan      1,587,561          Cement, sand & gravel, stone.

 Texas         1,468,818          Cement, stone (crushed), sand and gravel
                                  (construction), salt.

 Florida       1,391,881          Stone (crushed), cement, phosphate rock.

 Georgia       1,373,825          Clays, stone (crushed).

 Minnesota     1,267,499          Iron ore, sand and gravel (construction),
 State         Value (thousands)  Principal minerals
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Minnesota     1,267,499          Iron ore, sand and gravel (construction),
                                  stone (crushed).

 Pennsylvania  1,042,493          Cement, stone (crushed), lime, sand and
                                  gravel (construction).

 New Mexico    1,022,072          Potassium salts, copper.

 Utah          1,014,847          Cement, lime, sand and gravel.

 Missouri      967,949            Cement, lead, stone (crushed).

 Ohio          737,252            Stone (crushed), sand and gravel
                                  (construction), salt, lime.






                       U.S. Nonfuel Mineral Production
                 Bureau of Mines, U.S. Interior Department
 Production as measured by mine shipments, sales, or           marketable
 production (including consumption by producers)


╓┌───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┌───────────────


 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Metals                                                      Metals

 Antimony (ore and concentrate)                              short tons

 Bauxite                                                     metric tons, drie

 Beryilium concentrates                                      short tons

 Copper (recoverable content of ores, etc.)                  metric tons



 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 Gold (recoverable content of ores, etc.)                    troy ounces

 Iron ore, usable (includes byproduct material)              thousand metric t

 Iron oxide pigments, crude                                  short tons

 Lead (recoverable content of ores, etc.)                    metric tons

 Magnesium metal                                             short tons

 Manganiferous ore (5% to 35% Mn)                            short tons, gross

 Molybdenum (content of ore and concentrate)                 thousand pounds

 Nickel (content of ore and concentrate)                     short tons

 Silver (recoverable content of ores, etc.)                  troy ounces


 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Silver (recoverable content of ores, etc.)                  troy ounces

 Tungsten ore and concentrate                                metric tons

 Zinc (recoverable content of ores, etc.)                    metric tons

 Combined value of antimony, mercury, platinum-group          Combined value o
 metals,rare-earth metal concentrates, tin, titanium         metals,rare-earth
 concentrates(ilmenite and rutile), valadium zircon          concentrates(ilme
 concentrate, andvalues indicated by symbol W                concentrate, andv

 Total metals                                                Total metals

 Industrial Minerals (except fuels)                          Industrial Minera

 Abrasive stones1                                            short tons

 Asbestos                                                    metric tons


 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Asbestos                                                    metric tons

 Barite                                                      thousand short to

 Boron minerals                                              do

 Bromine                                                     thousand pounds

 Cement:

 Masonry                                                     thousand short to

 Portland                                                    do

 Clays                                                       short tons

 Diatomite                                                   thousand short to



 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 Emory                                                       short tons

 Feldspar                                                    do

 Fluorspar                                                   do

 Garnet (abrasive)                                           do

 Gem stones

 Gypsum                                                      thousand short to

 Helium (crude)                                              million cubic fee

 Helium (Grade A)                                            do

 Iodine                                                      lbs.


 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Iodine                                                      lbs.

 Lime                                                        thousand short to

 Mica (scrap)                                                do

 Peat                                                        do

 Perlite                                                     do

 Phosphate rock                                              metric tons

 Potassium salts K2O equivalent                              thousand metric t

 Pumice                                                      thousand short to

 Salt                                                        do



 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 Sand and gravel (construction)                              do

 Sand and gravel (industrial)                                do

 Sodium sulfate (natural)                                    do

 Stone2 (crushed)                                            do

 Stone2 (dimension)                                          short tons

 Sulfur, Frasch process                                      thousand metric t

 Talc and pyrophyllite                                       short tons

 Tripoli                                                     do

 Vermiculite                                                 do


 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Vermiculite                                                 do

 Combined value of aplite, asphalt (native), graphite,       Combined value of
 kyanite,lithium minerals, magnesite, marl (greensand),      kyanite,lithium m
 olivine,staurolite, wollastonite, calcium chloride          olivine,staurolit
 (natural), andvalues indicated by symbol W                  (natural), andval

 Total nonmetals                                             Total nonmetals

 Grand total                                                 Grand total




 W Withheld to avoid disclosing company proprietary data;included in
 "Combined value" figures. XX Not applicable. NA Not available.
 1 Grindstones, pulpstones, sharpening stones, excludes millliners & grinding
 pebbles.
 2 Excludes abrasive stone, bituminous limestoneand sandstone; all included
 elsewhere in table.



                     U.S. Pig Iron and Raw Steel Output
                      American Iron and Steel Institute
                                 (net tons)


╓┌─────┌───────────────┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────╖
 Year  Total pig iron  Raw steel
 ───────────────────────────────────
 1940  46,071,666      66,982,686
 1945  53,223,169      79,701,648
 1950  64,586,907      96,836,075
 1955  76,857,417      117,036,085
 1960  66,480,648      99,281,601
 1965  88,184,901      131,461,601
 1970  91,435,000      131,514,000
 1975  101,208,000     116,642,000
 Year  Total pig iron  Raw steel
 ───────────────────────────────────
1975  101,208,000     116,642,000
 1980  68,721,000      111,835,000
 1984  51,904,000      92,528,000
 1985  50,446,000      88,259,000
 1986  43,952,000      81,606,000
 1987  48,410,000      89,151,000
 1988  55,745,000      99,924,000
 1989  55,873,000      97,943,000



 Steel figures include only that portion of the capacity and production   of
 steel for castings used by foundries which were operated by companies
 producing steel ingots.



                   U.S. Copper, Lead, and Zinc Production
                  Bureau of Mines, U.S. Interior Department


╓┌─────┌───────────────────────┌───────────────┌───────────────────────┌─────
 Year  Copper                  Copper          Lead                    Lead
       Quantity (metric tons)  Value ($1,000)  Quantity (metric tons)  Value (
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 1950  827                     379,122         390,839                 113,078
 1960  1,037                   733,706         223,774                 57,722
 1965  1,226                   957,028         273,196                 93,959
 1970  1,560                   1,984,484       518,698                 178,609
 1975  1,282                   1,814,763       563,783                 267,230
 1980  1,181                   2,666,931       550,366                 515,189
 1983  1,038                   1,751,476       449,295                 214,745
 1984  1,103                   1,625,000       322,677                 181,745
 1985  1,105                   1,631,000       413,955                 174,008
 1986  1,144                   1,666,000       339,793                 165,150
 1987  1,244                   2,262,000       311,381                 246,720
 1988  1,420                   3,772,000       384,983                 315,222





                            World Gold Production
                                (Troy Ounces)


╓┌──────┌────────────┌─────────────┌────────┌────────┌───────────────────────
                     Africa        Africa   Africa   North and South America
 Year   World prod.  South Africa  Ghana    Zaire    United States
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 1972   44,843,374   29,245,273    724,051  140,724  1,449,943
 1975   38,476,371   22,937,820    523,889  103,217  1,052,252
 1977   38,906,145   22,501,886    480,884  80,418   1,100,347
 1978   38,983,019   22,648,558    402,034  76,077   998,832
 1979   38,768,978   22,617,179    362,000  69,992   964,390
 1980   39,197,315   21,669,468    353,000  39,963   969,782
 1982   43,082,814   21,355,111    331,000  62,233   1,465,686
 1983   45,163,364   21,847,310    276,000  192,930  2,002,526
 1984   46,929,444   21,860,933    287,000  117,115  2,084,615
 1985   49,283,691   21,565,230    299,363  63,022   2,427,232
 1986   51,534,056   20,513,665    287,127  167,827  3,739,015
                     Africa        Africa   Africa   North and South America
 Year   World prod.  South Africa  Ghana    Zaire    United States
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
1986   51,534,056   20,513,665    287,127  167,827  3,739,015
 1987   53,033,614   19,176,500    327,598  140,561  4,947,040
 1988p  58,453,814   19,881,126    372,979  140,000  6,459,539
 1989e  63,369,158   19,386,892    429,469  112,528  8,537,329



 e estimated p preliminary



                      U.S. and World Silver Production
                  Bureau of Mines, U.S. Interior Department
                                (metric tons)
 Largest production of silver in the United States in 1915--2,332 metric
 tons.


╓┌──────┌──────────────┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────╖
 Year   United States  World
 ──────────────────────────────
 1930   1,578          7,736
 1935   1,428          6,865
 1940   2,164          8,565
 1945   904            5,039
 1950   1,347          6,323
 1955   1,134          6,967
 1960   1,120          7,505
 1965   1,238          8,007
 1970   1,400          9,670
 1975   1,087          9,428
 1980   1,006          10,556
 1985   1,227          13,051
 1986   1,074          12,970
 1987   1,241          13,757
 1988p  1,661          14,167
 1989e  2,007          14,452



 p preliminary. e estimate.



                       Aluminum Summary, 1980 to 1988
                  Bureau of Mines, U.S. Interior Department


╓┌─────────────────────────┌─────────────────┌───────┌───────┌───────┌───────
 Item                      Unit              1980    1983    1984    1985    1
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 U.S. production           1,000 metric ton  5,914   4,917   5,859   5,262   4
 Primary aluminum          1,000 metric ton  4,654   3,353   4,099   3,500   3
 Plant capacity, U.S.      1,000 metric ton  (NA)    5,001   (NA)    4,706   4
 Secondary aluminum1       1,000 metric ton  1,260   1,564   1,760   1,762   1
 Primary aluminum          Bil. dol          7.3     5.8     7.3     6.3     5
 Price (Primary alum.)2    Cents/lb          71.6    77.8    81.0    81.0    8
 Imports for consumption3  1,000 metric ton  647     1,091   1,477   1,420   1
 Exports3                  1,000 metric ton  1,346   776     734     908     7
 World production, est.    1,000 metric ton  15,383  13,904  15,705  15,398  1
 Item                      Unit              1980    1983    1984    1985    1
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
World production, est.    1,000 metric ton  15,383  13,904  15,705  15,398  1
 World plant capacity      1,000 metric ton  16,978  17,737  18,215  18,010  1



 1 Recoverable aluminum content from scrap, old and new;2 Average prices for
 primary aluminum, quoted by MetalsWeek; 3 Crude and semicrude (including
 metaland alloys, plates, bars,  etc., and scrap).




                          TRADE AND TRANSPORTATION

                  U.S. Foreign Trade with Leading Countries
     Office of Industry and Trade Information, U.S. Commerce Department
                            (millions of dollars)


╓┌───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┌────────┌──────
 Exports from the U.S. to the following areas and countries  Exports  Exports
 and imports into the U.S. from thoseareas and countries:
                                                             1980     1988
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Total                                                       220,705  320,385

 Western Hemisphere                                          74,114   113,155

 Canada                                                      35,395   69,233

 20 Latin American Republics                                 36,030   40,077

 Central American Common Market                              1,951    2,254

 Dominican Republic                                          795      1,362

 Panama                                                      699      633

 Bahamas                                                     396      741

 Exports from the U.S. to the following areas and countries  Exports  Exports
 and imports into the U.S. from thoseareas and countries:
                                                             1980     1988
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 Jamaica                                                     305      758

 Netherlands Antilles                                        448      432

 Trinidad and Tobago                                         680      328

 Western Europe                                              71,372   87,995

 OECDcountries (excludes depend. and Yugo.)                  66,654   87,236

 European Economic Community                                 53,679   75,926

 Belgium and Luxembourg                                      6,661    7,405

 Denmark                                                     863      970

 Exports from the U.S. to the following areas and countries  Exports  Exports
 and imports into the U.S. from thoseareas and countries:
                                                             1980     1988
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 France                                                      7,485    10,086

 Germany, Federal Republic of                                10,960   14,331

 Greece                                                      922      649

 Ireland                                                     836      2,182

 Italy                                                       5,511    6,782

 Netherlands                                                 8,669    10,095

 Portugal                                                    911      752

 Spain                                                       3,179    4,217

 Exports from the U.S. to the following areas and countries  Exports  Exports
 and imports into the U.S. from thoseareas and countries:
                                                             1980     1988
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 United Kingdom                                              12,694   18,404

 Austria                                                     448      748

 Finland                                                     505      763

 Iceland                                                     79       98

 Norway                                                      843      932

 Sweden                                                      1,767    2,705

 Switzerland                                                 3,781    4,207

 Turkey                                                      540      1,843

 Exports from the U.S. to the following areas and countries  Exports  Exports
 and imports into the U.S. from thoseareas and countries:
                                                             1980     1988
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 Yugoslavia                                                  756      534

 Eastern Europe                                              3,860    3,650

 USSR                                                        1,513    2,768

 Asia                                                        60,168   99,705

 Near East                                                   11,900   10,857

 Iran                                                        23       73

 Iraq                                                        724      1,156

 Israel                                                      2,045    3,248

 Exports from the U.S. to the following areas and countries  Exports  Exports
 and imports into the U.S. from thoseareas and countries:
                                                             1980     1988
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 Jordan                                                      407      373

 Kuwait                                                      886      690

 Lebanon                                                     303      123

 Saudi Arabia                                                5,769    3,799

 Syria                                                       239      89

 Japan                                                       20,790   37,732

 East and South Asia                                         27,478   46,061

 Bangladesh                                                  292      258

 Exports from the U.S. to the following areas and countries  Exports  Exports
 and imports into the U.S. from thoseareas and countries:
                                                             1980     1988
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 China, People's Republic of                                 3,755    5,039

 China (Taiwan)                                              4,337    12,131

 Hong Kong                                                   2,686    5,691

 India                                                       1,689    2,498

 Indonesia                                                   1,545    1,056

 Korea, Republic of                                          4,685    11,290

 Malaysia                                                    1,337    2,139

 Pakistan                                                    642      1,093

 Exports from the U.S. to the following areas and countries  Exports  Exports
 and imports into the U.S. from thoseareas and countries:
                                                             1980     1988
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 Philippines                                                 1,999    1,880

 Singapore                                                   3,033    5,770

 Thailand                                                    1,263    1,964

 Oceania                                                     4,876    8,242

 Australia                                                   4,093    6,981

 New Zealand and Samoa                                       599      946

 Africa                                                      9,060    7,431

 Algeria                                                     542      733

 Exports from the U.S. to the following areas and countries  Exports  Exports
 and imports into the U.S. from thoseareas and countries:
                                                             1980     1988
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 Botswana                                                    . . .    41

 Egypt                                                       1,874    2,340

 Gabon                                                       48       56

 Ghana                                                       127      117

 Ivory Coast                                                 185      75

 Kenya                                                       141      92

 Liberia                                                     113      68

 Libya                                                       509      (z)

 Exports from the U.S. to the following areas and countries  Exports  Exports
 and imports into the U.S. from thoseareas and countries:
                                                             1980     1988
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 Morocco                                                     344      428

 Nigeria                                                     1,150    356

 South Africa, Rep. of                                       2,464    1,690

 Sudan                                                       143      109

 Tunisia                                                     174      185

 Zaire                                                       155      125




 z = Less than one-half of rounded unit. NA = not available.



              U.S. Exports and Imports of Leading Commodities
     Office of Industry and Trade Information,  U.S. Commerce Department
                           (millions of dollars)


╓┌──────────────────────────────────────────────────┌────────┌────────┌──────
 Commodity                                          Exports  Exports  Exports
                                                    1980     1987     1988
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Food and live animals                              27,744   19,179   26,415
 Cattle, except for breeding                        . . .    . . .    . . .
 Meat and preparations                              1,293    1,768    2,430
 Dairy products and eggs                            255      385      496
 Fish                                               915      1,588    2,177
 Grains and preparations                            18,079   8,058    12,281
 Wheat, including flour                             6,586    3,248    5,080
 Rice                                               1,285    576      802
 Grains and Animal feed                             2,878    3,907    6,064
 Commodity                                          Exports  Exports  Exports
                                                    1980     1987     1988
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Grains and Animal feed                             2,878    3,907    6,064
 Vegetables and Fruit                               . . .    2,956    3,488
 Sugar                                              . . .    . . .    . . .
 Coffee, crude                                      . . .    . . .    . . .
 Cocoa or cacao beans                               . . .    . . .    . . .
 Tea                                                . . .    . . .    . . .
 Beverages and tobacco                              2,663    3,667    4,548
 Alcoholic beverages                                . . .    . . .    . . .
 Tobacco, unmanufactured                            2,390    1,091    1,252
 Crude materials, inedible, except fuels            23,791   20,416   25,135
 Hides and skins                                    694      1,450    1,639
 Oilseeds, oil nuts, oil kernels                    5,883    4,343    4,816
 Synthetic rubber and rubber latex                  695      761      858
 Lumber and rough wood                              2,675    3,007    4,086
 Wood pulp and pulpwood                             2,454    3,084    4,002
 Textile fibers and wastes                          2,864    1,631    1,975
 Ores and metal scrap                               4,518    3,018    4,279
 Mineral fuels and related materials                7,982    7,713    8,186
 Commodity                                          Exports  Exports  Exports
                                                    1980     1987     1988
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Mineral fuels and related materials                7,982    7,713    8,186
 Coal                                               4,523    6,740    8,054
 Petroleum and products                             2,833    3,922    3,679
 Natural gas                                        . . .    . . .    . . .
 Animal and vegetable oils and fats                 1,946    981      945
 Chemicals                                          20,740   26,381   32,300
 Medicines and pharmaceuticals                      1,932    3,782    3,941
 Fertilizers, manufactured                          2,265    2,259    2,497
 Plastic materials and resins                       3,884    5,493    7,277
 Machinery and transport equip.                     84,629   108,596  135,135
 Machinery                                          55,790   69,637   88,432
 Aircraft engines and parts                         1,915    4,390    5,502
 Auto engines and parts                             1,688    2,406    3,812
 Agricultural machinery                             3,104    1,493    1,956
 Tractors and parts                                 1,809    625      885
 Office machines and computers                      8,709    18,692   23,128
 Transport equipment                                28,839   38,959   46,703
 Road motor vehicles and parts                      14,590   20,879   8,312
 Commodity                                          Exports  Exports  Exports
                                                    1980     1987     1988
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Road motor vehicles and parts                      14,590   20,879   8,312
 Aircraft and parts except engines                  12,816   16,903   20,004
 Other manufactured goods                           42,714   19,409   22,885
 Tires and tubes                                    511      514      772
 Wood and manufactures, exc. furniture              2,675    . . .    . . .
 Paper and manufactures                             2,831    3,180    313
 Glassware and pottery                              . . .    . . .    . . .
 Diamonds, excl. industrial                         . . .    . . .    . . .
 Nonmetallic mineral manuf.                         2,209    2,289    2,861
 Metal manufactures                                 4,205    3,534    . . .
 Pig iron and ferroalloys                           3,123    . . .    2,173
 Iron and steel-mill products                       2,998    1,229    2,017
 Nonferrous base metals                             2,964    1,853    . . .
 Textiles, other than clothing                      3,632    677      709
 Clothing                                           1,203    1,156    1,574
 Footwear                                           . . .    . . .    . . .
 Furniture                                          521      624      837
 Professional, scientific, controlling instruments  6,763    7,388    8,890
 Commodity                                          Exports  Exports  Exports
                                                    1980     1987     1988
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Professional, scientific, controlling instruments  6,763    7,388    8,890
 Printed matter                                     1,097    1,562    1,918
 Clocks and watches                                 133      93       125
 Toys, games, sporting goods                        1,012    885      1,272
 Artworks and antiques                              . . .    . . .    . . .
 Other transactions                                 8,496    20,381   27,483
 Total                                              220,705  252,866  308,014





   U.S. Exports and General Imports by Principal Commodity Groupings,1989
     Office of Industry and Trade Information, U.S. Commerce Department
             (in millions of dollars, not seasonally adjusted)


╓┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────┌──────────┌──────────╖
 Item                                                  Exports    Imports
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Total                                                 363,811.5  473,210.8

 Agricultural commodities                              41,319.4   22,035.3

 Animal feeds                                          3,081.1    279.0

 Cereal flour; and flour preparations                  694.5      558.1

 Cocoa                                                 22.0       732.0

 Coffee                                                12.7       2,273.5

 Corn                                                  6,734.2    55.1

 Cotton, raw                                           2,244.1    3.3

 Dairy products; eggs                                  446.5      440.9

 Grain sorghum; rye; oats                              1,045.2    162.6
 Item                                                  Exports    Imports
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Grain sorghum; rye; oats                              1,045.2    162.6

 Hides and skins, undressed                            1,576.6    97.9

 Meat and preparations                                 2,963.8    2,560.0

 Oils/fats, vegetable                                  739.6      655.5

 Rice                                                  981.4      61.9

 Soybeans                                              4,011.5    23.9

 Sugar                                                 3.3        605.3

 Tobacco, unmanufactured                               1,339.9    667.6

 Vegetables and fruit                                  4,530.4    4,908.6

 Wheat                                                 5,907.1    57.5
 Item                                                  Exports    Imports
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Wheat                                                 5,907.1    57.5

 Other agricultural                                    41,319.4   22,035.3

 Manufactured goods                                    272,166.4  379,425.4

 ADP equipment; office machinery                       23,992.2   25,714.5

 Airplanes                                             14,432.6   2,947.8

 Airplane parts                                        8,791.6    2,929.1

 Aluminum                                              2,988.2    3,143.5

 Artwork/antiques                                      1,653.0    2,172.2

 Chemicals-dyeing tanning                              1,248.9    1,131.0

 Chemicals-fertilizers                                 2,707.8    1,003.2
 Item                                                  Exports    Imports
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Chemicals-fertilizers                                 2,707.8    1,003.2

 Chemicals-medicinal pharmaceutical                    3,692.5    2,087.6

 Chemicals-organic/inorganic                           14,710.4   10,248.3

 Chemicals-perfume materials; polishing and cleaning   1,553.5    1,157.6
 preparations

 Chemicals-plastic                                     8,559.1    3,308.9

 Chemicals-turpentine; waxes and products, n.s.p.f.    4,884.3    1,777.1

 Clothing and footwear                                 2,530.5    32,931.2

 Electrical machinery                                  25,409.3   32,373.0

 Fixtures-plumbing, heating/lighting                   623.7      1,159.5

 Item                                                  Exports    Imports
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 Furniture and parts                                   1,294.8    4,907.9

 Gem diamonds                                          1,097.6    4,347.3

 General industrial machinery                          15,034.5   14,486.9

 Glass                                                 979.0      788.8

 Iron and steel mill products                          3,599.2    9,392.7

 Metal manufacturers, n.s.p.f.                         4,494.4    6,371.6

 Metalworking machinery                                2,738.5    3,867.9

 Motorcycles/parts, bicycles/trailers                  729.2      1,552.5

 Musical instruments/recording media                   2,957.2    2,446.5

 Item                                                  Exports    Imports
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 Paper/paperboard/and articles                         4,585.5    8,491.8

 Photographic apparatus/supplies                       2,535.0    3,435.6

 Power generating machinery                            15,348.7   14,257.1

 Printed matter                                        3,002.2    1,617.8

 Plastic articles, n.e.s.                              1,700.0    2,998.6

 Rubber articles, n.e.s.                               670.5      912.5

 Scientific instruments and parts                      11,488.6   5,848.9

 Specialized industrial machinery                      14,351.9   12,839.4

 Telecommunications apparatus; equipment; and parts    8,131.7    23,233.8

 Item                                                  Exports    Imports
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 Textile yarns, fabrics, and articles                  4,301.7    6,087.1

 Tires and tubes--automotive                           819.1      2,383.8

 Toys/games/sporting goods                             1,630.9    8,396.1

 Travel goods                                          114.0      2,127.6

 Vehicles and parts:

 Cars, new Canadian                                    6,823.7    12,870.6

 Cars, new Japanese                                    326.8      19,912.2

 Cars, new other countries                             2,274.2    11,370.7

 Trucks                                                2,842.8    8,807.2

 Item                                                  Exports    Imports
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 Chassis/bodies                                        207.3      1,095.0

 Parts                                                 13,224.8   15,248.3

 Vessels/floating structures/parts                     1,050.2    578.7

 Watches/clocks/parts                                  177.3      907.7

 Wood manufacturers                                    1,064.9    2,028.7

 Other manufactured goods                              18,187.7   28,202.8

 Petroleum and petroleum products                      5,021.1    49,704.2

 Crude petroleum                                       205.4      35,529.2

 Other petroleum products                              4,185.6    14,175.0

 Item                                                  Exports    Imports
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 Mineral fuels, excluding petroleum products           4,658.9    2,553.5

 Coal                                                  4,087.1    84.1

 Natural gas                                           215.5      1,849.7

 Crude materials excluding agricultural and fuels      16,390.6   11,562.1

 Cork, wood, lumber                                    5,203.5    3,499.4

 Pulp & waste paper                                    4,394.5    3,050.4

 Metal ores; scrap                                     5,520.9    3,866.4

 Other crude material                                  1,271.6    1,145.8

 Fish and preparations                                 3,296.2    5,388.8

 Item                                                  Exports    Imports
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 Fish--fresh; chilled; frozen                          1,436.8    2,132.2

 Beverages; tobacco excl. agricultural                 3,954.9    1,906.1

 Cigarettes                                            3,362.4    49.3

 Distilled alcoholic beverages                         222.4      1,587.7

 Other beverages; tobacco excluding agricultural       370.1      269.1

 All other domestic exports and general imports        1,429.9    114.2




 Note: Details may not equal totals due to rounding and other statistical
 procedures.



          Value of U.S. Exports, Imports, and Merchandise Balance
      Office of Trade and Investment Analysis, U.S. Dept. of Commerce
                           (millions of dollars)


╓┌─────┌───────────────────────┌───────────────────────┌─────────────────────
       Principal Census trade  Principal Census trade  Principal Census trade
       totals                  totals                  totals
 Year  U.S. exports and        U.S. general imports     U.S. merchandise
       reexports excluding     f.a.s. transaction      balance f.a.s.1
       military grant-aid      values1
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 1950  9,997                   8,954                   1,043

 1955  14,298                  11,566                  2,732

 1960  19,659                  15,073                  4,586

 1965  26,742                  21,520                  5,222
       Principal Census trade  Principal Census trade  Principal Census trade
       totals                  totals                  totals
 Year  U.S. exports and        U.S. general imports     U.S. merchandise
       reexports excluding     f.a.s. transaction      balance f.a.s.1
       military grant-aid      values1
1965  26,742                  21,520                  5,222

 1970  42,681                  40,356                  2,325

 1975  107,652                 98,503                  9,149

 1980  220,626                 244,871                 -24,245

 1985  213,133                 345,2762                -132,143

 1987  252,8533                405,9102                -153,035

 1988  322,418                 440,952                 -118,534

 1989  363,805                 473,211                 -109,405

       Principal Census trade  Principal Census trade  Principal Census trade
       totals                  totals                  totals
 Year  U.S. exports and        U.S. general imports     U.S. merchandise
       reexports excluding     f.a.s. transaction      balance f.a.s.1
       military grant-aid      values1




 Note: Export values include both commercially-financed shipments and
 shipments under government-financed programs such as AID and PL-480. 1 Prior
 to 1974, imports are customs values, i.e. generally at prices in principal
 foreign markets. 2 In 1981 import value changes back to customs value. 3
 Includes undocumented exports to Canada.



                     Major Merchant Fleets of the World
             Maritime Administration, U.S. Commerce Department
                           (tonnage in thousands)


╓┌────────────────────┌───────┌───────────┌──────────┌───────────────┌───────
                                                     Type of Vessel  Type of V
                      Total   Total       Total      Freighters      Freighter
                      Number  Gross Tons  Dwt. Tons  Number          Gross Ton
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 All Countries1       22,983  366,764     604,489    12,195          94,780
 United States2       655     16,265      24,417     371             6,643
 Privately owned      407     13,096      20,439     171             4,360
 Government owned     248     3,169       3,978      200             2,283
 Brazil               293     5,766       9,755      114             827
 British Colonies     545     14,046      24,810     252             1,913
 China*               1,281   12,747      19,611     860             6,140
 Cyprus               1,054   16,580      29,729     537             3,326
 Denmark              199     4,100       6,288      136             1,683
 Germany (Fed. Rep.)  310     3,125       3,954      244             2,409
 Greece               914     19,799      36,537     238             1,902
 India                296     5,885       9,843      112             1,138



                                                     Type of Vessel  Type of V
                      Total   Total       Total      Freighters      Freighter
                      Number  Gross Tons  Dwt. Tons  Number          Gross Ton
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Japan                1,007   23,285      36,237     411             4,459
 Korea (Rep. of)      429     7,244       11,909     211             1,677
 Liberia              1,409   47,711      88,275     311             4,236
 Malta                293     3,601       6,257      144             754
 Nassau, Bahamas      530     11,723      19,719     225             1,680
 Netherlands          326     2,697       3,638      256             1,663
 Norway               587     15,991      28,800     138             1,148
 Panama               3,189   44,051      70,537     1,707           13,858
 Philippines          558     8,891       14,948     225             1,394
 Poland               245     3,020       4,258      143             1,248
 Romania






                                                     Type of Vessel  Type of V
                      Total   Total       Total      Freighters      Freighter
                      Number  Gross Tons  Dwt. Tons  Number          Gross Ton
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 United Kingdom       198     3,761       4,708      89              1,569
 U.S.S.R.*            2,428   18,917      25,735     1,732           9,621
 Yugoslavia           272     3,704       5,943      167             1,380



 Fleets of oceangoing steam and motor ships totalling 1 million gross tons
 and over as of Jan. 1, 1990. Excludes ships operating exclusively on the












                      Top 50 U.S. Industrial Exporters
                 FORTUNE Magazine, July 16, 1990


╓┌─────┌─────┌────────────────────────┌──────────────────────┌───────────────
 Rank  Rank                           Export sales % change  Export sales % ch
 1989  1988  Company                  $ Millions             1988-89
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 1     3     Boeing                   11,021.0               40.4
 2     1     General Motors           10,185.1               8.4
 3     2     Ford Motor               8,602.0                -2.5
 4     4     General Electric         7,268.0                26.5
 5     5     Int'l Business Machines  5,476.0                10.6
 6     7     E.I. Du Pont De Nemours  4,844.0                15.4
 7     6     Chrysler                 4,649.0                7.0
 8     10    United Technologies      3,307.4                16.1
 9     9     Caterpillar              3,291.0                12.3
 10    8     McDonnell Douglas        2,896.0                -16.6
 Rank  Rank                           Export sales % change  Export sales % ch
 1989  1988  Company                  $ Millions             1988-89
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
10    8     McDonnell Douglas        2,896.0                -16.6
 11    11    Eastman Kodak            2,874.0                3.7
 12    13    Hewlett-Packard          2,634.0                27.6
 13    14    Unisys                   2,400.1                2.0
 14    16    Motorola                 2,319.0                33.1
 15    15    Philip Morris            2,288.0                22.8
 16    12    Digital Equipment        2,103.3                4.2
 17    17    Occidental Petroleum     1,995.0                18.5
 18    19    Allied-Signal            1,692.0                15.6
 19    20    Weyerhaeuser             1,574.0                12.6
 20    21    Union Carbide            1,561.0                12.5
 21    18    General Dynamics         1,522.1                -4.7
 22    22    Raytheon                 1,340.0                2.5
 23    23    Textron                  1,210.0                7.4
 24    26    Archer Daniels Midland   1,208.5                11.1
 25    25    Dow Chemical             1,157.0                4.3
 26    24    Westinghouse Electric    1,131.0                1.4
 27    28    International Paper      1,100.0                10.0
 Rank  Rank                           Export sales % change  Export sales % ch
 1989  1988  Company                  $ Millions             1988-89
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
27    28    International Paper      1,100.0                10.0
 28    27    Monsanto                 1,070.0                -1.2
 29    29    Hoechst Celanese         1,039.0                7.4
 30    40    Merck                    1,038.6                39.3
 31    32    Minnesota Mining & Mfg.  1,019.0                21.9
 32    30    Exxon                    1,019.0                8.8
 33    31    Intel                    997.9                  7.8
 34    43    Aluminum Co. of America  935.0                  20.8
 35    41    Compaq Computer          896.1                  46.5
 36    39    Rockwell International   800.0                  29.0
 37    *     Xerox                    770.0                  93.0
 38    33    Bayer USA                759.5                  7.3
 39    34    Lockheed                 754.0                  9.9
 40    *     Sun Microsystems         751.0                  99.3
 41    38    Deere                    742.0                  19.3
 42    42    Honeywell                718.0                  17.7
 43    44    North American Philips   693.6                  17.9
 44    48    Abbott Laboratories      685.0                  25.2
 Rank  Rank                           Export sales % change  Export sales % ch
 1989  1988  Company                  $ Millions             1988-89
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
44    48    Abbott Laboratories      685.0                  25.2
 45    46    Amoco                    668.0                  15.6
 46    *     Tenneco                  644.0                  28.8
 47    *     Bristol-Myers Squibb     638.0                  N.A.
 48    37    FMC                      631.4                  -2.5
 49    49    Ethyl                    592.7                  9.2
 50    *     Cooper Industries        571.5                  27.8
             Total                    $110,081.7





                      Notable Ocean Passages by Ships
                         Compiled by N.R.P. Bonsor


╓┌───────────────────┌───────────────────┌───────────────────┌───────────────
 Sailing Vessels     Sailing Vessels     Sailing Vessels     Sailing Vessels

 Date                Ship                                    From
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 1846                Yorkshire           Yorkshire           Liverpool

 1853                Northern Light      Northern Light      San Francisco

 1854                James Baines        James Baines        Boston Light

 1854                Flying Cloud        Flying Cloud        New York

 1868-9              Thermopylae         Thermopylae         Liverpool

 --                  Red Jacket          Red Jacket          New York

 --                  Starr King          Starr King          50 S. Lat

 --                  Golden Fleece       Golden Fleece       Equator

 1905                Atlantic            Atlantic            Sandy Hook
 Sailing Vessels     Sailing Vessels     Sailing Vessels     Sailing Vessels

 Date                Ship                                    From
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
1905                Atlantic            Atlantic            Sandy Hook

 Atlantic Crossing   Atlantic Crossing   Atlantic Crossing   Atlantic Crossing
 by Passenger        by Passenger        by Passenger        by Passenger
 Steamships          Steamships          Steamships          Steamships

 1819 (5/22 - 6/20)  Savannah (a)        US                  Savannah

 1838 (5/7 - 5/22)   Great Western       Br                  New York

 1840 (8/4 - 8/14)   Britannia (b)       Br                  Halifax

 1854 (6/28 - 7/7)   Baltic              US                  Liverpool

 1856 (8/6 - 8/15)   Persia              Br                  Sandy Hook

 1876 (12/16-12/24)  Britannic           Br                  Sandy Hook
 Sailing Vessels     Sailing Vessels     Sailing Vessels     Sailing Vessels

 Date                Ship                                    From
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
1876 (12/16-12/24)  Britannic           Br                  Sandy Hook

 1895 (5/18 - 5/24)  Lucania             Br                  Sandy Hook

 1898 (3/30 - 4/5)   Kaiser Wilhelmder   Ger                 Needles
                     Grosse

 1901 (7/10 - 7/17)  Deutschland         Ger                 Sandy Hook

 1907 (10/6 - 10/10)  Lusitania           Br                  Queenstown

 1924 (8/20 - 8/25)  Mauretania          Br                  Ambrose

 1929 (7/17 - 7/22)  Bremen*             Ger                 Cherbourg

 1933 (6/27 - 7/2)   Europa              Ger                 Cherbourg

 Sailing Vessels     Sailing Vessels     Sailing Vessels     Sailing Vessels

 Date                Ship                                    From
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 1933 (8/11 - 8/16)  Rex                 It                  Gibraltar

 1935 (5/30 - 6/3)   Normandie*          Fr                  Bishop Rock

 1938 (8/10 - 8/14)  Queen Mary          Br                  Ambrose

 1952 (7/11 - 7/15)  United States       US                  Bishop Rock

 1952 (7/3 - 7/7)    United States* (e)  US                  Ambrose

 Other Ocean         Other Ocean         Other Ocean         Other Ocean
 Passages            Passages            Passages            Passages

 1928 (June)         USS Lexington       USS Lexington       San Pedro

 1944 (Jul-Sep)      St. Roch (c) (Can)  St. Roch (c) (Can)  Halifax
 Sailing Vessels     Sailing Vessels     Sailing Vessels     Sailing Vessels

 Date                Ship                                    From
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
1944 (Jul-Sep)      St. Roch (c) (Can)  St. Roch (c) (Can)  Halifax

 1945 (7/16-7/19)    USS Indianapolis (  USS Indianapolis (  San Francisco
                     d)                  d)

 1945 (11/26)        USS Lake Champlain  USS Lake Champlain  Gibraltar

 1950 (Jul-Aug)      USS Boxer           USS Boxer           Japan

 1951 (6/1-6/9)      USS Philippine Sea  USS Philippine Sea  Yokohama

 1958 (2/25-3/4)     USS Skate (f)       USS Skate (f)       Nantucket

 1958 (3/23-3/29)    USS Skate (f)       USS Skate (f)       Lizard, Eng

 1958 (7/23-8/7)     USS Nautilus (g)    USS Nautilus (g)    Pearl Harbor

 Sailing Vessels     Sailing Vessels     Sailing Vessels     Sailing Vessels

 Date                Ship                                    From
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────


 1960 (2/16-5/10)    USS Triton (h)      USS Triton (h)      New London

 1960 (8/15-8/20)    USS Seadragon (i)   USS Seadragon (i)   Baffin Bay

 1962 (10/30-11/11)  African Comet*      African Comet*      New York
                     (U.S.)              (U.S.)

 1973 (8/20)         Sea-Land Exchange   Sea-Land Exchange   Bishop Rock
                     (k) (U.S.)          (k) (U.S.)

 1973 (8/24)         Sea-Land Trade      Sea-Land Trade      Kobe
                     (U.S.)              (U.S.)




 | The time taken and/or distance covered is approximate and so, therefore,
 is the average speed.
 * Maiden voyage. a The Savannah, a fully rigged sailing vessel with steam
 auxiliary (over 300 tons, 98.5 ft. long, beam 25.8 ft., depth 12.9 ft.) was
 launched in the East River in 1818. It was the first ship to use steam in
 crossing any ocean. It was supplied with engines and detachable iron paddle
 wheels. On its famous voyage it used steam 105 hours. b First Cunard liner.
 c First ship to complete NW Passage in one season. d Carried Hiroshima
 atomic bomb in World War II. e Set world speed record; average speed
 eastbound on maiden voyage 35.59 knots (about 41 m.p.h.). f First atomic
 submarine to cross Atlantic both ways submerged. g World's first atomic
 submarine also first to make undersea voyage under polar ice cap, 1,830 mi.
 from Point Barrow, Alaska, to Atlantic Ocean, Aug. 1-4, 1958, reaching North
 Pole Aug. 3. Second undersea transit of the North Pole made by submarine USS
 Skate Aug. 11, 1958, during trip from New London, Conn., and return. h
 World's largest submarine. Nuclear-powered Triton was submerged during
 nearly all its voyage around the globe. It duplicated the route of Ferdinand
 Magellan's circuit (1519-1522) 30,708 mi., starting from St. Paul Rocks off
 the NE coast of Brazil, Feb. 24-Apr. 25, 1960, then sailed to Cadiz, Spain,
 before returning home. i First underwater transit of Northwest Passage. k
 Fastest freighter crossing of Atlantic.



                      Commerce at Principal U.S. Ports
                 Corps of Engineers, Department of the Army
                             (by tonnage, 1990)


╓┌───────────────────────┌────────────┌──────────────────────────────────────╖
                         Total        Foreign
 ──────────────────────────────────────────────────
 New Orleans, La.        175,500,858  67,596,175
 New York, N.Y.          155,061,783  55,644,950
 Houston, Tex.           124,886,883  64,617,686
 Valdez Harbor, Ak.      107,144,515  7,357
 Baton Rouge, La.        78,857,473   27,995,133
 Corpus Christi, Tex.    57,931,945   34,212,215
 Tampa Harbor, Fla.      50,252,299   20,823,125
 Norfolk Harbor, Va.     46,872,002   36,164,879
 Long Beach, Calif.      46,559,885   21,496,646
                         Total        Foreign
 ──────────────────────────────────────────────────
Long Beach, Calif.      46,559,885   21,496,646
 Los Angeles, Calif.     45,213,855   22,021,515
 Texas City, Tex.        42,746,698   23,026,869
 Baltimore Hrbr., Md.    41,925,745   28,732,108
 Duluth-Supr., Minn.     40,002,268   7,059,821
 Philadelphia, Pa.       37,826,999   23,321,765
 Lake Charles, La.       37,311,924   17,837,502
 Mobile, Ala.            36,476,377   16,781,670
 Pittsburgh, Pa.         34,373,364   0
 Portland, Ore.          31,970,940   19,339,492
 Beaumont, Tex.          31,947,319   9,740,115
 Marcus Hook, Pa.        29,815,233   16,371,785
 St. Louis, Metro., Mo.  29,011,497   0
 Pascagoula, Miss.       28,527,726   16,873,038
 Port Arthur, Tex.       23,801,409   15,091,001
 Chicago, Il.            22,893,740   2,978,802
 Paulsboro, NJ.          22,004,472   12,498,533
 Newport News, Va.       21,391,195   19,041,729
 Tacoma Harbor., Wa.     20,667,517   15,067,865
                         Total        Foreign
 ──────────────────────────────────────────────────
Tacoma Harbor., Wa.     20,667,517   15,067,865
 Boston, Ma., Port of    20,641,073   12,476,648
 Richmond, Calif.,       18,912,900   4,801,797
 Seattle, Wa.            18,645,664   11,376,322
 Huntington, WVa.        17,700,717   0
 Lorain Harbor, Oh.      17,475,549   31,822
 Indiana Harbor, In.     16,643,362   488,722
 Jacksonville, Fla.      15,805,551   7,155,320
 Detroit, Mi.            15,331,351   3,189,250
 Freeport, Tex.          15,137,891   6,314,920
 Toledo Harbor, Oh.      14,741,752   5,978,700
 Cleveland, Oh.          14,550,876   2,543,005
 Port Everglades, Fla.   14,207,239   4,699,919
 Savannah, Ga.           13,980,978   11,079,180





                      Commerce on U.S. Inland Waterways
              Corps of Engineers, Department of the Army, 1990


╓┌─────────────────────────────────────┌─────────────────────────────────────╖
 Mississippi River System and          Mississippi River System and
 GulfIntracoastal Waterway             GulfIntracoastal Waterway
 Waterway                              Tons
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Mississippi River, Minneapolis to     441,546,399
 the Gulf

 Mississippi River, Minneapolis to St.  82,016,213
 Louis

 Mississippi River, St. Louis to       106,068,681
 Cairo

 Mississippi River, Cairo to Baton     169,016,176
 Rouge

 Mississippi River System and          Mississippi River System and
 GulfIntracoastal Waterway             GulfIntracoastal Waterway
 Waterway                              Tons
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 Mississippi River, Baton Rouge to     305,874,107
 New Orleans

 Mississippi River, New Orleans to     266,707,139
 Gulf

 Gulf Intracoastal Waterway            117,712,086

 Mississippi River System              601,625,327






                      Commerce on U.S. Inland Waterways


╓┌─────────────────────────────────────┌─────────────────────────────────────╖
 Ton-Mileage of Freight Carried on     Ton-Mileage of Freight Carried on
 InlandWaterways                       InlandWaterways
 System                                Ton-miles
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Atlantic Coast Waterways              28,122,048

 Gulf Coast Waterways                  44,638,479

 Pacific Coast Waterways               24,538,563

 Mississippi River System,             257,806,540
 includingOhio River and Tributaries

 Great Lakes System, U.S. Commerce     83,078,874
 only

 Total:                                438,184,504

 Ton-Mileage of Freight Carried on     Ton-Mileage of Freight Carried on
 InlandWaterways                       InlandWaterways
 System                                Ton-miles
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────







                       Important Waterways and Canals

 The St. Lawrence & Great Lakes, Waterway the largestinland navigation system
 on the continent, extends from the Atlantic Ocean to Duluth at the western
 end of Lake Superior, a distance of 2,342 miles. With the deepening of
 channels and locks to 27 ft., ocean carriers are able to penetrate to ports
 in the Canadian interior and the American midwest.

 The major canals are those of the St. Lawrence Great Lakes waterway -- the 3
 new canals of the St. Lawrence Seaway, with their 7 locks, providing
 navigation for vessels of 26-foot draught from Montreal to Lake Ontario; the
 Welland Ship Canal by-passing the Niagara River between Lake Ontario and
 Lake Erie with its 8 locks, and the Sault Ste. Marie Canal and lock between
 Lake Huron and Lake Superior. These 16 locks overcome a drop of 580 ft. from
 the head of the lakes to Montreal. From Montreal to Lake Ontario the former
 bottleneck of narrow, shallow canals and of slow passage through 22 locks
 has been overcome, giving faster and safer movement for larger vessels. The
 new locks and linking channels now accommodate all but the largest
 ocean-going vessels and the upper St. Lawrence and Great Lakes are open to
 80% of the world's saltwater fleet.

 Subsidiary Canadian canals or branches include the St. Peters Canal between
 Bras d'Or Lakes and the Atlantic Ocean in Nova Scotia; the St. Ours and
 Chambly Canals on the Richelieu River, Quebec; the Ste. Anne and Carillon
 Canals on the Ottawa River; the Rideau Canal between the Ottawa River and
 Lake Ontario, the Trent and Murrary Canals between Lake Ontario and Georgian
 Bay in Ontario and the St. Andrew's Canal on the Red River. The commercial
 value of these canals is not great but they are maintained to control water
 levels and permit the passage of small vessels and pleasure craft. The Canso
 Canal, completed 1957, permits shipping to pass through the causeway
 connecting Cape Breton Island with the Nova Scotia mainland.

 The Welland Canal overcomes the 326-ft. drop ofNiagara Falls and the rapids
 of the Niagara River. It has 8 locks, each 859 ft. long, 80 ft. wide and 30
 ft. deep. Regulations permit ships of 730-ft. length and 75-ft. beam to
 transit.

                 Shortest Navigable Distances Between Ports
 Distances Between Ports. (Pub. 151 5th Edition 1985) Defense Mapping Agency
 Hydrographic/Topographic Center
 Distances shown are in nautical miles (1,852 meters or about 6,076.115
 feet). To get statute miles, multiply by 1.15.


╓┌────────────────────────┌─────────┌─────────┌──────────────────────────────╖
                          FROM      FROM      FROM
 TO                       New York  Montreal  Colon1
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Algiers, Algeria         3,617     3,592     4,745
 Amsterdam, Netherlands   3,418     3,162     4,825
 Baltimore, Md.           410       1,820     1,901
 Barcelona, Spain         3,710     3,695     4,842
                          FROM      FROM      FROM
 TO                       New York  Montreal  Colon1
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Barcelona, Spain         3,710     3,695     4,842
 Boston, Mass.            378       1,309     2,157
 Buenos Aires, Argentina  5,871     6,455     5,346
 Cape Town, S. Africa2    6,766     7,115     6,429
 Cherbourg, France        3,127     2,878     4,541
 Cobh, Ireland            2,879     2,603     4,308
 Copenhagen, Denmark      3,720     3,241     5,129
 Dakar, Senegal           3,335     3,562     3,694
 Galveston, Tex.          1,895     3,165     1,492
 Gibraltar3               3,204     3,184     4,329
 Glasgow, Scotland        3,065     2,691     4,746
 Halifax, N.S.            600       958       2,295
 Hamburg, W. Germany      3,636     3,398     5,054
 Hamilton, Bermuda        697       1,621     1,659
 Havana, Cuba             1,199     2,473     998
 Helsinki, Finland        4,208     3,778     5,902
 Istanbul, Turkey         5,001     4,981     6,129
 Kingston, Jamaica        1,474     2,690     551
                          FROM      FROM      FROM
 TO                       New York  Montreal  Colon1
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Kingston, Jamaica        1,474     2,690     551
 Lagos, Nigeria           4,883     5,130     5,033
 Lisbon, Portugal         2,980     2,941     4,155
 Marseille, France        3,891     3,870     5,019
 Montreal, Quebec         1,516               3,126
 Naples, Italy            4,181     4,159     5,309
 Nassau, Bahamas          962       2,274     1,166
 New Orleans, La.         1,761     2,991     1,389
 New York, N.Y.                     1,516     1,974
 Norfolk, Va.             287       1,697     1,779
 Oslo, Norway             3,701     3,222     5,306
 Piraeus, Greece          4,687     4,661     5,806
 Port Said, Egypt         5,123     5,093     6,238
 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil   4,770     5,342     4,367
 St. John's, Nfld.        1,093     1,038     2,345
 San Juan, Puerto Rico    1,399     2,445     993
 Southampton, England     3,156     3,063     4,514





                 Shortest Navigable Distances Between Ports
 Distances Between Ports. (Pub. 151 5th Edition 1985) Defense Mapping Agency
 Hydrographic/Topographic Center
 Distances shown are in nautical miles (1,852 meters or about 6,076.115
 feet). To get statute miles, multiply by 1.15.


╓┌─────────────────────────┌───────────┌──────────┌──────────────────────────╖
                           FROM        FROM       FROM
 TO                        San. Fran.  Vancouver  Panama1
 ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Acapulco, Mexico          1,833       2,645      1,426
 Anchorage, Alas.          1,872       1,347      5,117
 Bombay, India             9,791       9,519      9,248
 Calcutta, India           9,006       8,728      10,929
 Colon, Panama1            3,289       4,076      44
 Jakarta, Indonesia        7,642       7,413      10,570
                           FROM        FROM       FROM
 TO                        San. Fran.  Vancouver  Panama1
 ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Jakarta, Indonesia        7,642       7,413      10,570
 Haiphong, Vietnam         6,657       6,358      9,806
 Hong Kong                 6,044       5,756      9,195
 Honolulu, Hawaii          2,091       2,423      4,685
 Los Angeles, Cal.         369         1,162      2,913
 Manila, Philippines       6,221       5,756      9,347
 Melbourne, Australia      6,970       7,342      7,928
 Pusan, S. Korea           4,914       4,623      8,074
 Ho Chi Min City, Vietnam  6,878       6,606      10,017
 San Francisco, Cal.                   812        3,245
 Seattle, Wash.            796         126        4,020
 Shanghai, China           5,398       5,110      8,566
 Singapore                 7,353       7,078      10,505
 Suva, Fiji                4,749       5,199      6,325
 Valparaiso, Chile         5,140       5,915      2,616
 Vancouver, B.C.           812                    4,032
 Vladivostok, USSR         4,563       4,262      7,739
 Yokohama, Japan           4,536       4,262      7,682
                           FROM        FROM       FROM
 TO                        San. Fran.  Vancouver  Panama1
 ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Yokohama, Japan           4,536       4,262      7,682





                 Shortest Navigable Distances Between Ports
 Distances Between Ports. (Pub. 151 5th Edition 1985) Defense Mapping Agency
 Hydrographic/Topographic Center
 Distances shown are in nautical miles (1,852 meters or about 6,076.115
 feet). To get statute miles, multiply by 1.15.


╓┌─────────────────────────┌──────────┌───────────┌──────────────────────────╖
                           FROM       FROM        FROM
 TO                        Port Said  Cape Town2  Singapore
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Bombay, India             3,046      4,616       2,441
                           FROM       FROM        FROM
 TO                        Port Said  Cape Town2  Singapore
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Bombay, India             3,046      4,616       2,441
 Calcutta, India           4,691      5,638       1,649
 Dar es Salaam, Tanzania   3,238      2,365       4,042
 Jakarta, Indonesia        5,293      5,212       526
 Hong Kong                 6,472      7,006       1,454
 Kuwait                    3,306      5,169       3,845
 Manila, Philippines       6,348      6,777       1,330
 Melbourne, Australia      7,837      6,104       3,844
 Ho Chi Min City, Vietnam  5,667      6,263       649
 Singapore                 5,018      5,611
 Yokohama, Japan           7,907      8,503       2,889



 1 Colon on the Atlantic is 44 nautical miles from Panama (port) on the
 Pacific. 2 Cape Town is 35 nautical miles northwest of the Cape of Good
 Hope. 3 Gibraltar (port) is 24 nautical miles east of the Strait of
 Gibraltar.



         Fastest Scheduled Passenger Train Runs in U.S. and Canada
           Darrell J. Smith, figures are based on 1990 timetables


╓┌─────────┌─────────────────────────────────────┌───────────────┌───────────
 Railroad  Train                                 From            To
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Amtrak    20 Metroliner/Service trains          Baltimore1      Wilmington
 Amtrak    Express Metroliner/Service train 203  Metropark       Washington
 Amtrak    Express Metroliner/Service train 223  New York        New Carrollto
 Amtrak    Express Metroliner/Service train 202  New Carrollton  New York
 Amtrak    Express Metroliner/Service train 222  Washington      Metropark
 Amtrak    Four Metroliner/Service trains        Newark          Philadelphia
 Amtrak    Six Metroliner/Service trains         Newark          Philadelphia
 VIA       Renaissance                           Dorval          Kingston
 Amtrak    Nine Metroliner/Service trains        Philadelphia    Newark
 VIA       York                                  Cornwall        Kingston
 VIA       Renaissance                           Kingston        Dorval
 Railroad  Train                                 From            To
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
VIA       Renaissance                           Kingston        Dorval
 VIA       York                                  Kingston        Cornwall





        Fastest Scheduled Passenger Train Runs in Foreign Countries
            Donald M. Steffee, figures based on 1989 time tables


╓┌──────────────┌───────────────────────────┌───────────┌────────────┌───────
 Railroad       Train                       From        To           Dis. mile
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 France         TGV trains (2 runs)         Paris       Macon        225.7
 Japan          Yamabiko trains (6 runs)    Morica      Sendi        106.3
 Great Britain  High Speed Trains (3 runs)  Swindon     Reading      41.5
 West Germany   Intercity trains (7 runs)   Celle       Uelzen       32.5
 Italy          IC501                       Milan       Bologna      135.8
 Railroad       Train                       From        To           Dis. mile
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Italy          IC501                       Milan       Bologna      135.8
 Soviet Union   High Speed Train2           Leningrad1  Moscow3      403.6
 Sweden         Seven trains                Skvode      Hallsberg    70.8
 Spain          Talgos 120 and 121          Alcazar1    Albacete     80.7
 Australia      Riverina XPT                Culcairn    Wagga Wagga  47.0



 1 Runs listed in both directions. 2 Once weekly: Thursday from Leningrad,
 Fri. from Moscow. 3 Probable operating stop at Bologuye; times unavailable



               Ownership of Motor Vehicles by Household, 1988
                   Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Association


╓┌─────────────────────────┌─────────────────────────┌──────────────────────┌
                                                     Average Per Household  Av
                                                     Average Per Household  Av
 Characteristic            Number of Households      Number of Vehicles     Ve
                           (Million)
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Average Number of
 Vehicles Per Household:

 Fewer than 1              3.9                       .6                     5,

 1                         24.5                      1.0                    10

 Between 1 and 2           9.1                       1.5                    17

 2                         24.3                      2.0                    20

 Between 2 and 3           8.2                       2.4                    25

 3                         5.9                       3.0                    28

 Between 3 and 4           2.8                       3.4                    36

                                                     Average Per Household  Av
 Characteristic            Number of Households      Number of Vehicles     Ve
                           (Million)
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 4 or more                 2.7                       4.3                    42

 Census Region:

 Northeast                 15.2                      1.7                    17

 Midwest                   20.4                      1.8                    18

 South                     28.3                      1.8                    18

 West                      17.3                      1.9                    18

 Metropolitan Status:

 Metropolitan              63.0                      1.8                    18

                                                     Average Per Household  Av
 Characteristic            Number of Households      Number of Vehicles     Ve
                           (Million)
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 Central city              24.0                      1.6                    15

 Outside Central City      39.0                      1.9                    20

 Nonmetropolitan           18.3                      1.8                    18

 Household Size:

 1 Person                  16.9                      1.2                    10

 2 Persons                 28.6                      1.8                    16

 3 Persons                 14.2                      2.0                    22

 4 Persons                 12.6                      2.1                    23

                                                     Average Per Household  Av
 Characteristic            Number of Households      Number of Vehicles     Ve
                           (Million)
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 5 or More Persons         8.9                       2.3                    25

 1987 Family Income:

 Less than $10,000         10.2                      1.3                    10

 $10,000-$14,999           11.8                      1.4                    12

 $15,000-$19,999           8.3                       1.6                    15

 $20,000-$24,999           8.6                       1.7                    17

 $25,000-$34,999           16.0                      1.8                    18

 $35,000-$49,999           12.9                      2.2                    24

                                                     Average Per Household  Av
 Characteristic            Number of Households      Number of Vehicles     Ve
                           (Million)
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 $50,000-$74,999           8.8                       2.3                    25

 $75,000 or More           4.5                       2.4                    27

 U.S. Total                81.3                      1.8                    18






            Personal Consumption Expenditures for Transportation
                  Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Association
                                (in millions)


╓┌───────────────────────────────────────────────────────┌───────────┌───────
                                                         1978        1980
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 User-Operated Transportation
 New Autos                                               $48,521     $46,395
 Net Purchases of Used Autos                             13,704      14,905
 Other Motor Vehicles1                                   19,150      12,298
 Tires, Tubes and Accessories and Parts                  13,706      16,684
 Repair, Greasing, Washing, Parking, Storage and Rental  28,016      32,327
 Gasoline and Oil                                        51,301      83,721
 Bridge, Tunnel, Ferry and Road Tolls                    955         1,061
 Insurance Premiums, Less Claims Paid                    8,340       9,383
 Total User-Operated Transportation                      $183,693    $216,774
 Purchased Local Transportation
 Transit Systems                                         $2,243      $2,431
 Taxicabs                                                2,617       3,082
 Railway Commutation                                     242         300
 Total Purchased Local Transportation                    $5,102      $5,813
 Purchased Intercity Transportation
 Railway Excluding Commutation                           $261        $362
 Bus                                                     847         1,171
                                                         1978        1980
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Bus                                                     847         1,171
 Airline                                                 9,331       13,425
 Other                                                   639         939
 Total Purchased Intercity Transportation                $11,078     $15,897
 Total Transportation                                    $199,873    $238,484
 Total Personal Consumption Expenditures                 $1,403,501  $1,732,55



 1 New and used trucks, recreation vehicles, etc.



                          Delays at U.S. Airports
                     U.S. Department of Transportation


╓┌──────────────────────┌─────────────────────────────┌───────────────────┌──
 City                   Departures on time (overall)  Worst hours to fly  Depa
 City                   Departures on time (overall)  Worst hours to fly  Depa
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Philadelphia           76                            5 to 6 P.M.         67.3
 Chicago (O'Hare)       76.4                          8 to 9 P.M.         62.2
 New York (La Guardia)  76.6                          6 to 7 P.M.         65
 Denver                 77                            10 to 11 P.M.       67.4
 New York (Kennedy)     78.4                          5 to 6 P.M.         73
 Boston                 78.5                          5 to 6 P.M.         65
 Pittsburgh             78.9                          9 to 10 A.M.        71.5
 Dallas-Fort Worth      78.9                          6 to 7 P.M.         68.5
 Atlanta                79.3                          8 to 9 P.M.         70.6
 Newark                 79.7                          10 to 11 P.M.       67.9
 Seattle                80.2                          9 to 10 P.M.        79.7
 Houston                80.3                          8 to 9 P.M.         70.9
 Phoenix                81.2                          8 to 9 P.M.         70.5
 San Francisco          81.2                          1 to 2 P.M.         72
 Detroit                82                            10 to 11 A.M.       74.5
 San Diego              82.1                          7 to 8 P.M.         72.9
 Orlando                82.2                          7 to 8 P.M.         62.6
 Tampa                  83.2                          11 P.M. to 6 A.M.   71
 Charlotte, N.C.        82.3                          8 to 9 P.M.         73.3
 City                   Departures on time (overall)  Worst hours to fly  Depa
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Charlotte, N.C.        82.3                          8 to 9 P.M.         73.3
 Kansas City            83.6                          11 P.M. to 6 A.M.   66.9
 Miami                  83.9                          7 to 8 P.M.         74.3
 Minneapolis-St. Paul   84                            9 to 10 P.M.        73
 St. Louis              84.2                          10 to 11 P.M.       79.7
 Washington (National)  84.3                          3 to 4 P.M.         78
 Baltimore              84.3                          9 to 10 P.M.        78.7
 Washington (Dulles)    85.7                          7 to 8 P.M.         76
 Los Angeles            85.9                          5 to 6 P.M.         78
 Salt Lake City         85.4                          8 to 9 P.M.         63
 Las Vegas              85.9                          noon to 1 P.M.      81.9
 Memphis                87.4                          10 to 11 P.M.       74.5



 The following is the percentage of flights that left within 15 minutes of
 their scheduled departure time at 30 major U.S. airports from January
 through April, 1990. Delays caused by mechanical problems are not counted.



                           Motorcycles, 1970-1988
                       Federal Highway Administration


╓┌─────┌──────────────────────────────────────┌─────────────────────────┌────

 Year  Number of registered vehicles (1,000)  Travel (mil. veh. miles)  Averag
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 1970  2,824                                  2,979                     1,055
 1975  4,964                                  5,629                     1,134
 1980  5,694                                  10,214                    1,794
 1985  5,444                                  9,086                     1,669
 1986  5,262                                  9,414                     1,789
 1987  4,917                                  9,506                     1,933
 1988  4,584                                  10,022                    2,186





                 Motor Vehicle Production, by Country, 1989
                   Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Association


╓┌────────────────┌───────────────┌─────────────────┌────────────────────────╖
 Country          Passenger Cars  Trucks and Buses  Total
 ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Argentina        107,597         20,227            127,824
 Australia        330,492         27,772            358,264
 Austria          6,638           5,026             11,664
 Belgium          304,055         84,524            388,579
 Brazil           731,013         280,970           1,011,983
 Canada           1,001,588       937,914           1,939,502
 China            21,568          467,907           489,475
 Czechoslovakia   188,611         50,570            239,181
 France           3,409,017       510,759           3,919,776
 Germany, East    215,000         42,000            257,000
 Germany, West    4,563,673       287,974           4,851,647
 Hungary          -               11,930            11,930
 India            117,190         155,325           332,515
 Country          Passenger Cars  Trucks and Buses  Total
 ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
India            117,190         155,325           332,515
 Italy            1,971,969       248,805           2,220,774
 Japan            9,052,406       3,973,272         13,025,678
 Korea, South     871,898         257,572           1,129,470
 Mexico           439,538         202,241           641,779
 The Netherlands  130,000         33,330            163,330
 Poland           285,600         53,000            338,600
 Spain            1,638,615       406,942           2,045,557
 Sweden           384,206         81,670            465,876
 United Kingdom   1,299,082       326,590           1,625,672
 United States    6,823,097       4,028,958         10,852,055
 U.S.S.R.         1,200,000       900,000           2,100,000
 Yugoslavia       302,985         39,949            342,934
 Total            35,455,838      13,435,227        48,891,065





                   Passenger Car Production, U.S. Plants
                  Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Association


╓┌────────────────────────┌──────────┌──────────┌────────────────────────────╖
                          1987       1988       1989
 ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Renault Alliance         16,004     --         --
 Total Eagle              16,004     -          -
 Horizon                  45,663     78,794     32,937
 Reliant                  136,109    100,462    -
 Sundance                 89,678     104,310    100,618
 Acclaim                  -          7,241      125,292
 Caravelle                42,955     9,834      -
 Gran Fury                7,180      13,059     -
 Total Plymouth           321,585    313,700    258,847
 LeBaron                  64,089     7,912      10
 LeBaron GTS              37,508     9,539      2,946
 Le Baron J               113,858    90,449     93,670
 Fifth Avenue             65,675     33,280     32,623
 New Yorker (C)           18,916     106,832    74,375
                          1987       1988       1989
 ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
New Yorker (C)           18,916     106,832    74,375
 New Yorker (E)           57,102     -          -
 Total Chrysler-Plymouth  678,733    561,712    462,471
 Omni                     40,039     77,332     34,621
 Shadow                   96,073     103,190    104,145
 Daytona                  64,054     79,657     75,452
 Aries                    127,948    91,998     -
 Spirit                   -          8,090      108,046
 Dodge 600                39,773     8,549      -
 Lancer                   23,123     9,365      1,528
 Dynasty                  8,486      114,156    132,636
 Diplomat                 15,188     18,796     -
 Total Dodge              414,684    511,133    453,428
 Total Chrysler Corp.     1,109,421  1,072,845  915,899
 Thunderbird              157,507    111,533    137,326
 Taurus                   405,640    395,512    362,144
 Tempo                    145,812    183,124    146,928
 Escort                   394,699    414,596    347,271
 Mustang                  214,128    200,054    172,217
                          1987       1988       1989
 ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Mustang                  214,128    200,054    172,217
 Total Ford               1,317,786  1,304,819  1,165,886
 Cougar                   138,464    87,765     114,250
 Sable                    121,641    135,436    116,874
 Topaz                    46,975     70,565     66,554
 Lynx                     21,352     -          -
 Town Car                 142,017    123,110    127,486
 Mark                     28,546     28,734     21,544
 Continental              13,595     55,312     64,487
 Total Lincoln--Mercury   512,590    500,922    511,195
 Total Ford Motor Co.     1,830,376  1,805,741  1,677,081
 Geo, Prizm               142,934    73,743     112,111
 Cavalier                 315,328    357,807    355,075
 Camaro                   121,550    99,820     100,613
 Beretta--Corsica         348,806    434,313    370,741
 Celebrity                285,111    189,912    70,365
 Monte Carlo              72,745     -          -
 Chevrolet                200,583    203,494    162,792
 Corvette                 28,514     22,878     25,256
                          1987       1988       1989
 ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Corvette                 28,514     22,878     25,256
 Total Chevrolet          1,515,571  1,381,967  1,196,953
 Sunbird                  89,470     113,736    151,177
 Fiero                    33,935     13,296     -
 Firebird                 77,731     66,456     56,441
 Grand Am                 247,701    242,121    226,882
 6000                     67,943     94,663     78,910
 Bonneville H             125,014    121,914    90,886
 Total Pontiac            657,281    806,356    732,177
 Firenza                  17,978     5,230      -
 Calais                   115,085    119,690    87,747
 Ciera                    108,766    38,053     87,908
 Cutlass Supreme          76,751     140,513    115,084
 Delta 88                 193,737    167,785    148,411
 Oldsmobile 98            73,004     76,341     71,497
 Toronado                 16,453     15,308     10,334
 Total Oldsmobile         601,774    562,920    520,981
 Skyhawk                  34,517     28,037     6,913
 Somerset and Skylark     63,612     55,343     68,464
                          1987       1988       1989
 ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Somerset and Skylark     63,612     55,343     68,464
 Century                  152,892    142,454    122,766
 Regal                    40,425     -          -
 LeSabre                  152,836    144,924    164,856
 Electra                  94,485     92,099     80,049
 Riviera                  13,468     13,631     20,626
 Reatta                   332        8,363      6,378
 Total Buick              552,567    484,851    470,052
 Cimarron                 10,404     3,693      -
 Cadillac                 218,741    200,118    236,877
 Eldorado                 20,538     35,385     29,161
 Seville                  21,395     23,514     24,319
 Allante                  4,803      2,320      3,232
 Total Cadillac           275,881    265,030    293,589
 Total General Motors     3,603,074  3,501,124  3,213,752
 Dramond Star             -          -          90,727
 Honda                    324,065    366,354    362,274
 Mazda                    4,200      163,289    216,501
 Nissan                   117,334    109,897    115,584
                          1987       1988       1989
 ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Nissan                   117,334    109,897    115,584
 Toyota                   43,744     55,480     231,279
 Volkswagen of America    66,696     35,998     -
 Total Passenger Cars     7,098,910  7,110,728  6,823,097





                Best-Selling Cars in the U.S., 1978 and 1989

                   Ward's Automotive Reports

 1978

 Chevrolet (full-size model)

 Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme

 Ford Fairmont

 Chevrolet Malibu

 Chevrolet Monte Carlo

 Ford LTD

 Ford Thunderbird

 Oldsmobile 88

 Chevrolet Camaro

 Cadillac

 1989

 Honda Accord

 Ford Taurus

 Ford Escort

 Chevrolet Corsica/Beretta

 Chevrolet Cavalier

 Toyota Camry

 Ford Tempo

 Nissan Sentra

 Pontiac Grand Am

 Toyota Corolla
                     Selected Motor Vehicle Statistics
 Federal Highway Adm.; National Transportation  Safety Board; Insurance
 Institute for Highway Safety


╓┌───────────────┌───────────────────┌───────────────────┌───────────────────
                 Driver's age Jan.   Driver's age Jan.   1989 Licensed       1
                 1, 1990             1, 1990             drivers3            a
                                                                             t
 State           (1) Regular         (2) Juvenile        (mins.)             (

 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Alabama         16                  --                  2.1                 4

 Alaska          16                  -                   .3                  .

 Arizona         16                  -                   2.4                 2

 Arkansas        16                  -                   1.7                 1

 California      16/18               14                  19.3                2

 Colorado        18                  16                  2.2                 2

 Connecticut     16/18               -                   2.4                 2

                 Driver's age Jan.   Driver's age Jan.   1989 Licensed       1
                 1, 1990             1, 1990             drivers3            a
                                                                             t
 State           (1) Regular         (2) Juvenile        (mins.)             (


 Delaware        16/18               -                   .5                  .

 Dist. of Col.   18                  16                  .4                  .

 Florida         16                  -                   9.0                 1

 Georgia         16                  -                   4.5                 5

 Hawaii          15                  -                   .6                  .

 Idaho           16                  14                  .7                  1

 Illinois        16/18               -                   7.3                 8

 Indiana         16/18               -                   3.8                 4
                 Driver's age Jan.   Driver's age Jan.   1989 Licensed       1
                 1, 1990             1, 1990             drivers3            a
                                                                             t
 State           (1) Regular         (2) Juvenile        (mins.)             (

Indiana         16/18               -                   3.8                 4

 Iowa            16/18               -                   1.9                 2

 Kansas          16                  14                  1.7                 2

 Kentucky        16                  -                   2.4                 2

 Louisiana       15/17               15                  2.6                 3

 Maine           16/17               16                  .9                  1

 Maryland        16/18               16                  3.2                 3

 Massachusetts   17/18               16                  4.3                 3

                 Driver's age Jan.   Driver's age Jan.   1989 Licensed       1
                 1, 1990             1, 1990             drivers3            a
                                                                             t
 State           (1) Regular         (2) Juvenile        (mins.)             (


 Michigan        16/18               14                  6.4                 7

 Minnesota       16/18               15                  2.5                 3

 Mississippi     15                  -                   1.8                 1

 Missouri        16                  -                   3.6                 3

 Montana         15/16               13                  .5                  .

 Nebraska        16                  14                  1.1                 1

 Nevada          16                  14                  .8                  .

 New Hampshire   16/18               16                  .8                  1
                 Driver's age Jan.   Driver's age Jan.   1989 Licensed       1
                 1, 1990             1, 1990             drivers3            a
                                                                             t
 State           (1) Regular         (2) Juvenile        (mins.)             (

New Hampshire   16/18               16                  .8                  1

 New Jersey      17                  16                  5.5                 5

 New Mexico      15/16               -                   1.1                 1

 New York        17/18               16                  10.3                1

 North Carolina  16/18               -                   4.5                 5

 North Dakota    16                  14                  .4                  .

 Ohio            16/18               14                  7.4                 8

 Oklahoma        16                  -                   2.3                 2

                 Driver's age Jan.   Driver's age Jan.   1989 Licensed       1
                 1, 1990             1, 1990             drivers3            a
                                                                             t
 State           (1) Regular         (2) Juvenile        (mins.)             (


 Oregon          16                  14                  2.2                 2

 Pennsylvania    17/18               16                  7.8                 7

 Rhode Island    16/18               -                   .7                  .

 South Carolina  16                  15                  2.3                 2

 South Dakota    16                  14                  .5                  .

 Tennessee       16                  14                  3.2                 4

 Texas           16/18               15                  11.1                1

 Utah            16/18               -                   1.0                 1
                 Driver's age Jan.   Driver's age Jan.   1989 Licensed       1
                 1, 1990             1, 1990             drivers3            a
                                                                             t
 State           (1) Regular         (2) Juvenile        (mins.)             (

Utah            16/18               -                   1.0                 1

 Vermont         18                  16                  .4                  .

 Virginia        16/19               -                   4.2                 4

 Washington      16/18               -                   3.2                 4

 West Virginia   16/18               16                  1.3                 1

 Wisconsin       16/18               14                  3.2                 4

 Wyoming         16                  14                  .4                  .

 Total5                                                  164.9               1

                 Driver's age Jan.   Driver's age Jan.   1989 Licensed       1
                 1, 1990             1, 1990             drivers3            a
                                                                             t
 State           (1) Regular         (2) Juvenile        (mins.)             (





 1 Unrestricted operation of private passenger car. When 2 ages are shown,
 license is issued at lower age upon completion of approved driver education
 course. 2 Juvenile license issued with consent of parent or guardian. 3
 Estimated, 1989. 4 P = an officer may stop a vehicle for a violation
 (primary); S = an officer may only issue a seat belt citation when the
 vehicle is stopped for another moving violation (secondary); 5 Figures may
 not add, due to rounding. *Law goes into effect 12/31/90.



                          Automobile Factory Sales
                   Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Association


╓┌─────┌──────────────────────┌───────────────────────────┌──────────────────╖
 Year  Passenger cars Number  Motor trucks, buses Number  Total Number
 ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 1900  4,192                  --                          4,190
 1910  181,000                6,000                       187,000
 1920  1,905,560              321,789                     2,227,349
 1930  2,787,456              575,364                     3,362,820
 1940  3,717,385              754,901                     4,472,286
 1950  6,665,863              1,337,193                   8,003,056
 1960  6,665,863              1,194,475                   7,869,271
 1970  6,546,817              1,692,440                   8,239,257
 1981  6,255,340              1,700,908                   7,956,248
 1982  5,049,184              1,906,455                   6,955,639
 1983  6,739,223              2,413,897                   9,153,120
 1985  8,002,259              3,356,905                   11,359,164
 1986  7,516,189              3,392,885                   10,909,074
 1987  7,085,147              3,821,410                   10,906,557
 1988  7,104,617              4,120,574                   11,225,191
 1989  6,807,416              4,061,950                   10,869,366
 Year  Passenger cars Number  Motor trucks, buses Number  Total Number
 ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
1989  6,807,416              4,061,950                   10,869,366



 After July 1, 1964 all tactical vehicles are excluded. Federal excise taxes
 are excluded in all years.



                  Road Mileage Between Selected U.S. Cities


╓┌───────────────────┌────────┌───────┌────────┌───────────┌──────────┌──────
                     Atlanta  Boston  Chicago  Cincinnati  Cleveland  Dallas
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Atlanta, Ga.        . . .    1,037   674      440         672        795
 Boston, Mass.       1,037    . . .   963      840         628        1,748
 Chicago, Ill.       674      963     . . .    287         335        917
 Cincinnati, Oh.     440      840     287      . . .       244        920
                     Atlanta  Boston  Chicago  Cincinnati  Cleveland  Dallas
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Cincinnati, Oh.     440      840     287      . . .       244        920
 Cleveland, Oh.      672      628     335      244         . . .      1,159
 Dallas Tex.         795      1,748   917      920         1,159      . . .
 Denver, Col.        1,398    1,949   996      1,164       1,321      781
 Detroit, Mich.      699      695     266      259         170        1,143
 Houston, Tex.       789      1,804   1,067    1,029       1,273      243
 Indianapolis, Ind.  493      906     181      106         294        865
 Kansas City, Mo.    798      1,391   499      591         779        489
 Los Angeles, Cal.   2,182    2,979   2,054    2,179       2,367      1,387
 Memphis, Tenn.      371      1,296   530      468         712        452
 Milwaukee, Wis.     761      1,050   87       374         422        991
 Minneapolis, Minn.  1,068    1,368   405      692         740        936
 New Orleans, La.    479      1,507   912      786         1,030      496
 New York, N.Y.      841      206     802      647         473        1,552
 Omaha, Neb.         986      1,412   459      693         784        644
 Philadelphia, Pa.   741      296     738      567         413        1,452
 Pittsburgh, Pa.     687      561     452      287         129        1,204
 Portland Ore.       2,601    3,046   2,083    2,333       2,418      2,009
 St. Louis, Mo.      541      1,141   289      340         529        630
                     Atlanta  Boston  Chicago  Cincinnati  Cleveland  Dallas
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
St. Louis, Mo.      541      1,141   289      340         529        630
 San Francisco       2,496    3,095   2,142    2,362       2,467      1,753
 Seattle, Wash.      2,618    2,976   2,013    2,300       2,348      2,078
 Tulsa, Okla.        772      1,537   683      736         925        257
 Washington, D.C.    608      429     671      481         346        1,319





                  Road Mileage Between Selected U.S. Cities


╓┌───────────────────┌─────────────┌────────────┌────────────┌───────────┌───
                     Indianapolis  Kansas City  Los Angeles  Louisville  Memph
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Atlanta, Ga.        493           798          2,182        382         371
 Boston, Mass.       906           1,391        2,979        941         1,296
 Chicago, Ill.       181           499          2,054        292         530
                     Indianapolis  Kansas City  Los Angeles  Louisville  Memph
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Chicago, Ill.       181           499          2,054        292         530
 Cincinnati, Oh.     106           591          2,179        101         468
 Cleveland Oh.       294           779          2,367        345         712
 Dallas, Tex.        865           489          1,387        819         452
 Denver, Col.        1,058         600          1,059        1,120       1,040
 Detroit, Mich.      278           743          2,311        360         713
 Houston, Tex.       987           710          1,538        928         561
 Indianapolis, Ind.  . . .         485          2,073        111         435
 Kansas City, Mo.    485           . . .        1,589        520         451
 Los Angeles, Cal.   2,073         1,589        . . .        2,108       1,817
 Memphis, Tenn.      435           451          1,817        367         . . .
 Milwaukee, Wis.     268           537          2,087        379         612
 Minneapolis, Minn.  586           447          1,889        697         826
 New Orleans, La.    796           806          1,883        685         390
 New York, N.Y.      713           1,198        2,786        748         1,100
 Omaha, Neb.         587           201          1,595        687         652
 Philadelphia, Pa.   633           1,118        2,706        668         1,000
 Pittsburgh, Pa.     353           838          2,426        388         752
 Portland, Ore.      1,227         1,809        959          2,320       2,259
                     Indianapolis  Kansas City  Los Angeles  Louisville  Memph
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Portland, Ore.      1,227         1,809        959          2,320       2,259
 St. Louis, Mo.      235           257          1,845        263         285
 San Francisco       2,256         1,835        379          2,349       2,125
 Seattle, Wash.      2,194         1,839        1,131        2,305       2,290
 Tulsa, Okla.        631           248          1,452        659         401
 Washington, D.C.    558           1,043        2,631        582         867





                  Road Mileage Between Selected U.S. Cities


╓┌───────────────────┌─────────────┌───────────┌─────────┌──────────┌────────
                     Philadelphia  Pittsburgh  Portland  St. Louis  Salt Lake
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Atlanta, Ga.        741           687         2,601     541        1,878
 Boston, Mass.       296           561         3,046     1,141      2,343
                     Philadelphia  Pittsburgh  Portland  St. Louis  Salt Lake
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Boston, Mass.       296           561         3,046     1,141      2,343
 Chicago, Ill.       738           452         2,083     289        1,390
 Cincinnati, Oh.     567           287         2,333     340        1,610
 Cleveland Oh.       413           129         2,418     529        1,715
 Dallas, Tex.        1,452         1,204       2,009     630        1,242
 Denver, Col.        1,691         1,411       1,238     857        504
 Detroit, Mich.      576           287         2,349     513        1,647
 Houston, Tex.       1,508         1,313       2,205     779        1,438
 Indianapolis, Ind.  633           353         2,227     235        1,504
 Kansas City, Mo.    1,118         838         1,809     257        1,086

 Los Angeles, Cal.   2,706         2,426       959       1,845      715
 Memphis, Tenn.      1,000         752         2,259     285        1,535
 Milwaukee, Wis.     825           539         2,010     363        1,423
 Minneapolis, Minn.  1,143         857         1,678     552        1,186
 New Orleans, La.    1,211         1,070       2,505     673        1,738
 New York, N.Y.      100           368         2,885     948        2,182
 Omaha, Neb.         1,183         895         1,654     449        931
 Philadelphia, Pa.   . . .         288         2,821     868        2,114
                     Philadelphia  Pittsburgh  Portland  St. Louis  Salt Lake
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Philadelphia, Pa.   . . .         288         2,821     868        2,114
 Pittsburgh, Pa.     288           . . .       2,535     588        1,826
 Portland, Ore.      2,821         2,535       . . .     2,060      767
 St. Louis, Mo.      868           588         2,060     . . .      1,337
 San Francisco       2,866         2,578       636       2,089      752
 Seattle, Wash.      2,751         2,465       172       2,081      836
 Tulsa, Okla.        1,264         984         1,913     396        1,172
 Washington, D.C.    133           221         2,754     793        2,047





        Air Distances Between Selected World Cities in Statute Miles
           Point-to-point measurements are usually from City Hall


╓┌─────────────────┌────────┌────────┌───────┌───────┌──────────┌────────┌───
                   Bangkok  Beijing  Berlin  Cairo   Cape Town  Caracas  Chica
                   Bangkok  Beijing  Berlin  Cairo   Cape Town  Caracas  Chica
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Bangkok           . . .    2,046    5,352   4,523   6,300      10,555   8,570
 Bejing            2,046    . . .    4,584   4,698   8,044      8,950    6,604
 Berlin            5,352    4,584    . . .   1,797   5,961      5,238    4,414
 Cairo             4,523    4,698    1,797   . . .   4,480      6,342    6,141
 Cape Town         6,300    8,044    5,961   4,480   . . .      6,366    8,491
 Caracas           10,555   8,950    5,238   6,342   6,366      . . .    2,495
 Chicago           8,570    6,604    4,414   6,141   8,491      2,495    . . .
 Hong Kong         1,077    1,217    5,443   5,066   7,376      10,165   7,797
 Honolulu          6,609    5,077    7,320   8,848   11,535     6,021    4,256
 London            5,944    5,074    583     2,185   5,989      4,655    3,958
 Los Angeles       7,637    6,250    5,782   7,520   9,969      3,632    1,745
 Madrid            6,337    5,745    1,165   2,087   5,308      4,346    4,189
 Melbourne         4,568    5,643    9,918   8,675   6,425      9,717    9,673
 Mexico City       9,793    7,753    6,056   7,700   8,519      2,234    1,690
 Montreal          8,338    6,519    3,740   5,427   7,922      2,438    745
 Moscow            4,389    3,607    1,006   1,803   6,279      6,177    4,987
 New York          8,669    6,844    3,979   5,619   7,803      2,120    714
 Paris             5,877    5,120    548     1,998   5,786      4,732    4,143
 Rio de Janeiro    9,994    10,768   6,209   6,143   3,781      2,804    5,282
                   Bangkok  Beijing  Berlin  Cairo   Cape Town  Caracas  Chica
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Rio de Janeiro    9,994    10,768   6,209   6,143   3,781      2,804    5,282
 Rome              5,494    5,063    737     1,326   5,231      5,195    4,824
 San Francisco     7,931    5,918    5,672   7,466   10,248     3,902    1,859
 Singapore         883      2,771    6,164   5,137   6,008      11,402   9,372
 Stockholm         5,089    4,133    528     2,096   6,423      5,471    4,331
 Tokyo             2,865    1,307    5,557   5,958   9,154      8,808    6,314
 Warsaw            5,033    4,325    322     1,619   5,935      5,559    4,679
 Washington, D.C.  8,807    6,942    4,181   5,822   7,895      2,047    596





        Air Distances Between Selected World Cities in Statute Miles
           Point-to-point measurements are usually from City Hall


╓┌─────────────────┌───────┌────────────┌───────┌──────────┌────────────┌────
                   London  Los Angeles  Madrid  Melbourne  Mexico City  Montre
                   London  Los Angeles  Madrid  Melbourne  Mexico City  Montre
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Bangkok           5,944   7,637        6,337   4,568      9,793        8,338
 Bejing            5,074   6,250        5,745   5,643      7,753        6,519
 Berlin            583     5,782        1,165   9,918      6,056        3,740
 Cairo             2,185   7,520        2,087   8,675      7,700        5,427
 Cape Town         5,989   9,969        5,308   6,425      8,519        7,922
 Caracas           4,655   3,632        4,346   9,717      2,234        2,438
 Chicago           3,958   1,745        4,189   9,673      1,690        745
 Hong Kong         5,990   7,240        6,558   4,595      8,788        7,736
 Honolulu          7,240   2,557        7,872   5,505      3,789        4,918
 London            . . .   5,439        785     10,500     5,558        3,254
 Los Angeles       5,439   . . .        5,848   7,931      1,542        2,427
 Madrid            785     5,848        . . .   10,758     5,643        3,448
 Melbourne         10,500  7,931        10,758  . . .      8,426        10,395
 Mexico City       5,558   1,542        5,643   8,426      . . .        2,317
 Montreal          3,254   2,427        3,448   10,395     2,317        . . .
 Moscow            1,564   6,068        2,147   8,950      6,676        4,401
 New York          3,469   2,451        3,593   10,359     2,090        331
 Paris             214     5,601        655     10,430     5,725        3,432
 Rio de Janeiro    5,750   6,330        5,045   8,226      4,764        5,078
                   London  Los Angeles  Madrid  Melbourne  Mexico City  Montre
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Rio de Janeiro    5,750   6,330        5,045   8,226      4,764        5,078
 Rome              895     6,326        851     9,929      6,377        4,104
 San Francisco     5,367   347          5,803   7,856      1,887        2,543
 Singapore         6,747   8,767        7,080   3,759      10,327       9,203
 Stockholm         942     5,454        1,653   9,630      6,012        3,714
 Tokyo             5,959   5,470        6,706   5,062      7,035        6,471
 Warsaw            905     5,922        1,427   9,598      6,337        4,022
 Washington, D.C.  3,674   2,300        3,792   10,180     1,885        489





        Air Distances Between Selected World Cities in Statute Miles
           Point-to-point measurements are usually from City Hall


╓┌─────────────────┌───────────────┌───────┌──────────────┌──────────┌───────
                   Rio de Janiero  Rome    San Francisco  Singapore  Stockholm
                   Rio de Janiero  Rome    San Francisco  Singapore  Stockholm
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Bangkok           9,994           5,494   7,931          883        5,089
 Bejing            10,768          5,063   5,918          2,771      4,133
 Berlin            6,209           737     5,672          6,164      528
 Cairo             6,143           1,326   7,466          5,137      2,096
 Cape Town         3,781           5,231   10,248         6,008      6,423
 Caracas           2,804           5,195   3,902          11,402     5,471
 Chicago           5,282           4,824   1,859          9,372      4,331
 Hong Kong         11,009          5,774   6,905          1,605      5,063
 Honolulu          8,288           8,040   2,398          6,726      6,875
 London            5,750           895     5,367          6,747      942
 Los Angeles       6,330           6,326   347            8,767      5,454
 Madrid            5,045           851     5,803          7,080      1,653
 Melbourne         8,226           9,929   7,856          3,759      9,630
 Mexico City       4,764           6,377   1,887          10,327     6,012
 Montreal          5,078           4,104   2,543          9,203      3,714
 Moscow            7,170           1,483   5,885          5,228      716
 New York          4,801           4,293   2,572          9,534      3,986
 Paris             5,684           690     5,577          6,673      1,003
 Rio de Janeiro    . . .           5,707   6,613          9,785      6,683
                   Rio de Janiero  Rome    San Francisco  Singapore  Stockholm
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Rio de Janeiro    . . .           5,707   6,613          9,785      6,683
 Rome              5,707           . . .   6,259          6,229      1,245
 San Francisco     6,613           6,259   . . .          8,448      5,399
 Singapore         9,785           6,229   8,448          . . .      5,936
 Stockholm         6,683           1,245   5,399          5,936      . . .
 Tokyo             11,532          6,142   5,150          3,300      5,053
 Warsaw            6,455           820     5,854          5,843      494
 Washington, D.C.  4,779           4,497   2,441          9,662      4,183






                                 AEROSPACE

                       Memorable Manned Space Flights
    National Aeronautics and Space Administration and The World Almanac.


╓┌───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┌───────────────
 Crew, date                                                  Mission name
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Yuri A. Gagarin (4/12/61)                                   Vostok 1

 Alan B. Shepard Jr. (5/5/61)                                Mercury-Redstone

 Virgil I. Grissom (7/21/61)                                 Mercury-Redstone

 Gherman S. Titov (8/6-7/61)                                 Vostok 2

 John H. Glenn Jr.(2/20/62)                                  Mercury-Atlas 6

 M. Scott Carpenter (5/24/62)                                Mercury-Atlas 7

 Andrian G. Nikolayev (8/11-15/62)                           Vostok 3

 Pavel R. Popovich (8/12-15/62)                              Vostok 4

 Walter M. Schirra Jr. (10/3/62)                             Mercury-Atlas 8
 Crew, date                                                  Mission name
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Walter M. Schirra Jr. (10/3/62)                             Mercury-Atlas 8

 L. Gordon Cooper (5/15-16/63)                               Mercury-Atlas 9


 Valery F. Bykovsky (6/14-6/19/63)                           Vostok 5

 Valentina V. Tereshkova (6/16-19/63)                        Vostok 6

 Vladimir M. Komarov, Konstantin P. Feoktistov, Boris B.     Voskhod 1
 Yegorov (10/12/64)

 Pavel I. Belyayev, Aleksei A. Leonov (3/18/65)              Voskhod 2

 Virgil I. Grissom, John W. Young (3/23/65)                  Gemini-Titan 3

 James A. McDivitt, Edward H. White 2d, (6/3-7/65)           Gemini-Titan 4

 L. Gordon Cooper Jr., Charles Conrad Jr. (8/21-29/65)       Gemini-Titan 5
 Crew, date                                                  Mission name
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
L. Gordon Cooper Jr., Charles Conrad Jr. (8/21-29/65)       Gemini-Titan 5


 Frank Borman, James A. Lovell Jr. (12/4-18/65)              Gemini-Titan 7

 Walter M. Schirra Jr., Thomas P. Stafford (12/15-16/65)     Gemini-Titan 6-A

 Neil A. Armstrong, David R. Scott (3/16-17/66)              Gemini-Titan 8


 John W. Young, Michael Collins (7/18-21/66)                 Gemini-Titan 10

 Charles Conrad Jr., Richard F. Gordon Jr. (9/12-15/66)      Gemini-Titan 11


 James A. Lovell Jr., Edwin E. Aldrin Jr. (11/11-15/66)      Gemini-Titan 12


 Vladimir M. Komarov (4/23/67)                               Soyuz 1
 Crew, date                                                  Mission name
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Vladimir M. Komarov (4/23/67)                               Soyuz 1

 Walter M. Schirra Jr., Donn F. Eisele, R. Walter            Apollo-Saturn 7
 Cunningham (10/11-22/68)

 Georgi T. Beregovoi (10/26-30/68)                           Soyuz 3

 Frank Borman, James A. Lovell Jr., William A. Anders        Apollo-Saturn 8
 (12/21-27/68)

 Vladimir A. Shatalov (1/14-17/69)                           Soyuz 4

 Boris V. Volyanov, Aleksei S. Yeliseyev, Yevgeny V.         Soyuz 5
 Khrunov (1/15-18/69)

 James A. McDivitt, David R.Scott, Russell L. Schweickart    Apollo-Saturn 9
 (3/3-13/69)

 Thomas P. Stafford, Eugene A. Cernan, John W. Young         Apollo-Saturn 10
 Crew, date                                                  Mission name
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Thomas P. Stafford, Eugene A. Cernan, John W. Young         Apollo-Saturn 10
 (5/18-26/69)

 Neil A. Armstrong, Edwin E. Aldrin Jr., Michael Collins     Apollo-Saturn 11
 (7/16-24/69)


 Georgi S. Shonin, Valery N. Kubasov (10/11-16/69)           Soyuz 6

 Anatoly V. Filipchenko, Vladislav N. Volkov, Viktor V.      Soyuz 7
 Gorbatko (10/12-17/69)

 Charles Conrad Jr., Richard F. Gordon, Alan L. Bean          Apollo-Saturn 12
 (11/14-24/69)

 James A. Lovell Jr., Fred W. Haise Jr., John L. Swigart Jr.  Apollo-Saturn 13
 (4/11-17/70)

 Alan B. Shepard Jr., Stuart A. Roosa, Edgar D. Mitchell     Apollo-Saturn 14
 Crew, date                                                  Mission name
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Alan B. Shepard Jr., Stuart A. Roosa, Edgar D. Mitchell     Apollo-Saturn 14
 (1/31-2/9/71)

 Georgi T. Dobrovolsky, Vladislav N. Volkov, Viktor I.       Soyuz 11
 Patsayev (6/6-30/71)


 David R. Scott, Alfred M. Worden, James B. Irwin            Apollo-Saturn 15
 (7/26-8/7/71)


 Charles M. Duke Jr., Thomas K. Mattingly, John W. Young     Apollo-Saturn 16
 (4/16-27/72)

 Eugene A. Cernan, Ronald E. Evans, Harrison H. Schmitt      Apollo-Saturn 17
 (12/7-19/72)

 Charles Conrad Jr., Joseph P. Kerwin, Paul J. Weitz         Skylab 2
 (5/25-6/22/73)
 Crew, date                                                  Mission name
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
(5/25-6/22/73)


 Alan L. Bean, Jack R. Lousma, Owen K. Garriott              Skylab 3
 (7/28-9/25/73)


 Gerald P. Carr, Edward G. Gibson, William Pogue             Skylab 4
 (11/16/73-2/8/74)

 Alexi Leonov, Valeri Kubasov (7/15-7/21/75)                 Soyuz 19

 Vance Brand, Thomas P. Stafford, Donald K. Slayton          Apollo 18
 (7/15-7/24/75)


 Leonid Kizim, Vladmir Solovyov, Oleg Atkov (2/8-10/2/84)    Salyut 7




 1 The U.S. measures orbital flights in revolutions while theSoviets use
 "orbits." 2 Suborbital. 3 Moon orbitsin command module. 4 Moon orbits.
 Fire aboard spacecraft Apollo I on the ground at Cape Kennedy, Fla. killed
 Virgil I. Grissom, Edward H.White and Roger B. Chaffee on Jan. 27, 1967.
 They were the only U.S.astronauts killed in space tests.



                             U.S. Space Shuttles


╓┌─────────────────────────────────┌─────────────────────────────────────────╖
 Name, date                        Crew
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Columbia (4/12-14/81)             Robert L. Crippen, John W.  Young.

 Columbia (11/12-14/81)            Joe Engle, Richard Truly.

 Columbia (3/22-30/82)             Jack Lousma, C. Gordon Fullerton.
 Name, date                        Crew
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Columbia (3/22-30/82)             Jack Lousma, C. Gordon Fullerton.

 Columbia (6-27/7-4/82)            Thomas Mattingly 2d, Henry Hartsfield Jr.

 Columbia (11/11-16/82)            Vance Brand, Robert Overmyer, William
                                   Lenoir, Joseph Allen.

 Challenger (4/4-9/83)             Paul Weitz, Karol Bobko, Story Musgrave,
                                   Donald Peterson.

 Challenger (6/18-24/83)           Robert L. Crippen, Norman Thagard, John
                                   Fabian, Frederick Hauck,  Sally K. Ride
                                   (1st U.S. woman in space).

 Challenger (8/30-9/5/83)          Richard Truly, Daniel Brand- enstein,
                                   William Thornton, Guion Bluford (1st U.S.
                                   black in space), Dale Gardner.

 Columbia (11/28-12/8/83)          John Young, Brewster Shaw Jr., Robert
 Name, date                        Crew
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Columbia (11/28-12/8/83)          John Young, Brewster Shaw Jr., Robert
                                   Parker, Owen  Garriott, Byron
                                   Lichtenberg, Ulf Merbold.

 Challenger (2/3-11/84)            Vance Brand, Robert Gibson, Ronald
                                   McNair, Bruce McCandless, Robert Stewart.

 Challenger (4/6-13/84)            Robert L. Crippen, Francis R. Scobee,
                                   George D. Nelson, Terry J. Hart, James D.
                                   Van Hoften.

 Discovery (8/30-9/5/84)           Henry W. Hartsfield Jr., Michael L.
                                   Coats, Steven A. Hawley, Judith A.
                                   Resnik, Richard M. Mullane, Charles D.
                                   Walker.

 Challenger (10/5-13/84)           Robert L. Crippen, Jon A. McBride,
                                   Kathryn D. Sullivan, Sally K. Ride, Marc
                                   Garneau (first Canadian), David C.
 Name, date                        Crew
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
                                  Garneau (first Canadian), David C.
                                   Leestma, Paul D. Scully-Power.

 Discovery (11/8-16/84)            Frederick H. Hauck, David M. Walker, Dr.
                                   Anna L. Fisher, Joseph P. Allen, Dale A.
                                   Gardner.

 Discovery (1/24-27/85)            Thomas K. Mattingly, Loren J. Shriver,
                                   James F. Buchli, Ellison S. Onizuka,
                                   Gary E. Payton.

 Discovery (4/12-19/85)            Karol J. Bobko, Donald E. Williams, Sen.
                                   Jake Garn, Charles D. Walker, Jeffrey A.
                                   Hoffman, S. David Griggs, M. Rhea Seddon.

 Challenger (4/29-5/6/85)          Robert F. Overmyer, Frederick D. Gregory,
                                   Don L. Lind, Taylor G. Wang, Lodewijk
                                   van den Berg, Norman Thagard, William
                                   Thornton.
 Name, date                        Crew
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
                                  Thornton.

 Discovery (6/17-6/24/85)          John O. Creighton, Shannon W. Lucid,
                                   Steven R. Nagel, Daniel C. Brandenstein,
                                   John W. Fabian, Prince Sultan Salman
                                   al-Saud (first Arab), Patrick Baudry.

 Challenger (7/29-8/6/85)          Roy D. Bridges Jr., Anthony W. England,
                                   Karl G. Henize, F. Story Musgrave, C.
                                   Gordon Fullerton, Loren W. Acton,
                                   John-David F. Bartoe.

 Discovery (8/27-9/3/85)           John M. Lounge, James D. van Hoften,
                                   William F. Fisher, Joe H. Engle, Richard
                                   O. Covey.

 Atlantis (10/4-10/7/85)           Karol J. Bobko, Ronald J. Grabe, David C.
                                   Hilmers, William A. Pailes, Robert C.
                                   Stewart.
 Name, date                        Crew
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
                                  Stewart.

 Challenger (10/30-11/6/85)        Henry W. Hartsfield Jr., Steven R. Nagel,
                                   Bonnie J. Dunbar, James F. Buchli, Guion
                                   S. Bluford Jr., Ernst Messerschmid,
                                   Reinhard Furrer, Wubbo J. Ockels.

 Atlantis (11/26-12/3/85)          Brewster H. Shaw Jr., Bryan D. O'Connor,
                                   Charles Walker, Rodolfo Neri (first
                                   Mexican), Jerry L. Ross, Sherwood C.
                                   Spring, Mary L. Cleave.

 Columbia (1/12-1/18/86)           Robert L. Gibson, Charles F. Bolden Jr.,
                                   George D. Nelson, Bill Nelson (first
                                   congressman), Franklin R. Chang-Diaz,
                                   Steven A. Hawley, Robert J. Cenker.

 Challenger (1/28/86-              Francis R. Scobee, Michael

 Name, date                        Crew
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 exploded after takeoff)           J. Smith, Ronald E. McNair, Ellison S.
                                   Onizuka, Judith A. Resnik, Gregory B.
                                   Jarvis, Sharon Christa McAuliffe.

 Discovery (9/29-10/3/88)          Frederick H. Hauck, Richard O. Covey,
                                   David C. Hilmers, George D. Nelson, John
                                   M. Lounge.

 Atlantis (12/3-12/6/88)           Robert L. Gibson, Guy S. Gardner,
                                   Richard M. Mullane, Jerry L. Ross,
                                   William M. Shepherd.

 Discovery (3/13-3/18/89)          Michael L. Coats, John E. Blaha, James F.
                                   Buchli, Robert C. Springer, James P.
                                   Bagian.

 Atlantis (5/4-5/8/89)             David M. Walker, Ronald J. Grabe, Mary L.
                                   Cleave, Norman E. Thagard, Mark C. Lee.
 Name, date                        Crew
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
                                  Cleave, Norman E. Thagard, Mark C. Lee.

 Columbia (8/8-8/13/89)            Brewster H. Shaw Jr., Richard N.
                                   Richards, David C. Leestma, James C.
                                   Adamson, Mark N. Brown.

 Atlantis (10/18-10/23/89)         Donald E. Williams, Michael J. McCulley,
                                   Shannon W. Lucid, Ellen S. Baker,
                                   Franklin R. Chang-Diaz.

 Discovery (11/22-11/27/89)        Frederick D. Gregory, John E. Blaha,
                                   Manley L. Carter, F. Story Musgrave,
                                   Katherine C. Thornton.

 Colombia (1/9-1/20/90)            Daniel C. Brandenstein, Bonnie J. Dunbar,
                                   James D. Wetherbee, Marsha S. Ivins, G.
                                   David Low.

 Atlantis (2/28-3/4/90)            John O. Creighton, John H. Casper, David
 Name, date                        Crew
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Atlantis (2/28-3/4/90)            John O. Creighton, John H. Casper, David
                                   C. Hilmers, Richard M. Mullane, Pierre J.
                                   Thuot.

 Discovery (4/24-4/29/90)          Bruce McCandless 2d, Kathryn D. Sullivan,
                                   Loren J. Shriver, Charles F. Bolden Jr.,
                                   Steven A. Hawley.






                        International Space Projects
                Omni Space Almanac, Pharos Books


╓┌─────────────────────────────────┌─────────────────────────────────────────╖
 Date                              Event
 Date                              Event
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 1991                              Eureca, Europe's first free-flying,
                                   retrievable space platform, launched.

 1992                              Japan's H-2 launch rocket operational.

 1995                              Europe's Columbus module and Japan's
                                   space station module launched.

 1995                              Europe's Ariane 5 heavy-lift launch
                                   vehicle becomes operational.

 1997                              Europe's spaceplane, Hermes, built by
                                   France.






                Notable U.S. Unmanned and Planetary Missions


╓┌───────────┌──────────────────┌────────────────────────────────────────────
 Spacecraft  Launch date (GMT)  Mission
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Mariner 2   Aug. 27, 1962      Venus



 Ranger 7    July 28, 1964      Moon

 Mariner 4   Nov. 28, 1964      Mars


 Ranger 8    Feb. 17, 1965      Moon

 Surveyor 3  Apr. 17, 1967      Moon

 Mariner 5   June 14, 1967      Venus

 Spacecraft  Launch date (GMT)  Mission
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 Mariner 6   Feb. 25, 1969      Mars


 Mariner 7   Mar. 27, 1969      Mars

 Mariner 9   May 30, 1971       Mars


 Pioneer 10  Mar. 3, 1972       Jupiter


 Mariner 10  Nov. 3, 1973       Venus, Mercury



 Viking 1    Aug. 20, 1975      Mars


 Spacecraft  Launch date (GMT)  Mission
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 Viking 2    Sept. 9, 1975      Mars

 Voyager 1   Sept. 5, 1977      Jupiter, Saturn

 Voyager 2   Aug. 20, 1977      Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune


 Pioneer 12  May 20, 1978       Venus

 Pioneer 13  Aug. 8, 1978       Venus

 Titan 4     June 14, 1989      Orbit Earth







                  Successful Space Launches: 1957 to 1988
    (Criterion of success is attainment of Earth orbit or Earth escape)


╓┌──────────┌───────┌──────┌──────────────┌──────┌──────────────────────┌────
 Year       Total1  USSR   United States  Japan  European Space Agency  India
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Total      2,976   2,016  875            34     16                     3
 1957-1959  21      6      15             -      -                      -
 1960-1964  268     76     192            -      -                      -
 1965-1969  586     302    279            -      -                      -
 1970-1974  555     405    139            5      -                      -
 1975-1979  607     461    126            10     1                      -
 1980-1984  605     483    93             12     8                      3
 1985       121     98     17             2      3                      -
 1986       103     91     6              2      2                      -
 1987       110     95     8              3      2                      -
 1988       116     90     12             2      7                      -



 1 Incl. launches in countries not shown.



                    Notable Proposed U.S. Space Missions
               National Aeronautics and Space Administration


╓┌────────────┌────────────┌────────────────────────────────────────────────┌
 Year, Month  Year, Month  Mission                                          Pu
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 1991         Jan.         Tethered Satellite System (c)                    St

              Feb.         International Microgravity Lab (c)               Es

              May          Atmospheric Lab for Applications & Science (c)   St
                                                                            at

              July         Spacelab (c)                                     Lo

 Year, Month  Year, Month  Mission                                          Pu
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

              Aug.         Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer (a)                 Ca
                                                                            ga

              Oct.         Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (c)          St

              Nov.         Doppler Imaging Interferometer (c)               St

                           Small Explorer-1 (a)                             Fi
                                                                            at

 1992         May          Space Radar Lab (c)                              Ac

              June         TOPEX/Poseidon (a)                               St

              Sept.        Mars Observer (a)                                St

                           Shuttle High-energy Astrophysics Lab (c)         St

 Year, Month  Year, Month  Mission                                          Pu
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 1993         June         Gravity Probe (b)                                Pr
                                                                            of

                           Polar (a)                                        St
                                                                            bo

              Nov.         Waves in Space Plasmas (c)                       St
                                                                            ra

 1994                      X-ray Timing Explorer (a)                        St
                                                                            st

 1995                      Advanced X-ray Astronomy Facility (b)            Ob
                                                                            be

 1996                      Comet Rendezvous Asteroid Flyby (a)              St

 1997                      Earth Observing System (a)                       Or
 Year, Month  Year, Month  Mission                                          Pu
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
1997                      Earth Observing System (a)                       Or

 1998                      Cassini (a)                                      St

 1999                      Space Infrared Telescope Facility (b)            Me
                                                                            ge

 2000                      Mars Rover Sample Return (d)                     Co
                                                                            Ea
                                                                            ex
                                                                            Ca




 a Launched by expendable rocket. b Launched by shuttle. c Carried aboard
 shuttle. d To be determined.



            Notable Around the World and Intercontinental Trips


╓┌────────────────────────────────────┌────────────────────────────────────┌─
                                      From/To                              Mil
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Nellie Bly                           New York/New York                    New

 George Francis Train                 New York/New York                    New

 Charles Fitzmorris                   Chicago/Chicago                      Chi

 J. W. Willis Sayre                   Seattle/Seattle                      Sea

 J. Alcock-A.W. Brown (1)             Newfoundland/Ireland                 1,9

 Two U.S. Army airplanes              Seattle/Seattle                      26,

 Richard E. Byrd (2)                  Spitsbergen/N. Pole                  1,5

                                      From/To                              Mil
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 Amundsen-Ellsworth-Nobile            Spitsbergen/Teller, Alaska           Spi
 Expedition

 E.S. Evans and L. Wells (N. Y.World)  New York/New York                    18
 (3)

 Charles Lindbergh(4)                 New York/Paris                       3,6

 Amelia Earhart, W. Stultz, L.        Newfoundland/Wales                   New
 Gordon

 Graf Zeppelin                        Friedrichshafen, Ger./Lakehurst,     6,6
                                      N.J.

 Graf Zeppelin                        Friedrichshafen, Ger./Lakehurst,     21,
                                      N.J.

 Wiley Post and Harold Gatty          New York/New York                    15,
                                      From/To                              Mil
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Wiley Post and Harold Gatty          New York/New York                    15,
 (Monoplane Winnie Mae)

 C. Pangborn-H. Herndon Jr. (5)       Misawa, Japan/Wenatchee, Wash.       4,4

 Amelia Earhart (6)                   Newfoundland/Ireland                 2,0

 Wiley Post (Monoplane Winnie Mae) (  New York/New York                    15,
 7)

 Hindenburg Zeppelin                  Lakehurst, N.J./Frankfort, Ger.      Lak

 H. R. Ekins (Scripps-Howard          Lakehurst, N.J./Lakehurst, N.J.      25,
 Newspapers in race)(Zeppelin
 Hindenburgto Germany air planes
 from Frankfurt)

 Howard Hughes and 4 assistants       New York/New York                    14,

                                      From/To                              Mil
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 Douglas Corrigan                     New York/Dublin                      New

 Mrs. Clara Adams (Pan American       Port Washington, N.Y./Newark, N.J.   Por
 Clipper)

 Globester, U.S. Air Transport        Wash., D.C./Wash., D.C.              23,
 Command

 Capt. William P. Odom (A-26          New York/New York                    20,
 Reynolds Bombshell)

 America, Pan American 4-engine       New York/New York                    22,
 Lockheed Constellation (8)

 Col. Edward Eagan                    New York/New York                    20,

 USAF B-50 Lucky Lady II (Capt.       Ft. Worth, Tex./Ft. Worth, Tex.      23,
 James Gallagher) (9)
                                      From/To                              Mil
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
James Gallagher) (9)

 Col. D. Schilling, USAF (10)         England/Limestone, Me.               3,3

 C.F. Blair Jr.                       Norway/Alaska                        3,3

 Two U.S. S-55                        Massachusetts/Scotland               3,4

 Canberra Bomber (11)                 N. Ireland/Newfoundland              2,0

 Canberra Bomber (11)                 Newfoundland/N. Ireland              2,0

 Three USAF B-52 Stratofortresses (   Merced, Cal./Cal.                    24,
 12)

 Max Conrad                           Chicago/Rome                         5,0

 USSR TU-114 (13)                     Moscow/New York                      5,0

                                      From/To                              Mil
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 Boeing 707-320                       New York/Moscow                      c.5

 Peter Gluckmann (solo)               San Francisco/San Francisco          22,

 Sue Snyder                           Chicago/Chicago                      21,

 Max Conrad (solo)                    Miami/Miami                          25,

 Sam Miller & Louis Fodor             New York/New York                    New

 Robert & Joan Wallick                Manila/Manila                        23,

 Arthur Godfrey, Richard Merrill      New York/New York                    23,
 Fred Austin, Karl Keller

 Trevor K. Brougham                   Darwin, Australia/Darwin             24,

 Walter H. Mullikin, Albert Frink,    New York/New York                    23,
                                      From/To                              Mil
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Walter H. Mullikin, Albert Frink,    New York/New York                    23,
 Lyman Watt, Frank Cassaniti, Edward
 Shields

 David Kunst (15)                     Waseca, Minn./Waseca, Minn.          14,

 Arnold Palmer                        Denver/Denver                        22,

 Boeing 747 (14)                      San Francisco/San Francisco          26,

 Concorde                             London/Wash., D.C.                   1,0

 Concorde                             Paris/New York                       1,0

 Richard Rutan & Jeana Yeager (16)    Edwards AFB, Cal.                    24,




 1 Non-stop transatlantic flight. 2 Polar flight.3 Mileage by train and auto,
 4,110; by plane, 6,300; by steamship,8,000. 4 Solo transatlantic flight in
 the Ryan monoplane the"Spirit of St. Louis". 5 Non-stop Pacific flight.6
 Woman's transoceanic solo flight. 7 First to fly soloaround northern
 circumference of the world, also first to fly twicearound the world. 8
 Inception of regular commercial global air service.9 First non-stop
 round-the-world flight, refueled 4 times in flight.10 Non-stop jet
 transatlantic flight. 11 Transatlantic round trip onsame day. 12 First
 non-stop global flight by jet planes; refueled inflight by KC-97 aerial
 tankers; average speed approx. 525 mph.13 Non-stop between Moscow and New
 York. 14 Speed record around theworld over both the earth's poles. 15 First
 to circle the earth on foot.16 Circled the earth nonstop without refueling.




                     International Aeronautical Records

 The National Aeronautic Association, 1763 R St. NW, Washington, DC 20009,
 representative in the United States of the Federation Aeronautique
 Internationale, certifying agency for world aviation and space records. The
 International Aeronautical Federation was formed in 1905 by representatives
 from Belgium, France, Germany, Great Britain, Spain, Italy, Switzerland, and
 the United States, with headquarters in Paris. Regulations for the control
 of official records were signed Oct. 14, 1905. World records are defined as
 maximum performance, regardless of class or type of aircraft used. Records
 to mid-1990.
          World Absolute Records--Maximum Performance in Any Class

 Speed over a straight course -- 2,193.16 mph -- Capt. Elden W. Joersz, USAF,
 Lockheed SR-71; Beale AFB, Cal., July 28, 1976.

 Speed over a closed circuit -- 2,092.294 mph -- Maj. Adolphus H. Bledsoe
 Jr., USAF, Lockheed SR-71; Beale AFB, Cal., July 27, 1976.

 Speed around the world, non-stop, nonrefueled -- 115.65 mph  -- Richard
 Rutan & Jeana Yeager, U.S., Voyager, Edwards AFB, Cal., Dec. 14-23, 1986.

 Altitude -- (123,523.58 feet) -- Alexander Fedotov, USSR, E-266M;
 Podmoskovnoye, USSR, Aug. 31, 1977.

 Altitude in horizontal flight -- 85,068.997 ft. -- Capt. Robert C. Helt,
 USAF, Lockheed SR-71; Beale AFB, Cal., July 28, 1976.

                             Class K Spacecraft

 Duration -- 326 days, 11 hours, 15 minutes -- Col. Yuri V. Romanenko, USSR,
 space station MIR; Feb. 5 --Dec. 29, 1987.

 Altitude -- 234,672.5 mi. -- Frank Borman, James A. Lovell Jr., William
 Anders, Apollo 8; Dec. 21-27, 1968.

 Greatest mass lifted -- 282,197 lbs. -- Frank Borman, James A. Lovell Jr.,
 William Anders, Apollo 8; Dec. 21-27, 1968.

 Distance -- 87,436,800 mi. -- Anatoly Beresovoy & Valentin Lebedev, USSR,
 Salyut 7, Soyuz T5, Soyuz T7; May 13-Dec. 10, 1982.

                           World "Class" Records

 All other records, international in scope, are termed World "Class" records
 and are divided into classes: airships, free balloons, airplanes, seaplanes,
 amphibians, gliders, and rotorplanes. Airplanes (Class C) are sub-divided
 into four groups: Group 1 -- piston engine aircraft, Group II -- turboprop
 aircraft, Group III -- jet aircraft, Group IV -- rocket powered aircraft. A
 partial listing of world records follows:

               Airplanes (Class C-I, Group I--piston engine)

 Distance, closed circuit -- 24,986.727 mi. -- Richard Rutan & Jeana Yeager,
 U.S., Voyager; Edwards AFB, Cal., Dec. 14-23, 1986.

 Speed for 100 kilometers (62.137 miles) without payload -- 469.549 mph --
 Jacqueline Cochran, U.S.; North American P-51; Coachella Valley, Cal., Dec.
 10, 1947.

 Speed for 1,000 kilometers (621.369 miles) without payload -- 431.09 mph --
 Jacqueline Cochran, U.S.; North American P-51; Santa Rosasummit, Cal. --
 Flagstaff, Ariz. course, May 24, 1948.

 Speed for 5,000 kilometers (3,106.849 miles) without payload -- 338.39 mph
 -- Capt. James Bauer, USAF, Boeing B-29; Dayton, Oh., June 28, 1946.

 Speed around the world -- 203.64 mph -- D.N. Dalton, Australia; Beechcraft
 Duke; Brisbane, Aust., July 20-25, 1975. Time: 5 days, 2 hours, 19 min., 57
 sec.

                       Light Airplanes--(Class C-1.d)

 Great Circle distance without landing --  7,929.71 mi. -- Peter Wilkins,
 Australia, Piper Malibu, Sydney, Aust. to Phoenix, Ariz., Mar. 30-Apr. 1,
 1987.

 Speed for 100 kilometers -- (62,137 miles) in a closed circuit -- 322.780
 mph -- Ms. R. M. Sharpe, Great Britain; Vickers Supermarine Spitfire 5-B;
 Wolverhampton, June 17, 1950.

                          Helicopters (Class E-1)

 Great Circle distance without landing -- 2,213.04 mi. -- Robert G. Ferry,
 U.S.; Hughes YOH-6A helicopter; Culver City, Cal., to Ormond Beach, Fla.,
 Apr. 6-7, 1966.

 Speed around the world --35.40 mph -- H. Ross Perot Jr.; Bell 206 L-11 Long
 Ranger N39112; Dallas, Tex.-Dallas, Tex.; Sept. 1-30, 1982; 29 days, 3 hrs.,
 8 min., 13 sec.

                     Gliders (Class D-I--single seater)

 Distance, straight line -- 907.7 mi. -- Hans Werner Grosse, West Germany;
 ASK12 sailplane; Luebeck to Biarritz, Apr. 25, 1972.

 Distance to a goal & return -- 1,023.25 mi. -- Thomas Knauff, U.S. Nimbus
 III; Williamsport, Pa., Apr. 25, 1983.

                 Airplanes (Class C-I, Group II--Turboprop)

 Great Circle distance without landing -- 8,732.09 mi.-- Lt. Col. Edgar L.
 Allison Jr., USAF, Lockheed HC-130 Hercules aircraft; Taiwan to Scott AFB,
 Ill.; Feb. 20, 1972.

 Altitude -- (51,014 ft.) -- Donald R. Wilson, U.S.; LTV L450F aircraft;
 Greenville, Tex., Mar. 27, 1972.

 Speed for 1,000 kilometers (621.369 miles) without payload -- 541.449 mph --
 Ivan Soukhomline, USSR; TU-114 aircraft;   Sternberg, USSR; Mar. 24, 1960.

 Speed for 5,000 kilometers (3,106.849 miles) without payload -- 545.072 mph
 -- Ivan Soukhomline, USSR; TU-114 aircraft,   Sternberg, USSR; Apr. 9, 1960.


 Speed around the world --304.80 mph -- Joe Harnish, U.S., Gulfstream
 Commander 695A, Elkhart, Ind., Mar. 21-24, 1983.

                  Airplanes (Class C-1, Group III--Engine)

 Great Circle distance without landing -- 12,532.28 mi. -- Maj. Clyde P.
 Evely, USAF, Boeing B-52-H, Kadena, Okinawa to Madrid, Spain, Jan. 10-11,
 1962.

 Distance in a closed circuit -- 12,521.78 mi. -- Vladimir Tersky, USSR,
 AN-124, Podmoskovnoye, USSR, May 6-7, 1987.

 Altitude -- 123,523.58 ft. -- Alexander Fedotov, USSR; E-226M airplane;
 Podmoskovnoye, USSR, Aug. 31, 1977.

 Speed for 100 kilometers in a closed circuit -- 1,618.7 mph -- Alexander
 Fedotov, USSR; E-266 airplane, Apr. 8, 1973.

 Speed for 500 kilometers in a closed circuit -- 1,852.61 mph -- Mikhail
 Komarov, USSR; E-266 airplane, Oct. 5, 1967.

 Speed for 1,000 kilometers in a closed circuit -- 2,092.294 mph -- Maj.
 Adolphus H. Bledsoe Jr., USAF; Lockheed SR-71; Beale AFB, Cal., July 27,
 1976.

 Speed for 2,000 kilometers without payload -- 1,250.42 mph -- S. Agapov,
 USSR; Podmoscovnde, USSR; July 20, 1983.

 Speed around the world -- 637.71 mph -- Allen E. Paulson, U.S., Gulfstream
 IV, Houston, Tex., Feb. 26-28, 1988.

                             Balloons-Class  A

 Altitude -- (113,739.9 ft.) -- Cmdr. Malcolm D. Ross, USNR; Lee Lewis
 Memorial Winzen Research Balloon; Gulf of Mexico, May 4, 1961.

 Distance --(5,208.67 mi.) -- Ben Abruzzo; Raven Experimental; Nagashima,
 Japan to Covello, Cal., Nov. 9-12, 1981.

 Duration --137 hr., 5 min., 50 sec. -- Ben Abruzzo and Maxie Anderson;
 Double Eagle II; Presque Isle, Maine to Miserey, France (3,107.61 mi.); Aug.
 12-17, 1978.

                             FAI Course Records

 Los Angeles to New York -- 1,214.65 mph -- Capt. Robert G. Sowers, USAF;
 Convair B-58 Hustler; elapsed time: 2 hrs. 58.71 sec., Mar. 5, 1962.

 New York to Los Angeles -- 1,081.80 mph -- Capt. Robert G. Sowers, USAF;
 Convair B-58 Hustler; elapsed time: 2 hrs. 15 min. 50.08 sec., Mar. 5, 1962.

 New York to Paris -- 1,089.36 mph -- Maj. W. R. Payne, U.S.; Convair B-58
 Hustler; elapsed time: 3 hrs 19 min. 44 sec., May 26, 1961.

 London to New York -- 587.457 mph -- Maj. Burl  Davenport, USAF; Boeing
 KC-135;    elapsed time: 5 hrs. 53 min. 12.77 sec.; June 27, 1958.

 Baltimore to Moscow, USSR -- 563.36 mph -- Col. James B. Swindal, USAF;
 Boeing VC-137 (707); elapsed time: 8 hrs. 33 min. 45.4 sec., May 19, 1963.

 New York to London -- 1,806.964 mph -- Maj. James V. Sullivan, USAF;
 Lockheed SR-71; elapsed time 1 hr. 54 min. 56.4 sec., Sept. 1, 1974.

 London to Los Angeles -- 1,435.587 mph -- Capt. Harold B. Adams, USAF;
 Lockheed SR-71; elapsed time: 3 hrs. 47 min. 39 sec., Sept. 13, 1974.

                     The Busiest U.S. Airports in 1989
                    Air Transport Association of America
                     (Passengers arriving & departing)


╓┌──────────────────────────────────┌────────────────────────────────────────╖
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Chicago O'Hare                     59,130,007
 Dallas/Ft. Worth                   47,579,046
 Los Angeles                        44,967,221
 Atlanta                            43,312,285
 New York (JFK)                     30,323,077
 San Francisco                      29,939,835
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
San Francisco                      29,939,835
 Denver                             27,568,033
 Miami                              23,385,010
 New York (LGA)                     23,158,317
 Honolulu                           22,617,340
 Boston                             23,272,690
 Detroit                            21,495,159
 Newark                             20,927,946
 Phoenix                            20,710,790
 St. Louis                          20,015,015
 Minneapolis/St. Paul               19,400,815
 Orlando                            17,232,351
 Pittsburgh                         17,145,272
 Las Vegas                          16,684,036
 Houston                            16,007,355





                Busiest Foreign Airports in 1989*
                  Airport Operators Council International
                     (passengers arriving & departing)


╓┌───────────────────────────────────────────┌───────────────────────────────╖
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 London, UK, Heathrow                        39,905,200
 Tokyo, Japan, Haneda                        36,567,738
 Frankfurt, W. Germany                       26,006,900
 Paris, France, Orly                         24,288,440
 Osaka, Japan                                21,873,831
 London, UK, Gatwick                         21,293,200
 Paris, France, Charles De Gaulle            20,669,542
 Toronto, Canada, Lester B. Pearson          20,418,094
 Hong Kong                                   17,431,124
 New Tokyo-Narita                            16,982,055
 Rome, Italy, Fiumicino                      16,117,277
 Amsterdam, Netherlands, Schiphol            15,998,174
 Stockholm, Sweden, Arlanda                  14,278,156
 Singapore, Changi                           12,973,237
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Singapore, Changi                           12,973,237
 Bangkok                                     12,669,102
 Copenhagen, Denmark                         12,436,654
 Zurich, Switzerland                         12,150,558
 Athens                                      10,514,367
 Munich-Riem, W. Germany                     10,100,858



 *Does not include airports that did not respond to the AOCI survey.



                       U.S. Scheduled Airline Traffic
                    Air Transport Association of America
                                (thousands)


╓┌─────────────────────────────────────────┌────────────┌────────────┌───────
                                           1987         1988         1989
                                           1987         1988         1989
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Passenger traffic
 Revenue passengers enplaned               447,678      454,614      453,692
 Revenue passenger miles                   404,471,484  423,301,559  432,714,3
 Available seat miles                      648,720,938  676,802,328  684,375,8
 Revenue passenger load factor(%)          62.3         62.5         63.2
 Cargo traffic (ton miles)                 10,016,111   11,469,193   12,185,96
 Freight and express                       8,260,278    9,632,219    10,274,53
 U.S. Mail                                 1,721,263    1,836,974    1,911,434
 Overall traffic and service
 Total revenue ton miles--charter service  4,448,871    4,597,536    5,616,380
 Total revenue ton miles--all services     54,917,632   58,397,186   61,073,77
 Total available ton miles--all services   99,152,795   105,372,555  109,360,4





                            U.S. Airline Safety
                    National Transportation Safety Board


╓┌─────┌──────────────────────┌────────────────┌───────────┌─────────────────
       Departures (millions)  Fatal Accidents  Fatalities  Fatal accidents per
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 1976  4.8                    2                38          0.041
 1977  4.9                    3                78          0.061
 1978  5.0                    5                160         0.100
 1979  5.4                    4                351         0.074
 1980  5.4                    0                0           0.000
 1981  5.2                    4                4           0.077
 1982  5.0                    4                233         0.060
 1983  5.0                    4                15          0.079
 1984  5.4                    1                4           0.018
 1985  5.8                    4                197         0.069
 1986  6.4                    2                5           0.016
 1987  6.6                    41               231         0.0461
 1988  6.7                    31               285         0.0301
 1989  6.6                    11               278         0.167



 1 Sabotage-caused accidents are incl. in the Accidents but not in the
 Accident rates.



                     Leading Passenger Airlines in 1989
                               (In thousands)


╓┌─────────────────────────────┌─────────────────────────────────────────────╖
 Airline                       Passengers
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 American                      72,359
 Delta                         68,200
 United                        54,919
 USAir                         44,495
 Northwest                     38,627
 Continental                   34,957
 Trans World                   25,150
 Southwest                     20,241
 Airline                       Passengers
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Southwest                     20,241
 Pan American                  17,174
 Piedmont                      16,657
 Eastern                       14,517
 America West                  13,300
 Hawaiian                      5,277
 Alaska                        4,963
 Midway                        4,681
 Braniff                       4,316
 Aloha                         4,002
 Air Wisconsin                 2,195
 West Air                      1,819
 Horizon Air                   1,587





            Aircraft in Operation and Aircraft Age: 1983 to 1989
                           AVMARK, Arlington, VA.
 (As of January 1. For U.S. domestic major and national services. Major
 carriers have operating revenues of $1 billion of more; national carriers
 have operating revenues of $75 million to $1 billion)


╓┌─────────────────────────┌──────────────────────┌──────────────────────┌───
                           Aircraft in Operation  Aircraft in Operation  Aircr
 Type of Aircraft          1983                   1985                   1987
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Industry total            2,360                  2,790                  2,816
 Boeing 7271               1,001                  996                    993
 Boeing 737                270                    365                    547
 Boeing 747                130                    136                    124
 Boeing 757                2                      23                     73
 Boeing 767                14                     54                     61
 Airbus A300/A310          30                     134                    59
 Lockheed L-10111          119                    184                    107
 McDonnell Douglas DC-81   98                     72                     52
 McDonnell Douglas DC-91   541                    658                    433
 McDonnell Douglas DC-101  155                    168                    161
                           Aircraft in Operation  Aircraft in Operation  Aircr
 Type of Aircraft          1983                   1985                   1987
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
McDonnell Douglas DC-101  155                    168                    161
 McDonnell Douglas MD-80   X                      X                      206



 X Not applicable. 1 No longer in production.



           NASA Outlays for Operations & Research and Development
                    U.S. Office of Management and Budget
                           (millions of dollars)


╓┌─────┌──────────────┌────────────────┌────────────┌─────────────┌──────────
                                       Performance  Performance   Performance
 Year  Total outlays  Percent change1  Total        Space flight  Space scienc
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
                                       Performance  Performance   Performance
 Year  Total outlays  Percent change1  Total        Space flight  Space scienc
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 1970  $3,753         -11.7            $3,699       $2,195        $963
 1975  3,266          .3               3,181        1,500         1,076
 1980  4,850          15.8             4,710        2,556         1,341
 1985  7,251          2.9              7,004        3,852         1,834
 1988  9,092          19.8             8,693        4,882         1,777



 1 Change from immediate prior year.



                       National Aviation Hall of Fame

 The National Aviation Hall of Fame at Dayton, Oh., is dedicated to honoring
 the outstanding pioneers of air and space.


 Allen, William M.
 Andrews, Frank M.
 Armstrong, Neil A.
 Arnold, Henry H. "Hap"
 Atwood, John Leland
 Balchen, Bernt
 Baldwin, Thomas S.
 Beachey, Lincoln
 Beech, Olive A.
 Beech, Walter H.
 Bell, Alexander Graham
 Bell, Lawrence D.
 Boeing, William E.
 Bong, Richard I.
 Borman, Frank
 Boyd, Albert
 Brown, George "Scratchley"
 Byrd, Richard E.
 Cessna, Clyde V.
 Chamberlin, Clarence D.
 Chanute, Octave
 Chennault, Claire L.
 Cochran (Odlum), Jacqueline
 Collins, Michael
 Conrad Jr., Charles
 Crossfield, A. Scott
 Cunningham, Alfred A.
 Curtiss, Glenn H.
 deSeversky, Alexander P.
 Doolittle, James H.
 Douglas, Donald W.
 Draper, Charles S.
 Eaker, Ira C.
 Earhart, (Putnam), Amelia
 Eielson, C. Benjamin
 Ellyson, Theodore G.
 Ely, Eugene B.
 Everest, Frank K.
 Fairchild, Sherman M.
 Fleet, Reuben H.
 Fokker, Anthony H.G.
 Ford, Henry
 Foss, Joseph
 Foulois, Benjamin D.
 Gabreski, Francis S.
 Glenn Jr., John H.
 Goddard, George W.
 Goddard, Robert H.
 Godfrey, Arthur
 Goldwater, Barry M.
 Grissom, Virgil I.
 Gross, Robert E.
 Grumman, Leroy R.
 Guggenheim, Harry F.
 Haughton, Daniel J.
 Hegenberger, Albert F.
 Heinemann, Edward H.
 Hoover, Robert A.
 Hughes, Howard R.
 Ingalls, David S.
 Jeppesen, Elrey B.
 Johnson, Clarence L.
 Kenney, George C.
 Kettering, Charles F.
 Kindelberger, James H.
 Knabenshue, A. Roy
 Knight, William J.
 Lahm, Frank P.
 Langley, Samuel P.
 Lear, William P. Sr.
 LeMay, Curtis E.
 LeVier, Anthony W.
 Lindbergh, Anne M.
 Lindbergh, Charles A.
 Link, Edwin A.
 Lockheed, Allan H.
 Loening, Grover
 Luke Jr., Frank
 Macready, John A.
 Martin, Glenn L.
 McDonnell, James S.
 Mitscher, Marc A.
 Meyer, John C.
 Mitchell, William "Billy"
 Montgomery, John J.
 Moorer, Thomas H.
 Moss, Sanford A.
 Neumann, Gerhard
 Northrop, John K.
 Patterson, William A.
 Piper Sr., William T.
 Post, Wiley H.
 Read, Albert C.
 Reeve, Robert C.
 Rentschler, Frederick B.
 Richardson, Holden C.
 Rickenbacker, Edward V.
 Rodgers, Calbraith P.
 Rogers, Will
 Rushworth, Robert A.
 Ryan, T. Claude
 Schirra, Walter M.
 Schriever, Bernard A.
 Selfridge, Thomas E.
 Shepard Jr., Alan B.
 Sikorsky, Igor I.
 Six, Robert F.
 Smith, C.R.
 Spaatz, Carl A.
 Sperry Sr., Elmer A.
 Sperry Sr., Lawrence B.
 Stanley, Robert M.
 Stapp, John P.
 Stearmam, Lloyd C.
 Taylor, Charles E.
 Towers, John H.
 Trippe, Juan T.
 Turner, Roscoe
 Twining, Nathan F.
 von Braun, Wernher
 von Karman, Theodore
 von Ohain, Hans P.
 Vought, Chance M.
 Wade, Leigh
 Walden, Henry W.
 Wilson, Thornton A.
 Wright, Orville
 Wright, Wilbur
 Yeager, Charles E.
 Young, John W.

                                   ENERGY


                         Major Energy Developments

  Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy Review 1989
 U.S. total energy consumption in 1989 reached a record high of 81
 quadrillion Btu (3)--an increase of 1.3 percent from 1988--as growth in the
 economy promoted an increase in energy demand. The inability of members of
 the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) to restrain
 production played a role in keeping oil prices low during the post-1986
 period. Domestic production of crude oil continued to suffer from the
 effects of four years of low oil prices. Because of close ties between the
 price of crude oil and market conditions, in 1989 three key oil exploration
 indicators fell to their lowest level in at least 41 years. In contrast, the
 domestic refinery industry benefited from market conditions in 1989, when
 low crude oil prices and strong product demand tended to increase profit
 margins in the refining industry. Record energy demand coupled with a slight
 decline in energy production led to continued growth in net energy
 imports--up 7 percent from the 1988 level to 14 quadrillion Btu--a level
 that continued to fuel concerns about U.S. dependence on foreign sources of
 supply.

 (See Chronology and Index for 1990 information.)

           World Production of Crude Oil1, 1960-1990
    Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy Review, 1989
                       (millions of barrels per day)


╓┌────────────────────┌────────────┌───────┌──────┌───────┌─────┌─────┌──────
 Year                 Total2 OPEC  Canada  China  Mexico  U.K.  U.S.  USSR   O
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 1960                 8.70         0.52    0.10   0.27    (3)   7.04  2.91   1
 1965                 14.34        0.81    0.23   0.32    (3)   7.80  4.79   2
 1970                 23.41        1.26    0.60   0.49    (3)   9.64  6.97   3
 1971                 25.33        1.35    0.78   0.49    (3)   9.46  7.44   3
 Year                 Total2 OPEC  Canada  China  Mexico  U.K.  U.S.  USSR   O
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
1971                 25.33        1.35    0.78   0.49    (3)   9.46  7.44   3
 1972                 27.09        1.53    0.90   0.51    (3)   9.44  7.88   3
 1973                 30.99        1.80    1.09   0.47    (3)   9.21  8.33   3
 1974                 30.73        1.55    1.32   0.57    (3)   8.77  8.86   3
 1975                 27.15        1.43    1.49   0.71    0.01  8.38  9.47   4
 1976                 30.74        1.31    1.67   0.83    0.25  8.13  9.99   4
 1977                 31.30        1.32    1.87   0.98    0.77  8.25  10.49  4
 1978                 29.88        1.32    2.08   1.21    1.08  8.71  10.95  4
 1979                 31.00        1.50    2.12   1.46    1.57  8.55  11.19  5
 1980                 26.99        1.44    2.11   1.94    1.62  8.60  11.46  5
 1981                 22.84        1.29    2.01   2.31    1.81  8.57  11.55  5
 1982                 19.15        1.27    2.05   2.75    2.07  8.65  11.62  5
 1983                 17.89        1.36    2.12   2.69    2.29  8.69  11.68  6
 1984                 17.86        1.44    2.30   2.78    2.48  8.88  11.58  6
 1985                 16.63        1.47    2.51   2.75    2.53  8.97  11.25  7
 1986                 18.75        1.47    2.62   2.44    2.55  8.68  11.54  7
 1987                 18.58        1.53    2.69   2.54    2.48  8.35  11.69  8
 1988                 20.90        1.61    2.73   2.51    2.23  8.14  11.68  8
 1989                 22.63        1.56    2.76   2.51    1.79  7.61  11.36  9
 Year                 Total2 OPEC  Canada  China  Mexico  U.K.  U.S.  USSR   O
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
1989                 22.63        1.56    2.76   2.51    1.79  7.61  11.36  9
 1990(Jan.-Mar.Avg.)  24.17        1.51    2.78   2.51    1.90  7.46  11.21  9



 1 Includes lease condensate, excludes natural gas plant liquids;2 Current
 membership of the Organization of the Petroleum ExportingCountries consist
 of Algeria, Ecuador, Gabon, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq,Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria,
 Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, andVenezuela; production from the
 Neutral Zone between Kuwait and SaudiArabia is included in  "Total OPEC"
 production. 3 Less han 5,000 barrels per day.



             U.S. Net Imports1 of Energy by Source
 Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review,        March 1990
                              (Quadrillion Btu)


╓┌──────────────────┌────────┌───────────┌────────────────────┌────────────┌─
 Annual total       Coal     Crude Oil2  Petroleum Products3  Natural Gas  Ele
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 1973               -1.422   6.883       6.097                0.981        0.1
 1975               -1.738   8.708       3.800                .904         .06
 1980               -2.391   10.586      2.912                .957         .21
 1981               -2.918   8.854       2.522                .857         .34
 1982               -2.768   6.917       2.128                .898         .30
 1983               -2.013   6.731       2.351                .887         .37
 1984               -2.119   6.918       2.970                .792         .40
 1985               -2.389   6.381       2.570                .896         .42
 1988               -2.446   10.698      3.308                1.221        .32
 1989               -2.581   12.286R     3.046R               1.309        .11
 1990 (Jan.-Mar.)   -.571    3.159       .861                 .368         -0.



 1 Net imports equals imports minus exports. Minus sign indicatesexports are
 greater than imports. 2 Includes crude oil, leasecondensate, and imports of
 crude oil for the Strategic Petroleum Reserve.3 Includes petroleum products,
 unfinished oils, pentanes plus, andgasoline blending components. 4 Assumed
 to be hydroelectricity andestimated at the average input heat rate for
 fossil fuel steam-electricpower plant generation, which has ranged from 10.3
 to 10.5 thousandBtu per kilowatthour since 1973. E = Estimate; R = Revised.
 Notes: Geographic coverage is the 50 States and the District ofColumbia.
 Totals may not equal sum of components due to independentrounding.



            U.S Dependence on Petroleum Net Imports1
 Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review,        March 1990


╓┌────────────────────┌────────────────────────┌────────────────────────┌────
                      Net Imports2             Net Imports2             Net Im


 Annual Average Rate  From Arab OPEC3          From OPEC4               From A

                      Thousand Barrels per     Thousand Barrels per     Thousa
                      Day                      Day                      Day
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
                      Net Imports2             Net Imports2             Net Im


 Annual Average Rate  From Arab OPEC3          From OPEC4               From A

                      Thousand Barrels per     Thousand Barrels per     Thousa
─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 1973                 914                      2,991                    6,025

 1975                 1,382                    3.599                    5.846

 1980                 2,549                    4,293                    6,365

 1981                 1,844                    3,315                    5,401

 1982                 852                      2,136                    4,298

 1983                 630                      1,843                    4,312

 1984                 817                      2,037                    4,715

                      Net Imports2             Net Imports2             Net Im


 Annual Average Rate  From Arab OPEC3          From OPEC4               From A

                      Thousand Barrels per     Thousand Barrels per     Thousa

 1985                 470                      1,821                    4,286

 1988                 1,837                    3,513                    6,587

 1989                 2,128R                   4,124 R                  7,202

 1990 (Jan.-Mar.)     2,399                    4,578                    7,661




 1 Beginning in October 1977, Strategic Petroleum Reserves areincluded. 2 Net
 imports equals imports minus exports. Imports frommembers of the
 Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)exclude indirect
 imports, which are petroleum products imported primarilyfrom Caribbean and
 West European areas and refined from crude oil producedby OPEC. 3 The Arab
 members of OPEC are Algeria, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya,Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and
 the United Arab Emirates. Net imports from theNeutral Zone between Kuwait
 and Saudi Arabia are included in  net importsfrom "Arab OPEC."  4 OPEC
 consists of Ecuador, Gabon,Indonesia, Iran, Nigeria, and Venezuela, as well
 as the Arab members.R = Revised data.
 Notes: Geographic coverage is the 50 States and theDistrict of Columbia.
 Annual averages may not  equal average of quartersdue to independent
 rounding.



             U.S. Total Energy Production by Source, 1960-1990
  Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy Review, 1989
                     (quadrillion Btu, except as noted)


╓┌─────────────────┌──────┌─────────────┌───────────┌────────────────────────
 Year              Coal   Natural Gas1  Crude Oil2  Natural Gas Plant Liquids
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Year              Coal   Natural Gas1  Crude Oil2  Natural Gas Plant Liquids
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 1960              10.82  12.66         14.93       1.46
 1965              13.06  15.78         16.52       1.88
 1970              14.61  21.67         20.40       2.51
 1975              14.99  19.64         17.73       2.37
 1978              14.91  19.49         18.43       2.25
 1979              17.54  20.08         18.10       2.29
 1980              18.60  19.91         18.25       2.25
 1981              18.38  19.70         18.15       2.31
 1982              18.64  18.25         18.31       2.19
 1983              17.25  16.53         18.39       2.18
 1984              19.72  17.93         18.85       2.27
 1985              19.33  16.92         18.99       2.24
 1986              19.51  16.47         18.38       2.15
 1987              20.14  17.05         17.67       2.22
 1988              20.74  17.49         17.28       2.26
 1989              21.33  17.61         16.12       2.16
 1990 (Jan.-Mar.)  5.74   4.60          3.89        .53



 1 Dry natural gas; 2 Includes lease condensate;3 Electric utility and
 industrial generation of hydroelectric power;4 Generated by electric
 utilities; 5 Percent change fromprevious year calculated from data prior to
 rounding;6 Less than0.005 quadrillion Btu; NA = Not Available.



             U.S. Total Energy Consumption by Source, 1960-1990
  Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy Review, 1989
                     (quadrillion Btu, except as noted)


╓┌─────────────────┌──────┌────────────┌───────────┌─────────────────────┌───
 Year              Coal   Natural Gas  Petroleum1  Hydroelectric Power2  Nucle
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 1960              9.84   12.39        19.92       1.66                  0.01
 1965              11.58  15.77        23.25       2.06                  0.04
 1970              12.26  21.79        29.52       2.65                  0.24
 1975              12.66  19.95        32.73       3.22                  1.90
 1978              13.77  20.00        37.97       3.14                  3.02
 Year              Coal   Natural Gas  Petroleum1  Hydroelectric Power2  Nucle
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
1978              13.77  20.00        37.97       3.14                  3.02
 1979              15.04  20.67        37.12       3.14                  2.78
 1980              15.42  20.39        34.20       3.12                  2.74
 1981              15.91  19.93        31.93       3.11                  3.01
 1982              15.32  18.51        30.23       3.56                  3.13
 1983              15.90  17.36        30.05       3.87                  3.20
 1984              17.07  18.51        31.05       3.72                  3.55
 1985              17.48  17.85        30.92       3.36                  4.15
 1986              17.26  16.71        32.20       3.40                  4.47
 1987              18.01  17.67        32.87       3.07                  4.91
 1988              18.85  18.55        34.23       2.64                  5.66
 1989              18.92  19.36        34.21       2.86                  5.67
 1990 (Jan.-Mar.)  4.59   5.89         8.29        .75                   1.62



 1 Petroleum products supplied including natural gas plant liquidsand crude
 oil burned as fuel; 2 Electric utility and industrialgeneration of
 hydroelectric power and net electricity imports;3 Generated by electric
 utilities; 4 Percent change from previous yearcalculated from data prior to
 rounding; 5 Less than 0.005 quadrillionBtu; NA = Not Available.



              U.S. Coal Production and Consumption, 1965-1989
  Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy Review 1989
                            (million short tons)


╓┌─────┌────────────────┌────────────────────┌───────────┌───────────┌───────
       Production       Production           Production  Production  Productio
 Year  Bituminous Coal  Sub-bituminous Coal  Lignite     Anthracite  Total
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 1965  512.1            (1)                  (1)         14.9        527.0
 1970  578.5            16.4                 8.0         9.7         612.7
 1975  577.5            51.1                 19.8        6.2         654.6
 1976  588.4            64.8                 25.5        6.2         684.9
 1977  581.0            82.1                 28.2        5.9         697.2
 1978  534.0            96.8                 34.4        5.0         670.2
 1979  612.3            121.5                42.5        4.8         781.1
       Production       Production           Production  Production  Productio
 Year  Bituminous Coal  Sub-bituminous Coal  Lignite     Anthracite  Total
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
1979  612.3            121.5                42.5        4.8         781.1
 1980  628.8            147.7                47.2        6.1         829.7
 1981  608.0            159.7                50.7        5.4         823.8
 1982  620.2            160.9                52.4        4.6         838.1
 1983  568.6            151.0                58.3        4.1         782.1
 1984  649.5            179.2                63.1        4.2         895.9
 1985  613.9            192.7                72.4        4.7         883.6
 1986  620.1            189.6                76.4        4.3         890.3
 1987  636.6            200.2                78.4        3.6         918.8
 1988  638.1            223.5                85.1        3.6         950.3
 1989  656.3            227.2                89.6        3.5         974.7



 1 Included in bituminous; 2 Less than 0.05 million shorttons; p =
 preliminary.



                       Major U.S. Dams and Reservoirs

 Committee on Register of Dams, Corps  of Engineers, U.S. Army;September,
 1989

                                Highest Dams


╓┌──────┌─────────────────┌──────────────────┌──────┌─────┌───────┌───────┌──
                                                          Height  Height
 Order  Dam Name          River              State  Type  Feet    Meters  Year
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 1      Oroville          Feather            Cal.   E     754     230     1968
 2      Hoover            Colorado           Nev.   A     725     221     1936
 3      Dworshak          N Fork Clearwater  Id.    G     718     219     1973
 4      Glen Canyon       Colorado           Ariz.  A     708     216     1966
 5      New Bullards Bar  North Yuba         Cal.   A     636     194     1970
 6      New Melones       Stanislaus         Cal.   R     626     191     1979
 7      Swift             Lewis              Wash.  E     610     186     1958
 8      Mossyrock         Cowlitz            Wash.  A     607     185     1968
                                                          Height  Height
 Order  Dam Name          River              State  Type  Feet    Meters  Year
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
8      Mossyrock         Cowlitz            Wash.  A     607     185     1968
 9      Shasta            Sacramento         Cal.   G     600     183     1945
 10     Hungry Horse      S Fork Flathead    Mon.   A     564     172     1953
 11     Grand Coulee      Columbia           Wash.  G     551     168     1942
 12     Ross              Skagit             Wash.  A     541     165     1949



 E = Embankment, Earthfill; R = Embankment, Rockfill; G = Gravity; A = Arch.




                          Largest Embankment Dams


╓┌──────┌────────────────┌───────────────┌──────┌─────┌───────────────────┌──
                                                      Volume              Volu
                                                      Volume              Volu
 Order  Dam Name         River           State  Type  Cubic yards X 1000  Cubi
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 1      Fort Peck        Missouri        Mon.   E     125,624             96,0
 2      Oahe             Missouri        S.D.   E     91,996              70,3
 3      Oroville         Feather         Cal.   E     77,997              59,6
 4      San Luis         San Luis Creek  Cal.   E     77,897              59,5
 5      Garrison         Missouri        N.D.   E     66,498              50,8
 6      Cochiti          Rio Grande      N.M.   E     65,693              50,2
 7      Earthquake Lake  Madison         Mon.   E-G   49,998              38,2
 8      Fort Randall     Missouri        S.D.   E     49,962              38,2
 9      Castaic          Castaic Creek   Cal.   E     43,998              33,6
 10     Ludington P/S    Lake Michigan   Mich.  E     37,699              28,8
 11     Kingsley         N. Platte       Neb.   E     31,999              24,4
 12     Warm Springs     Dry Creek       Cal.   E     29,977              22,9



 E = Embankment, Earthfill; R = Embankment, Rockfill; E-R = Embankment, Earth
 & Rockfill; G = Gravity; A = Arch.



                         Largest Man-Made Reservoirs


╓┌──────┌──────────────┌────────────────────────┌─────────┌──────────────────
                                                          Reservoir Capacity
 Order  Dam Name       Reservoir                Location  Acre-Feet
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 1      Hoover         Lake Mead                Nev.      28,253,000
 2      Glen Canyon    Lake Powell              Ariz.     26,997,000
 3      Garrison       Lake Sakakawea           N.D.      22,635,000
 4      Oahe           Lake Oahe                S.D.      22,238,000
 5      Fort Peck      Fort Peck Lake           Mon.      17,933,000
 6      Grand Coulee   F D Roosevelt Lake       Wash.     9,558,000
 7      Libby          Lake Koocanusa           Mon.      5,813,000
 8      Fort Randall   Lake Francis Case        S.D.      4,621,000
 9      Shasta         Lake Shasta              Cal.      4,548,000
 10     Toledo Bend    Toledo Bend Lake         La.       4,475,000
 11     Wolf Creek     Cumberland Lake          Ky.       3,997,000
 12     Flaming Gorge  Flaming Gorge Reservoir  Ut.       3,786,000
                                                          Reservoir Capacity
 Order  Dam Name       Reservoir                Location  Acre-Feet
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
12     Flaming Gorge  Flaming Gorge Reservoir  Ut.       3,786,000



 1 acre foot = 1 acre of water, 1 foot deep



                   World's Largest Capacity Hydro Plants
 U.S. Committee on Large Dams, of the Intl. Commission on Large Dams, Aug.
 1990


╓┌───────────┌─────────────────────────────┌────────────────────┌────────────
 Rank order  Name                          Country              Rated capacity
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 1           Turukhansk (Lower Tunguska)*  USSR
 2           Itaipu                        Brazil/Paraguay      7,400
 Rank order  Name                          Country              Rated capacity
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
2           Itaipu                        Brazil/Paraguay      7,400
 3           Grand Coulee                  USA                  9,070
 4           Guri (Raul Leoni)             Venezuela            10,300
 5           Tucurui                       Brazil               2,640
 6           Sayano Shushensk*             USSR                 6,400
 7 =         Corpus Posadas                Argentina/ Paraguay  4,700
 7 =         Krasnoyarsk                   USSR                 6,000
 9           La Grande 2                   Canada               5,328
 10          Churchill Falls               Canada               5,225
 11          Xingo                         Brazil               3,012
 12          Tarbela                       Pakistan             1,750
 13 =        Bratsk                        USSR                 4,500
 13 =        Ust-Ilim                      USSR                 3,675
 15          Cabora Bassa                  Mozambique           2,425
 16          Boguchany                     USSR
 17 =        Rogun*                        USSR
 17 =        Oak Creek                     USA                  3,600
 19          Paulo Afonso I                Brazil               1,524
 20          Pati*                         Argentina
 Rank order  Name                          Country              Rated capacity
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
20          Pati*                         Argentina
 21 =        Ilha Solteira                 Brazil               3,200
 21 =        Brumley Gap*                  USA                  3,200
 23          Chapeton*                     Argentina
 24          Gezhouba                      China                2,715
 25          John Day                      USA                  2,160
 25          Nurek                         USSR                 900
 25 =        Yacyreta*                     Argentina/Paraguay



 *Planned or under construction.



                          Major Dams of the World

 U.S. Committee on Large Dams, of the Intl. Commission of Large Dams; Aug.
 1990

                            World's Highest Dams


╓┌───────────┌──────────────────┌────────────┌───────────────────────────────
 Rank order  Name               Country      Height above lowest formation (m)
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 1           Rogun*             USSR         335
 2           Nurek              USSR         300
 3           Grand Dixence      Switzerland  285
 4           Inguri             USSR         272
 5           Chicoasen          Mexico       261
 6           Tehri*             India        261
 7           Kishau*            India        253
 8 =         Ertan              China        245
 9 =         Sayano-Shushensk*  USSR         245
 10          Guavio*            Colombia     243
 11          Mica               Canada       242
 12          Mauvoisin          Switzerland  237
 13          Chivor             Colombia     237
 14          El Cajon           Honduras     234
 Rank order  Name               Country      Height above lowest formation (m)
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
14          El Cajon           Honduras     234
 15          Chirkei            USSR         233
 16          Oroville           USA          230
 17          Bhakra             India        226
 18          Hoover             USA          221
 19          Contra             Switzerland  220
 20          Mratinje           Yugoslavia   220



 *Under construction.



                   World's Largest Volume Embankment Dams


╓┌───────────┌─────────────────┌────────────┌────────────────────────────────
 Rank order  Name              Country      Volume cubic meters [times ] 1000
 Rank order  Name              Country      Volume cubic meters [times ] 1000
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 1           Tarbela           Pakistan     148,500
 2           Fort Peck         USA          96,050
 3           Tucurui           Brazil       85,200
 4           Ataturk*          Turkey       85,000
 5           Yacireta*         Argentina    81,000
 6           Rogun*            USSR         75,500
 7           Oahe              USA          70,339
 8           Guri              Venezuela    70,000
 9           Parambikulam      India        69,165
 10          High Island West  Hong Kong    67,000
 11          Gardiner          Canada       65,000
 12          Afsluitdijk       Netherlands  63,400
 13          Mangla            Pakistan     63,379
 14          Oroville          USA          59,635
 15          San Luis          USA          59,559
 16          Nurek             USSR         58,000
 17          Tanda             Pakistan     57,250
 18          Garrison          USA          50,843
 19          Chochiti          USA          50,228
 Rank order  Name              Country      Volume cubic meters [times ] 1000
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
19          Chochiti          USA          50,228
 20          Oosterschelde     Netherlands  50,000



 *Under construction.



                World's Largest Capacity Manmade Reservoirs


╓┌───────────┌────────────────────────────┌────────────────┌─────────────────
 Rank order  Name                         Country          Capacity cubic mete
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 1           Owen Falls                   Uganda           204,800
 2           Bratsk                       USSR             169,000
 3           Aswan (High)                 Egypt            162,000
 4           Kariba                       Zimbabwe/Zambia  160,368
 Rank order  Name                         Country          Capacity cubic mete
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
4           Kariba                       Zimbabwe/Zambia  160,368
 5           Akosombo                     Ghana            147,960
 6           Daniel Johnson               Canada           141,851
 7           Guri                         Venezuela        135,000
 8           Krasnoyarsk                  USSR             73,300
 9           W A C Bennett (Portage Mt.)  Canada           70,309
 10          Zeya                         USSR             68,400
 11          Cabora Bassa                 Mozambique       63,000
 12          La Grande 2                  Canada           61,715
 13          La Grande 3                  Canada           60,020
 14          Ust-Ilim                     USSR             59,300
 15          Boguchany*                   USSR             58,200
 16          Kuibyshev                    USSR             58,000
 17          Serra de Mesa                Brazil           54,400
 18          Caniapiscau Barrage KA 3     Canada           53,790
 19          Bukhtarma                    USSR             49,800
 20          Ataturk                      Turkey           48,700



 *Under construction



     Net Electricity Generation at Electric Utilities by Energy Source
  Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy Review 1989
                           (billion kilowatthours)


╓┌──────┌──────┌──────────┌────────────┌───────────────────────┌─────────────
 Year   Coal   Petroleum  Natural Gas  Nuclear Electric Power  Hydro-electric
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 1975   853    289        300          173                     300
 1980   1,162  246        346          251                     276
 1981   1,203  206        346          273                     261
 1982   1,192  147        305          283                     309
 1983   1,259  144        274          294                     332
 1984   1,342  120        297          328                     321
 1985   1,402  100        292          384                     281
 1986   1,386  137        249          414                     291
 Year   Coal   Petroleum  Natural Gas  Nuclear Electric Power  Hydro-electric
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
1986   1,386  137        249          414                     291
 1987   1,464  118        273          455                     250
 1988   1,541  149        253          527                     223
 1989p  1,551  158        264          529                     264



 1 Electricity produced from geothermal, wood, waste, wind,photovoltaic, and
 solar thermal energy sources connected to electricutility distribution
 systems; p = preliminary.



                  U.S. Passenger Car Efficiency, 1966-1988
  Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy Review 1989


╓┌──────┌───────────────────────┌───────────────────┌─────────────────┌──────
        Mileage                 Mileage             Fuel Consumption  Fuel Con
        Mileage                 Mileage             Fuel Consumption  Fuel Con
 Year   Thousand Miles per Car  Index 1973 = 100.0  Gallons per Car   Index 19
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 1966   9.92                    96.7                703               91.2
 1968   10.14                   98.8                731               94.8
 1970   10.27                   100.0               760               98.6
 1975   9.69                    94.4                716               93.9
 1977   9.88                    96.3                716               93.9
 1980   9.14                    89.1                591               76.7
 1981   9.19                    89.6                576               74.7
 1982   9.43                    91.9                566               73.4
 1983   9.48                    92.4                553               71.7
 1984   9.56                    93.2                536               69.5
 1985   9.56                    93.2                525               68.1
 1986   9.61                    93.7                526               68.2
 1987   9.88                    96.3                514               66.7
 1988p  10.12                   98.7                507               65.8



 p = preliminary



 Household Energy Consumption and Expenditures by Application and Fuel
 Source, 1978-1987
  Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy Review 1989


╓┌─────────────────────────────────┌──────────────────┌──────────────────┌───
                                   Consumption        Consumption        Consu
                                   (Quadrillion Btu)  (Quadrillion Btu)  (Quad
 Application/Fuel Source           1978               1980               1984
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Space Heating
 Natural Gas                       4.26               3.32               3.51
 Electricity1                      0.41               0.28               0.30
 Distillate Fuel Oil and Kerosene  2.05               1.32               1.10
 Liquefied Petrol. Gases           0.23               0.25               0.21
 Total                             6.95               5.17               5.13
 Air Conditioning2
 Electricity1                      0.31               0.32               0.36
                                   Consumption        Consumption        Consu
                                   (Quadrillion Btu)  (Quadrillion Btu)  (Quad
 Application/Fuel Source           1978               1980               1984
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Electricity1                      0.31               0.32               0.36
 Water Heating
 Natural Gas                       1.04               1.24               1.10
 Electricity1                      0.29               0.31               0.32
 Distillate Fuel Oil and Kerosene  0.14               0.24               0.15
 Liquefied Petrol. Gases           0.06               0.07               0.06
 Total                             1.53               1.86               1.62
 Appliances
 Natural Gas                       0.28               0.38               0.35
 Electricity1                      1.46               1.55               1.53
 Liquefied Petrol. Gases           0.03               0.04               0.04
 Total                             1.77               1.97               1.92
 Total2                            10.56              9.32               9.04
 Natural Gas2                      5.58               4.94               4.98
 Electricity1                      2.47               2.46               2.48
 Distillate Fuel Oil and Kerosene  2.19               1.55               1.26
 Liquefied Petrol. Gases           0.33               0.36               0.31
                                   Consumption        Consumption        Consu
                                   (Quadrillion Btu)  (Quadrillion Btu)  (Quad
 Application/Fuel Source           1978               1980               1984
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Liquefied Petrol. Gases           0.33               0.36               0.31



 1 Includes electricity generated for distribution from wood,waste,
 geothermal, wind, photovoltaic, and solar thermal electricity.2 A small
 amount of natural gas used for air conditioning is includedin "Total" and
 "Natural Gas" under "Total."
 Note: Sum of components may not equal total dueto independent rounding.



                            World Nuclear Power
             International Atomic Energy Agency, Dec. 31, 1989


╓┌───────────────┌──────────────────────┌──────────────────────┌─────────────
                 Reactors in Operation  Reactors in Operation  Reactors under
                                                               Construction

 Country         # of Units             Total MW(e)1           # of Units
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Argentina       2                      935                    1

 Belgium         7                      5,500                  -

 Brazil          1                      626                    1

 Bulgaria        5                      2,585                  2

 Canada          18                     12,185                 4

 China           -                      -                      3

 Cuba            -                      -                      2

 Czechoslovakia  8                      3,264                  8

                 Reactors in Operation  Reactors in Operation  Reactors under
                                                               Construction

 Country         # of Units             Total MW(e)1           # of Units

 Finland         4                      2,310                  -

 France          55                     52,588                 9

 East Germany    6                      2,102                  5

 West Germany    24                     22,716                 1

 Hungary         4                      1,645                  -

 India           7                      1,374                  7

 Iran            -                      -                      2

 Italy           2                      1,120                  -

                 Reactors in Operation  Reactors in Operation  Reactors under
                                                               Construction

 Country         # of Units             Total MW(e)1           # of Units

 Japan           39                     29,300                 12

 South Korea     9                      7,220                  2

 Mexico          1                      654                    1

 Netherlands     2                      508                    -

 Pakistan        1                      125                    -

 Romania         -                      -                      5

 South Africa    2                      1,842                  -

 Spain           10                     7,544                  -

                 Reactors in Operation  Reactors in Operation  Reactors under
                                                               Construction

 Country         # of Units             Total MW(e)1           # of Units

 Sweden          12                     9,817                  -

 Switzerland     5                      2,952                  -

 United Kingdom  39                     11,242                 1

 United States   110                    98,331                 4

 Soviet Union    46                     34,230                 26

 Yugoslavia      1                      632                    -

 Total*          426                    318,271                96




 1 terawatt-hour (TW(e).h) = 106 megawatt-hour (MW(e).h). For anaverage power
 plant, 1 TW(e).h = 0.39 megatonnes of coal equivalent(input) and 0.23
 megatonnes of oil equivalent (input). *Totalincludes data from Taiwan,
 China: 6 units, 4924 MW(e) in operation;27.1 TW.h of nuclear electricity
 generation, or 35.2% of total electricitygenerated there; 50 yrs., 1 month
 of experience.



                    U.S. Nuclear Power Plant Operations
 Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review, March 1990


╓┌───────────────┌─────────────────────────┌─────────────────────────────────
 Year            Operable Reactors Number  Nuclear-Based Electricity Generatio
                                           Million Net Kilowatthours
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 1976            61                        191,104

 1977            65                        250,883
 Year            Operable Reactors Number  Nuclear-Based Electricity Generatio
                                           Million Net Kilowatthours
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
1977            65                        250,883

 1978            70                        276,403

 1979            68                        255,155

 1980            70                        251,116

 1981            74                        272,674

 1982            77                        282,773

 1983            80                        293,677

 1984            86                        327,634

 1985            95                        383,691

 Year            Operable Reactors Number  Nuclear-Based Electricity Generatio
                                           Million Net Kilowatthours
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 1986            100                       414,038

 1987            107                       455,270

 1988            108                       526,973

 1989            110                       529,355

 1990 Jan.-Mar.  111                       151,169






                    Status of U.S. Nuclear Reactor Units
 Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review, March 1990


╓┌───────────────────────┌───────────────────────┌───────────────────────┌───
                         Licensed for Operation  Licensed for Operation  Const
 Year                    Operable                In Startup              Grant

 Number of Reactor       Number of Reactor       Number of Reactor       Numbe
 Units                   Units                   Units                   Units
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 1978                    70                      0                       90

 1979                    68                      0                       91

 1980                    70                      2                       82

 1981                    74                      0                       75

 1982                    77                      2                       60

 1983                    80                      3                       53

                         Licensed for Operation  Licensed for Operation  Const
 Year                    Operable                In Startup              Grant

 Number of Reactor       Number of Reactor       Number of Reactor       Numbe
 Units                   Units                   Units                   Units

 1984                    86                      6                       38

 1985                    95                      3                       30

 1986                    100                     7                       19

 1987                    107                     4                       14

 1988                    108                     3                       12

 1989                    110                     1                       10

 1990 March              111                     1                       9







                           SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY


               Scientific Achievements and Discoveries: 1990


                          Origins of Life on Earth

 For the first time, researchers demonstrated outside the lab that a species
 changed its reproductive behavior over a period of years as predicted by the
 tenets of natural selection, the cornerstone of evolutionary theory. The
 change occurred over 11 years in a group of guppies in Trinidad that was
 moved to a site where it was subject to different predators. The study was
 the first to demonstrate the change in an experiment in the natural world.
 David. A. Reznick and Heather Bryga of the Univ. of Calif. at Riverside, and
 John A. Endler of the Univ. af Calif. at Santa Barbara used the guppies to
 test a mathematical theory that explains why some species have many
 offspring and invest little in their care, while others have very few
 offspring and devote their lives to caring for their young. The theory
 states that animals that are preyed on as adults will have as many babies as
 possible during their short life span, starting at an early age. Therefore,
 they will have shorter lives, having invested all their energy in
 reproducing.

 Fossil fragments found in northern Colorado by a team led by Robert T.
 Bakker, one of the leading paleontologists in the world, showed that a
 dinosaur named Epanterias amplexus, equal in size to Tyrannosaurus rex,
 flourished 30 million years before tyrannosaurus roamed the earth.
 Epanterias was about 50 feet long and had jaws that could expand like those
 of a snake. It could have eaten an animal the size of a 1,400 lb. cow with a
 single gulp. While epanterias must have looked like the tyrannosaur, it
 differed in its large powerful forelimbs, each tipped with three claws
 (tyrannosaur had two). Epanterias also probably moved with a crouching gait,
 with its head much closer to the ground than that of a tyrannosaur.

 Scientists at Yale Univ. identified a tiny fossilized plant, barely one inch
 tall and resembling today's black pepper plant, as the oldest known flower.
 It lived 120 million years ago, and its flower was probably a drab green or
 beige. Due to its similarities to two major branches of modern flowering
 plants, the plant could be their common ancestor and represent a kind of
 "missing link" needed to understand plant evolution. About a half million
 species, nearly all the world's plants that bear seed, are likely
 descendants of the small plant. The scientists said the plant grew in
 scraggly underbrush on the edge of a pond in the Koonwarra area of
 Australia. The earliest flowering plants may date back to 130 or 140 million
 years ago.

 A "golden calf" was unearthed by Harvard Univ. archeologists near the
 Israeli port city of Ashkelon that is believed to be an object of worship
 dating from the second millennium B.C. Recovered almost intact, the calf,
 about 41/2 inches long and 41/4 inches tall and weighing less than one
 pound, is made of bronze and other metals. The temple in which it was housed
 was destroyed during a conquest of Ashkelon in about 1550 B.C., midway
 through the Bronze Age. In the Bible, golden calves similiar in form but
 much larger are referred to in the story of Aaron during the Exodus, in
 ancient Jerusalem's rivalry with northern, calf-worshipping Hebrew king
 Jeroboam, and in other Old Testament accounts.

 At the Lamont-Doherty Geological Laboratory of Columbia Univ. at Palisades,
 N.Y., scientists have theorized that large errors in carbon dating, some by
 as much as 3,500 years, are the result of fluctuations in the amount of
 carbon 14 in the air. They arrived at this conclusion by comparing age
 estimates obtained using two different methods--analysis of radioactive
 carbon in a sample and determination of the ratio of uranium to thorium in
 the sample. They said that uranium-thorium dating not only is more precise
 than carbon dating in some cases, but also can be used to date much older
 objects. While carbon dating is unreliable for objects older than about
 30,000 years, uranium-thorium dating may be possible for objects up to
 500,000 years old. Since 1947, scientists have estimated the ages of many
 objects by measuring the amounts of radioactive carbon they contain.


                             Hubble Telescope

 Launched by the space shuttle Discovery on Apr. 25, 1990, the $1.5 billion
 Hubble Space Telescope was found to have a major flaw in the main
 light-gathering mirrors, which will severely limit its ability to view the
 depths of the universe for several years. A distortion in one of the two
 mirrors means that the path of light between the mirrors is out of
 alignment, resulting in less than clearly focused images when it reaches
 other instruments and cameras. The wide-field and planetary camera that was
 to perform 40 percent of the Hubble's work will not be usable, and the
 camera for making extremely precise images of faint objects will not
 function as scientists had planned. It was hoped that Hubble would be able
 to collect light coming from near the edge of the universe and thus near the
 beginning of time. The 25,000 lb. telescope is 43 feet long and 14 feet in
 diameter at its widest point, and is circling the Earth every 97 minutes at
 an altitude of 381 miles. The craft is designed to be visited and serviced
 periodically by astronauts from a space shuttle. NASA officials announced
 that a space shuttle mission is scheduled for 1993 during which the
 telescope will hopefully be repaired.

 Despite its flawed mirror, the Hubble telescope should produce a more
 detailed view of the skies than has been possible from any ground telescope.
 The first of these views was received in August showing an unexpected
 concentration of stars, attracted by some mysterious force around what once
 appeared to be an ordinary galaxy, and a glowing ring of gaseous matter
 around the remnant of a star seen to explode three years ago.


                           Astronomical Findings

 Evidence of an early universe devoid of disturbances and irregularities that
 could explain the origin of the galaxy clusters, expansive voids, and other
 large structures common to space were revealed by the unmanned Cosmic
 Background Explorer (COBE). Presented at the annual meeting of the American
 Astronomical Society, early data appeared to confirm the Big Bang theory of
 the origin of the universe. The theory holds that all existence sprang from
 the explosion of a fist-sized ball of unknown primordial material 15 billion
 years ago. "We can see no deviation from a simple Big Bang theory," John
 Mather, the chief project scientist for COBE, said in January. "But it's
 hard to understand that with all the large features we see in the universe,
 we have no evidence of their origin." New understanding of the origin of the
 universe and the early formation of matter is expected from studying
 measurements of radiation, supposedly released in the Big Bang explosion,
 recorded by COBE.

 Scientists whose goal it is to scan the sky with dish-shaped antennas
 listening for faint signals from advanced civilizations received federal
 funding for their 10-year project. The search for extraterrestrial
 intelligence (SETI) will address one of mankind's ultimate questions: Are we
 alone? Skeptics say there is no evidence of other beings in the galaxy, and
 that if there were such beings, earth would have heard from them by now. The
 receiving apparatus is scheduled to be switched on in Oct. 1992, the 500th
 anniversary of Columbus's discovery of America, and is to run until the turn
 of the century.

 Initial images of Venus sent by the Magellan spaceprobe show a fractured,
 rubbled surface scarred by what appeared to be volcanic action, quakes, and
 shifting land. The images showed a more disrupted surface than some
 scientists had expected. The images were constructed from radar beams
 penetrating the thick atmosphere that obscures the planet from ordinary
 pictures. The Magellan sent back two image strips based on one-and-a-half
 orbits, both showing 12-mile-wide areas of surface, one 7,000 miles long and
 the other 5,000 miles long.


                           Medicine and Genetics

 In a clinical trial of 21 healthy men ranging in age from 61 to 81,
 researchers found that after six months of injections of a genetically
 engineered version of the natural growth hormone, the men emerged with
 bodies that had many characteristics of bodies 20 years younger than their
 actual age. "This is not a fountain of youth," said Daniel Rudman of the
 Medical College of Wisconsin in Milwaukee, as researchers cautioned that the
 results were highly preliminary and that the long-term side effects of
 growth hormone remain unknown. Although the weight of the men remained the
 same, they lost almost 15 percent body fat and gained almost 9 percent in
 lean body mass. The men's skin regained a youthful thickness, and the level
 of an important growth-stimulating hormone in the blood returned to that of
 those under the age of 40. The bones of the spine also gained in mass,
 although other parts of the skeleton did not. Researchers speculated that
 careful administration of human growth hormone could prove beneficial for
 those elderly people whose muscles are wasting away or who need greater
 strength to help them recover from a hip fracture, stroke, or other
 debilitating illness. Dr. Rudman said that while his study used men only,
 the same impact could be expected with women.

 Scientists at Johns Hopkins Univ. School of Medicine in Baltimore, led by
 Solomon Snyder, a neuroscientist, have for the first time grown an important
 type of human brain cell in the laboratory. The cells are neurons from the
 most highly evolved part of the brain, the cerebral cortex, the place of
 human thought, memory, and creativity. This development will allow for the
 study of the human brain in greater biochemical and genetic detail. The
 cells also offer a valuable tool for testing new drugs to treat Alzheimer's
 disease, epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, drug addiction, and other brain
 disorders.

 While doctors have treated fetuses with medications, probed the womb from
 the outside with needles and shunts, and removed fetuses for minor surgery
 on their bladders, for the first time, under the direction of Michael R.
 Harrison at the Univ. of Calif. in San Francisco, livesaving surgery was
 performed on a fetus and a healthy baby was delivered seven weeks later. The
 fetus, which was partly removed from the womb for the operation, had a
 hernia of the diaphragm, a fairly common and usually fatal congenital
 malformation. His stomach, spleen, and large and small intestines had
 migrated through a hole in the diaphragm, the wall of muscle and tendons
 between the abdomen and the chest, taking up so much space that his lungs
 could not grow. Dr. Harrison emphasized that he did not expect many fetuses
 to be saved by such fetal surgery. He said too few fetuses had operable
 defects and too few doctors were trained in the procedure. Ways to correct
 the condition were first developed by using fetal lambs and monkeys.

 For the first time, a gene has been found that causes osteoarthritis, the
 most common form of arthritis, according to a report in the Proceedings of
 the National Academy of Sciences. "This study strongly supports the idea
 that a single genetic flaw can cause at least one form of osteoarthritis and
 perhaps can cause others," said Lawrence E. Shulman, a leading
 rheumatologist and the director of the Natl. Inst. of Arthritis and
 Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases. The family members studies showed early
 expression (as early as 16 years of age) of clinical symptoms of primary
 generalized osteoarthritis. The cause of this disease has remained unknown;
 it can affect many parts of the body, including the hands, feet, hips, and
 knees. Individuals with the disease suffer pain, stiffness, and often
 limitations in mobility that get worse over time. Osteoarthritis, which
 affects about 16 million Americans, is a major reason for the over 150,000
 total joint replacement procedures performed each year in the U.S.

 A widely used antiviral drug, acyclovir, was found to shorten the course and
 severity of chicken pox infections in normal children. Chicken pox is the
 only remaining childhood disease that is not prevented by routine
 vaccination. As many as 3.5 million Americans get chicken pox each year, and
 4,000 are hospitalized with complications. According to the Centers for
 Disease Control, about 100 to 200 people die from the disease each year.
 About 95 percent of Americans get chicken pox by the time they are 18 years
 old. The disease confers a lifelong immunity so that no one gets it twice.
 Acyclovir is already available for the treatment of diseases caused by the
 chicken pox virus, such as genital herpes infections in adults, and herpes
 zoster, or shingles, a viral infection of the sensory nerves.

 The first effort to insert foreign genes into human cancer patients was
 successful, as the experiment sought to test the premise that new genes can
 be plugged into white blood cells and those cells transfused into people. In
 some cases, the patients' cancer went into remission, offering hope that the
 new therapy may someday prove extremely valuable in treating advanced
 tumors. The experiment was led by Steven A. Rosenberg of the Natl. Cancer
 Inst. in Bethesda, Md.  Two other gene therapy proposals are nearing final
 approval by the Food and Drug Admin. One would treat children suffering from
 a severe immune deficiency disorder by supplying them with a critical gene
 they lack. In the second proposal, Dr. Rosenberg plans to insert into the
 tumor-infiltrating cells a gene for an enzyme known as tumor necrosis
 factor, which could lend the cells extra tumor-fighting strength. Other
 researchers hope to use gene therapy to fight cystic fibrosis, hereditary
 globin disorders, metabolic diseases, and a broad range of human ailments.

 There were many other discoveries in the field of genetics including: a
 defective gene that results in one form of retinitis pigmentosa, an
 inherited disorder that is a leading cause of blindness; a gene that puts
 people at risk of becoming alcoholics; the gene that causes the disfiguring
 and sometimes fatal condition known as Elephant Man's disease; two defective
 genes that cause thickening of the heart; a key gene on the Y chromosome
 that seems to act as a master switch for maleness, transforming a growing
 human fetus that otherwise would become a girl into a baby boy; and a gene
 that is responsible for producing a key receptor that responds to marijuana
 in parts of the brain. Scientists also extracted strands of DNA, the genetic
 code of life, from a 17 million year old magnolia leaf that was still green
 when it was found embedded in sediment in an ancient lake bed in Idaho. The
 oldest DNA previously analyzed came from a woolly mammoth that lived 40,000
 years ago.

 Additionally, the U.S.'s first genetically engineered calveswere born on a
 farm near Marquez, Texas. The 4 calves have genes from other species,
 including humans. Also, the F.D.A. approved the first genetically engineered
 food product for humans, an enzyme used in making cheese.


                                    AIDS

 At the Sixth International AIDS Conference, researchers reported substantial
 progress in learning about AIDS, but also a sense that the disease continues
 to outrun gains in knowledge as the epidemic continues to spread. Early
 treatment with the antiviral drug AZT was shown to slow the progress of
 AIDS, and AZT also appears to make people with the AIDS virus less
 infectious to their sex partners. Among other findings reported were: a
 study of a brothel in Nevada where prostitution is legal found that latex
 condoms were effective in preventing the spread of sexually transmitted
 disease; a study of diabetics who are also intravenous drug users suggested
 that access to clean needles curtails AIDS transmission; a study of 1,000
 homosexual men found that smokers infected with the AIDS virus became ill
 more quickly and had higher deathrates than was the case for nonsmokers;
 HIV-2, a second strain of the AIDS virus originally found in West Africa, is
 spreading in Portugal; and abnormalities in mental development have been
 found in children born to women infected with the AIDS virus, even when the
 children themselves were not infected.

 A report by the Centers for Disease Control estimated that 179,000 to
 208,000 new cases of AIDS will be reported through the end of 1992. The
 number of new cases reported each year will continue to rise, and more
 infants will get AIDS in 1990 than in any year since the epidemic began. The
 report estimates the current (Jan. 1990) number of people infected with the
 virus, with or without symptoms, at 800,000 to 1.3 million. Based on these
 estimates, projections of the number of people who will be reported as AIDS
 cases are: 53,000-60,000 in 1990; 60,000-68,000 in 1991; 66,000-80,000 in
 1992; and 67,000-90,000 in 1993.

 A new AIDS therapy that involves giving a drug, withdrawing some of the
 patient's blood, shining ultraviolet light on it, and returning it to the
 body has shown promising preliminary results in a limited study of five
 patients.  In a report in Aug. 1990 in The Annals of Internal Medicine,
 researchers said the treatment appeared to stimulate the immune system in
 ways that were not clear. The therapy is called photopheresis and was
 conducted by researchers from Morristown Memorial Hospital in N.J. and the
 Columbia Univ. College of Physicians and Surgeons in N.Y.


                              Virtual Reality

 Virtual or artificial reality is a concept wherein a person puts on special
 clothing that is wired to a computer, including gloves that transmit and
 receive data, and goggles that include two tiny video screens. The computer
 generates images, either of the real world or an imaginary one, that appear
 to the viewer in three dimensions. A user can be sitting in the driver's
 seat of a racing car or hitting a tennis ball in an imaginary game. The user
 can pick up an object, or fly, or do just about anything. Software programs
 exist, or soon will, to allow people to see the world from many vantage
 points (from that of another person or animal).  They can also interact with
 real people connected to the same virtual world. Virtual reality is a
 concept with serious purposes, like teaching a surgeon how to handle a
 scapel without using real patients, or creating a workplace for employees
 separated by great distances. Scientists at universities, at small
 companies, and at NASA are just beginning to create the first usable
 systems.


                                  Patents

 In 1989, for the first time in 26 years, Americans received a larger share
 of the patents issued in the U.S. than they had in the previous year. The
 Patent and Trademark Office reported that inventors based in the U.S.
 obtained 54,762 patents, or 53.3 percent of the total, a rise of six-tenths
 of 1 percent, in the fiscal year ended Sept. 30.  Hitachi Ltd. of Japan
 (1,053 patents) heads the top 10 companies obtaining patents in the U.S.,
 while the three leading American companies were IBM, G.E., and Eastman
 Kodak. The university with the most patents was the Massachusetts Inst. of
 Technology, with 101.


                           Inventors of the Year

 Three inventors at the Chrysler Corp., Maurice B. Leising, Howard L.
 Benford, and Gerald L. Holbrook, who patented the first fully electronic
 force-feed automatic transmission, shared the award for Inventor of the Year
 issued by Intellectual Property Owners Inc., a trade association
 representing corporate and individual inventors. The Ultradrive transmission
 uses a computer processor to make shifting decisions and was introduced in
 1989 in most Chrysler V-6 models.


                             Inventions of 1990

 Some of the more "interesting" inventions issued patents during 1990 were: a
 crib that soothes infants by stimulating movements of the womb; an
 experimental test to predict whether a person infected with the AIDS virus
 will quickly develop symptoms; a laser system to remove tooth and gum decay
 without the need for drills, scrapers, or Novocain; a golf putter featuring
 a built-in level indicator to estimate the slope of a putting green; heated
 automobile windshield wipers; a quiet alarm clock that sets off vibrations
 in pillows; a garbage collector in space to protect spacecraft from
 collisions with orbiting debris; and a device that uses echoes to help blind
 people find their way by judging the distance of surrounding objects.

 Also, Adobe Systems Inc. received the first copyright registration issued by
 the U.S. Copyright Office for a computer program that generates a particular
 style of type. The decision gave protection only for the computer programs
 that draw the letters, not for the designs of the letters themselves.


                   First Human Receives Engineered Genes

 On Sept. 14, 1990, a 4-year-old girl became the first person to receive
 human gene therapy. The new method is an approach for treating disease by
 giving patients copies of critical genes they lack. The young girl suffers
 from a rare and severe immune deficiency resulting from the lack of a gene
 that regulates production of an enzyme needed to keep the body's immune
 cells alive. During a 30-minute procedure, the patient was infused with
 about one billion white blood cells that had been outfitted through
 recombinant DNA technology with copies of the gene she lacked. If the
 procedure is successful, the genetically engineered blood cells will pump
 out normal levels of the crucial enzyme and restore the girl's immune system
 to full health.

 The specific disorder the girl suffers from is adenosine deaminase (ADA)
 deficiency, which results from a lack of the ADA gene, which makes an enzyme
 needed to clean up dangerous metabolic byproducts in the body.

 The experimental procedure was developed by Dr. R. Michael Blaese of the
 Natl. Cancer Inst., Dr. W. French Anderson of the Natl. Heart, Lung and
 Blood Inst., and Dr. Kenneth W. Culver.

                         Inventions and Discoveries


╓┌────────────────────────────────────────────┌────────┌─────────────────────
 Invention                                    Date     Inventor
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Adding machine                               1642     Pascal
 Adding machine                               1885     Burroughs
 Aerosol spray                                1926     Rotheim
 Air brake                                    1868     Westinghouse
 Air conditioning                             1911     Carrier
 Air pump                                     1654     Guericke
 Airplane, automatic pilot                    1912     Sperry
 Airplane, experimental                       1896     Langley
 Airplane jet engine                          1939     Ohain
 Airplane with motor                          1903     Wright bros.
 Airplane, hydro                              1911     Curtiss
 Airship                                      1852     Giffard
 Airship, rigid dirigible                     1900     Zeppelin
 Arc welder                                   1919     Thomson
 Autogyro                                     1920     de la Cierva
 Automobile, differential gear                1885     Benz
 Automobile, electric                         1892     Morrison
 Automobile, exp'mtl                          1864     Marcus
 Automobile, gasoline                         1889     Daimler
 Invention                                    Date     Inventor
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Automobile, gasoline                         1889     Daimler
 Automobile, gasoline                         1892     Duryea
 Automobile magneto                           1897     Bosch
 Automobile muffler                           . . .    Maxim, H.P.
 Automobile self-starter                      1911     Kettering
 Babbitt metal                                1839     Babbitt
 Bakelite                                     1907     BaekelandBelg.
 Balloon                                      1783     Montgolfier
 Barometer                                    1643     Torricelli
 Bicycle, modern                              1885     Starley
 Bifocal lens                                 1780     Franklin
 Block signals, railway                       1867     Hall
 Bomb, depth                                  1916     Tait
 Bottle machine                               1895     Owens
 Braille printing                             1829     Braille
 Burner, gas                                  1855     Bunsen
 Calculating machine                          1833     Babbage
 Camera--see also Photography
 Camera, Kodak                                1888     Eastman, Walker
 Invention                                    Date     Inventor
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Camera, Kodak                                1888     Eastman, Walker
 Camera, Polaroid Land                        1948     Land
 Car coupler                                  1873     Janney
 Carburetor, gasoline                         1893     Maybach
 Card time recorder                           1894     Cooper
 Carding machine                              1797     Whittemore
 Carpet sweeper                               1876     Bissell
 Cassette, audio                              1963     Philips Co.
 Cassette, videotape                          1969     Sony
 Cash register                                1879     Ritty
 Cathode ray oscilloscope                     1897     Braun
 Cathode ray tube                             1878     Crookes
 CAT scan (computerized tomography)           1973     Hounsfield
 Cellophane                                   1908     Brandenberger
 Celluloid                                    1870     Hyatt
 Cement, Portland                             1824     Aspdin
 Chronometer                                  1761     Harrison
 Circuit breaker                              1925     Hilliard
 Circuit, integrated                          1959     Kilby, Noyce, Texas Ins
 Invention                                    Date     Inventor
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Circuit, integrated                          1959     Kilby, Noyce, Texas Ins
 Clock, pendulum                              1657     Huygens
 Coaxial cable system                         1929     Affel, Espensched
 Coke oven                                    1893     Hoffman
 Compressed air rock drill                    1871     Ingersoll
 Comptometer                                  1887     Felt
 Computer, automatic sequence                 1944     Aiken et al.
 Computer, mini                               1960     Digital Corp
 Condenser microphone (telephone)             1916     Wente
 Contraceptive, oral                          1954     Pincus, Rock
 Corn, hybrid                                 1917     Jones
 Cotton gin                                   1793     Whitney
 Cream separator                              1878     DeLaval
 Cultivator, disc                             1878     Mallon
 Cystoscope                                   1878     Nitze
 Diesel engine                                1895     Diesel
 Disk, compact                                1972     RCA
 Disk, floppy                                 1970     IBM
 Disk player, compact                         1979     Sony, Philips Co
 Invention                                    Date     Inventor
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Disk player, compact                         1979     Sony, Philips Co
 Disk, video                                  1972     Philips Co
 Dynamite                                     1866     Nobel
 Dynamo, continuous current                   1871     Gramme
 Dynamo, hydrogen cooled                      1915     Schuler
 Electric battery                             1800     Volta
 Electric fan                                 1882     Wheeler
 Electrocardiograph                           1903     Einthoven
 Electroencephalograph                        1929     Berger
 Electromagnet                                1824     Sturgeon
 Electron spectrometer                        1944     Deutsch, Elliott, Evans
 Electron tube multigrid                      1913     Langmuir
 Electroplating                               1805     Brugnatelli
 Electrostatic generator                      1929     Van de Graaff
 Elevator brake                               1852     Otis
 Elevator, push button                        1922     Larson
 Engine, automatic transmission               1910     Fottinger
 Engine, coal-gas 4-cycle                     1876     Otto
 Engine, compression ignition                 1883     Daimler
 Invention                                    Date     Inventor
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Engine, compression ignition                 1883     Daimler
 Engine, electric ignition                    1883     Benz
 Engine, gas, compound                        1926     Eickemeyer
 Engine, gasoline                             1872     Brayton, Geo.
 Engine, gasoline                             1889     Daimler
 Engine, steam, piston                        1705     Newcomen
 Engine, steam, piston                        1769     Watt
 Engraving, half-tone                         1852     Talbot
 Fiberglass                                   1938     Owens-Corning
 Fiber optics                                 1955     Kapany
 Filament, tungsten                           1913     Coolidge
 Flanged rail                                 1831     Stevens
 Flatiron, electric                           1882     Seely
 Food, frozen                                 1924     Birdseye
 Furnace (for steel)                          1858     Siemens
 Galvanometer                                 1820     Sweigger
 Gas discharge tube                           1922     Hull
 Gas lighting                                 1792     Murdoch
 Gas mantle                                   1885     Welsbach
 Invention                                    Date     Inventor
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Gas mantle                                   1885     Welsbach
 Gasoline (lead ethyl)                        1922     Midgley
 Gasoline, cracked                            1913     Burton
 Gasoline, high octane                        1930     Ipatieff
 Geiger counter                               1913     Geiger
 Glass, laminated safety                      1909     Benedictus
 Glider                                       1853     Cayley
 Gun, breechloader                            1811     Thornton
 Gun, Browning                                1897     Browning
 Gun, magazine                                1875     Hotchkiss
 Gun, silencer                                1908     Maxim, H.P.
 Guncotton                                    1847     Schoenbein
 Gyrocompass                                  1911     Sperry
 Gyroscope                                    1852     Foucault
 Harvester-thresher                           1818     Lane
 Heart, artificial                            1982     Jarvik
 Helicopter                                   1939     Sikorsky
 Hydrometer                                   1768     Baume
 Ice-making machine                           1851     Gorrie
 Invention                                    Date     Inventor
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Ice-making machine                           1851     Gorrie
 Iron lung                                    1928     Drinker, Slaw
 Kaleidoscope                                 1817     Brewster
 Kinetoscope                                  1889     Edison
 Lacquer, nitrocellulose                      1921     Flaherty
 Lamp, arc                                    1847     Staite
 Lamp, flourescent                            1938     General Electric, Westi
 Lamp, incandescent                           1879     Edison
 Lamp, incand., frosted                       1924     Pipkin
 Lamp, incand., gas                           1913     Langmuir
 Lamp, Klieg                                  1911     Kliegl, A.&J.
 Lamp, mercury vapor                          1912     Hewitt
 Lamp, miner's safety                         1816     Davy
 Lamp, neon                                   1909     Claude
 Lathe, turret                                1845     Fitch
 Launderette                                  1934     Cantrell
 Lens, achromatic                             1758     Dollond
 Lens, fused bifocal                          1908     Borsch
 Leydenjar (condenser)                        1745     von Kleist
 Invention                                    Date     Inventor
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Leydenjar (condenser)                        1745     von Kleist
 Lightning rod                                1752     Franklin
 Linoleum                                     1860     Walton
 Linotype                                     1884     Mergenthaler
 Lock, cylinder                               1851     Yale
 Locomotive, electric                         1851     Vail
 Locomotive, exp'mtl                          1802     Trevithick
 Locomotive, exp'mtl                          1812     Fenton et al
 Locomotive, exp'mtl                          1813     Hedley
 Locomotive, exp'mtl                          1814     Stephenson
 Locomotive practical                         1829     Stephenson
 Locomotive, 1st U.S.                         1830     Cooper, P.
 Loom, power                                  1785     Cartwright
 Loudspeaker, dynamic                         1924     Rice, Kellogg
 Machine gun                                  1861     Gatling
 Machine gun, improved                        1872     Hotchkiss
 Machine gun (Maxim)                          1883     Maxim, H.S. U.S.,
 Magnet, electro                              1828     Henry
 Mantle, gas                                  1885     Welsbach
 Invention                                    Date     Inventor
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Mantle, gas                                  1885     Welsbach
 Mason jar                                    1858     Mason, J.
 Match, friction                              1827     John Walker
 Mercerized textiles                          1843     Mercer, J.
 Meter, induction                             1888     Shallenberg
 Metronome                                    1816     Malezel
 Micrometer                                   1636     Gascoigne
 Microphone                                   1877     Berliner
 Microscope, compound                         1590     Janssen
 Microscope, electronic                       1931     Knoll, Ruska
 Microscope, field ion                        1951     Mueller
 Monitor, warship                             1861     Ericsson
 Monotype                                     1887     Lanston
 Motor, AC                                    1892     Tesla
 Motor, DC                                    1837     Davenport
 Motor, induction                             1887     Tesla
 Motorcycle                                   1885     Daimler
 Movie machine                                1894     Jenkins
 Movie, panoramic                             1952     Waller
 Invention                                    Date     Inventor
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Movie, panoramic                             1952     Waller
 Movie, talking                               1927     Warner Bros.
 Mower, lawn                                  1831     Budding, Ferrabee
 Mowing machine                               1822     Bailey
 Neoprene                                     1930     Carothers
 Nylon synthetic                              1930     Carothers
 Nylon                                        1937     Du Pont lab
 Oil cracking furnace                         1891     Gavrilov
 Oil filled power cable                       1921     Emanueli
 Oleomargarine                                1869     Mege-Mouries
 Ophthalmoscope                               1851     Helmholtz
 Paper machine                                1809     Dickinson
 Parachute                                    1785     Blanchard
 Pen, ballpoint                               1838     Biro
 Pen, fountain                                1884     Waterman
 Pen, steel                                   1780     Harrison
 Pendulum                                     1583     Galileo
 Percussion cap                               1807     Forsythe
 Phonograph                                   1877     Edison
 Invention                                    Date     Inventor
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Phonograph                                   1877     Edison
 Photo, color                                 1892     Ives
 Photo film, celluloid                        1893     Reichenbach
 Photo film, transparent                      1884     Eastman, Goodwin
 Photoelectric cell                           1895     Elster
 Photographic paper                           1835     Talbot
 Photography                                  1835     Talbot
 Photography                                  1835     Daguerre
 Photography                                  1816     Niepce
 Photophone                                   1880     Bell
 Phototelegraphy                              1925     Bell Labs
 Piano                                        1709     Cristofori
 Piano, player                                1863     Fourneaux
 Pin, safety                                  1849     Hunt
 Pistol (revolver)                            1836     Colt
 Plow, cast iron                              1785     Ransome
 Plow, disc                                   1896     Hardy
 Pneumatic hammer                             1890     King
 Powder, smokeless                            1884     Vieille
 Invention                                    Date     Inventor
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Powder, smokeless                            1884     Vieille
 Printing press, rotary                       1845     Hoe
 Printing press, web                          1865     Bullock
 Propeller, screw                             1804     Stevens
 Propeller, screw                             1837     Ericsson
 Pulsars                                      1967     Bell
 Punch card accounting                        1889     Hollerith
 Quasars                                      1963     Schmidt
 Radar                                        1940     Watson-Watt
 Radio amplifier                              1906     De Forest
 Radio beacon                                 1928     Donovan
 Radio crystal oscillator                     1918     Nicolson
 Radio receiver, cascade tuning               1913     Alexanderson,
 Radio receiver, heterodyne                   1913     Fessenden
 Radio transmitter triode modulation          1914     Alexanderson
 Radio tube-diode                             1905     Fleming
 Radio tube oscillator                        1915     De Forest
 Radio tube triode                            1906     De Forest
 Radio, signals                               1895     Marconi
 Invention                                    Date     Inventor
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Radio, signals                               1895     Marconi
 Radio, magnetic detector                     1902     Marconi
 Radio FM 2-path                              1933     Armstrong
 Rayon                                        1883     Swan
 Razor, electric                              1917     Schick
 Razor, safety                                1895     Gillette
 Reaper                                       1834     McCormick
 Record, cylinder                             1887     Bell, Tainter
 Record, disc                                 1887     Berliner
 Record, long playing                         1947     Goldmark
 Record, wax cylinder                         1888     Edison
 Refrigerants, low-boiling fluorine compound  1930     Midgely and co-workers
 Refrigerator car                             1868     David
 Resin, synthetic                             1931     Hill
 Richter scale                                1935     Richter
 Rifle, repeating                             1860     Spencer
 Rocket engine                                1926     Goddard
 Rubber, vulcanized                           1839     Goodyear
 Saw, band                                    1808     Newberry
 Invention                                    Date     Inventor
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Saw, band                                    1808     Newberry
 Saw, circular                                1777     Miller
 Searchlight, arc                             1915     Sperry
 Sewing machine                               1846     Howe
 Shoe-sewing machine                          1860     McKay
 Shrapnel shell                               1784     Shrapnel
 Shuttle, flying                              1733     Kay
 Sleeping-car                                 1865     Pullman
 Slide rule                                   1620     Oughtred
 Soap, hardwater                              1928     Bertsch
 Spectroscope                                 1859     Kirchoff, Bunsen
 Spectroscope (mass)                          1918     Dempster
 Spinning jenny                               1767     Hargreaves
 Spinning mule                                1779     Crompton
 Steamboat, exp'mtl                           1778     Jouffroy
 Steamboat, exp'mtl                           1785     Fitch
 Steamboat, exp'mtl                           1787     Rumsey
 Steamboat, exp'mtl                           1788     Miller
 Steamboat, exp'mtl                           1803     Fulton
 Invention                                    Date     Inventor
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Steamboat, exp'mtl                           1803     Fulton
 Steamboat, exp'mtl                           1804     Stevens
 Steamboat, practical                         1802     Symington
 Steamboat, practical                         1807     Fulton
 Steam car                                    1770     Cugnot
 Steam turbine                                1884     Parsons
 Steel (converter)                            1856     Bessemer
 Steel alloy                                  1891     Harvey
 Steel alloy, high-speed                      1901     Taylor, White
 Steel, electric                              1900     Heroult
 Steel, manganese                             1884     Hadfield
 Steel, stainless                             1916     Brearley
 Stereoscope                                  1838     Wheatstone
 Stethoscope                                  1819     Laennec
 Stethoscope, binaural                        1840     Cammann
 Stock ticker                                 1870     Edison
 Storage battery, rechargeable                1859     Plante
 Stove, electric                              1896     Hadaway
 Submarine                                    1891     Holland
 Invention                                    Date     Inventor
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Submarine                                    1891     Holland
 Submarine, even keel                         1894     Lake
 Submarine, torpedo                           1776     Bushnell
 Superconductivity (BCS theory)               1957     Bardeen, Cooper, Schrei
 Tank, military                               1914     Swinton
 Tape recorder, magnetic                      1899     Poulsen
 Teflon                                       1938     Du Pont
 Telegraph, magnetic                          1837     Morse
 Telegraph, quadruplex                        1864     Edison
 Telegraph, railroad                          1887     Woods
 Telegraph, wireless high frequency           1895     Marconi
 Telephone                                    1876     Bell
 Telephone amplifier                          1912     De Forest
 Telephone, automatic                         1891     Stowger
 Telephone, radio                             1900     Poulsen, Fessenden
 Telephone, radio                             1906     De Forest
 Telephone, radio, I. d                       1915     AT&T
 Telephone, recording                         1898     Poulsen
 Telephone, wireless                          1899     Collins
 Invention                                    Date     Inventor
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Telephone, wireless                          1899     Collins
 Telescope                                    1608     Lippershey
 Telescope                                    1609     Galileo
 Telescope, astronomical                      1611     Kepler
 Teletype                                     1928     Morkrum, Kleinschmidt
 Television, iconoscope                       1923     Zworykin
 Television, electronic                       1927     Farnsworth
 Television, (mech. scanner)                  1923     Baird
 Thermometer                                  1593     Galileo
 Thermometer                                  1730     Reaumur
 Thermometer, mercury                         1714     Fahrenheit
 Time recorder                                1890     Bundy
 Time, self-regulator                         1918     Bryce
 Tire, double-tube                            1845     Thomson
 Tire, pneumatic                              1888     Dunlop
 Toaster, automatic                           1918     Strite
 Tool, pneumatic                              1865     Law
 Torpedo, marine                              1804     Fulton
 Tractor, crawler                             1904     Holt
 Invention                                    Date     Inventor
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Tractor, crawler                             1904     Holt
 Transformer A.C.                             1885     Stanley
 Transistor                                   1947     Shockley, Brattain, Bar
 Trolley car, electric                        1884-87  Van DePoele, Sprague
 Tungsten, ductile                            1912     Coolidge
 Tupperware                                   1945     Tupper
 Turbine, gas                                 1849     Bourdin
 Turbine, hydraulic                           1849     Francis
 Turbine, steam                               1884     Parsons
 Type, movable                                1447     Gutenberg
 Typewriter                                   1867     Sholes, Soule, Glidden
 Vacuum cleaner, electric                     1907     Spangler
 Velcro                                       1948     de Mestral
 Video game ("Pong")                          1972     Buschnel
 Video home system (VHS)                      1975     Matsushita, JVC
 Washer, electric                             1901     Fisher
 Welding, atomic, hydrogen                    1924     Langmuir, Palmer
 Welding, electric                            1877     Thomson
 Wind tunnel                                  1912     Eiffel
 Invention                                    Date     Inventor
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Wind tunnel                                  1912     Eiffel
 Wire, barbed                                 1874     Glidden
 Wire, barbed                                 1875     Haisn
 Wrench, double-acting                        1913     Owen
 X-ray tube                                   1913     Coolidge
 Zipper                                       1891     Judson





     Discoveries and Innovations: Chemistry, Physics, Biology, Medicine


╓┌────────────────────────────────────────────────┌─────┌────────────────────
                                                  Date  Discoverer
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Acetylene gas                                    1892  Wilson

                                                  Date  Discoverer
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 ACTH                                             1949  Armour & Co.

 Adrenalin                                        1901  Takamine

 Aluminum, electrolytic process                   1886  Hall

 Aluminum, isolated                               1825  Oersted

 Analine dye                                      1856  Perkin

 Anesthesia, ether                                1842  Long

 Anesthesia, local                                1885  Koller

 Anesthesia, spinal                               1898  Bier

 Anti-rabies                                      1885  Pasteur

                                                  Date  Discoverer
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 Antiseptic surgery                               1867  Lister

 Antitoxin, diphtheria                            1891  Von Behring

 Argyrol                                          1901  Barnes

 Arsphenamine                                     1910  Ehrlich

 Aspirin                                          1889  Dresser

 Atabrine                                         ...   Mietzsch, et al.

 Atomic numbers                                   1913  Moseley

 Atomic theory                                    1803  Dalton

 Atomic time clock                                1947  Libby

                                                  Date  Discoverer
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 Atom-smashing theory                             1919  Rutherford

 Aureomycin                                       1948  Duggar

 Bacitracin                                       1945  Johnson, et al.

 Bacteria (described)                             1676  Leeuwenhoek

 Barbital                                         1903  Fischer

 Bleaching powder                                 1798  Tennant

 Blood, circulation                               1628  Harvey

 Bordeaux mixture                                 1885  Millardet

 Bromine from sea                                 1924  Edgar Kramer

                                                  Date  Discoverer
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 Calcium carbide                                  1888  Wilson

 Calculus                                         1670  Newton

 Camphor synthetic                                1896  Haller

 Canning (food)                                   1804  Appert

 Carbomycin                                       1952  Tanner

 Carbon oxides                                    1925  Fisher

 Chlorine                                         1774  Scheele

 Chloroform                                       1831  Guthrie, S.

 Chloromycetin                                    1947  Burkholder

                                                  Date  Discoverer
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 Classification of plants and animals             1735  Linnaeus

 Cocaine                                          1860  Niermann

 Combustion explained                             1777  Lavoisier

 Conditioned reflex                               1914  Pavlov

 Conteben                                         1950  Belmisch, Mietzsch, Do

 Cortisone                                        1936  Kendall

 Cortisone, synthesis                             1946  Sarett

 Cosmic rays                                      1910  Gockel

 Cyanimide                                        1905  Frank, Caro

                                                  Date  Discoverer
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 Cyclotron                                        1930  Lawrence

 DDT (not applied as insecticide until 1939)      1874  Zeidler

 Deuterium                                        1932  Urey, Brickwedde, Murp

 DNA (structure)                                  1951  Crick

                                                        Watson

                                                        Wilkins

 Electric resistance (law)                        1827  Ohm

 Electric waves                                   1888  Hertz

 Electrolysis                                     1852  Faraday

                                                  Date  Discoverer
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 Electromagnetism                                 1819  Oersted

 Electron                                         1897  Thomson, J.

 Electron diffraction                             1936  Thomson, G.

                                                        Davisson

 Electroshock treatment                           1938  Cerletti, Bini

 Erythromycin                                     1952  McGuire

 Evolution, natural selection                     1858  Darwin

 Falling bodies, law                              1590  Galileo

 Gases, law of combining volumes                  1808  Gay-Lussac

                                                  Date  Discoverer
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 Geometry, analytic                               1619  Descartes

 Gold (cyanide process for extraction)            1887  MacArthur, Forest

 Gravitation, law                                 1687  Newton

 Holograph                                        1948  Gabor

 Human heart transplant                           1967  Barnard

 Indigo, synthesis of                             1880  Baeyer

 Induction, electric                              1830  Henry

 Insulin                                          1922  Banting, Best, Macleod

 Intelligence testing                             1905  Binet, Simon

                                                  Date  Discoverer
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 Isinazid                                         1952  Hoffman-La-Roche

                                                        Domagk

 Isotopes, theory                                 1912  Soddy

 Laser (light amplification by stimulated         1958  Townes, Schawlow
 emission of radiation)

 Light, velocity                                  1675  Roemer

 Light, wave theory                               1690  Huygens

 Lithography                                      1796  Senefelder

 Lobotomy                                         1935  Egas Moniz

 LSD-25                                           1943  Hoffman
                                                  Date  Discoverer
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
LSD-25                                           1943  Hoffman

 Mendelian laws                                   1866  Mendel

 Mercator projection (map)                        1568  Mercator (Kremer)

 Methanol                                         1925  Patard

 Milk condensation                                1853  Borden

 Molecular hypothesis                             1811  Avogadro

 Motion, laws of                                  1687  Newton

 Neomycin                                         1949  Waksman, Lechevalier

 Neutron                                          1932  Chadwick

 Nitric acid                                      1648  Glauber
                                                  Date  Discoverer
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Nitric acid                                      1648  Glauber

 Nitric oxide                                     1772  Priestley

 Nitroglycerin                                    1846  Sobrero

 Oil cracking process                             1891  Dewar

 Oxygen                                           1774  Priestley

 Ozone                                            1840  Schonbein

 Paper, sulfite process                           1867  Tilghman

 Paper, wood pulp, sulfate process                1884  Dahl

 Penicillin                                       1929  Fleming

 practical use                                    1941  Florey, Chain
                                                  Date  Discoverer
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
practical use                                    1941  Florey, Chain

 Periodic law and table of elements               1869  Mendeleyev

 Planetary motion, laws                           1609  Kepler

 Plutonium fission                                1940  Kennedy, Wahl, Seaborg

 Polymixin                                        1947  Ainsworth

 Positron                                         1932  Anderson

 Proton                                           1919  Rutherford

 Psychoanalysis                                   1900  Freud

 Quantum theory                                   1900  Planck

 Quasars                                          1963  Matthews, Sandage
                                                  Date  Discoverer
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Quasars                                          1963  Matthews, Sandage

 Quinine synthetic                                1918  Rabe

 Radioactivity                                    1896  Becquerel

 Radium                                           1898  Curie, Pierre

                                                        Curie, Marie

 Relativity theory                                1905  Einstein

 Reserpine                                        1949  Jal Vaikl

 Salvarsan (606)                                  1910  Ehrlich

 Schick test                                      1913  Schick

 Silicon                                          1823  Berzelius
                                                  Date  Discoverer
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Silicon                                          1823  Berzelius

 Streptomycin                                     1945  Waksman

 Sulfadiazine                                     1940  Roblin

 Sulfanilamide                                    1934  Domagk

 Sulfanilamide theory                             1908  Gelmo

 Sulfapyridine                                    1938  Ewins, Phelps

 Sulfathiazole                                    ...   Fosbinder, Walter

 Sulfuric acid                                    1831  Phillips

 Sulfuric acid, lead                              1746  Roebuck

 Terramycin                                       1950  Finlay, et al.
                                                  Date  Discoverer
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Terramycin                                       1950  Finlay, et al.

 Tuberculin                                       1890  Koch

 Uranium fission (theory)                         1939  Hahn, Meitner, Strassm

                                                        Bohr

                                                        Fermi

                                                        Einstein, Pegram, Whee

 Uranium fission, atomic reactor                  1942  Fermi, Szilard

 Vaccine, measles                                 1954  Enders, Peebles

 Vaccine, polio                                   1953  Salk

 Vaccine, polio, oral                             1955  Sabin
                                                  Date  Discoverer
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Vaccine, polio, oral                             1955  Sabin

 Vaccine, rabies                                  1885  Pasteur

 Vaccine, smallpox                                1796  Jenner

 Vaccine, typhus                                  1909  Nicolle

 Van Allen belts, radiation                       1958  Van Allen

 Vitamin A                                        1913  McCollum, Davis

 Vitamin B                                        1916  McCollum

 Vitamin C                                        1912  Holst, Froelich

 Vitamin D                                        1922  McCollum

 Wassermann test                                  1906  Wassermann
                                                  Date  Discoverer
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Wassermann test                                  1906  Wassermann

 Xerography                                       1938  Carlson

 X-ray                                            1895  Roentgen






               Chemical Elements, Discoverers, Atomic Weights


╓┌───────────────────┌───────┌──────────────┌──────────────┌─────────────┌───
 Chemical element    Symbol  Atomic number  Atomic weight  Year discov.  Disco
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Actinium            Ac      89             227*           1899          Debie
 Aluminum            Al      13             26.9815        1825          Oerst
 Chemical element    Symbol  Atomic number  Atomic weight  Year discov.  Disco
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Aluminum            Al      13             26.9815        1825          Oerst
 Americium           Am      95             243*           1944          Seabo
 Antimony            Sb      51             121.75         1450          Valen
 Argon               Ar      18             39.948         1894          Rayle
 Arsenic             As      33             74.9216        13th c.       Alber
 Astatine            At      85             210*           1940          Corso
 Barium              Ba      56             137.34         1808          Davy
 Berkelium           Bk      97             249**          1949          Thomp
 Beryllium           Be      4              9.0122         1798          Vauqu
 Bismuth             Bi      83             208.980        15th c.       Valen
 Boron               B       5              10.811a        1808          Gay-L
 Bromine             Br      35             79.904b        1826          Balar
 Cadmium             Cd      48             112.40         1817          Strom
 Calcium             Ca      20             40.08          1808          Davy
 Californium         Cf      98             251*           1950          Thomp
 Carbon              C       6              12.01115a      B.C.
 Cerium              Ce      58             140.12         1803          Klapr
 Cesium              Cs      55             132.905        1860          Bunse
 Chlorine            Cl      17             35.453b        1774          Schee
 Chemical element    Symbol  Atomic number  Atomic weight  Year discov.  Disco
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Chlorine            Cl      17             35.453b        1774          Schee
 Chromium            Cr      24             51.996b        1797          Vauqu
 Cobalt              Co      27             58.9332        1735          Brand
 Copper              Cu      29             63.546b        B.C.
 Curium              Cm      96             247*           1944          Seabo
 Dysprosium          Dy      66             162.50         1886          Boisb
 Einsteinium         Es      99             254*           1952          Ghior
 Erbium              Er      68             167.26         1843          Mosan
 Europium            Eu      63             151.96         1901          Demar
 Fermium             Fm      100            257*           1953          Ghior
 Fluorine            F       9              18.9984        1771          Schee
 Francium            Fr      87             223*           1939          Perey
 Gadolinium          Gd      64             157.25         1886          Marig
 Gallium             Ga      31             69.72          1875          Boisb
 Germanium           Ge      32             72.59          1886          Winkl
 Gold                Au      79             196.967        B.C.
 Hafnium             Hf      72             178.49         1923          Coste
 Hahnium             Ha      105            262*           1970          Ghior
 Helium              He      2              4.0026         1868          Janss
 Chemical element    Symbol  Atomic number  Atomic weight  Year discov.  Disco
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Helium              He      2              4.0026         1868          Janss
 Holmium             Ho      67             164.930        1878          Soret
 Hydrogen            H       1              1.00797a       1766          Caven
 Indium              In      49             114.82         1863          Reich
 Iodine              I       53             126.9044       1811          Court
 Iridium             Ir      77             192.2          1804          Tenna
 Iron                Fe      26             55.847b        B.C.
 Krypton             Kr      36             83.80          1898          Ramsa
 Lanthanum           La      57             138.91         1839          Mosan
 Lawrencium          Lr      103            262*           1961          Ghior
 Lead                Pb      82             207.19         B.C.
 Lithium             Li      3              6.939          1817          Arfve
 Lutetium            Lu      71             174.97         1907          Welsb
 Magnesium           Mg      12             24.312         1829          Bussy
 Manganese           Mn      25             54.9380        1774          Gahn
 Mendelevium         Md      101            258*           1955          Ghior
 Mercury             Hg      80             200.59         B.C.
 Molybdenum          Mo      42             95.94          1782          Hjelm
 Neodymium           Nd      60             144.24         1885          Welsb
 Chemical element    Symbol  Atomic number  Atomic weight  Year discov.  Disco
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Neodymium           Nd      60             144.24         1885          Welsb
 Neon                Ne      10             20.183         1898          Ramsa
 Neptunium           Np      93             237*           1940          McMil
 Nickel              Ni      28             58.71          1751          Crons
 Niobium1            Nb      41             92.906         1801          Hatch
 Nitrogen            N       7              14.0067        1772          Ruthe
 Nobelium            No      102            259*           1958          Ghior
 Osmium              Os      76             190.2          1804          Tenna
 Oxygen              O       8              15.9994a       1774          Pries
 Palladium           Pd      46             106.4          1803          Wolla
 Phosphorus          P       15             30.9738        1669          Brand
 Platinum            Pt      78             195.09         1735          Ulloa
 Plutonium           Pu      94             242**          1940          Seabo
 Polonium            Po      84             210**          1898          P. an
 Potassium           K       19             39.102         1807          Davy
 Praseodymium        Pr      59             140.907        1885          Welsb
 Promethium          Pm      61             147**          1945          Glend
 Protactinium        Pa      91             231*           1917          Hahn,
 Radium              Ra      88             226*           1898          P. &
 Chemical element    Symbol  Atomic number  Atomic weight  Year discov.  Disco
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Radium              Ra      88             226*           1898          P. &
 Radon               Rn      86             222*           1900          Dorn
 Rhenium             Re      75             186.2          1925          Nodda
 Rhodium             Rh      45             102.905        1803          Wolla
 Rubidium            Rb      37             85.47          1861          Bunse
 Ruthenium           Ru      44             101.07         1845          Klaus
 Rutherfordium       Rf      104            261*           1969          Ghior
 Samarium            Sm      62             150.35         1879          Boisb
 Scandium            Sc      21             44.956         1879          Nilso
 Selenium            Se      34             78.96          1817          Berze
 Silicon             Si      14             28.086a        1823          Berze
 Silver              Ag      47             107.868b       B.C.
 Sodium              Na      11             22.9898        1807          Davy
 Strontium           Sr      38             87.62          1790          Crawf
 Sulfur              S       16             32.064a        B.C.
 Tantalum            Ta      73             180.948        1802          Ekebe
 Technetium          Tc      43             99**           1937          Perri
 Tellurium           Te      52             127.60         1782          Von R
 Terbium             Tb      65             158.924        1843          Mosan
 Chemical element    Symbol  Atomic number  Atomic weight  Year discov.  Disco
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Terbium             Tb      65             158.924        1843          Mosan
 Thallium            Tl      81             204.37         1861          Crook
 Thorium             Th      90             232.038        1828          Berze
 Thulium             Tm      69             168.934        1879          Cleve
 Tin                 Sn      50             118.69         B.C.
 Titanium            Ti      22             47.90          1791          Grego
 Tungsten (Wolfram)  W       74             183.85         1783          d'Elh
 Uranium             U       92             238.03         1789          Klapr
 Vanadium            V       23             50.942         1830          Sefst
 Xenon               Xe      54             131.30         1898          Ramsa
 Ytterbium           Yb      70             173.04         1878          Marig
 Yttrium             Y       39             88.905         1794          Gadol
 Zinc                Zn      30             65.37          B.C.
 Zirconium           Zr      40             91.22          1789          Klapr



 Atomic weights, based on the exact number 12 as the assigned atomic mass of
 the principal isotope of carbon, carbon 12, are provided through the
 courtesy of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry and
 Butterworth Scientific Publications.
 For the radioactive elements, with the exception of uranium and thorium, the
 mass number of either the isotope of longest half-life * or the better known
 isotope ** is given.
 1 Formerly Columbium. a Atomic weights so designated are known to be
 variable because of natural variations in isotopic composition. The observed
 ranges are: hydrogen +-0.0001; boron +-0.003; carbon +-0.005; oxygen
 +-0.0001; silicon +-0.001; sulfur +-0.003. b Atomic weights so designated
 are believed to have the following experimental uncertainties: chlorine
 +-0.001; chromium +-0.001; iron +-0.003; bromine +-0.001; silver +-0.001;
 copper +-0.001.




                                   HEALTH


                    Ethics on Care of the Terminally Ill

 The Supreme Court heard its first ever "right-to-die" case on Dec. 6, 1989.
 Cruzan v. Missouri Dept. of Health concerned Nancy Beth Cruzan, 32, who had
 been unconscious since Jan. 1983, after a car accident. Her parents and a
 guardian appointed to represent her sought to stop the medical treatment
 sustaining her in a "persistent vegetative state." On June 25, 1990, the
 Supreme Court ruled, 5-4, that a person whose wishes were clearly known had
 a constitutional right to refuse life-sustaining medical treatment. However,
 the court held that "clear and convincing" evidence as to her wishes was
 absent in the case of Nancy Cruzan.

 As of January, 1988, hospitals are required by the Joint Commission on
 Accreditation of Health Care Organizations to have formal policies
 specifying when doctors and nurses can refrain from trying to resuscitate
 terminally ill patients. The policy must be developed in consultation with
 the medical staff and the nursing staff, adopted by the medical staff and
 then approved by the hospital's governing body. The policy must define the
 roles of physicians, nursing personnel, and members of the patient's family
 in any decision to withhold resuscitation. It must also include "provisions
 designed to assure that a patient's rights are respected."

 In March 1986, the American Medical Association announced that it would be
 ethical for doctors to withhold "all means of life prolonging medical
 treatment," including food and water, from permanently unconscious patients
 even if death was not imminent. The withholding of such therapy should occur
 only when a patient's unconscious state "is beyond doubt irreversible and
 there are adequate safeguards to confirm the accuracy of the diagnosis,"the
 association's judicial council said.

 In June 1989, the Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs of the AMA
 published a revised opinion on "Withholding or Withdrawing Life-Prolonging
 Medical Treatment," which stated that: "In deciding whether the
 administration of potentially life-prolonging medical treatment is in the
 best interest of the patient who is incompetent to act in his own behalf,
 the surrogate decisionmaker and physician should consider several factors,
 including: the possibility for extending life under humane and comfortable
 conditions; the patient's values about life and the way it should be lived;
 and the patient's attitude toward sickness, suffering, medical procedures,
 and death." The opinion also stated that, "In treating a terminally ill or
 permanently unconsious patient, the dignity of the patient should be
 maintained at all times."

 Many states have tried to clear the issue of treating the comatose who are
 terminally ill by acting to define brain death. In at least 37 states,
 legislatures or courts have worked out a definition modeled along the lines
 of a recommendation previously released by the A.M.A. that said a person is
 brain dead when he has suffered "irreversible cessation of the functions of
 the entire brain, including the brain stem."

 A number of states have "living will" statutes that set out a procedure for
 a mentally competent person to declare that he or she does not wish to be
 subjected to a "death-prolonging" procedure.

 Information on living wills and health-care powers of attorney can be
 obtained from the American Bar Association's Commission on Legal Problems of
 the Ederly.

                     Immunization Schedule for Children
                    American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)


╓┌─────────────┌────┌──────┌─────────┌────────┌──────┌────────┌──────────────
               DTP  Polio  TB Test*  Measles  Mumps  Rubella  Hib/Conjugate  T
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
               DTP  Polio  TB Test*  Measles  Mumps  Rubella  Hib/Conjugate  T
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 2 months      x    x
 4 months      x    x
 6 months      x
 12-15 mos.                x
 15 months                           x        x      x        x
 15-18 months  x    x
 4-6 years     x    x
 5-21 years                          x        x      x
 14-16 years                                                                 x



 Childhood immunization means protection against eight major diseases: polio,
 measles, mumps, rubella (German measles), whooping cough (pertussis),
 diphtheria, tetanus, and Haemophilus influenczae type b (Hib) infections.
 Check the table and ask your pediatrician if your child is up to date on
 vaccines. It could save a life or prevent disability. Measles, mumps,
 rubella, polio, pertussis, diphtheria, Haemophilus infections and tetanus
 are not just harmless childhood illnesses. All of them can cripple or kill.
 All are preventable. In order to be completely protected against diphtheria,
 tetanus and pertussis, your child needs a shot of the combination
 diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DPT) vaccine at 2, 4, 6, 15 and 18 months, and
 a booster prior to school entry (4-6 years). At 15 months your child should
 have a shot for measles, mumps and rubella (MMR). A second MMR, primarily to
 boost measles and mumps immunity, should be given to children 11 years or
 older who have not had measles. In the event of measles outbreaks in the
 community, this MMR booster may be given on entry to kindergarten or at an
 earlier age. Children in high risk populations should be tested for
 tuberculosis in the first year. Hib conjugate vaccine is due at 15 months.
 At 14 to 16 years a tetanus-diphtheria booster shot should be given.
 If you don't have a pediatrician or family physician, call your local public
 health department. It usually has supplies of vaccine and may give shots
 free.
 *Note: The American College of Physicians recommends that adolescents and
 adults consult with their physicians about further vaccinations. Those
 without natural infection or proper immunization against childhood diseases
 like measles, mumps, rubella, and polio may be at increased risk for such
 disease and their complications as adults; in addition, tetanus and
 diphtheria should be boosted periodically; and various ages, occupations,
 lifestyles, environmental risks, and outbreaks of disease may call for adult
 immunization.
 * Only in high-prevalence populations.




                   Cancer's 7 Warning Signals*

                          American Cancer Society
      1. A change in bowel or bladder habits.

      2. A sore that does not heal.

      3. Unusual bleeding or discharge.

      4. Thickening or lump in breast or elsewhere.

      5. Indigestion or difficulty in swallowing.

      6. Obvious change in wart or mole.

      7. Nagging cough or hoarseness.

 * If you have a warning signal, see your doctor.


                              Cancer Prevention

                        American Cancer Society, 1990

 PRIMARY PREVENTION: steps that might be taken to avoid those factors that
 might lead to the development of cancer.

 Smoking Cigarette smoking is responsible for 85% of lung cancer cases among
 men, 75% among women--about 83% overall. Smoking accounts for about 30% of
 all cancer deaths. Those who smoke two or more packs of cigarettes a day
 have lung cancer mortality rates 15-25 times greater than nonsmokers.

 Nutrition Risk for colon, breast and uterine cancers increases in obese
 people. High-fat diets may contribute to the development of certain cancers
 such as breast, colon and prostate. High-fiber foods may help reduce risk of
 colon cancer.  A varied diet containing plenty of vegetables and fruits
 rich in vitamins A and C may reduce risk for cancers of larynx, esophagus,
 stomach, and lung. Salt-cured, smoked and nitrite-cured foods have been
 linked to esophageal and stomach cancer. The heavy use of alcohol,
 especially when accompanied by cigarette smoking or chewing tobacco,
 increases risk of cancers of the mouth, larynx, throat, esophagus, and
 liver.

 Sunlight Almost all of the more than 600,000 cases of non-melanoma skin
 cancer developed each year in the U.S. are considered to be sun-related.
 Such exposure is a major factor in the development of melanoma, and the
 incidence increases for those living near the equator.

 Alcohol Oral cancer and cancers of the larynx, throat, esophagus, and liver
 occur more frequently among heavy drinkers of alcohol.

 Smokeless Tobacco Use of chewing tobacco or snuff increases risk for cancers
 of the mouth, larynx, throat, and esophagus.

 Estrogen For mature women, estrogen treatment to control menopausal
 symptoms, increases risk of endometrial cancer. Use of estrogen needs
 careful discussion by the menopausal woman and her physician.

 Radiation Excessive exposure to ionizing radiation can increase cancer risk.
 Most medical and dental X rays are adjusted to deliver the lowest dose
 possible without sacrificing image quality. Excessive radon exposure in the
 home may increase lung cancer, especially in cigarette smokers. If levels
 are found to be too high, remedial actions should be taken.

 Occupational hazards Exposure to a number of industrial agents (nickel,
 chromate, asbestos, vinyl chloride, etc.) increases risk of various cancers.
 Risk from asbestos is greatly increased when combined  with smoking.

 SECONDARY PREVENTION: steps to be taken to diagnose a cancer or precursor as
 early as possible after it has developed.

 Colorectal tests The ACS recommends 3 tests for the early detection of colon
 and rectum cancer in people without symptoms: The digital rectal examination
 performed by a physician during an office visit, every year after the age of
 40; the stool blood test every year after 50; and the proctosigmoidoscopy
 examination every 3 to 5 years, based on the advice of a physician.

 Pap test For cervical cancer, women who are or have been sexually active, or
 have reached 18 years, should have an annual Pap test and pelvic
 examination. After a woman has had 3 or more consecutive satisfactory normal
 exams, the Pap test may be performed less frequently at the discretion of
 her physician.

 Breast cancer detection The ACS recommends the monthly practice of breast
 self-examination by women 20 years and older. Physical examination of the
 breast should be done every 3 years from ages 20-40 and then every year. The
 ACS recommends a mammogram every year for asymptomatic women age 50 and
 over, and a baseline mammogram between ages 35-39. Women 40-49 should have
 mammography every 1-2 years, depending on physical and mammographic
 findings.


 Estimated New Cancer Cases and Deaths By Sex for Selected Sites, 1990*
                          American Cancer Society


╓┌─────────────┌────────────────────┌────────────────────┌───────────────────
               Estimated New Cases  Estimated New Cases  Estimated New Cases
               Total                Male                 Female
               Estimated New Cases  Estimated New Cases  Estimated New Cases
               Total                Male                 Female
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 All Sites     1,040,000            520,0001             520,0001
 Oral          30,500               20,400               10,100
 Colon-Rectum  110,000              52,000               58,000
 Lung          157,000              102,000              55,000
 Skin          27,600+2             14,800+2             12,800+2
 Breast        150,9004             9004                 150,0004
 Uterus        13,5004              --                   13,5004



 *Note: The estimates of new cancer cases are offered as a rough guide and
 should not be regarded as definitive. 1 Carcinoma in situ and non-melanoma
 skin cancers are not included in totals. Carcinoma in situ of the uterine
 cervix accounts for more than 50,000 new cases annually, and carcinoma in
 situ of the female breast accounts for about 15,000 new cases annually.
 Non-melanoma skin cancer accounts for more than 600,000 new cases annually.
 2 Melanoma only. 3 Melanoma 6,300; other skin 2,500. 4 Invasive cancer only.




                       Heartand Blood Vessel Disease

                               Warning Signs

                     American Heart Association, Dallas
                               Of Heart Attack


 *  Uncomfortable pressure, fullness, squeezing or pain in the center of the
 chest lasting two minutes or longer

 *  Pain may radiate to the shoulder, arm, neck or jaw

 *  Sweating may accompany pain or discomfort

 *  Nausea and vomiting may also occur

 *  Shortness of breath, dizziness, or fainting may accompany other signs

 The American Heart Association advises immediate action at the onset of
 these symptoms. The Association points out that more than half of heart
 attack victims die before they reach the hospital and that the average
 victim waits 2 hours before seeking help.

                                  Of Stroke


 *  Sudden temporary weakness or numbness of face or limbs on one side of the
 body

 *  Temporary loss of speech, or trouble speaking or understanding speech

 *  Temporary dimness or loss of vision, particularly in one eye

 *  Unexplained dizziness, unsteadiness, or sudden falls

                             Major Risk Factors

 Blood pressure -- High blood pressure increases the risk of stroke,  heart
 attack, kidney failure and congestive heart failure.

 Cholesterol -- A cholesteral concentration over 240 mg/dl approximately
 doubles the risk of coronary heart disease; about 25% of the U.S. adult
 population falls into this category. Blood cholesterol values between 200
 and 240 mg/dl are in a zone of moderate and increasing risk.

 Cigarettes -- Cigarette smokers have more than twice the risk of heart
 attack and 2 to 4 times the risk of sudden cardiac death than non-smokers.
 Young smokers have a higher risk for early death due to stroke.

                Cardiovascular Diseases Statistical Summary

                                    1988

 Prevalence -- 68,090,000 Americans have one or more forms of heart and blood
 vessel disease.


 *  hypertension -- 61,870,000.

 *  coronary heart disease -- 6,080,000

 *  rheumatic heart disease -- 1,290,000.

 *  stroke -- 2,930,000.

 Mortality -- 982,574 in 1988 (45.3% of all deaths).


 *  nearly one-fifth of all persons killed by CVD are under age 65.

 Congenital or inborn heart defects --


 *  post-natal mortality from heart defects was estimated at more than 5,600
 in 1988.

 Heart attack -- caused 511,050 deaths in 1988.


 *  6,080,000 alive today have history of heart attack and/or angina
 pectoris.

 *  As many as 1,500,000 Americans will have a heart attack this year and
 over 500,000 of them will die.

 Stroke -- killed an estimated 150,300 in 1988; afflicts 2,930,000.

 Hypertension (high blood pressure) -- 61,870,000 Americans age 6 and
 above--nearly one in 3 adults.

 Rheumatic heart disease -- afflicts 1,290,000.


 *  killed about 6,520 in 1988.

 Note: 1988 mortality data are estimates based on 1988 provisional data as
 published by the National Center for Health Statistics.

 U.S. Metropolitan Areas with AIDS Rates of 25% or More, 1989-1990,and
 Cumulative Totals
 HIV/AIDS Surveilliance Report, Department of Health and Human Services


╓┌───────────────────────────────┌────────────────────┌────────────────────┌─

                                 Aug. 1988-July 1989  Aug. 1988-July 1989  Aug
 Metropolitan area of residence  No.                  Rate                 No.
                                 (per 100,000 pop.)   (per 100,000 pop.)   (pe
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Atlanta, Ga.                    781                  27.6                 922
 Austin, Tex.                    155                  19.6                 245
 Baltimore, Md.                  408                  17.4                 594
 Dallas, Tex.                    583                  22.4                 711
 Ft. Lauderdale, Fla.            471                  39.3                 910
 Houston, Tex.                   881                  26.6                 1,2
 Jacksonville, Fla.              158                  17.2                 240
 Jersey City, N.J.               410                  75.5                 326
 Miami, Fla.                     907                  49.7                 1,0
 New Orleans, La.                285                  21.3                 401
 New York, N.Y.                  5,437                63.4                 6,5
 Newark, N.J.                    988                  52.0                 994
 San Diego, Calif.               461                  19.1                 682

                                 Aug. 1988-July 1989  Aug. 1988-July 1989  Aug
 Metropolitan area of residence  No.                  Rate                 No.
                                 (per 100,000 pop.)   (per 100,000 pop.)   (pe
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
San Diego, Calif.               461                  19.1                 682
 San Francisco, Calif.           1,676                104.0                1,9
 San Juan, P.R.                  861                  55.1                 947
 Seattle, Wash.                  323                  17.5                 437
 Washington, D.C.                876                  23.3                 1,0
 West Palm Beach, Fla.           303                  35.8                 353
 Metropolitan Area Subtotal1     28,040               19.2                 33,
 All other areas                 5,207                5.1                  6,9
 Total                           33,247               13.3                 40,



 1 Includes data from metropolitan areas with populations of 500,000 or more.




                 Drug Usage: America's High School Students
 National Institute on Drug Abuse/Univ. of Michigan Inst. for Social Research



╓┌──────────────────┌───────────────┌───────────────┌───────────────┌────────
                    Percent ever    Percent ever    Percent ever    Percent ev
                    used            used            used            used
                    Class of 1975   Class of 1978   Class of 1980   Class of 1
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Marijuana/Hashish  47.3            59.2            60.3            57.0

 Inhalants          NA              12.0            11.9            13.6

 Inhalants          NA              NA              17.6            18.8
 Adjusted1

 Amyl & Butyl       NA              NA              11.1            8.4
 Nitrites

                    Percent ever    Percent ever    Percent ever    Percent ev
                    used            used            used            used
                    Class of 1975   Class of 1978   Class of 1980   Class of 1
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 Hallucinogens      16.3            14.3            13.3            11.9

 Hallucinogens      NA              NA              15.7            14.7
 Adjusted2

 LSD                11.3            9.7             9.3             8.9

 PCP                NA              NA              9.6             5.6

 Cocaine            9.0             12.9            15.7            16.2

 "Crack"            NA              NA              NA              NA

 Heroin             2.2             1.6             1.1             1.2

 Other opiates3     9.0             9.9             9.8             9.4
                    Percent ever    Percent ever    Percent ever    Percent ev
                    used            used            used            used
                    Class of 1975   Class of 1978   Class of 1980   Class of 1
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Other opiates3     9.0             9.9             9.8             9.4

 Stimulants3        22.3            22.9            26.4            35.4

 Stimulants         NA              NA              NA              26.9
 Adjusted3,4

 Sedatives3         18.2            16.0            14.9            14.4

 Barbiturates3      16.9            13.7            11.0            9.9

 Methaqualone3      8.1             7.9             9.5             10.1

 Tranquilizers3     17.0            17.0            15.2            13.3

 Alcohol            90.4            93.1            93.2            92.6

                    Percent ever    Percent ever    Percent ever    Percent ev
                    used            used            used            used
                    Class of 1975   Class of 1978   Class of 1980   Class of 1
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 Cigarettes         73.6            75.3            71.0            70.6




 Reporting on the 15th annual national survey of American high school
 seniors, and the 10th annual survey of American college students,
 researchers at the Univ. of Michigan concluded that the longer-term trend
 away from the use of marijuana, cocaine and other drugs continued in 1989.
 The likelihood of a high school or college student actively using illicit
 drugs is only about half of what it was a decade ago. However, in 1989 some
 51 percent of the high school seniors and 56 percent of the college students
 in the survey reported having at least tried an illicit drug during their
 lifetime.
 Concerning high school dropouts, the report acknowledged that those who fail
 to complete high school are at a higher-than-average risk for drug
 involvement.
 In reporting the usage of crack, the researchers stated that "we know we are
 not going to capture many heavy crack users in these surveys, and it is
 clear from other types of information that there are plenty of heavy users
 out there. What may be more significant here is the fact that crack has not
 heavily penetrated these mainstream populations of American young people and
 that the initiation rates among them appear to be on the decline."
 Results are based on large, representative sample surveys of 135 graduating
 classes enrolled in public and private high schools across the United
 States.
 NA=Not available. Level of significance between the two most recent classes:
 s=.05, ss=.01, sss=.001.
 1 Adjusted for underreporting of amyl and butyl nitrites.2 Adjusted for
 underreporting of PCP. 3 Only drug use which was not under a doctor's
 orders. 4 Adjusted for overreporting of the non-prescription stimulants. 5
 In 1986, 12.6 percent of those who used cocaine used it in powder form,
 while 4.1 percent used the "crack" form.


                      Effects of Commonly Abused Drugs

                      National Institute on Drug Abuse
                                  Tobacco

 Effects and dangers: Nicotine, the active ingredient in tobacco, acts as a
 stimulant on the heart and nervous system. When tobacco smoke is inhaled the
 immediate effects on the body are a faster heart beat and elevated blood
 pressure. These effects, however, are quickly dissipated. Tar (in the smoke)
 contains many carcinogens. These compounds, many of which are in polluted
 air but are found in vastly greater quantities in cigarette smoke, have been
 identified as major causes of cancer and respiratory difficulties. Even
 relatively young smokers can have shortness of breath, nagging cough, or
 develop cardiovascular and respiratory difficulties. A third principal
 component of cigarette smoke, carbon monoxide, is also a cause of some of
 the more serious health effects of smoking. Carbon monoxide can reduce the
 blood's ability to carry oxygen to body tissues and can promote the
 development of arteriosclerosis (hardening of the arteries). Long-term
 effects of smoking cigarettes are emphysema, chronic bronchitis, heart
 disease, lung cancer, and cancer in other parts of the body.

 Risks during pregnancy: Women who smoke during pregnancy are more likely to
 have babies that weigh less.

                                  Alcohol

 Effects: Like sedatives, it is a central nervous system depressant. In small
 doses, it has a tranquilizing effect on most people, although it appears to
 stimulate others. Alcohol first acts on those parts of the brain which
 affect self-control and other learned behaviors, which often leads to the
 aggressive behavior associated with some people who drink.

 Dangers: In large doses, alcohol can dull sensation and impair muscular
 coordination, memory, and judgment. Taken in larger quantities over a long
 period time, alcohol can damage the liver and heart and can cause permanent
 brain damage. A large dose of alcohol can interfere with the part of the
 brain that controls breathing. The respiratory failure which results can
 bring death. Delirium tremens, the most extreme manifestation of alcohol
 withdrawal, can also cause death.

 Risks during pregnancy: Women who drink heavily during pregnancy (more than
 3 ounces of alcohol per day or about 2 mixed drinks) run a higher risk of
 delivering babies with physical, mental and behavioral abnormalities.

 Dependence: Repeated drinking produces tolerance to the drug's effects and
 dependence. The drinker's body then needs alcohol to function. Once
 dependent, drinkers experience withdrawal symptoms when they stop drinking.

                     Marijuana ("grass", "pot", "weed")

 What is it?: A common plant (Cannabis sativa), its chief psychoactive
 ingredient is delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, or THC. The amount of THC in the
 marijuana cigarette (joint) primarily determines its psychoactive potential.


 Effects: Most users experience an increase in heart rate, reddening of the
 eyes, and dryness in the mouth and throat. Studies indicate the drug
 temporarily impairs short-term memory, alters sense of time, and reduces the
 ability to perform tasks requiring concentration, swift reactions, and
 coordination. Many feel that their hearing, vision, and skin sensitivity are
 enhanced by the drug, but these reports have not been objectively confirmed
 by research. Feelings of euphoria, relaxation, altered sense of body image,
 and bouts of exaggerated laughter are also commonly reported.

 Dangers: Scientists believe marijuana can be particularly harmful to lungs
 because users typically inhale the unfiltered smoke deeply and hold it in
 their lungs for prolonged periods of time. Marijuana smoke has been found to
 have more cancer-causing agents than are found in cigarette smoke (see
 above). Because marijuana use increases heart rate as much as 50% and brings
 on chest pain in people who have a poor blood supply to the heart (and more
 rapidly than tobacco smoke does), doctors believe people with heart
 conditions or who are at high risk for heart ailments, should not use
 marijuana. Findings also suggest that regular use may reduce fertility in
 women and that men with marginal fertility or endocrine functioning should
 avoid marijuana use.

 Risks during pregnancy: Research is limited, but scientists believe
 marijuana which crosses the placential barrier, may have a toxic effect on
 embryos and fetuses.

 Dependence: Tolerance to marijuana, the need to take more and more of the
 drug over time to get the original effect, has been proven in humans and
 animals. Physical dependence has been demonstrated in research subjects who
 ingested an amount equal to smoking 10 to 20 joints a day. When the drug was
 discontinued, subjects experienced withdrawal symptoms--irritability, sleep
 disturbances, loss of appetite and weight, sweating, and stomach upset.

 Bad reactions: Most commonly reported immediate adverse reaction to
 marijuana use is the "acute panic anxiety reaction," usually described as an
 exaggeration of normal marijuana effects in which intense fears of losing
 control accompany severe anxiety. The symptoms often disappear in a few
 hours when the acute drug effects have worn off.

                       Hallucinogens ("psychodelics")

 What are they?: Drugs which affect perception, sensation, thinking,
 self-awareness, and emotion.

 (1) LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide), a synthetic, is converted from
 lysergic acid which comes from fungus (ergot).

 Effects: Vary greatly according to dosage, personality of the user, and
 conditions under which the drug is used. Basically, it causes changes in
 sensation. Vision alters; users describe changes in depth perception and in
 the meaning of the perceived object. Illusions and hallucinations often
 occur. Physical reactions range from minor changes such as dilated pupils, a
 rise in temperature and heartbeat, or a slight increase in blood pressure,
 to tremors. High doses can greatly alter the state of consciousness. Heavy
 use of the drug may produce flashbacks, recurrences of some features of a
 previous LSD experience days or months after the last dose.

 Dangers: After taking LSD, a person loses control over normal thought
 processes. Although many perceptions are pleasant, others may cause panic or
 may make a person believe that he or she cannot be harmed. Longer-term
 harmful reactions include anxiety and depression, or "breaks from reality"
 which may last from a few days to months. Heavy users sometimes develop
 signs of organic brain damage, such as impaired memory and attention span,
 mental confusion, and difficulty with abstract thinking. It is not known yet
 whether such mental changes are permanent.

 (2) Mescaline: Comes from peyote cactus and its effects are similar to those
 of LSD.

                    Phencyclidine (PCP or "angel dust")

 What is it?: A drug that was developed as a surgical anesthetic for humans
 in the late 1950s. PCP was soon restricted to its only current legal use as
 a veterinary anesthetic and tranquilizer.

 Effects: Vary according to dosage. Low doses may provide the usual releasing
 effects of many psychoactive drugs. A floaty euphoria is described,
 sometimes associated with a feeling of numbness (part of the drug's
 anesthetic effects). Increased doses produce an excited, confused
 intoxification, which may include muscle rigidity, loss of concentration and
 memory, visual disturbances, delirium, feelings of isolation, convulsions,
 speech impairment, violent behavior, fear of death, and changes in the
 user's perceptions of their bodies.

 Dangers: PCP intoxication can produce violent and bizarre behavior even in
 people not otherwise prone to such behavior. Violent actions may be directed
 at themselves or others and often account for serious injuries and death.
 More people die from accidents caused by the erratic behavior produced by
 the drug than from the drug's direct effect on the body. A temporary,
 schizophrenic-like psychosis, which can last for days or weeks, has also
 occurred in users of moderate or higher doses.

                           Stimulants ("Uppers")

 What are they?: A class of drugs which stimulate the central nervous system
 and produce an increase in alertness and activity.

 (1) Amphetamines promote a feeling of alertness and increase in speech  and
 general physical activity. Under medical supervision, the drugs are taken to
 control appetite.

 Effects and dangers: Even small, infrequent doses can produce toxic effects
 in some people. Restlessness, anxiety, mood swings, panic, circulatory and
 cardiac disturbances, paranoid thoughts, hallucinations, convulsions, and
 coma have all been reported. Heavy, frequent doses can produce brain damage
 which results in speed disturbances and difficulty in turning thoughts into
 words. Death can result from injected amphetamine overdose. Long-term users
 often have acne resembling a measles rash; trouble with teeth, gums and
 nails, and dry lifeless hair. As heavy users who inject amphetamines
 accumulate larger amounts of the drug in their bodies, the resulting
 toxicity can produce amphetamine psychosis. People in this extremely
 suspicious, paranoid state, frequently exhibit bizarre, sometimes violent
 behavior.

 Dependence: People with a history of sustained low-dose use quite often
 become dependent and feel they need the drug to get by.

 (2) Cocaine is a stimulant extracted from the leaves of the coca plant. It
 is available in many forms, the most available of which is cocaine
 hydrochloride. Cocaine hydrochloride is often used medically as a local
 anesthetic, but is also sold illegally on the street in large pieces called
 rocks. Street cocaine is a white, crystal-like powder that is most commonly
 inhaled or snorted, though some users ingest, inject, or smoke a form of the
 drug called freebase or crack.

 Freebase and crack are formed by chemically converting street cocaine to a
 purified substance that is more suitable for smoking. Smoking freebase or
 crack produces a shorter, but more intense high than other ways of using the
 drug. It is the most direct and rapid means of getting the drug to the
 brain, and because larger amounts are reaching the brain more quickly, the
 effects of the drug are more intense and the dangers associated with its use
 are greater.

 Ice, or crystal methamphetamine, is another stimulant that can be smoked and
 which has many of the same euphoric and adverse effects as crack.

 Effects: The drug's usual effects are dilated pupils and increased blood
 pressure, heart rate, breathing rate, and body temperature. Even small doses
 may elicit feelings of euphoria; illusions of increased mental and physical
 strength and sensory awareness; and a decrease in hunger, pain, and the
 perceived need for sleep. Large doses significantly magnify these effects,
 sometimes causing irrational behavior and confusion.

 Dangers: Paranoia is not an uncommon response to heavy doses. Psychosis may
 be triggered in users prone to mental instability. Repeated inhalation often
 results in nostril and nasal membrane irritation. Some regular users have
 reported feelings of restlessness, irritability, and anxiety. Others have
 experienced hallucinations of touch, sight, taste, or smell. When people
 stop using cocaine after taking it for a long time, they frequently become
 depressed. They tend to fight off this depression by taking more cocaine,
 just as in the up/down amphetamine cycle.

 Cocaine is toxic. Although few people realize it, overdose deaths, though
 rare, have occurred as a result of injecting, ingesting and even snorting
 cocaine. The deaths are a result of seizures followed by respiratory arrest
 and coma, or sometimes by cardiac arrest. Other dangers associated with
 cocaine include the risk of infection, such as hepatitis, resulting from the
 use of unsterile needles and the risk of fire or explosion resulting from
 the use of volatile substances necessary for freebase preparation.

 Dependence: Cocaine is not a narcotic; no evidence suggests that it produces
 a physical dependence. However, cocaine is psychologically a very dangerous,
 dependence-producing drug. Smoking freebase or crack increases this risk of
 dependence.

 (3) Caffeine may be the world's most popular drug. It is primarily consumed
 in coffee and tea, but is also found in cocoa, cola and other soft drinks,
 as well as in many over-the-counter medicines.

 Effects: Two to four cups of coffee increase heart rate, body temperature,
 urine production, and gastric juice secretion. Caffeine can also raise sugar
 levels and cause tremors, loss of coordination, decreased appetite, and
 postponement of fatigue. It can interfere with the depth of sleep and the
 amount of dream sleep by causing more rapid eye movement (REM) sleep at
 first, but less than average over an entire night. Extremely high doses may
 cause diarrhea, sleeplessness, trembling, severe headache, and nervousness.

 Dependence: A form of physical dependence may result with regular
 consumption. In such cases, withdrawal symptoms may occur if caffeine use is
 stopped or interrupted. These symptoms include headache, irritability, and
 fatigue. Tolerance may develop with the use of six to eight cups or more a
 day. A regular user of caffeine who has developed a tolerance may also
 develop a craving for the drug's effects.

 Dangers: Poisonous doses of caffeine have occurred occasionally and have
 resulted in convulsions, breathing failure, and even death. However, it is
 almost impossible to die from drinking too much coffee or tea. The deaths
 that have been reported have resulted from the misuse of tablets containing
 caffeine.

                 Sedatives (Tranquilizers, sleeping pills)

 What are they?: Drugs which depress the central nervous system, more
 appropriately called sedative-hypnotics because they include drugs which
 calm the nerves (the sedation effect) and produce sleep (the hypnotic
 effect). Of drugs in this class, barbiturates ("barbs", "downers," "reds")
 have the highest rate of abuse and misuse. The most commonly abused
 barbiturates include pentobarbital (Nembutal), secobarbital (Seconal), and
 amobarbital (Amytal). These all have legitimate use as sedatives or sleeping
 aids. Among the most commonly abused nonbarbiturate drugs are glutethimide
 (Doriden), meprobamate (Miltown), methyprylon (Noludar), ethchlorvynol
 (Placidyl), and methaqualone (Sopor, Quaalude). These are prescribed to help
 people sleep. Benzodiazepines, especially diazepam (Valium), prescribed to
 relieve anxiety, are commonly abused, and their rate of abuse and misuse is
 increasing.

 Dangers: These can kill. Barbiturate overdose is implicated in nearly
 one-third of all reported drug-induced deaths. Accidental deaths may occur
 when a user takes an unintended larger or repeated dose of sedatives because
 of confusion or impairment in judgment caused by initial intake of the drug.
 With lesser, but still large doses, users can go into coma. Moderately large
 doses often produce an intoxicated stupor. Users' speech is often slurred,
 memory vague, and judgment impaired. Taken along with alcohol, the
 combination can be fatal. Tranquilizers act somewhat differently from other
 sedatives and are considered less hazardous. But even by themselves, or in
 combination with other drugs (especially alcohol and other sedatives) they
 can be quite dangerous.

 Dependence: Potential for dependence is greatest with barbiturates, but all
 sedatives, tranquilizers, can be addictive. Barbiturate withdrawal is often
 more severe than heroin withdrawal.

                                 Narcotics

 What they are?: Drugs that relieve pain and often induce sleep. The opiates,
 which are narcotics, include opium and drugs derived from opium, such as
 morphine, codeine, and heroin. Narcotics also include certain synthetic
 chemicals that have a morphine-like action, such as methadone.

 Which are abused?: Heroin ("junk," "smack") accounts for 90% of narcotic
 abuse in the U.S. Sometimes medicinal narcotics are also abused, including
 paregoric containing codeine, and methadone, meperidine, and morphine.

 Dependence: Anyone can become heroin dependent if he or she takes the drug
 regularly. Although environmental stress and problems of coping have often
 been considered as factors that lead to heroin addiction, physicians or
 psychologists do not agree that some people just have an "addictive
 personality" and are prone to dependence. All we know for certain is that
 continued use of heroin causes dependence.

 Dangers: Physical dangers depend on the specific drug, its source, and the
 way it is used. Most medical problems are caused by the uncertain dosage
 level, use of unsterile needles and other paraphernalia, contamination of
 the drug, or combination of a narcotic with other drugs, rather than by the
 effects of the heroin (or another narcotic) itself. The life expectancy of a
 heroin addict who injects the drug intravenously is significantly lower than
 that of one who does not. An overdose can result in death. If, for example,
 an addict obtains pure heroin and is not tolerant of the dose, he or she may
 die minutes after injecting it. Infections from unsterile needles,
 solutions, syringes, cause many diseases. Serum hepatitis is common. Skin
 abscesses, inflammation of the veins and congestion of the lungs also occur.


 Withdrawal: When a heroin-dependent person stops taking the drug, withdrawal
 begins within 4-6 hours after the last injection. Full-blown withdrawal
 symptoms--which include shaking, sweating, vomiting, a running nose and
 eyes, muscle aches, chills, abdominal pains, and diarrhea--begin some 12-16
 hours after the last injection. The intensity of symptoms depends on the
 degree of dependence.


                              Basic First Aid

 First aid experts stress that knowing what to do for an injured person until
 a doctor or trained person gets to an accident scene can save a life,
 especially in cases of stoppage of breath, severe bleeding, and shock.

 People with special medical problems, such as diabetes, cardiovascular
 disease, epilepsy, or allergy, are also urged to wear some sort of emblem
 identifying it, as a safeguard against use of medication that might be
 injurious or fatal in an emergency. Emblems may be obtained from Medic Alert
 Foundation, Turlock, CA 95380.

 Most accidents occur in homes. National Safety Council figures show that
 home accidents exceed those in other locations, such as in cars, at work, or
 in public places.

 In all cases, get medical assistance as soon as possible.

 Animal bite -- Wound should be washed with soap under running water and
 animal should be caught alive for rabies test.

 Asphyxiation -- Start mouth-to-mouth resuscitation immediately after getting
 patient to fresh air.

 Bleeding -- Elevate the wound above the heart if possible. Press hard on
 wound with sterile compress until bleeding stops. Send for doctor if it is
 severe.

 Burn  -- If mild, with skin unbroken and no blisters, plunge into ice water
 until pain subsides. Apply a dry dressing if necessary. Send for physician
 if burn is severe. Apply sterile compresses and keep patient quiet and
 comfortably warm until doctor's arrival. Do not try to clean burn, or to
 break blisters.

 Chemical in eye -- With patient lying down, pour cupsful of water
 immediately into corner of eye, letting it run to other side to remove
 chemicals thoroughly. Cover with sterile compress. Get medical attention
 immediately .

 Choking -- Do not use back slaps to dislodge obstruction. (See Abdominal
 Thrust)

 Convulsions -- Place person on back on bed or rug. Loosen clothing. Turn
 head to side. Do not place a blunt object between the victim's teeth. If
 convulsions do not stop, get medical attention immediately.

 Cut (minor) -- Apply mild antiseptic and sterile compress after washing with
 soap under warm running water.

 Drowning -- (See Mouth-to-Mouth Resuscitation) Artificial breathing must be
 started at once, before victim is out of the water, if possible. If the
 victim's stomach is bloated with water, put victim on stomach, place hands
 under stomach, and lift. If no pulse is felt, begin cardio-pulmonary
 resuscitation. This should only be done by those professionally trained. If
 necessary, treat for shock. (See Shock)

 Electric shock -- If possible, turn off power. Don't touch victim until
 contact is broken; pull him from contact with electrical source using rope,
 wooden pole, or loop of dry cloth. Start mouth-to-mouth resuscitation if
 breathing has stopped.

 Foreign body in eye -- Touch object with moistened corner of handkerchief if
 it can be seen. If it cannot be seen or does not come out after a few
 attempts, take patient to doctor. Do not rub eye.

 Fainting -- If victim feels faint, lower head to knees. Lay him down with
 head turned to side if he becomes unconscious. Loosen clothing and open
 windows. Keep patient lying quietly for at least 15 minutes after he regains
 consciousness. Call doctor if faint lasts for more than a few minutes.

 Fall  -- Send for physician if patient has continued pain. Cover wound with
 sterile dressing and stop any severe bleeding. Do not move patient unless
 absolutely necessary -- as in case of fire -- if broken bone is suspected.
 Keep patient warm and comfortable.

 Loss of Limb -- If a limb is severed, it is important to properly protect
 the limb so that it can possibly be reattached to the victim. After the
 victim is cared for, the limb should be placed in a clean plastic bag,
 garbage can or other suitable container. Pack ice around the limb on the
 OUTSIDE of the bag to keep the limb cold. Call ahead to the hospital to
 alert them of the situation.

 Poisoning -- Call doctor. Use antidote listed on label if container is
 found. Call local Poison Control Center if possible. Except for lye, other
 caustics, and petroleum products, induce vomiting unless victim is
 unconscious. Give milk if poison or antidote is unknown.

 Shock (injury-related) -- Keep the victim lying down; if uncertain as to his
 injuries, keep him flat on his back. Maintain the victim's normal body
 temperature; if the weather is cold or damp, place blankets or extra
 clothing over and under the victim; if weather is hot, provide shade.

 Snakebite -- Immediately get victim to a hospital. If there is mild swelling
 or pain, apply a constricting band 2 to 4 inches above the bite.

 Sting from insect  -- If possible, remove stinger and apply solution of
 ammonia and water, or paste of baking soda. Call physician immediately if
 body swells or patient collapses.

 Unconsciousness -- Send for doctor and place person on his back. Start
 resuscitation if he stops breathing. Never give food or liquids to an
 unconscious person.


                              Abdominal Thrust

 The American Red Cross and the American Heart Association both agree that
 the recommended first aid for choking victims is the abdominal thrust, also
 known as the Heimlich maneuver, after its creator, Dr. Henry Heimlich. Slaps
 on the back are no longer advised and may even prove detrimental in an
 attempt to assist a choking victim.


 *  Get behind the victim and wrap your arms around him above his waist.

 *  Make a fist with one hand and place it, with the thumb knuckle pressing
 inward, just below the point of the "v" of the rib cage.

 *  Grasp the wrist with the other hand and give one or more upward thrusts
 or hugs.

 *  Start mouth-to-mouth resuscitation if breathing stops.


                        Mouth-to-Mouth Resuscitation

 Stressing that your breath can save a life, the American Red Cross gives the
 following directions for mouth-to-mouth resuscitation if the victim is not
 breathing:


 *  Determine consciousness by tapping the victim on the shoulder and asking
 loudly, "Are you okay?"

 *  Tilt the victim's head back so that his chin is pointing upward. Do not
 press on the soft tissue under the chin, as this might obstruct the airway.
 If you suspect that an accident victim might have neck or back injuries,
 open the airway by placing the tips of your index and middle fingers on the
 corners of the victim's jaw to lift it forward without tilting the head.

 *  Place your cheek and ear close to the victim's mouth and nose. Look at
 the victim's chest to see if it rises and falls. Listen and feel for air to
 be exhaled for about 5 seconds.

 *  If there is no breathing, pinch the victim's nostrils shut with the thumb
 and index finger of your hand that is pressing on the victim's forehead.
 Another way to prevent leakage of air when the lungs are inflated is to
 press your cheek against the victim's nose.

 *  Blow air into victim's mouth by taking a deep breath and then sealing
 your mouth tightly around the victim's mouth. Initially, give two, quick
 (approx. 1.5 seconds each), full breaths without allowing the lungs to
 deflate completely between each breath.

 *  Watch the victim's chest to see if it rises.

 *  Stop blowing when the victim's chest is expanded. Raise your mouth; turn
 your head to the side and listen for exhalation.

 *  Watch the chest to see if it falls.

 *  Repeat the blowing cycle until the victim starts breathing.

 Note: Infants (up to one year) and children (1 to 8 years) should be
 administered mouth-to-mouth resuscitation as described above, except for the
 following:


 *  Do not tilt the head as far back as an adult's head.

 *  Both the mouth and nose of the infant should be sealed by the mouth.

 *  Give breaths to a child once every four seconds.

 *  Blow into the infant's mouth and nose once every three seconds with less
 pressure and volume than for a child.

                  Stress: How Much Can Affect Your Health?

 Reprinted with permission from the Journal of Psychosomatic Research, Vol.
 11, pp. 213-218, T.H. Holmes, M.D., R.H. Rahe, M.D.;  The Social
 Readjustment Rating Scale [copy  ] 1967, Pergamon Press, Ltd.
 Change, both good and bad, can create stress and stress, if sufficiently
 severe, can lead to illness. Drs. Thomas Holmes and Richard Rahe,
 psychiatrists at the University of Washington in Seattle, developed the
 Social Readjustment Rating Scale. In their study, they gave a point value to
 stressful events. The psychiatrists discovered that in 79 percent of the
 persons studied, major illness followed the accumulation of stress-related
 changes totaling over 300 points in one year.


                    The Social Readjustment Rating Scale


╓┌───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┌───────────────╖
 Life Event                                                  Value
 ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Death of Spouse                                             100

 Divorce                                                     73

 Marital separation from mate                                65

 Detention in jail or other institution                      63

 Death of a close family member                              63

 Major personal injury or illness                            53

 Marriage                                                    50

 Being fired at work                                         47
 Life Event                                                  Value
 ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Being fired at work                                         47

 Marital reconciliation with mate                            45

 Retirement from work                                        45

 Major change in the health or behavior of a family member   44

 Pregnancy                                                   40

 Sexual difficulties                                         39

 Gaining a new family member (e.g., through birth, adoption,  39
 moving in, etc.)

 Major business readjustment (e.g., merger, reorganization,  39
 bankruptcy, etc.)

 Major change in financial state (e.g., a lot worse off or   38
 Life Event                                                  Value
 ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Major change in financial state (e.g., a lot worse off or   38
 a lot better off than usual)

 Death of a close friend                                     37

 Changing to a different line of work                        36

 Major change in the number of arguments with spouse (e.g.,  35
 either a lot more or a lot less than usual regarding
 child-rearing, personal habits, etc.)

 Taking out a mortgage or loan for a major purchase(e.g.     31
 for a home, business, etc.)

 Foreclosure on a mortgage or loan                           30

 Major change in responsibilities at work (e.g., promotion,  29
 demotion, lateral transfer)

 Life Event                                                  Value
 ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 Son or daughter leaving home (e.g., marriage, attending     29
 college, etc.)

 In-law troubles                                             29

 Outstanding personal achievement                            28

 Wife beginning or ceasing work outside the home             26

 Beginning or ceasing formal schooling                       26

 Major change in living conditions (e.g., building a new     25
 home, remodeling, deterioration of home or neighborhood)

 Revision of personal habits (dress, manners, association,   24
 etc.)

 Troubles with the boss                                      23
 Life Event                                                  Value
 ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Troubles with the boss                                      23

 Major change in working hours or conditions                 20

 Change in residence                                         20

 Changing to a new school                                    20

 Major change in usual type and/or amount of recreation      19

 Major change in church activities (e.g., a lot more or a    19
 lot less than usual)

 Major change in social activities (e.g., clubs, dancing,    18
 movies, visiting, etc.)

 Taking out a mortgage or loan for a lesser purchase (e.g.,  17
 for a car, TV, freezer, etc.)

 Life Event                                                  Value
 ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 Major change in sleeping habits (a lot more or a lot less   16
 sleep, or change in part of day when asleep)

 Major change in number of family get-togethers (e.g., a     15
 lot more or a lot less than usual)

 Major change in eating habits (a lot more or a lot less     15
 food intake, or very different meal hours or surroundings)

 Vacation                                                    13

 Christmas                                                   12

 Minor violations of the law (e.g., traffic tickets,         11
 jaywalking,  disturbing the peace, etc.)







                         A Patient's Bill of Rights

          American Hospital Association, [copy  ] copyright 1972.
 Often, as a hospital patient, you feel you have little control over your
 circumstances. You do, however, have some important rights. They have been
 enumerated by the American Hospital Association.

      1. The patient has the right to considerate and respectful care.

      2. The patient has the right to obtain from his physician complete
 current information concerning his diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis in
 terms the patient can be expected to understand. When it is not medically
 advisable to give such information to the patient, the information should be
 made available to an appropriate person in his behalf. He has the right to
 know, by name, the physician responsible for coordinating his care.

      3. The patient has the right to receive from his physician information
 necessary to give informed consent prior to the start of any procedure
 and/or treatment. Except in emergencies, such information for informed
 consent should include but not necessarily be limited to the specific
 procedure and/or treatment, the medically significant risks involved, and
 the probable duration of incapacitation. Where medically significant
 alternatives for care or treatment exist, or when the patient requests
 information concerning medical alternatives, the patient has the right to
 such information. The patient also has the right to know the name of the
 person responsible for the procedures and/or treatment.

      4. The patient has the right to refuse treatment to the extent
 permitted by law and to be informed of the medical consequences of his
 action.

      5. The patient has the right to every consideration of his privacy
 concerning his own medical care program. Case discussion, consultation,
 examination, and treatment are confidential and should be conducted
 discreetly. Those not directly involved in his care must have the permission
 of the patient to be present.

      6. The patient has the right to expect that all communications and
 records pertaining to his care should be treated as confidential.

      7. The patient has the right to expect that within its capacity a
 hospital must make reasonable response to the request of a patient for
 services. The hospital must provide evaluation, service, and/or referral as
 indicated by the urgency of the case. When medically permissable, a patient
 may be transferred to another facility only after he has received complete
 information and explanation concerning the need for and alternatives to such
 a transfer. The receiving institution  must first have accepted the patient
 for transfer.

      8. The patient has the right to obtain information as to any
 relationship of his hospital to other health care and education institutions
 insofar as this care is concerned. The patient has the right to obtain
 information as to the existence of any professional relationships among
 individuals, by name, who are treating him.

      9. The patient has the right to be advised if the hospital proposes to
 engage in or perform human experimentation affecting his care or treatment.
 The patient has the right to refuse to participate in such research
 projects.

      10. The patient has the right to expect reasonable continuity of care.
 He has the right to know in advance what appointment times and physicians
 are available and where. The patient has the right to expect that the
 hospital will provide a mechanism whereby he is informed by his physician of
 the patient's continuing health care requirements following discharge.

      11. The patient has the right to examine and receive an explanation of
 his bill, regardless of the source of payment.

      12. The patient has the right to know what hospital rules and
 regulations apply to his conduct as a patient.


             Nutritive Value of Food (Calories, Proteins, etc.)
 Home and Garden Bulletin No. 72; available from Supt. of Documents, U. S.
 Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402


╓┌───────────────┌───────────────┌──────┌───────────────┌───────────────┌────
 Food            Measure         Grams  Food Energy     Protein (grams)  Fat (
 Food            Measure         Grams  Food Energy     Protein (grams)  Fat (
                                        (calories)
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Dairy products

 Cheese,         1 oz.           28     115             7               9
 cheddar

 Cheese,         1 cup           210    220             26              9
 cottage, small
 curd

 Cheese, cream   1 oz.           28     100             2               10

 Cheese, Swiss   1 oz.           28     105             8               8

 Half-and-Half   1 tbsp.         15     20              T               2

 Cream, sour     1 tbsp.         15     25              T               3

 Milk, whole     1 cup           244    150             8               8
 Food            Measure         Grams  Food Energy     Protein (grams)  Fat (
                                        (calories)
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Milk, whole     1 cup           244    150             8               8

 Milk, nonfat    1 cup           244    85              8               T
 (skim)

 Milkshake,      10.6 oz.        300    355             9               8
 chocolate

 Ice Cream,      1 cup           133    270             5               14
 hardened

 Sherbet         1 cup           193    270             2               4

 Yogurt,         8 oz.           227    230             10              3
 fruit-flavored

 Eggs

 Food            Measure         Grams  Food Energy     Protein (grams)  Fat (
                                        (calories)
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 Fried in        1               46     85              5               6
 butter

 Hard-cooked     1               50     80              6               6

 Scrambled in    1               64     95              6               7
 butter (milk
 added)

 Fats & oils

 Butter          1 tbsp.         14     100             T               12

 Margarine       1 tbsp.         14     100             T               12

 Salad dressing,  1 tbsp.         15     75              1               8
 blue cheese
 Food            Measure         Grams  Food Energy     Protein (grams)  Fat (
                                        (calories)
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
blue cheese

 Salad dressing,  1 tbsp.         16     65              T               6
 French

 Salad dressing,  1 tbsp.         15     85              T               9
 Italian

 Mayonnaise      1 tbsp.         14     100             T               11

 Meat, poultry,
 fish

 Bluefish,       3 oz.           85     135             22              4
 baked with
 butter or
 margarine

 Food            Measure         Grams  Food Energy     Protein (grams)  Fat (
                                        (calories)
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 Clams, raw,     3 oz.           85     65              11              1
 meat only

 Crabmeat,       1 cup           135    135             24              3
 white or king,
 canned

 Fish sticks,    1 oz.           28     50              5               3
 breaded,
 cooked, frozen

 Salmon, pink,   3 oz.           85     120             17              5
 canned

 Sardines,       3 oz.           85     175             20              9
 Atlantic,
 canned in oil
 Food            Measure         Grams  Food Energy     Protein (grams)  Fat (
                                        (calories)
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
canned in oil

 Shrimp, French  3 oz.           85     190             17              9
 fried

 Tuna, canned    3 oz.           85     170             24              7
 in oil

 Bacon, broiled  2 slices        15     85              4               8
 or fried crisp

 Ground beef,    3 oz.           85     185             23              10
 broiled, 10%
 fat

 Roast beef,     3 oz.           85     165             25              7
 relatively
 lean
 Food            Measure         Grams  Food Energy     Protein (grams)  Fat (
                                        (calories)
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
lean

 Beef steak,     3 oz.           85     330             20              27
 lean and fat

 Beef &          1 cup           245    220             16              11
 vegetable stew

 Lamb, chop,     3.1 oz.         89     360             18              32
 lean and fat

 Liver, beef     3 oz.           85     195             22              9

 Ham, light      3 oz.           85     245             18              19
 cure, lean and
 fat

 Pork, chop,     2.7 oz          78     305             19              25
 Food            Measure         Grams  Food Energy     Protein (grams)  Fat (
                                        (calories)
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Pork, chop,     2.7 oz          78     305             19              25
 lean and fat

 Bologna         1 slice         28     85              3               8

 Frankfurter,    1               56     170             7               15
 cooked

 Sausage, pork   1 link          13     60              2               6
 link, cooked

 Veal, cutlet,   3 oz.           85     185             23              9
 braised or
 boiled

 Chicken,        1.3 oz.         38     90              12              4
 drumstick,
 fried, bones
 Food            Measure         Grams  Food Energy     Protein (grams)  Fat (
                                        (calories)
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
fried, bones
 removed

 Chicken, half   6.2 oz.         176    240             42              7
 broiler,
 broiled, bones
 removed

 Fruits &
 products

 Apple, raw,     1               138    80              T               1
 2-3/4 in. diam.

 Applejuice      1 cup           248    120             T               T

 Apricots, raw   3               107    55              1               T

 Food            Measure         Grams  Food Energy     Protein (grams)  Fat (
                                        (calories)
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 Banana, raw     1               119    100             1               T

 Cherries,       10              68     45              1               T
 sweet, raw

 Fruit cocktail,  1 cup           255    195             1               T
 canned, in
 heavy syrup

 Grapefruit,     1/2             241    45              1               T
 raw, medium,
 white

 Grapes,         10              50     35              T               T
 Thompson
 seedless

 Food            Measure         Grams  Food Energy     Protein (grams)  Fat (
                                        (calories)
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 Lemonade,       1 cup           248    105             T               T
 frozen,
 diluted

 Cantaloupe,     1/2             477    80              2               T
 5-in. diam.

 Orange, 2-5/8   1               131    65              1               T
 in. diam.

 Orange juice,   1 cup           249    120             2               T
 frozen,
 diluted

 Peach, raw,     1               100    40              1               T
 2-1/2 in. diam.

 Food            Measure         Grams  Food Energy     Protein (grams)  Fat (
                                        (calories)
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 Raisins,        1 cup           145    420             4               T
 seedless

 Strawberries,   1 cup           149    55              1               1
 whole

 Watermelon, 4   1 wedge         926    110             2               1
 by 8 in. wedge

 Grain products

 Bagel, egg      1               55     165             6               2

 Biscuit, 2 in.  1               28     105             2               5
 diam., from
 home recipe

 Food            Measure         Grams  Food Energy     Protein (grams)  Fat (
                                        (calories)
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 Bread, white,   1 slice         25     70              2               1
 enriched,
 soft-crumb

 Bread, whole    1 slice         28     65              3               1
 wheat,
 soft-crumb

 Oatmeal or      1 cup           240    130             5               2
 rolled oats

 Bran flakes     1 cup           35     105             4               1
 (40% bran),
 added sugar,
 salt, iron,
 vitamins

 Food            Measure         Grams  Food Energy     Protein (grams)  Fat (
                                        (calories)
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 Corn flakes,    1 cup           25     95              2               T
 added sugar,
 salt, iron,
 vitamins

 Rice, puffed,   1 cup           15     60              1               T
 added iron,
 thiamin,
 niacin

 Wheat,          1 serving       25     90              2               1
 shredded,
 plain, 1
 biscuit or 1/2
 cup

 Cake, angel     1               53     135             3               T
 Food            Measure         Grams  Food Energy     Protein (grams)  Fat (
                                        (calories)
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Cake, angel     1               53     135             3               T
 food, 1/12 of
 cake

 Cupcake, 2-1/2  1               36     130             2               5
 in. diam.,
 with chocolate
 icing

 Boston cream    1               69     210             3               6
 pie with
 custard
 filling, 1/12
 of cake

 Fruitcake,      1               15     55              1               2
 dark, 1/30 of
 loaf
 Food            Measure         Grams  Food Energy     Protein (grams)  Fat (
                                        (calories)
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
loaf

 Cake, pound,    1               33     160             2               10
 1/17 of loaf

 Brownies, with  1               20     85              1               4
 nuts, from
 commercial
 recipe

 Cookies,        4               40     205             2               12
 chocolate chip,
 from home
 recipe

 Crackers,       2               14     55              1               1
 graham

 Food            Measure         Grams  Food Energy     Protein (grams)  Fat (
                                        (calories)
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 Crackers,       4               11     50              1               1
 saltines

 Danish pastry,  1               65     275             5               15
 round piece

 Doughnut, cake  1               25     100             1               5
 type

 Macaroni and    1 cup           200    430             17              22
 cheese, from
 home recipe

 Muffin, corn    1               40     125             3               4

 Noodles,        1 cup           160    200             7               2
 enriched,
 Food            Measure         Grams  Food Energy     Protein (grams)  Fat (
                                        (calories)
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
enriched,
 cooked

 Pie, apple,     1               135    345             3               15
 1/7 of pie

 Pie, cherry,    1               135    350             4               15
 1/7 of pie

 Pie, lemon      1               120    305             4               12
 meringue, 1/7
 of pie

 Pie, pecan,     1               118    495             6               27
 1/7 of pie

 Pizza, cheese,  1               60     145             6               4
 1/8 of 12 in.
 Food            Measure         Grams  Food Energy     Protein (grams)  Fat (
                                        (calories)
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
1/8 of 12 in.
 diam. pie

 Popcorn,        1 cup           6      25              1               T
 popped, plain

 Pretzels,       10              3      10              T               T
 stick

 Rolls,          1               26     85              2               2
 enriched,
 brown & serve

 Rolls,          1               40     120             3               2
 frankfurter &
 hamburger

 Spaghetti with  1 cup           248    330             19              12
 Food            Measure         Grams  Food Energy     Protein (grams)  Fat (
                                        (calories)
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Spaghetti with  1 cup           248    330             19              12
 meat balls &
 tomato sauce

 Legumes, nuts,
 seeds

 Beans, Great    1 cup           180    210             14              1
 Northern,
 cooked

 Peanuts,        1 cup           144    840             37              72
 roasted in oil,
 salted

 Peanut butter   1 tbsp.         16     95              4               8

 Sunflower       1 cup           145    810             35              69
 Food            Measure         Grams  Food Energy     Protein (grams)  Fat (
                                        (calories)
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Sunflower       1 cup           145    810             35              69
 seeds

 Sugars &
 sweets

 Candy,          1 oz.           28     115             1               3
 caramels

 Candy, milk     1 oz.           28     145             2               9
 chocolate

 Fudge,          1 oz.           28     115             1               3
 chocolate

 Candy, hard     1 oz.           28     110             0               T

 Honey           1 tbsp.         21     65              T               0
 Food            Measure         Grams  Food Energy     Protein (grams)  Fat (
                                        (calories)
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Honey           1 tbsp.         21     65              T               0

 Jams &          1 tbsp.         20     55              T               T
 Preserves

 Sugar, white,   1 tbsp.         12     45              0               0
 granulated

 Vegetables

 Asparagus,      4 spears        80     15              2               T
 canned, spears

 Beans, green,   1 cup           135    35              2               T
 from frozen,
 cuts

 Broccoli,       1 stalk         180    45              6               1
 Food            Measure         Grams  Food Energy     Protein (grams)  Fat (
                                        (calories)
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Broccoli,       1 stalk         180    45              6               1
 cooked

 Cabbage, raw,   1 cup           70     15              1               T
 coarsely
 shredded or
 sliced

 Carrots, raw,   1               72     30              1               T
 7-1/2 by 1-1/8
 in.

 Celery, raw     1 stalk         40     5               T               T

 Collards,       1 cup           190    65              7               1
 cooked

 Corn, sweet,    1 ear           140    70              2               1
 Food            Measure         Grams  Food Energy     Protein (grams)  Fat (
                                        (calories)
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Corn, sweet,    1 ear           140    70              2               1
 cooked

 Lettuce,        1 cup           55     5               T               T
 Iceberg,
 chopped

 Mushrooms, raw  1 cup           70     20              2               T

 Onions, raw,    1 cup           170    65              3               T
 chopped

 Peas, frozen,   1 cup           160    110             8               T
 cooked

 Potatoes,       1               156    145             4               T
 baked, peeled

 Food            Measure         Grams  Food Energy     Protein (grams)  Fat (
                                        (calories)
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 Potatoes,       10              50     110             2               4
 frozen, French
 fried

 Potatoes,       1 cup           210    135             4               2
 mashed, milk
 added

 Potato chips    10              20     115             1               8

 Potato salad    1 cup           250    250             7               7

 Spinach,        1 cup           205    45              6               1
 chopped, from
 frozen

 Sweet potatoes,  1               114    160             2               1
 Food            Measure         Grams  Food Energy     Protein (grams)  Fat (
                                        (calories)
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Sweet potatoes,  1               114    160             2               1
 baked in skin,
 peeled

 Tomatoes, raw   1               135    25              1               T

 Miscellaneous

 Beer            12 fl. oz.      360    150             1               0

 Gin, rum,       1-1/2 fl. oz.   42     105             -               -
 vodka, whisky,
 86 proof

 Wine, table     3-1/2 fl. oz.   102    85              T               0

 Cola-type       12 fl. oz.      369    145             0               0
 beverage
 Food            Measure         Grams  Food Energy     Protein (grams)  Fat (
                                        (calories)
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
beverage

 Ginger ale      12 fl. oz       366    115             0               0

 Gelatin         1 cup           240    140             4               0
 dessert

 Olives,         4 medium        16     15              T               2
 pickled, green

 Pickles, dill,  1               65     5               T               T
 whole

 Popsicle, 3 fl.  1               95     70              0               0
 oz.

 Soup, tomato,   1 cup           245    90              2               3
 prepared with
 Food            Measure         Grams  Food Energy     Protein (grams)  Fat (
                                        (calories)
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
prepared with
 water




 T -- Indicates trace * -- Varies by brand



              Calories Used Per Minute According to Body Weight


╓┌────────────────────────┌─────────────────┌─────────────────┌──────────────
                          Weight in Pounds  Weight in Pounds  Weight in Pounds
 Activity                 100               120               150
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Volleyball (moderate)    2.3               2.7               3.4
                          Weight in Pounds  Weight in Pounds  Weight in Pounds
 Activity                 100               120               150
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Volleyball (moderate)    2.3               2.7               3.4
 Walking (3 mph)          2.7               3.2               4.0
 Table tennis             2.7               3.2               4.0
 Bicycling (5.5 mph)      3.1               3.8               4.7
 Calisthenics             3.3               3.9               4.9
 Skating (moderate)       3.6               4.3               5.4
 Golf                     3.6               4.3               5.4
 Walking (4 mph)          3.9               4.6               5.8
 Tennis                   4.5               5.4               6.8
 Canoeing (4 mph)         4.6               5.6               7.0
 Swimming (breaststroke)  4.8               5.7               7.2
 Bicycling (10 mph)       5.4               6.5               8.1
 Swimming (crawl)         5.8               6.9               8.7
 Jogging (11-min. mile)   6.1               7.3               9.1
 Handball                 6.3               7.6               9.5
 Racquetball              6.3               7.6               9.5
 Skiing (downhill)        6.3               7.6               9.5
 Mountain climbing        6.6               8.0               10.0
                          Weight in Pounds  Weight in Pounds  Weight in Pounds
 Activity                 100               120               150
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Mountain climbing        6.6               8.0               10.0
 Squash                   6.8               8.1               10.2
 Skiing (cross-country)   7.2               8.7               10.8
 Running (8-min. mile)    9.4               11.3              14.1



 Note: Many other factors, including air temperature, clothing, and the vigor
 with which a person exercises, can mean an increase or decrease in the
 number of calories used.




                             Food and Nutrition

 Food contains proteins, carbohydrates, fats, water, vitamins and minerals.
 Nutrition is the way your body takes in and uses these ingredients to
 maintain proper functioning.

 Federal health officials recommended, Feb. 1990, that all Americans, not
 just those with high cholesterol levels, reduce the fat content of their
 diets by an average of 10%, to lower their risk of heart disease. In March
 1989, the Natl. Research Council reported on the role of diet in
 cardiovascular diseases, cancer, chronic liver and kidney diseases,
 diabetes, osteoporosis, obesity, and dental cavities. Major recommendations
 included: reducing fat intake to 30% or less of total calories, reducing
 saturated fat to less than 10% of calories, and reducing cholesterol to less
 than 300 milligrams daily; eating 5 or more half-cup servings per day of
 vegetables and fruits, especially green and yellow vegetables and citrus
 fruits; eating 6 or more servings daily of bread, cereals, and legumes, for
 a total of more than 55% of calories; eating no more than twice the
 recommended daily allowance of protein, and no more than 1.6 grams per day
 per kilogram of body weight; eating less than 6 grams a day of salt,
 limiting its use in cooking, avoiding it at the table, and consuming salty
 foods sparingly; and maintaining an adequate intake of calcium.


                                  Protein

 Proteins, composed of amino acids, are indispensable in the diet. They
 build, maintain, and repair the body. Best sources: eggs, milk, fish, meat,
 poultry, soybeans, nuts. High quality proteins such as eggs, meat, or fish
 supply all 8 amino acids needed in the diet.


                                    Fats

 Fats provide energy by furnishing calories to the body, and by carrying
 vitamins A, D, E, and K. They are the most concentrated source of energy in
 the diet. Best sources: butter, margarine, salad oils, nuts, cream, egg
 yolks, most cheeses, lard, meat.


                               Carbohydrates

 Carbohydrates provide energy for body function and activity by supplying
 immediate calories. The carbohydrate group includes sugars, starches, fiber,
 and starchy vegetables. Best sources: grains, legumes, nuts, potatoes,
 fruits.


                                   Water

 Water dissolves and transports other nutrients throughout the body, aiding
 the processes of digestion, absorption, circulation, and excretion. It helps
 regulate body temperature.


                                  Vitamins

 Vitamin A--promotes good eyesight and helps keep the skin and mucous
 membranes resistant to infection. Best sources: liver, carrots, sweet
 potatoes, kale, collard greens, turnips, fortified milk.

 Vitamin B1 (thiamine)--prevents beriberi. Essential to carbohydrate
 metabolism and health of nervous system.

 Vitamin B2 (riboflavin)--protects skin, mouth, eye, eyelids, and mucous
 membranes. Essential to protein and energy metabolism. Best sources: liver,
 milk, meat, poultry, broccoli, mushrooms.

 Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)--important in the regulation of the central nervous
 system and in protein metabolism. Best sources: whole grains, meats, nuts,
 brewers' yeast.

 Vitamin B12 (cobalamin)--needed to form  red blood cells. Best sources:
 liver, meat, fish, eggs, soybeans.

 Niacin--maintains the health of skin, tongue, and digestive system. Best
 sources: poultry, peanuts, fish, organ meats, enriched flour and bread.

 Other B vitamins--biotin, choline, folic acid (folacin), inositol, PABA
 (para-aminobenzoic acid), pantothenic acid.

 Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)--maintains collagen, a protein necessary for the
 formation of skin, ligaments, and bones. It helps heal wounds and mend
 fractures, and aids in resisting some types of virus and bacterial
 infections. Best sources: citrus fruits and juices, turnips, broccoli,
 Brussels sprouts, potatoes and sweet potatoes, tomatoes, cabbage.

 Vitamin D--important for bone development. Best sources: sunlight, fortified
 milk and milk products, fish-liver oils, egg yolks, organ meats.

 Vitamin E (tocopherol)--helps protect red blood cells. Best sources:
 vegetable oils, wheat germ, whole grains, eggs, peanuts, organ meats,
 margarine, green leafy vegetables.

 Vitamin K--necessary for formation of prothrombin, which helps blood to
 clot. Also made by intestinal bacteria. Best dietary sources: green leafy
 vegetables, tomatoes.


                                  Minerals

 Calcium--the most abundant mineral in the body, works with phosphorus in
 building and maintaining bones and teeth. Best sources: milk and milk
 products, cheese, and blackstrap molasses.

 Phosphorus--the 2d most abundant mineral, performs more functions than any
 other mineral, and plays a part in nearly every chemical reaction in the
 body. Best source: whole grains, cheese, milk.

 Iron--Necessary for the formation of myoglobin, which transports oxygen to
 muscle tissue, and hemoglobin, which transports oxygen in the blood. Best
 sources: organ meats, beans, green leafy vegetables, and shellfish.

 Other minerals--chromium, cobalt, copper, fluorine, iodine, magnesium,
 manganese, molybdenum, potassium, selenium, sodium, sulfur, and zinc.

                    Recommended Daily Dietary Allowances
 Food and Nutrition Board, Natl. Academy of Sciences--Natl. Research Council;
 1989


╓┌─────────┌────────┌────────┌────────────┌────────┌────────┌────────┌───────
                                          Fat      Fat      Fat      Fat
                                          soluble  soluble  soluble  soluble


           Age      Weight   Protein      Vitamin  Vitamin  Vitamin  Vitamin
           (years)  (lbs.)   (grams)      A1       D2       E3       K
           and sex
           group
                                          Fat      Fat      Fat      Fat
                                          soluble  soluble  soluble  soluble


           Age      Weight   Protein      Vitamin  Vitamin  Vitamin  Vitamin
           group
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Infants   to 5     13       13           375      7.5      3        5
           mos.

           to 1 yr.  20       14/C><C>375  10       4        10       35

 Children  1-3      29       16           400      10       6        15

           4-6      44       24           500      10       7        20






                                          Fat      Fat      Fat      Fat
                                          soluble  soluble  soluble  soluble


           Age      Weight   Protein      Vitamin  Vitamin  Vitamin  Vitamin
           15-18    145      59           1000     10       10       65

           19-24    160      58           1000     10       10       70

           25-50    174      63           1000     5        10       80

           51+      170      63           1000     5        10       80

 Females   11-14    101      46           800      10       8        45







                                          Fat      Fat      Fat      Fat
                                          soluble  soluble  soluble  soluble


           Age      Weight   Protein      Vitamin  Vitamin  Vitamin  Vitamin

           51+      143      50           800      5        8        65




 1 Retinol equivalents. 2 Micrograms of cholecalciferol. 3 Milligrams
 alpha-tocopherol equivalents. 4 Niacin equivalents.




                                 EDUCATION

                Educational Attainment by Age, Race, and Sex

                      (Number of persons in thousands)


╓┌───────────────────┌───────────────────┌───────────────────┌───────────────
 Race, age, and sex  Years of school     Years of school     Years of school
                     completed           completed           completed
 March 1988          All persons         Less than high      High school, 4
                                         school, 4 years     years
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 All races

 18 to 24 years      26,060              5,627               11,254

 25 years and over   151,616             36,114              58,940

 25 to 34 years      42,970              5,836               17,889

 35 to 44 years      34,682              4,841               13,200

 45 to 54 years      23,795              5,230               9,860

 Race, age, and sex  Years of school     Years of school     Years of school
                     completed           completed           completed
 March 1988          All persons         Less than high      High school, 4
                                         school, 4 years     years
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 55 to 64 years      21,642              7,024               8,580

 65 years and over   28,527              13,183              9,412

 Male, 25 years and  71,941              16,944              25,674
 over

 Female, 25 years    79,676              19,171              33,266
 and over

 White

 18 to 24 years      21,552              4,400               9,295

 25 years and over   131,092             29,282              51,795
 Race, age, and sex  Years of school     Years of school     Years of school
                     completed           completed           completed
 March 1988          All persons         Less than high      High school, 4
                                         school, 4 years     years
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
25 years and over   131,092             29,282              51,795

 25 to 34 years      36,148              4,613               15,052

 35 to 44 years      29,783              3,804               11,339

 45 to 54 years      20,448              4,099               8,645

 55 to 64 years      19,074              5,672               7,854

 65 years and over   25,639              11,095              8,905

 Male, 25 years and  62,679              13,959              22,541
 over

 Female, 25 years    68,414              15,323              29,255
 Race, age, and sex  Years of school     Years of school     Years of school
                     completed           completed           completed
 March 1988          All persons         Less than high      High school, 4
                                         school, 4 years     years
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Female, 25 years    68,414              15,323              29,255
 and over

 Black

 18 to 24 years      3,619               1,065               1,627

 25 years and over   15,929              5,838               5,914

 25 to 34 years      5,272               1,029               2,446

 35 to 44 years      3,700               841                 1,563

 45 to 54 years      2,501               969                 969

 55 to 64 years      2,074               1,175               580
 Race, age, and sex  Years of school     Years of school     Years of school
                     completed           completed           completed
 March 1988          All persons         Less than high      High school, 4
                                         school, 4 years     years
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
55 to 64 years      2,074               1,175               580

 65 years and over   2,383               1,824               357

 Male, 25 years and  7,067               2,571               2,612
 over

 Female, 25 years    8,863               3,267               3,302
 and over

 Hispanic Origin1

 18 to 24 years      2,665               1,106               1,040

 25 years and over   9,940               4,874               2,815

 Race, age, and sex  Years of school     Years of school     Years of school
                     completed           completed           completed
 March 1988          All persons         Less than high      High school, 4
                                         school, 4 years     years
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 25 to 34 years      3,785               1,449               1,239

 35 to 44 years      2,624               1,157               823

 45 to 54 years      1,488               820                 386

 55 to 64 years      1,142               749                 240

 65 years and over   903                 701                 126

 Male, 25 years and  4,889               2,346               1,332
 over

 Female, 25 years    5,051               2,528               1,482
 and over
 Race, age, and sex  Years of school     Years of school     Years of school
                     completed           completed           completed
 March 1988          All persons         Less than high      High school, 4
                                         school, 4 years     years
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
and over




 1 Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.



       Historical Summary of Public Elementary and Secondary Schools
     National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Dept. of Education


╓┌─────────────────┌─────────────────┌─────────────────┌─────────────────┌───
                   1899-1900         1909-10           1919-20           1929-
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
                   1899-1900         1909-10           1919-20           1929-
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Pupils and
 teachers
 (thousands)

 Total U.S.        75,995            90,492            104,512           121,7
 population

 Population 5-17   21,573            24,009            27,556            31,41
 years of age

 Percent aged      28.4              26.5              26.4              25.8
 5-17 years

 Enrollment
 (thousands)

 Elementary and    15,503            17,814            21,578            25,67
 secondary

                   1899-1900         1909-10           1919-20           1929-
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 Percent pop.      71.9              74.2              78.3              81.7
 5-17 enrolled

 Percent in high   3.3               5.1               10.2              17.1
 schools

 High school       62                111               231               592
 graduates

 Average school    144.3             157.5             161.9             172.7
 term (in days)

 Total             . . .             . . .             678               880
 instructional
 staff

 Teachers,
 librarians:
                   1899-1900         1909-10           1919-20           1929-
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
librarians:

 Men               127               110               93                140

 Women             296               413               565               703

 Percent men       29.9              21.1              14.1              16.6

 Revenue &
 expenditures
 (millions)

 Total revenue     $219              $433              $970              $2,08

 Total             214               426               1,036             2,316
 expenditures

 Current elem.     179               356               861               1,843
 and secondary
                   1899-1900         1909-10           1919-20           1929-
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
and secondary

 Capital outlay    35                69                153               370

 Interest on       . . .             . . .             18                92
 school debt

 Other             . . .             . . .             3                 9

 Salaries and      (Data in          (Data in          (Data in          (Data
 pupil cost        unadjusted        unadjusted        unadjusted        unadj
                   dollars)          dollars)          dollars)          dolla

 Average annual    $325              $485              $871              $1,42
 teacher salary2

 Expenditure per   2.83              4.71              9.91              19.03
 capita total pop.

                   1899-1900         1909-10           1919-20           1929-
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 Current           16.67             27.85             53.32             86.70
 expenditure per
 pupil ADA3




 1 Because of a modification of the scope, "current expenditures for
 elementary and secondary schools" data for 1959-60 and later years are not
 entirely comparable with data for prior years. 2 Includes supervisors,
 principals, teachers and other non-supervisory instructional staff. 3"ADA"
 means average daily attendance in elementary and secondary day schools. 4
 Estimated.



            Fall Enrollment and Teachers in Full-time Day Schools


              Elementary and Secondary Day Schools, Fall 1988
 National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Dept. of Education; National
 Education Assn.


╓┌─────────────────────┌─────────────────────────────┌─────────────────┌─────
                       Local school districts total  Total enrollment  Pupils
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 United States         15,376                        40,192,386        17.4
 Alabama               129                           724,751           18.7
 Alaska                55                            106,481           17.0
 Arizona               238                           574,890           18.2
 Arkansas              329                           436,387           15.7
 California            1,077                         4,618,120         22.7
 Colorado              176                           560,081           17.8
 Connecticut           166                           463,488           13.1
 Delaware              19                            96,678            16.4
 District of Columbia  1                             84,792            13.3
 Florida               67                            1,720,930         17.1
 Georgia               186                           1,107,994         18.5
                       Local school districts total  Total enrollment  Pupils
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Georgia               186                           1,107,994         18.5
 Hawaii                1                             167,488           21.1
 Idaho                 115                           214,615           20.6
 Illinois              972                           1,794,916         17.1
 Indiana               303                           960,994           17.8
 Iowa                  433                           478,200           15.8
 Kansas                304                           426,596           15.2
 Kentucky              177                           637,627           17.8
 Louisiana             66                            786,683           18.2
 Maine                 210                           212,902           14.6
 Maryland              24                            688,947           16.8
 Massachusetts         359                           823,428           13.7
 Michigan              561                           1,582,785         19.8
 Minnesota             436                           726,950           17.0
 Mississippi           152                           503,326           18.4
 Missouri              544                           806,639           15.9
 Montana               549                           152,191           15.8
 Nebraska              862                           269,434           15.0
 Nevada                17                            176,474           20.3
                       Local school districts total  Total enrollment  Pupils
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Nevada                17                            176,474           20.3
 New Hampshire         170                           169,413           16.2
 New Jersey            602                           1,080,871         13.6
 New Mexico            88                            292,425           18.5
 New York              721                           2,573,715         14.9
 North Carolina        140                           1,083,156         17.5
 North Dakota          296                           118,809           15.4
 Ohio                  613                           1,778,544         17.6
 Oklahoma              609                           580,426           16.5
 Oregon                304                           461,752           18.4
 Pennsylvania          501                           1,659,714         15.9
 Rhode Island          37                            134,347           14.6
 South Carolina        91                            615,774           17.2
 South Dakota          191                           126,910           15.4
 Tennessee             141                           821,580           19.3
 Texas                 1,062                         3,283,707         -
 Utah                  40                            431,119           24.5
 Vermont               276                           93,464            13.6
 Virginia              136                           982,393           16.1
                       Local school districts total  Total enrollment  Pupils
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Virginia              136                           982,393           16.1
 Washington            296                           790,918           20.4
 West Virginia         55                            335,912           15.1
 Wisconsin             430                           774,857           16.0
 Wyoming               49                            97,793            14.6





                        Programs for the Handicapped
 Office of Special Educ. and Rehabilitative Services, U.S. Dept. of Education



╓┌─────────────────────┌─────────────────────┌─────────────────────┌─────────
 Type of Handicapped   1981-82               1982-83               1983-84
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
                       Number Served, in     Number Served, in     Number Serv
 Type of Handicapped   1981-82               1982-83               1983-84
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
                       Number Served, in     Number Served, in     Number Serv
                       Thousands             Thousands             Thousands

 All conditions        4,198                 4,255                 4,298

 Learning disabled     1,622                 1,741                 1,806

 Speech impaired       1,135                 1,131                 1,128

 Mentally retarded     786                   757                   727

 Seriously             339                   352                   361
 emotionally
 disturbed

 Hard of hearing and   75                    73                    72
 deaf

 Orthopedically        58                    57                    56
 Type of Handicapped   1981-82               1982-83               1983-84
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Orthopedically        58                    57                    56
 handicapped

 Visually handicapped  29                    28                    29

 Deaf-blind            2                     2                     2

                       As Percent of Total   As Percent of Total   As Percent
                       Enrollment            Enrollment            Enrollment

 All conditions        10.47                 10.73                 10.92

 Learning disabled     4.05                  4.39                  4.59

 Speech impaired       2.83                  2.85                  2.87

 Mentally retarded     1.96                  1.91                  1.85

 Seriously             .85                   .89                   .92
 Type of Handicapped   1981-82               1982-83               1983-84
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Seriously             .85                   .89                   .92
 emotionally
 disturbed

 Hard of hearing and   .19                   .18                   .18
 deaf

 Orthopedically        .14                   .14                   .14
 handicapped

 Visually handicapped  .07                   .07                   .07

 Deaf-blind            .01                   .01                   .01




 Number of children 3 to 21 years old served annually in educational programs
 for the handicapped and percent of total public school enrollment.
 Note: Counts are based on reports from the 50 States, District of Columbia
 and Puerto Rico (i.e., figures from U.S. territories are not included).
 Percentages of total enrollment are based on the total annual enrollment of
 U.S. public schools, preprimary through 12th grade. Details may not add to
 totals because of rounding. 1 Less than .005.



                   Federal Funds for Education, 1980-1990
                    U.S. Office of Management and Budget
 Federal funds obligated for programs administered by the Department of
 Education: Fiscal years 1980 to 1990
                         (In thousands of dollars)


╓┌────────────────────────────────────────────────┌────────────┌────────────┌

                                                  1980         1982         19
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Total                                            $14,102,165  $15,069,598  $1
 Elementary and secondary education               4,239,022    3,802,234    4,

                                                  1980         1982         19
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Elementary and secondary education               4,239,022    3,802,234    4,
 Grants for the disadvantaged                     3,204,664    3,063,651    3,
 Special programs                                 788,918      524,730      54
 Bilingual education                              169,540      136,292      17
 Indian education                                 75,900       77,561       70
 School assistance in federally affected areas    812,873      457,227      60
 Maintenance and operations                       690,000      438,498      55
 Construction                                     110,873      15,951       28
 Disaster assistance                              12,000       2,778        25
 Other                                            -            -            -
 Education for the handicapped                    1,555,253    2,023,536    2,
 State grant programs                             815,805      933,657      1,
 Early childhood education2                       38,745       40,673       53
 Special centers, projects, and research          55,075       35,057       54
 Captioned films and media services               17,778       11,438       14
 Personnel training                               55,375       48,911       55
 Handicapped rehabilitation Service and research  572,475      953,800      1,
 Vocational education and adult programs          1,153,743    751,118      95

                                                  1980         1982         19
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Vocational education and adult programs          1,153,743    751,118      95
 Basic programs3                                  744,653      530,669      68
 Consumer and homemaking                          63,169       29,363       36
 Program improvement and supportive services      162,512      91,650       11
 State planning and advisory councils             13,423       8,800        11
 Adult education, grants to States                153,724      90,636       99
 Other                                            16,262       -            -
 Postsecondary student financial assistance       5,108,534    6,584,012    7,
 Educational opportunity grants4                  2,534378     2,546,167    3,
 Work-study                                       596,065      523,910      56
 Direct student loans                             322,749      193,686      19
 Guaranteed student loans                         1,597,877    3,297,776    3,
 Other student assistance programs                57,465       22,473       28
 Direct aid to postsecondary institutions         277,068      284,467      31
 Aid to minority and developing institutions      114,680      119,829      13
 Special programs for the disadvantaged           147,389      150,238      16
 Cooperative education                            14,999       14,400       14
 Higher education facilities                      268,493      449,191      21

                                                  1980         1982         19
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Higher education facilities                      268,493      449,191      21
 Construction loans and insurance                 35,362       38,690       54
 Interest subsidy grants                          24,626       23,759       23
 College housing loans                            208,505      386,742      13
 Other higher education programs                  34,927       38,226       82
 International education and foreign languages    19,977       23,923       30
 Fund for Improvement of Postsecondary Education  12,000       11,503       11
 Other                                            2,950        2,800        39
 Public Library services                          101,218      80,074       10
 Public Library services                          66,451       60,000       65
 Interlibrary cooperation                         -            11,520       15
 Public Library construction                      -            -            21
 Research Libraries                               5,992        5,760        6,
 Other                                            28,775       2,794        88
 Payments to special institutions                 273,860      251,570      24
 American Printing House for the Blind            4,349        5,000        5,
 National Technical Institute for the Deaf        19,799       26,300       28
 Gallaudet College                                49,409       64,815       56

                                                  1980         1982         19
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Gallaudet College                                49,409       64,815       56
 Howard University                                200,303      155,455      16
 Departmental accounts                            277,174      347,943      35
 Educational research and improvement             51,415       61,550       57
 Departmental management account                  223,857      283,906      29
 Other                                            1,875        2,290        1,
 Trust funds                                      27           197          17



 1 Estimated. 2 Includes preschool incentive grants. 3 Includes programs of
 national significance and special programs for the disadvantaged. 4 Includes
 Pell Grants, Supplemental Education Opportunity Grants and State Student
 Incentive Grants, and Income Contingent Loans. - Data are not available or
 not applicable.
 NOTE: Because of rounding, details may not add to totals.



                              Public Libraries
                     World Almanac questionnaire (1990)


╓┌────────────────────────────┌──────────────────┌────────────┌──────────────
 City                         No. bound Volumes  Circulation  Annual Acquisiti
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Akron, Oh.a (18)             1,200,677          1,953,376    NA
 Albuquerque, N.M.a (11)      610,502            2,283,512    $1,168,447
 Anaheim, Cal.a (4)           383,000            1,361,538    611,212
 Anchorage, Alas. (5)         395,700            1,099,780    662,790
 Arlington, Tex. (5)          321,487            1,238,631    307,336
 Atlanta, Ga. (33)            1,678,750          2,303,681    3,011,362
 Baltimore, Md. (30)          2,289,857          1,532,279    2,418,089
 Baton Rouge, La.a (10)       640,385            1,733,200    1,028,000
 Birmingham, Ala.a (19)       1,092,285          2,072,444    916,174
 Boston, Mass.a (25)          4,916,277          1,454,414    NA
 Buffalo, N.Y.a (53)          3,602,478          6,237,516    2,023,551
 Charlotte, N.C. (19)         1,200,000          2,700,000    1,400,000
 Cincinnati, Oh.a (39)        3,700,000          7,179,389    4,205,140
 City                         No. bound Volumes  Circulation  Annual Acquisiti
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Cincinnati, Oh.a (39)        3,700,000          7,179,389    4,205,140
 Cleveland, Oh. (29)          2,261,043          4,550,994    4,588,427
 Colorado Springs, Col. (13)  743,898            1,649,441    7,945,110
 Columbus, Oh. (20)           1,600,000          4,100,000    4,475,615
 Corpus Christi, Tex.a (4)    293,452            750,138      284,750
 Dallas, Tex. (19)            2,409,864          4,364,027    17,201,527
 Dayton, Oh. (19)             1,500,000          5,239,231    11,000,000
 Denver, Col. (21)            2,239,106          3,396,268    1,856,485
 Des Moines, Ia. (5)          487,444            1,246,350    292,163
 Detroit, Mich. (25)          2,746,021          1,743,314    1,900,000
 District of Columbiaa (25)   1,507,556          1,843,098    1,530,000
 El Paso, Tex. (10)           600,000            1,300,000    3,500,000
 Fairfax, Va. (22)            1,761,264          8,454,714    3,387,721
 Ft. Worth, Tex. (10)         1,126,931          3,356,148    1,157,965
 Fresno, Cal. (33)            1,007,199          1,930,588    449,265
 Honolulu, Ha. (49)           2,310,843          6,454,824    2,886,133
 Indianapolis, Ind. (21)      1,500,000          5,376,388    2,170,167
 Jersey City, N.J.a (11)      744,383            395,266      447,465
 Kansas City, Mo.a (14)       1,346,364          875,040      NA
 City                         No. bound Volumes  Circulation  Annual Acquisiti
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Kansas City, Mo.a (14)       1,346,364          875,040      NA
 Los Angeles, Cal.a (62)      5,663,240          10,382,321   4,469,364
 Louisville, Ky.a (14)        903,084            3,084,620    979,836
 Memphis, Tenn. (23)          1,700,000          2,700,000    3,228,007
 Mesa, Ariz. (2)              517,012            2,301,346    954,245
 Miami, Fla.a (28)            2,386,204          4,200,000    $2,200,000
 Milwaukee, Wis.a (12)        2,051,114          3,382,982    1,360,814
 Minneapolis, Minn. (14)      1,888,934          3,012,111    1,771,400
 Mobile, Ala.a (5)            363,511            949,993      460,513
 Nashville, Tenn.a (16)       608,346            1,945,454    871,515
 New Orleans, La. (15)        1,039,264          1,159,303    750,063
 New York, N.Y. (research)    9,189,489          -            -
 Branches (81)                3,180,866          9,669,316    14,931,000
 Brooklyn (58)                4,637,167          8,610,459    5,133,434
 Queens (61)                  5,500,000          11,320,000   5,500,000
 Norfolk, Va. (11)            880,564            823,908      540,747
 Oklahoma City, Okla. (11)    933,241            4,184,437    1,346,726
 Oakland, Cal.a (16)          907,082            1,627,320    806,836
 Omaha, Neb.a (10)            588,013            1,860,728    892,109
 City                         No. bound Volumes  Circulation  Annual Acquisiti
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Omaha, Neb.a (10)            588,013            1,860,728    892,109
 Philadelphia, Pa. (53)       3,458,700          4,800,000    6,200,000
 Phoenix, Az. (10)            1,683,458          4,529,337    2,500,000
 Pittsburgh, Pa. (18)         1,880,241          2,841,120    13,764,737
 Portland, Ore. (15)          4,000,000          2,000,000    1,400,000
 Richmond, Va. (10)           780,000            858,213      450,000
 Rochester, N.Y. (11)         500,000            1,587,691    7,200,000
 Sacramento, Cal. (24)        1,663,893          3,977,515    2,045,262
 St. Louis, Mo. (18)          1,903,218          7,915,559    2,700,000
 St. Paul, Minn. (12)         740,171            2,414,263    949,246
 San Diego, Cal.a (31)        1,561,232          4,568,116    1,862,547
 San Francisco, Cal.a (26)    1,749,129          2,470,091    NA
 Shreveport, La.a (19)        376,069            956,907      394,686
 Syracuse, N.Y.a (8)          509,386            1,189,319    NA
 Tampa, Fla. (17)             1,100,600          3,200,000    1,800,000
 Toledo, Oh.a (18)            1,500,000          4,400,000    NA
 Tucson, Ariz.a (15)          760,000            3,900,000    NA
 Tulsa, Okla. (20)            825,000            3,236,081    1,419,000
 Wichita, Kan.a (12)          894,942            1,396,667    400,000
 City                         No. bound Volumes  Circulation  Annual Acquisiti
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Wichita, Kan.a (12)          894,942            1,396,667    400,000
 Yonkers, N.Y. (3)            233,532            865,901      481,286



 a Has not provided up-to-date information. Figure in parentheses denotes
 number of branches. NA Not available.



   Preprimary School Enrollment of Children 3 to 5 Years Old: 1970 to 1989
                          U.S. Bureau of the Census


╓┌───────────────┌───────────────┌───────────────┌───────────────┌───────────
                 Number of       Number of       Number of       Number of
                 children        children        children        children
                 (1,000)         (1,000)         (1,000)         (1,000)
                 1970            1980            1985            1987
                 Number of       Number of       Number of       Number of
                 children        children        children        children
                 (1,000)         (1,000)         (1,000)         (1,000)
                 1970            1980            1985            1987
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Population,     10,877          9,284           10,733          10,872
 3-5 years old

 Total Enrolled  4,075           4,878           5,865           5,932
 1

 Nursery         1,093           1,982           2,477           2,555

 Kindergarten    2,982           2,896           3,388           3,377

 White           3,414           3,994           4,757           4,748

 Black           585             725             919             893

 Hispanic        NA              370             496             587
 origin3
                 Number of       Number of       Number of       Number of
                 children        children        children        children
                 (1,000)         (1,000)         (1,000)         (1,000)
                 1970            1980            1985            1987
origin3

 3 years old     454             857             1,035           1,022

 4 years old     1,003           1,423           1,765           1,717

 5 years old     2,617           2,598           3,065           3,192

 Labor Force
 Status of
 Mother

 All races:2     1,345           2,480           3,306           3,422
 With mother in
 labor force4

 3 and 4 years   526             1,252           1,656           1,568
                 Number of       Number of       Number of       Number of
                 children        children        children        children
                 (1,000)         (1,000)         (1,000)         (1,000)
                 1970            1980            1985            1987
3 and 4 years   526             1,252           1,656           1,568
 old

 5 years old     818             1,229           1,649           1,854

 Employed        1,246           2,256           2,999           3,180

 Full-time       770             1,445           1,969           2,085

 Mother not in   2,694           2,266           2,372           2,250
 labor force




 Civilian noninstitutional population. Includes public and non-public nursery
 school and kindergarten programs. Excludes 5 year olds enrolled in
 elementary school.
 NA Not available. 1 Includes children with mothers whose labor force status
 is unknown and children with no mother present in household, not shown
 separately. 2 Includes other races not shown separately. 3 Person of
 Hispanic origin may be of any race. 4 Includes children with mothers who are
 unemployed, not shown separately.


     Characteristics of Private Elementary and Secondary Schools: 1986
     National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Dept. of Education.


╓┌─────────────────────┌───────┌────────────────┌────────────────┌───────────
                               Level of School  Level of School  Level of Scho
 Item                  Total   Elementary       Secondary        Combined
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Number of schools     25,616  15,303           2,438            4,949
 Percent Distribution
 Minority enrollment:
 Less than 5 percent   38.9    45.1             27.8             37.1
 5 to 14 percent       22.4    19.8             36.1             23.4
                               Level of School  Level of School  Level of Scho
 Item                  Total   Elementary       Secondary        Combined
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
5 to 14 percent       22.4    19.8             36.1             23.4
 15 to 24 percent      10.6    7.7              14.4             11.6
 25 to 49 percent      10.0    7.8              11.8             5.1
 50 to 89 percent      9.9     9.2              4.4              18.2
 90 percent or more    8.1     10.4             5.4              4.6
 Annual tuition:
 Less than $500        13.0    18.8             4.8              5.4
 $500 to $1,000        27.9    35.1             4.4              29.6
 $1,001 to $1,500      26.4    29.1             34.4             22.7
 $1,501 to $2,500      14.6    8.3              28.7             18.0
 More than $2,500      18.2    8.8              27.8             24.4
 Mean enrollment       234     218              541              211






                     Tuition and College Costs 1990-91

 Based on the Peterson's Guides Annual Survey of Undergraduate Institutions,
 the average cost of tuition, mandatory fees, and college room and board at
 four-year private colleges is $11,269. The average cost at four-year public
 colleges is $4,711 for state residents and $7,582 for nonresidents. Two-year
 public colleges are the least expensive group of institutions; tuition and
 fees average $924 for state residents and $3,036 for nonresidents. Tuition
 and fees at two-year private colleges average $4,877.

 The most expensive four-year institutions, including tuition, mandatory
 fees, and college room and board, are Bennington College ($21,550); Sarah
 Lawrence College ($21,490); Barnard College ($21,344); Brandeis University
 ($21,289); Boston University ($21,105); Columbia University, School of
 Engineering and Applied Science ($21,062); Tufts University ($20,987); Bard
 College ($20,870); Brown University ($20,851); and Yale University
 ($20,820). Bennington College has the highest tuition of all four-year
 undergraduate institutions ($17,790). The least expensive are the U.S.
 service academies, which are all free.

           Public High School Graduation and Dropout Rates, 1988
     National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Dept. of Education


╓┌───────┌───────────┌───────────┌────────┌──────────────────────────────────╖
         Graduation  Graduation  Dropout  Dropout
         rate        rank        rate     rank
 ──────────────────────────────────────────────────
 U.S.    72.6%       28.4%
 Ala.    74.1        (29)        25.9     (23)
 Alaska  69.8        (38)        31.2     (14)
 Ariz.   66.6        (44)        33.4     (8)
 Ark.    78.7        (15)        21.3     (37)
 Calif.  68.5        (41)        31.5     (11)
 Colo.   76.5        (24)        23.5     (28)
 Conn.   82.2        (9)         17.8     (43)
 Del.    69.8        (37)        30.2     (15)
 D.C.    60.2        (51)        39.8     (1)
 Fla.    63.0        (49)        27.0     (3)
 Ga.     63.4        (48)        26.6     (4)
 Hawaii  81.7        (10)        28.3     (42)
 Idaho   76.8        (23)        23.2     (29)
         Graduation  Graduation  Dropout  Dropout
         rate        rank        rate     rank
 ──────────────────────────────────────────────────
Idaho   76.8        (23)        23.2     (29)
 Ill.    78.2        (16)        21.8     (36)
 Ind.    78.1        (17)        21.9     (35)
 Iowa    86.9        (3)         13.1     (49)
 Kan.    82.7        (8)         17.3     (44)
 Ky.     69.1        (39)        30.9     (13)
 La.     61.6        (50)        38.4     (2)
 Me.     77.7        (19)        22.3     (33)
 Md.     76.1        (26)        23.9     (26)
 Mass.   69.9        (36)        30.1     (16)
 Mich.   72.9        (33)        27.1     (19)
 Minn.   89.5        (1)         10.5     (51)
 Miss.   67.5        (43)        22.5     (9)
 Mo.     75.5        (27)        24.5     (25)
 Mont.   84.7        (6)         15.3     (46)
 Neb.    85.9        (5)         14.1     (47)
 Nev.    73.0        (32)        27.0     (20)
 N.H.    77.2        (21)        22.8     (31)
         Graduation  Graduation  Dropout  Dropout
         rate        rank        rate     rank
 ──────────────────────────────────────────────────
N.H.    77.2        (21)        22.8     (31)
 N.J.    80.4        (14)        19.6     (38)
 N.M.    73.4        (31)        26.6     (21)
 N.Y.    66.3        (45)        33.7     (7)
 N.C.    68.0        (42)        32.0     (10)
 N.D.    88.3        (2)         11.7     (50)
 Ohio    76.4        (25)        23.6     (27)
 Okla.   74.0        (30)        26.0     (22)
 Ore.    71.7        (34)        28.3     (18)
 Penn.   81.1        (13)        18.9     (39)
 R.I.    70.5        (35)        29.5     (17)
 S.C.    65.2        (46)        34.8     (6)
 S.D.    86.7        (4)         13.3     (48)
 Tenn.   68.6        (40)        31.4     (12)
 Tex.    64.9        (47)        35.1     (5)
 Utah    81.3        (11)        18.7     (41)
 Vt.     81.2        (12)        18.8     (40)
 Va.     74.6        (28)        25.4     (24)
         Graduation  Graduation  Dropout  Dropout
         rate        rank        rate     rank
 ──────────────────────────────────────────────────
Va.     74.6        (28)        25.4     (24)
 Wash.   78.0        (18)        22.0     (34)
 W.V.    76.8        (22)        23.2     (30)
 Wis.    83.3        (7)         16.7     (45)
 Wyo.    77.5        (20)        22.5     (32)





 College Enrollment and Labor Force Status of Recent High School Graduates
 and Dropouts
                         Bureau of Labor Statistics


╓┌───────────────────┌───────────────────┌───────────────────┌───────────────
                     Total               Total               Total
 School enrollment   Civilian            Labor force         Unemployment rate
                     Total               Total               Total
 School enrollment   Civilian            Labor force         Unemployment rate
 status              noninstitutional    participation rate
                     population (1,000)
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 1978

 High school         3,178               64.5                13.8
 graduates

 Enrolled in         1,593               42.9                13.0
 college

 Not enrolled in     1,585               86.3                14.0
 college

 High school         839                 68.8                27.6
 dropouts

 1988

                     Total               Total               Total
 School enrollment   Civilian            Labor force         Unemployment rate
 status              noninstitutional    participation rate
                     population (1,000)

 High school         2,673               62.7                13.5
 graduates

 Enrolled in         1,575               47.4                11.6
 college

 Not enrolled in     1,098               84.7                15.1
 college

 High school         552                 59.2                26.7
 dropouts




 A record 59 percent of high school graduates in 1988 were enrolled in
 college by October 1988.The percentage of high school graduates going on to
 college has risen nearly 10 percent over the past decade. The college
 enrollment rate of black high school graduates (45 percent) has remained
 below that of whites (61 percent) and hispanics (57 percent). About 100,000
 graduates not in college were enrolled in at least one vocational education
 course. These courses include secretarial, trade, or technical classes.



           Institutions of Higher Education-Charges: 1970 to 1990
     National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Dept. of Education.


╓┌────────────────────┌────────────────────┌────────────────────┌────────────
                      Tuition and          Tuition and          Tuition and
                      Required Fees        Required Fees        Required Fees
 Academic Control     All institutions     2-yr. colleges       4-yr. universi
 and year
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Public:

                      Tuition and          Tuition and          Tuition and
                      Required Fees        Required Fees        Required Fees
 Academic Control     All institutions     2-yr. colleges       4-yr. universi
 and year
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 1970                 $323                 $178                 $427

 1975                 432                  277                  599

 1980                 583                  355                  840

 1985                 971                  584                  1,386

 1989                 1,285                730                  1,846

 1990 est.            1,367                758                  2,006

 Private:

 1970                 1,533                1,034                1,809
                      Tuition and          Tuition and          Tuition and
                      Required Fees        Required Fees        Required Fees
 Academic Control     All institutions     2-yr. colleges       4-yr. universi
 and year
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
1970                 1,533                1,034                1,809

 1975                 2,117                1,367                2,614

 1980                 3,130                2,062                3,811

 1985                 5,314                3,485                6,843

 1989                 7,461                4,817                9,451

 1990 est.            8,174                5,324                10,400




 Data are for the entire academic year ending in year shown. Figures for 1970
 are average charges for full-time resident degree-credit students; figures
 for later years are average charges per full-time equivalent student. Room
 and board are based on full-time students.



 Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) Mean Scores and Characteristics of College
 Bound Seniors: 1970 to 1989
                     College Entrance Examination Board
                   (For school year ending in year shown)


╓┌───────────────────────────────────┌────────┌─────┌─────┌─────┌─────┌─────┌
 Type of Test and Characteristic     Unit     1970  1975  1980  1981  1982  19
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Test Scores1
 Verbal, total1                      Point    460   434   424   424   426   42
 Male                                Point    459   437   428   430   431   43
 Female                              Point    461   431   420   418   421   42
 Math, total2                        Point    488   472   466   466   467   47
 Male                                Point    509   495   491   492   493   49
 Type of Test and Characteristic     Unit     1970  1975  1980  1981  1982  19
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Male                                Point    509   495   491   492   493   49
 Female                              Point    465   449   443   443   443   44
 Participants
 Total                               NA       NA    996   992   994   989   96
 Male                                Percent  NA    49.9  48.2  48.0  48.1  48
 White                               Percent  NA    86.0  82.1  81.9  81.7  80
 Black                               Percent  NA    7.9   9.1   9.0   8.9   9.
 Obtaining scores1 of-600 or above:
 Verbal                              Percent  NA    7.9   7.2   7.0   7.1   7.
 Math                                Percent  NA    15.6  15.1  14.4  15.3  17
 Below 400:
 Verbal                              Percent  NA    37.8  41.8  41.6  40.2  40
 Math                                Percent  NA    28.5  30.2  29.5  29.5  29



 NA Not available. 1 Minimum score, 200; maximum score, 800. 2 1967 and 1970
 are estimates based on total number of persons taking SAT.



 American College Testing (ACT) Program Mean Scores and Characteristics of
 College-Bound Students: 1970 to 1989
                    The American College Testing Program
                Data for academic year ending in year shown.


╓┌───────────────────────────────────┌───────────────────────────────┌─────┌─
 Type of Test and Mean Test Scores1  Unit                            1970  197
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Composite                           Point                           19.9  18.
 Male                                Point                           20.3  19.
 Female                              Point                           19.4  17.
 English                             Point                           18.5  17.
 Male                                Point                           17.6  17.
 Female                              Point                           19.4  18.
 Math                                Point                           20.0  17.
 Male                                Point                           21.1  19.
 Female                              Point                           18.8  16.
 Social Studies                      Point                           19.7  17.
 Type of Test and Mean Test Scores1  Unit                            1970  197
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Social Studies                      Point                           19.7  17.
 Male                                Point                           20.3  18.
 Female                              Point                           19.0  16.
 Natural Science                     Point                           20.8  21.
 Male                                Point                           21.6  22.
 Female                              Point                           20.0  20.
 Participants
 Total                               1,000                           788   714
 Male                                Percent                         52    46
 White                               Percent                         (NA)  77
 Black                               Percent                         4     7
 Obtaining composite scores of-      Obtaining composite scores of-
 26 or above                         Percent                         14    14
 15 or below                         Percent                         21    33



 (NA) Not available. 1 Minimum score, 1; maximum score, 36. 2 Test scores and
 characteristics of college-bound students based on a 10% sample through
 1984. Begining in 1985, these data are now based on the performance of all
 ACT-tested students who graduated in the spring of a given school year and
 who took the ACT Assessment during junior or senior year of high school.



              College Faculty Salaries and Benefits: 1970-1989
 Annual Report on the Economic Status of the Profession, American Assn. of
 University Professors
                           (thousands of dollars)


╓┌──────────────────────────────────┌─────┌─────┌─────┌─────┌─────┌─────┌────
 Type of control and academic rank  1970  1975  1980  1981  1982  1983  1984
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Average Salaries
 Public: All ranks                  13.1  16.6  22.1  23.9  26.2  28.6  29.4
 Professor                          17.3  21.7  28.8  31.0  33.7  36.0  37.1
 Associate professor                13.2  16.7  21.9  23.4  25.7  27.5  28.4
 Assistant professor                10.9  13.7  18.0  19.2  21.2  22.6  23.5
 Instructor                         9.1   11.2  14.8  15.1  16.7  17.7  19.1
 Type of control and academic rank  1970  1975  1980  1981  1982  1983  1984
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Instructor                         9.1   11.2  14.8  15.1  16.7  17.7  19.1
 Private:1 All ranks                13.1  16.6  22.1  24.4  26.8  29.2  31.1
 Professor                          17.8  22.4  30.1  32.7  35.8  38.8  41.5
 Associate professor                12.6  16.0  21.0  23.1  25.4  27.5  29.4
 Assistant professor                10.3  13.0  17.0  18.4  20.4  22.1  23.7
 Instructor                         8.6   10.9  13.3  14.4  15.9  17.6  18.4
 Average fringe benefits
 All ranks combined:
 Public                             1.9   2.5   3.9   4.7   5.1   5.4   6.0
 Private1                           2.2   2.8   4.1   4.9   5.4   5.7   6.4



 [lsqb  ]For academic year ending in year shown. Figures are for 9 months
 teaching for full-time faculty members in four-year colleges and
 universities.[rsqb  ]
 1 Excludes church-related colleges and universities.




                         College Freshmen Attitudes

 Six out of every seven college freshmen believe that "the federal government
 is not doing enough to control environmental pollution," according to the
 24th annual survey of entering college freshmen conducted jointly by the
 Univ. of California at Los Angeles's Higher Education Research Inst. and the
 American Council on Education. For the 5th consecutive year, student concern
 for the environment increased, with 86.3 percent of freshmen endorsing the
 statement in 1989, compared with 83.9 percent in 1988 and 80.9 percent in
 1987.

 Support for legalized abortion, which has remained fairly stable (between 53
 and 59 percent) since 1977, jumped sharply between the 1988 and 1989
 surveys, from 57.0 to 64.7 percent.

 Survey results also suggest a growing tendency toward greater student
 activism. The share of freshmen who participated in organized demonstrations
 during the year prior to entering college reached a high of 36.7 percent,
 which is greater than the percentages observed during the late 1960s. At the
 same time, the percentage of freshmen who said that there is a "very good
 chance" that they will participate in student protests or demonstrations in
 college also reached an all-time high of 6.3 percent, up from 5.4 percent in
 1988 and 4.7 percent in 1967. An all-time high of 44.1 percent of students
 reported that it is a "very important" goal for them to "influence social
 values." Almost one-fourth of the students cited participation in community
 action programs as a very important goal, up from 18.5 percent in 1986,
 while 35.3 percent cited "helping to promote racial understanding" as an
 important goal, up from 27.2 percent in 1986. A record high of 19.9 percent
 of freshmen reported "influencing the political structure" as a major goal.

 Support for legislation prohibiting homosexual behavior dropped to 45.4
 percent in 1989, down from 49.0 in 1988. Support for a national health care
 plan to cover health care costs increased sharply to 75.8 percent, compared
 to 60.5 percent in 1985. Considering a question asked for the first time,
 78.2 percent of students endorsed greater governmental efforts to control
 the sale of handguns. Support for the abolition of the death penalty
 continued its sharp decline, with 21.3 percent opposing the penalty,
 compared to 23.0 in 1988 and 57.6 percent in 1971.

 Students' aspirations for advanced degrees reached a record high of 59.6
 percent in 1989, up from 48.8 percent in 1980. At the same time, the numbers
 of students who say that "to prepare for graduate or professional school" is
 a major reason for attending college reached an all-time high of 51.5
 percent.

 The 1989 national survey involves questionnaires completed by 295,966 new
 freshmen entering 587 two-and four-year colleges and universities. Of these,
 216,362 questionnaires from 403 institutions were used to compute the 1989
 national norms, which were statistically adjusted to represent the nation's
 total population of approximately 1.6 million first-time, full-time entering
 students.  first-time, full-time entering students.


                                METEOROLOGY


               National Weather Service Watches and Warnings

 National Weather Service, NOAA, U.S. Commerce Department; Glossary of
 Meteorology, American Meteorological Society
 National Weather Service forecasters issue a Tornado Watch for a specific
 area where tornadoes are most likely to occur during the valid time of the
 watch. A Watch alerts people to check for threatening weather, make plans
 for action, and listen for a Tornado Warning. A Tornado Warning means that a
 tornado has been sighted or indicated by radar, and that safety precautions
 should be taken at once. A Hurricane Watch means that an existing hurricane
 poses a threat to coastal and inland communities in the area specified by
 the Watch. A Hurricane Warning means hurricane force winds and/or
 dangerously high water and exceptionally high waves are expected in a
 specified coastal area within 24 hours.

 Tornado--A violent rotating column of air in contact with the ground and
 pendant from a thundercloud, usually recognized as a funnel-shaped vortex
 accompanied by a loud roar. With rotating winds est. up to 300 mph., on a
 local scale, it is the most destructive storm. Tornado paths have varied in
 length from a few feet to nearly 300 miles (avg. 5 mi.); diameter from a few
 feet to over a mile (average 220 yards); average forward speed, 30 mph.

 Cyclone--An atmospheric circulation of winds rotating counterclockwise in
 the northern hemisphere and clockwise in the southern hemisphere. Tornadoes,
 hurricanes, and the lows shown on weather maps are all examples of cyclones
 having various sizes and intensities. Cyclones are usually accompanied by
 precipitation or stormy weather.

 Hurricane--A severe cyclone originating over tropical ocean waters and
 having winds 74 miles an hour or higher. (In the western Pacific, such
 storms are known as typhoons.) The area of strong winds takes the form of a
 circle or an oval, sometimes as much as 500 miles in diameter. In the lower
 latitudes hurricanes usually move toward the west or northwest at 10 to 15
 mph. When the center approaches 25 deg to 30 deg North Latitude, direction
 of motion often changes to northeast, with increased forward speed.

 Blizzard--A severe weather condition characterized  by strong winds bearing
 a great amount of snow. The National Weather Service specifies a wind of 35
 miles an hour or higher, and sufficient falling and/or blowing snow to
 reduce visibility to less than 1/4 of a mile for a duration of three hours
 or longer.

 Severe Thunderstorm--A thunderstorm with winds of 58 mph. or greater and/or
 hail three-fourths of an inch or larger in diameter.

 Flood--The condition that occurs when water overflows the natural or
 artificial confines of a stream or other body of water, or accumulates by
 drainage over low-lying areas.


          National Weather Service Marine Warnings and Advisories

 Small Craft Advisory: A Small Craft Advisory alerts mariners to sustained
 (exceeding two hours) weather and/or sea conditions either present or
 forecast, potentially hazardous to small boats. Hazardous conditions may
 include winds of 18 to 33 knots and/or dangerous wave or inlet conditions.
 It is the responsibility of the mariner, based on his experience and size or
 type of boat, to determine if the conditions are hazardous. When a mariner
 becomes aware of a Small Craft Advisory, he should immediately obtain the
 latest marine forecast to determine the reason for the Advisory.

 Gale Warning indicates that winds within the range 34 to 47 knots are
 forecast for the area.

 Tropical Storm Warning indicates that winds of 34 to 63 knots are forecast
 in a specified coastal area in 24 hours or less. Only issued for winds
 produced by tropical weather systems.

 Storm Warning indicates that winds 48 knots and above, no matter how high
 the speed, are forecast for the area.

 Hurricane Warning indicates that winds 64 knots and above are forecast for
 the area. Only issued for winds produced by tropical weather systems.

 Special Marine Warning: A warning for potentially hazardous weather
 conditions, usually of short duration (2 hours or less) and producing wind
 speeds of 34 knots or more, not adequately covered by existing marine
 warnings.

 Primary sources of dissemination are commercial radio, TV, U.S. Coast Guard
 Radio stations, and NOAA VHF-FM broadcasts. These broadcasts on 162.40 to
 162.55 MHz can usually be received 20-40 miles from the transmitting antenna
 site, depending on terrain and quality of the receiver used. Where
 transmitting antennas are on high ground, the range is somewhat greater,
 reaching 60 miles or more.

                         Speed of Winds in the U.S.
    Natl. Climatic Data Center, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce
 Miles per hour -- average through 1989. High through 1989. Wind velocities
 in true values.


╓┌─────────────────────┌─────┌───────────────────────────────────────────────╖
 Station               Avg.  High
 ─────────────────────────────────────
 Albuquerque, N.M.     9.0   90
 Anchorage, Alas.      6.9   75
 Atlanta, Ga.          9.1   60
 Baltimore, Md.        9.2   80
 Bismarck, N.D.        10.2  (b)72
 Boston, Mass.         12.5  61
 Buffalo, N.Y.         12.0  91
 Cape Hatteras, N.C.   11.2  (b)110
 Casper, Wyo.          12.9  81
 Chicago, Ill.         10.3  58
 Cleveland, Oh.        10.6  (b)74
 Dallas, Tex.          10.9  73
 Denver, Col.          8.7   (b)56
 Detroit, Mich.        10.3  48
 Galveston, Tex.       11.0  (d)100
 Station               Avg.  High
 ─────────────────────────────────────
Galveston, Tex.       11.0  (d)100
 Helena, Mont.         7.7   73
 Honolulu, Ha.         11.4  (b)67
 Houston, Tex.         7.9   51
 Indianapolis, Ind.    9.6   46
 Jacksonville, Fla.    8.0   (b)82
 Kansas City, Mo.      10.7  70
 Lexington, Ky.        9.3   46
 Little Rock, Ark.     7.9   65
 Los Angeles, Cal.     6.2   49
 Louisville, Ky.       8.3   61
 Memphis, Tenn.        8.9   46
 Miami, Fla.           9.3   (a)74
 Milwaukee, Wis.       11.6  54
 Minneapolis, Minn.    10.6  (b)92
 Mobile, Ala.          9.0   63
 Mt. Washington, N.H.  35.3  231
 New Orleans, La.      8.2   (b)98
 New York, N.Y.(c)     9.4   70
 Station               Avg.  High
 ─────────────────────────────────────
New York, N.Y.(c)     9.4   70
 Omaha, Neb.           10.6  109
 Philadelphia, Pa.     9.5   73
 Phoenix, Ariz.        6.3   86
 Pittsburgh, Pa.       9.1   58
 Portland, Ore.        7.9   88
 St. Louis, Mo.        9.7   (b)60
 Salt Lake City, Ut.   8.8   71
 San Diego, Cal.       6.9   56
 San Francisco, Cal.   8.7   47
 Seattle, Wash.        9.0   66
 Spokane, Wash.        8.9   59
 Washington, D.C.      9.3   78



 a Highest velocity ever recorded in Miami area was 132 mph, at formerstation
 in Miami Beach in September, 1926. b Previous location. c Datafor Central
 Park, Battery Place data through 1960, avg. 14.5, high 113.d Recorded before
 anemometer blew away. Estimated high 120.




                      The Meaning of "One Inch of Rain"

 An acre of ground contains 43,560 square feet. Consequently, a rainfall of 1
 inch over 1 acre of ground would mean a total of 6,272,640 cubic inches of
 water. This is equivalent of 3,630 cubic feet.

 As a cubic foot of pure water weights about 62.4 pounds, the exact amount
 varying with the density, it follows that the weight of a uniform coating of
 1 inch of rain over 1 acre of surface would be 226,512 pounds, or about 113
 short tons. The weight of 1 U.S. gallon of pure water is about 8.345 pounds.
 Consequently a rainfall of 1 inch over 1 acre of ground would mean 27,143
 gallons of water.


                           Tides and Their Causes

         NOAA, National Ocean Service, U.S. Department of Commerce
 The tides are a natural phenomenon involving the alternating rise and fall
 in the large fluid bodies of the earth caused by the combined gravitational
 attraction of the sun and moon. The combination of these two variable force
 influences produces the complex recurrent cycle of the tides. Tides may
 occur in both oceans and seas, to a limited extent in large lakes, the
 atmosphere, and, to a very minute degree, in the earth itself. The period
 between succeeding tides varies as the result of many factors and force
 influences.

 The tide-generating force represents the difference between (1) the
 centrifugal force produced by the revolution of the earth around the common
 center-of-gravity of the earth-moon system and (2) the gravitational
 attraction of the moon acting upon the earth's overlying waters. Since, on
 the average, the moon is only 238,852 miles from the earth compared with the
 sun's much greater distance of 92,956,000 miles, this closer distance
 outranks the much smaller mass of the moon compared with that of the sun,
 and the moon's tide-raising force is, accordingly, 2[frac15] times that of
 the sun.

 The effect of the tide-generating forces of the moon and sun acting
 tangentially to the earth's surface (the so-called "tractive force") tends
 to cause a maximum accumulation of the waters of the oceans at two
 diametrically opposite positions on the surface of the earth and to withdraw
 compensating amounts of water from all points 90 deg removed from the
 positions of these tidal bulges. As the earth rotates beneath the maxima and
 minima of these tide-generating forces, a sequence of two high tides,
 separated by two low tides, ideally is produced each day.

 Twice in each lunar month, when the sun, moon, and earth are directly
 aligned, with the moon between the earth and the sun (at new moon) or on the
 opposite side of the earth from the sun (at full moon), the sun and the moon
 exert their gravitational force in a mutual or additive fashion. Higher high
 tides and lower low tides are produced. These are called spring tides. At
 two positions 90 deg in between, the gravitational forces of the moon and
 sun -- imposed at right angles --tend to counteract each other to the
 greatest extent, and the range between high and low tides is reduced. These
 are called neap tides. This semi-monthly variation between the spring and
 neap tides is called the phase inequality.

 The inclination of the moon's orbit to the equator also produces a
 difference in the height of succeeding high tides and in the extent of
 depression of succeeding low tides which is known as the diurnal inequality.
 In extreme cases, this phenomenon can result in only one high tide and one
 low tide each day.

 The actual range of tide in the waters of the open ocean may amount to only
 one or two feet. However, as this tide approaches shoal waters and its
 effects are augmented the tidal range may be greatly increased. In Nova
 Scotia along the narrow channel of the Bay of Fundy, the range of tides or
 difference between high and low waters, may reach 431/2 feet or more (under
 spring tide conditions) due to resonant amplification.

 At New Orleans, the periodic rise and fall of the tide varies with the state
 of the Mississippi, being about 10 inches at low stage and zero at high. The
 Canadian Tide Tables for 1972 gave a maximum range of nearly 50 feet at Leaf
 Basin, Ungava Bay, Quebec.

 In every case, actual high or low tide can vary considerably from the
 average, due to weather conditions such as strong winds, abrupt barometric
 pressure changes, or prolonged periods of extreme high or low pressure.

                     The Average Rise and Fall of Tides


╓┌─────────────────────┌────┌────────────────────────────────────────────────╖
 Places                Ft.  In.
 ─────────────────────────────────
 Baltimore, Md.        1    1
 Boston, Mass.         9    6
 Charleston, S.C.      5    3
 Cristobal, Panama     1    11
 Eastport, Me.         18   4
 Galveston, Tex.       1    51
 Halifax, N.S.         4    5
 Key West, Fla.        1    101
 Mobile, Ala.          1    61
 New London, Conn.     2    7
 Newport, R.I.         3    6
 New York, N.Y.        4    7
 Old Pt. Comfort, Va.  2    6
 Philadelphia, Pa.     6    2
 Portland, Me.         9    1
 St. John's, Nfld.     2    7
 Places                Ft.  In.
 ─────────────────────────────────
St. John's, Nfld.     2    7
 San Diego, Cal.       5    91
 Sandy Hook, N.J.      4    8
 San Francisco, Cal.   5    101
 Savannah, Ga.         7    5
 Seattle, Wash.        11   41
 Tampa, Fla.           2    101
 Vancouver, B.C.       10   61
 Washington, D.C.      2    9



 1 Diurnal range.




                          Hurricane Names in 1991

 U.S. government agencies responsible for weather and related communications
 have used girls' names to identify major tropical storms since 1953. A U.S.
 proposal that both male and female names be adopted for hurricanes, starting
 in 1979, was accepted by a committee of the World Meteorological
 Organization.

 Names assigned to Atlantic hurricanes, 1991 -- Ana, Bob, Claudette, Danny,
 Elena, Fabian, Gloria, Henri, Isabel, Juan, Kate, Larry, Mindy, Nicholas,
 Odette, Peter, Rose, Sam, Teresa, Victor, Wanda.

 Names assigned to Eastern Pacific hurricanes, 1991 -- Andres, Blanca,
 Carlos, Dolores, Enrique, Fefa, Guillermo, Hilda, Ignacio, Jimena, Kevin,
 Linda, Marty, Nora, Olaf, Pauline, Rick, Sandra, Terry, Vivian, Waldo.


                             Hurricane Hotlines

 When tropical storms or hurricanes threaten, you will be able to get updates
 on the telephone from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
 Recorded messages will identify areas under a hurricane watch or warning,
 the location of the storm, its forecast movement and wind speeds and tidal
 effects.

 Two Hurricane Hotlines will be set up, one to be activated when hurricanes
 or tropical storms threaten the Eastern and Gulf Coast states, another for
 Hawaii. The number for the East Coast hot line is [phone] (or NOAA).
 For Hawaii, the number is [phone] (or CANE).

 Callers will be billed 50 cents for the first minute and 45 cents for each
 additional minute. The average call is expected to cost about 85 cents.


                     Explanation of Normal Temperatures

 Normal temperatures listed in the tables on pages 242 and 243 are based on
 records of the National Weather Service for the 30-year period from
 1951-1980 inclusive. To obtain the average maximum or minimum temperature
 for any month, the daily temperatures are added; the total is then divided
 by the number of days in that month.

 The normal maximum temperature for January, for example, is obtained by
 adding the average maximums for Jan., 1951, Jan., 1952, etc., through Jan.,
 1980. The total is then divided by 30. The normal minimum temperature is
 obtained in a similar manner by adding the average minimums for each January
 in the 30-year period and dividing by 30. The normal temperature for January
 is one half of the sum for the normal maximum and minimum temperatures for
 that month. The mean temperature for any one day is one-half the total of
 the maximum and minimum temperatures for that day.

                Monthly Normal Temperature and Precipitation
   Natl. Climatic Data Center, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce


╓┌─────────────────────────┌─────┌─────┌─────┌─────┌─────┌─────┌─────┌─────┌─
                           Jan.  Jan.  Feb.  Feb.  Mar.  Mar.  Apr.  Apr.  May
 Station                   T.    P.    T.    P.    T.    P.    T.    P.    T.
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Albany, N.Y.              21    2.4   23    2.3   34    3.0   47    2.9   58
 Albuquerque, N.M.         35    0.4   39    0.4   46    0.5   55    0.4   64
 Anchorage, Alas.          13    0.8   18    0.9   24    0.7   35    0.7   46
 Asheville, N.C.           37    3.5   39    3.6   46    5.1   56    3.8   63
 Atlanta, Ga.              42    4.9   45    4.4   53    5.9   62    4.4   69

                           Jan.  Jan.  Feb.  Feb.  Mar.  Mar.  Apr.  Apr.  May
 Station                   T.    P.    T.    P.    T.    P.    T.    P.    T.
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Atlantic City, N.J.       34    3.3   35    3.2   42    3.7   51    3.1   60
 Baltimore, Md.            33    3.0   35    3.0   43    3.7   54    3.4   63
 Barrow, Alas.             -14   0.2   -20   0.2   -16   0.2   -2    0.2   19
 Birmingham, Ala.          42    5.2   46    4.7   54    6.6   63    5.0   70
 Bismarck, N.D.            7     0.5   15    0.5   26    0.7   43    1.5   55
 Boise, Ida.               30    1.6   36    1.1   41    1.0   49    1.2   57
 Boston, Mass.             30    4.0   31    3.7   38    4.1   49    3.7   59
 Buffalo, N.Y.             24    3.0   25    2.4   33    3.0   45    3.0   56
 Burlington, Vt.           17    1.9   18    1.7   29    2.2   43    2.8   55
 Caribou, Me.              11    2.4   13    2.1   24    2.4   37    2.6   50
 Charleston, S.C.          49    3.3   51    3.4   57    4.4   66    2.6   73







                           Jan.  Jan.  Feb.  Feb.  Mar.  Mar.  Apr.  Apr.  May
 Station                   T.    P.    T.    P.    T.    P.    T.    P.    T.
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Detroit, Mich.            23    1.9   26    1.7   35    2.5   47    3.2   58
 Dodge City, Kan.          30    0.5   35    0.5   42    1.5   54    1.8   64
 Duluth, Minn.             6     1.2   12    0.9   23    1.8   38    2.2   50
 Eureka, Cal.*             47    7.0   49    5.2   48    5.1   49    2.9   52



































                           Jan.  Jan.  Feb.  Feb.  Mar.  Mar.  Apr.  Apr.  May
 Station                   T.    P.    T.    P.    T.    P.    T.    P.    T.
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Juneau, Alas.             22    3.7   28    3.7   31    3.3   39    2.9   46
 Kansas City, Mo.          26    1.0   32    1.0   42    2.1   55    2.7   65
 Knoxville, Tenn.          38    4.7   42    4.2   50    5.5   60    3.9   67
 Lander, Wyo.              20    0.5   26    0.6   32    1.1   42    2.2   53
 Lexington, Ky.            32    3.6   35    3.3   44    4.8   55    4.0   64
 Little Rock, Ark.         40    3.9   44    3.8   52    4.7   62    5.4   71
 Los Angeles, Cal.*        57    3.7   59    3.0   60    2.4   62    1.2   65
 Louisville, Ky.           33    3.4   36    3.2   45    4.7   57    4.1   65
 Marquette, Mich.*         12    2.0   14    1.9   23    2.8   37    3.6   50
 Memphis, Tenn.            40    4.6   44    4.3   52    5.4   63    5.8   71
 Miami, Fla.               67    2.1   68    2.1   72    1.9   75    3.1   79
 Milwaukee, Wis.           19    1.6   23    1.3   32    2.6   45    3.4   55
 Minneapolis, Minn.        11    0.8   18    0.9   29    1.7   46    2.1   59





                           Jan.  Jan.  Feb.  Feb.  Mar.  Mar.  Apr.  Apr.  May
 Station                   T.    P.    T.    P.    T.    P.    T.    P.    T.
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 New Orleans, La.          52    5.0   55    5.2   61    4.7   69    4.5   75
 New York, N.Y.*           32    3.2   33    3.1   41    4.2   53    3.8   62
 Nome, Alas.               9     0.8   3     0.5   7     0.6   18    0.6   36
 Norfolk, Va.              40    3.7   41    3.3   49    3.9   58    2.9   67
 Okla. City, Okla.         36    1.0   41    1.3   49    2.1   60    2.9   68
 Omaha, Neb.               19    0.8   25    0.9   35    1.9   50    2.9   62












                           Jan.  Jan.  Feb.  Feb.  Mar.  Mar.  Apr.  Apr.  May
 Station                   T.    P.    T.    P.    T.    P.    T.    P.    T.



















                           Jan.  Jan.  Feb.  Feb.  Mar.  Mar.  Apr.  Apr.  May
 Station                   T.    P.    T.    P.    T.    P.    T.    P.    T.
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 St. Louis, Mo.            29    1.7   34    2.1   43    3.3   56    3.6   66
 Salt Lake City, Ut.       29    1.4   34    1.3   41    1.7   49    2.2   59
 San Antonio, Tex.         50    1.6   54    1.9   62    1.3   70    2.7   76
 San Diego, Cal.           57    2.1   58    1.4   59    1.6   61    0.8   63
 San Francisco, Cal.       49    4.7   52    3.2   53    2.6   55    1.5   58
 San Juan, P.R.            77    3.0   77    2.0   78    2.3   80    3.6   79
 Sault Ste. Marie, Mich.*  13    2.2   14    1.7   24    2.0   38    2.4   50
 Savannah, Ga.             49    3.1   52    3.2   58    3.8   66    3.2   73
 Seattle, Wash.            39    6.0   43    4.2   44    3.6   49    2.4   55
 Spokane, Wash.            26    2.5   32    1.6   38    1.4   46    1.1   54
 Springfield, Mo.          32    1.6   36    2.1   45    3.4   56    4.0   65
 Syracuse, N.Y.            23    2.6   24    2.7   33    3.1   46    3.3   57
 Tampa, Fla.               60    2.2   61    3.0   66    3.5   72    1.8   77
 Washington, D.C           31    2.8   34    2.6   42    3.4   53    3.1   62
 Wilmington, Del.          31    3.1   33    3.0   42    3.9   52    3.4   62



 These normals are based on records for the 30-year period 1951 to1980
 inclusive. (See explanation on page 241.) For stations that didnot have
 continuous records from the same instrument site for the entire30 years, the
 means have been adjusted to the record at the present site.
 Airport station; *city office stations. T, temperature in Fahrenheit; P,
 precipitation in inches; L, less than .05 inch.



              Normal Temperatures, Highs, Lows, Precipitation
   Natl. Climatic Data Center, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce


╓┌──────────────┌────────────────────┌───────────────────┌───────────────────
                                     Normal temperature  Normal temperature  N
 State          Station              January             January             J
                                     Max.                Min.                M
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Alabama        Mobile               61                  41                  9
 Alabama        Montgomery           57                  36                  9
 Alaska         Juneau               27                  16                  6
                                     Normal temperature  Normal temperature  N
 State          Station              January             January             J
                                     Max.                Min.                M
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Alaska         Juneau               27                  16                  6
 Arizona        Phoenix              65                  39                  1
 Arkansas       Little Rock          50                  30                  9
 California     Los Angeles*         67                  48                  8
 California     San Francisco        55                  42                  7
 Colorado       Denver               43                  16                  8
 Connecticut    Hartford             34                  17                  8
 Delaware       Wilmington           39                  23                  8
 Dist. of Col.  Washington           43                  28                  8
 Florida        Jacksonville         65                  42                  9
 Florida        Key West             72                  66                  8
 Florida        Miami                75                  59                  8
 Georgia        Atlanta              51                  33                  8
 Hawaii         Honolulu             80                  65                  8
 Idaho          Boise                37                  23                  9
 Illinois       Chicago              29                  14                  8
 Indiana        Indianapolis         34                  18                  8
                                     Normal temperature  Normal temperature  N
 State          Station              January             January             J
                                     Max.                Min.                M
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Indiana        Indianapolis         34                  18                  8
 Iowa           Des Moines           27                  10                  8
 Iowa           Dubuque              24                  7                   8
 Kansas         Wichita              40                  19                  9
 Kentucky       Louisville           41                  24                  8
 Louisiana      New Orleans          62                  43                  9
 Maine          Portland             31                  12                  7
 Maryland       Baltimore            41                  24                  8
 Massachusetts  Boston               36                  23                  8
 Michigan       Detroit              31                  16                  8
 Michigan       Sault Ste. Marie*    21                  5                   7
 Minnesota      Minn.-St. Paul       20                  2                   8
 Mississippi    Jackson              57                  35                  9
 Missouri       St. Louis            38                  20                  8
 Montana        Helena               28                  8                   8
 Nebraska       Omaha                30                  10                  8
 Nevada         Las Vegas            45                  33                  1
                                     Normal temperature  Normal temperature  N
 State          Station              January             January             J
                                     Max.                Min.                M
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Nevada         Las Vegas            45                  33                  1
 New Hampshire  Concord              31                  9                   8
 New Jersey     Atlantic City        41                  23                  8
 New Mexico     Albuquerque          47                  22                  9
 New Mexico     Roswell              55                  27                  9
 New York       Albany               30                  12                  8
 New York       New York-La Guardia  37                  26                  8
 No. Carolina   Charlotte            50                  31                  8
 No. Carolina   Raleigh              50                  29                  8
 No. Dakota     Bismarck             18                  -4                  8
 Ohio           Cincinnati-Greater   37                  20                  8
 Ohio           Cleveland            33                  19                  8
 Oklahoma       Oklahoma City        47                  25                  9
 Oregon         Portland             44                  34                  8
 Pennsylvania   Harrisburg           37                  22                  8
 Pennsylvania   Philadelphia         39                  24                  8
 Rhode Island   Block Island         37                  25                  7
                                     Normal temperature  Normal temperature  N
 State          Station              January             January             J
                                     Max.                Min.                M
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Rhode Island   Block Island         37                  25                  7
 So. Carolina   Charleston           59                  37                  8
 So. Dakota     Huron                22                  0                   8
 So. Dakota     Rapid City           32                  9                   8
 Tennessee      Nashville            46                  28                  9
 Texas          Amarillo             49                  22                  9
 Texas          Galveston*           59                  48                  8
 Texas          Houston              62                  41                  9
 Utah           Salt Lake City       37                  20                  9
 Vermont        Burlington           25                  8                   8
 Virginia       Norfolk              48                  32                  9
 Washington     Seattle-Tacoma       44                  34                  7
 Washington     Spokane              31                  20                  8
 West Virginia  Huntington           41                  25                  8
 Wisconsin      Madison              25                  7                   8
 Wisconsin      Milwaukee            26                  11                  8
 Wyoming        Cheyenne             37                  15                  8
                                     Normal temperature  Normal temperature  N
 State          Station              January             January             J
                                     Max.                Min.                M
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Wyoming        Cheyenne             37                  15                  8
 Puerto Rico    San Juan             83                  70                  8



 These normals are based on records for the thirty-year period 1951-1980.(See
 explanation on page 241.) The extreme temperatures (through 1989) arelisted
 for the stations shown and may not agree with the states recordsshown on
 page 245-246.
 Airport stations; * designates city office stations.The minus (-) sign
 indicates temperatures below zero. Fahrenheitthermometer registration.
 Mean Annual Snowfall (inches) based on record through 1980: Boston,Mass. 42;
 Sault Ste. Marie, Mich., 113; Albany, N.Y. 65.2; Rochester,N.Y. 89.2;
 Burlington, Vt., 78.6; Cheyenne, Wyo., 53.3; Juneau, Alas.105.8.
 Wettest Spot: Mount Waialeale, Ha., on the island of Kauai,is the rainiest
 place in the world, according to the National GeographicSociety, with an
 average annual rainfall of 460 inches.
 Highest Temperature: A temperature of 136 deg F. observed atAzizia,
 Tripolitania in Northern Africa on Sept. 13, 1922, is generallyaccepted as
 the world's highest temperature recorded under standardconditions. The
 record high in the United States was 134 deg in DeathValley, Cal., July 10,
 1913.
 Lowest Temperature: A record low temperature of -128.6 deg F.was recorded at
 the Soviet Antarctica station Vostok on July 21, 1983.
 The record low in the United States was -80 deg at Prospect Creek,Alas.,
 Jan. 23, 1971.
 The lowest official temperature on the NorthAmerican continent was recorded
 at 81 degrees below zero in February, 1947,at a lonely airport in the Yukon
 called Snag.
 These are the meteorologicalchampions--the official temperature
 extremes--but there are plenty of otherclaimants to thermometer fame.
 However, sun readings are unofficialrecords, since meteorological data to
 qualify officially must be taken oninstruments in a sheltered and ventilated
 location.



                         Annual Climatological Data
  Natl. Climatic Data Center, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of    Commerce


╓┌───────────────┌──────────┌──────────┌──────────┌──────────┌──────────┌────
                            Temp       Temp       Temp       Temp       Precip
                               deg F      deg F      deg F      deg F   tion1


 1989
 Station         Elev. ft.  Highest    Date       Lowest     Date       Total
                                                                        (in.)


 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Albany, N.Y.    275        93         8/4        -15        12/24      39.67

 Albuquerque,     5311       103        6/19       5          2/6        4.99
 N.M.

 Anchorage,      114        82         7/2        -30        1/29       27.55

                            Temp       Temp       Temp       Temp       Precip
                               deg F      deg F      deg F      deg F   tion1


 1989
 Station         Elev. ft.  Highest    Date       Lowest     Date       Total
                                                                        (in.)

 Alas.

 Asheville, N.C.  2140       90         8/5        1          12/23      60.63

 Atlanta, Ga.    1010       95         7/29       6          12/24      63.31

 Baltimore, Md.  148        94         7/23       4          12/23      51.88

 Barrow, Alas.   31         -          -          --         -          -

 Birmingham,     678        96         8/25       1          12/23      53.71


                            Temp       Temp       Temp       Temp       Precip
                               deg F      deg F      deg F      deg F   tion1


 1989
 Station         Elev. ft.  Highest    Date       Lowest     Date       Total
                                                                        (in.)


 Bismarck, N.D.  1647       103        7/8        -35        12/19      11.33

 Boise, Ida.     2838       108        7/7        -15        2/5        10.44

 Boston, Mass.   15         96         7/26       4          12/23      42.42

 Buffalo, N.Y.   705        90         7/25       -4         12/27      41.16

 Burlington, Vt.  332        94         7/27       -18        12/24      36.03

 Charleston,     40         98         8/6        14         12/25      55.72
 S.C.
                            Temp       Temp       Temp       Temp       Precip
                               deg F      deg F      deg F      deg F   tion1


 1989
 Station         Elev. ft.  Highest    Date       Lowest     Date       Total
                                                                        (in.)

S.C.

 Charleston, W.  939        93         8/4        -12        12/23      57.97
 Va.

 Chicago, Ill.   658        101        7/10       -14        12/21      29.45

 Cincinnati, Oh.  869        95         7/11       -20        12/22      49.61

 Cleveland, Oh.  777        96         7/10       -15        12/22      43.90

 Columbus, Oh.   812        94         7/11       -17        12/22      43.76

                            Temp       Temp       Temp       Temp       Precip
                               deg F      deg F      deg F      deg F   tion1


 1989
 Station         Elev. ft.  Highest    Date       Lowest     Date       Total
                                                                        (in.)


 Concord, N.H.   342        95         7/27       -20        12/24      38.23

 Dallas, Tex.    551        101        9/3        -1         12/23      39.95

 Denver, Co.     5283       103        7/8        -24        2/5        15.47

 Des Moines, Ia.  938        99         7/10       -22        12/23      29.14

 Detroit, Mich.  633        92         7/10       -9         12/22      29.26

 Dodge City,     2582       100        8/4        -21        12/22      20.95
 Kan.
                            Temp       Temp       Temp       Temp       Precip
                               deg F      deg F      deg F      deg F   tion1


 1989
 Station         Elev. ft.  Highest    Date       Lowest     Date       Total
                                                                        (in.)

 Kan.

 Duluth, Minn.   1428       92         8/4        -30        2/3        26.29

 Fairbanks,      436        87         7/8        -51        1/30       10.43
 Alas.

 Fresno, Cal.    328        107        7/7        24         2/7        6.91

 Galveston, Tex.  7          96         9/3        14         12/23      40.59

 Grand Rapids,   784        91         8/3        -11        12/23      33.90

                            Temp       Temp       Temp       Temp       Precip
                               deg F      deg F      deg F      deg F   tion1


 1989
 Station         Elev. ft.  Highest    Date       Lowest     Date       Total
                                                                        (in.)

 Mich.

 Hartford, Conn.  169        95         7/26       -9         12/24      54.61

 Helena, Mont.   3828       98         7/20       -33        2/4        12.49

 Honolulu, Ha.   7          92         8/11       56         12/16      27.52

 Houston, Tex.   96         99         9/4        7          12/23      52.73

 Huron, S.D.     1281       101        7/5        -28        12/22      14.50


                            Temp       Temp       Temp       Temp       Precip
                               deg F      deg F      deg F      deg F   tion1


 1989
 Station         Elev. ft.  Highest    Date       Lowest     Date       Total
                                                                        (in.)

 Indianapolis,   792        94         6/25       -23        12/22      50.57
 Ind.

 Jackson, Miss.  291        98         8/28       4          12/23      52.55

 Jacksonville,   26         98         7/10       20         12/25      51.45
 Fla.

 Kansas City,    1014       99         7/7        -23        12/23      37.64




                            Temp       Temp       Temp       Temp       Precip
                               deg F      deg F      deg F      deg F   tion1


 1989
 Station         Elev. ft.  Highest    Date       Lowest     Date       Total
                                                                        (in.)


 Little Rock,    257        99         8/27       -1         12/23      49.25
 Ark.

 Los Angeles,    97         102        4/6        35         2/6        4.19
 Cal.

 Louisville, Ky.  477        94         7/11       -15        12/22      50.97

 Marquette,      1415       91         8/4        -22        3/2        29.53



                            Temp       Temp       Temp       Temp       Precip
                               deg F      deg F      deg F      deg F   tion1


 1989
 Station         Elev. ft.  Highest    Date       Lowest     Date       Total
                                                                        (in.)

 Memphis, Tenn.  258        98         8/29       -4         12/22      58.89

 Miami, Fla.     7          97         8/16       30         12/25      42.63

 Milwaukee, Wis.  672        95         7/9        -15        12/21      30.30

 Minneapolis,    834        97         7/5        -24        2/3        23.32
 Minn.





                            Temp       Temp       Temp       Temp       Precip
                               deg F      deg F      deg F      deg F   tion1


 1989
 Station         Elev. ft.  Highest    Date       Lowest     Date       Total
                                                                        (in.)


 Nashville,      590        96         7/26       -10        12/22      57.03
 Tenn.

 Newark, N.J.    7          99         7/26       7          12/23      53.99

 New Orleans,    4          99         8/27       11         12/23      67.46
 La.

 New York, N.Y.  132        96         7/26       6          12/23      65.11



                            Temp       Temp       Temp       Temp       Precip
                               deg F      deg F      deg F      deg F   tion1


 1989
 Station         Elev. ft.  Highest    Date       Lowest     Date       Total
                                                                        (in.)


 Oklahoma City,  1285       100        9/1        -8         12/23      40.89
 Okla.

 Omaha, Neb.     997        100        8/4        -23        12/22      23.80

 Philadelphia,   5          94         9/10       6          12/22      48.66
 Pa.

 Phoenix, Ariz.  1110       118        7/4        33         2/7        4.94

 Pittsburgh, Pa.  1137       94         7/25       -12        12/22      42.51

                            Temp       Temp       Temp       Temp       Precip
                               deg F      deg F      deg F      deg F   tion1


 1989
 Station         Elev. ft.  Highest    Date       Lowest     Date       Total
                                                                        (in.)


 Portland, Me.   43         95         7/26       -13        12/24      41.55

 Portland, Ore.  21         93         6/24       9          2/5+11     30.05

 Providence,     51         92         7/27       2          12/23      56.06
 R.I.

 Raleigh, N.C.   434        96         7/11       7          12/25      54.15

 Rapid City,     3162       110        7/8        -29        12/22      13.57
 S.D.

                            Temp       Temp       Temp       Temp       Precip
                               deg F      deg F      deg F      deg F   tion1


 1989
 Station         Elev. ft.  Highest    Date       Lowest     Date       Total
                                                                        (in.)


 Reno, Nev.      4404       100        7/19       -16        2/7        7.34

 Richmond, Va.   164        96         7/11       7          12/25      49.74

 Rochester, N.Y.  547        94         7/25       -4         12/14      32.66

 St. Louis, Mo.  535        98         7/10       -16        12/22      28.60

 Salt Lake City,  4221       104        7/20       -14        2/6        10.87
 Ut.

 San Antonio,    788        106        7/19       6          12/23      22.14
                            Temp       Temp       Temp       Temp       Precip
                               deg F      deg F      deg F      deg F   tion1


 1989
 Station         Elev. ft.  Highest    Date       Lowest     Date       Total
                                                                        (in.)

 San Antonio,    788        106        7/19       6          12/23      22.14
 Tex.

 San Diego, Cal.  13         100        9/25       37         1/9        3.83

 San Francisco,  8          98         6/22       31         2/6        11.35
 Cal.

 Sault Ste.      721        92         7/23       -22        12/21      25.89
 Marie, Mich.



                            Temp       Temp       Temp       Temp       Precip
                               deg F      deg F      deg F      deg F   tion1


 1989
 Station         Elev. ft.  Highest    Date       Lowest     Date       Total
                                                                        (in.)


 Seattle, Wash.  400        91         9/22       7          2/4        34.69

 Shreveport, La.  254        98         8/28       5          12/23      60.90

 Sioux City, Ia.  1095       102        7/9        -24        12/23      19.39

 Spokane, Wash.  2356       97         8/7        -11        2/2        14.71

 Springfield,    1268       94         8/27       -16        12/23      31.50
 Mo.

 Syracuse, N.Y.  410        92         8/4        -14        12/24      36.93
                            Temp       Temp       Temp       Temp       Precip
                               deg F      deg F      deg F      deg F   tion1


 1989
 Station         Elev. ft.  Highest    Date       Lowest     Date       Total
                                                                        (in.)

 Syracuse, N.Y.  410        92         8/4        -14        12/24      36.93

 Tampa, Fla.     19         97         5/31       24         12/24      43.63

 Washington,     10         97         9/10       -4         12/25      44.34
 D.C.

 Wilmington,     74         96         7/26       4          12/23      49.77





 *To get partly cloudy days deduct the total of clear and cloudydays from 365
 (1 yr.). T--trace. 1 Date shown is the starting dateof the storm (in some
 cases it lasted more than one day).



                 Record Temperatures by States Through 1989
     Natl. Climatic Data Center, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Commerce Department


╓┌───────────────┌─────────────┌──────────────┌───────────────┌──────────────
 State           Lowest  degF  Highest        Latest date     Station
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Alabama         -27                          Jan. 30, 1966   New Market
                               112            Sept. 5, 1925   Centerville
 Alaska          -80                          Jan. 23, 1971   Prospect Creek C
                               100            June 27, 1915   Fort Yukon
 Arizona         -40                          Jan. 7, 1971    Hawley Lake
                               127            July 7, 19051   Parker
 Arkansas        -29                          Feb. 13, 1905   Pond
                               120            Aug. 10, 1936   Ozark
 State           Lowest  degF  Highest        Latest date     Station
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
                              120            Aug. 10, 1936   Ozark
 California      -45                          Jan. 20, 1937   Boca
                               134            July 10, 1913   Greenland Ranch
 Colorado        -61                          Feb. 1, 1985    Maybell
                               118            July 11, 1888   Bennett
 Connecticut     -32                          Feb. 16, 1943   Falls Village
                               105            July 22, 1926   Waterbury
 Delaware        -17                          Jan. 17, 1893   Millsboro
                               110            July 21, 1930   Millsboro
 Dist. of Col.   -15                          Feb. 11, 1899   Washington
                               106            July 20, 1930   Washington
 Florida         -2                           Feb. 13, 1899   Tallahassee
                               109            June 29, 1931   Monticello
 Georgia         -17                          Jan. 27, 1940   CCC Camp F-16
                               112            Jul. 24, 1952   Louisville
 Hawaii          12                           May 17, 1979    Mauna Kea
                               100            Apr. 27, 1931   Pahala
 Idaho           -60                          Jan. 16, 1943   Island Park Dam
                               118            July 28, 1934   Orofino
 State           Lowest  degF  Highest        Latest date     Station
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
                              118            July 28, 1934   Orofino
 Illinois        -35                          Jan. 22, 1930   Mount Carroll
                               117            July 14, 1954   E. St. Louis
 Indiana         -35                          Feb. 2, 1951    Greensburg
                               116            July 14, 1936   Collegeville
 Iowa            -47                          Jan. 12, 1912   Washta
                               118            July 20, 1934   Keokuk
 Kansas          -40                          Feb. 13, 1905   Lebanon
                               121            July 24, 19361  Alton (near)
 Kentucky        -34                          Jan. 28, 1963   Cynthiana
                               114            July 28, 1930   Greensburg
 Louisiana       -16                          Feb. 13, 1899   Minden
                               114            Aug. 10, 1936   Plain Dealing
 Maine           -48                          Jan. 19, 1925   Van Buren
                               105            July 10, 19111  North Bridgton
 Maryland        -40                          Jan. 13, 1912   Oakland
                               109            July 10, 19361  Cumberland and F
 Massachusetts   -35                          Jan. 12, 1981   Chester
                               107            Aug. 2, 1975    Chester and New
 State           Lowest  degF  Highest        Latest date     Station
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
                              107            Aug. 2, 1975    Chester and New
 Michigan        -51                          Feb. 9, 1934    Vanderbilt
                               112            July 13, 1936   Mio
 Minnesota       -59                          Feb. 16, 19031  Pokegama Dam
                               114            July 6, 19361   Moorhead
 Mississippi     -19                          Jan. 30, 1966   Corinth
                               115            July 29, 1930   Holly Springs
 Missouri        -40                          Feb. 13, 1905   Warsaw
                               118            July 14, 19541  Warsaw and Union
 Montana         -70                          Jan. 20, 1954   Rogers Pass
                               117            July 5, 1937    Medicine Lake
 Nebraska        -47                          Feb. 12, 1899   Camp Clarke
                               118            July 24, 19361  Minden
 Nevada          -50                          Jan. 8, 1937    San Jacinto
                               122            June 23, 19541  Overton
 New Hampshire   -46                          Jan. 28 1925    Pittsburgh
                               106            July 4, 1911    Nashua
 New Jersey      -34                          Jan. 5, 1904    River Vale
                               110            July 10, 1936   Runyon
 State           Lowest  degF  Highest        Latest date     Station
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
                              110            July 10, 1936   Runyon
 New Mexico      -50                          Feb. 1, 1951    Gavilan
                               116            July 14, 19341  Orogrande
 New York        -52                          Feb. 18, 1979   Old Forge
                               108            July 22, 1926   Troy
 North Carolina  -34                          Jan. 21, 1985   Mt. Mitchell
                               110            Aug. 21, 1983   Fayetteville
 North Dakota    -60                          Feb. 15, 1936   Parshall
                               121            July 6, 1936    Steele
 Ohio            -39                          Feb. 10, 1899   Milligan
                               113            July 21, 19341  Gallipolis (near
 Oklahoma        -27                          Jan. 18, 1930   Watts
                               120            July 26, 19431  Tishmoningo
 Oregon          -54                          Feb. 10, 19331  Seneca
                               119            Aug. 10, 1938   Pendleton
 Pennsylvania    -42                          Jan. 5, 1904    Smethport
                               111            July 10, 19361  Phoenixville
 Rhode Island    -23                          Jan. 11, 1942   Kingston
                               104            Aug. 2, 1975    Providence
 State           Lowest  degF  Highest        Latest date     Station
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
                              104            Aug. 2, 1975    Providence
 South Carolina  -19                          Jan. 21, 1985   Caesar's Head
                               111            June 28, 19541  Camden
 South Dakota    -58                          Feb. 17, 1936   McIntosh
                               120            July 5, 1936    Gannvalley
 Tennessee       -32                          Dec. 30, 1917   Mountain City
                               113            Aug. 9, 19301   Perryville
 Texas           -23                          Feb. 8, 1933    Seminole
                               120            Aug. 12, 1936   Seymour
 Utah            -69                          Feb. 1, 1985    Peter's Sink
                               117            Jul. 5, 1985    Saint George
 Vermont         -50                          Dec. 30, 1933   Bloomfield
                               105            July 4, 1911    Vernon
 Virginia        -30                          Jan. 22, 1985   Mtn. Lake Bio. S
                               110            July 15, 1954   Balcony Falls
 Washington      -48                          Dec. 30, 1968   Mazama
 -48                           Dec. 30, 1968  Winthrop        1,765
                               118            Aug. 5, 19611   Ice Harbor Dam
 West Virginia   -37                          Dec. 30, 1917   Lewisburg
 State           Lowest  degF  Highest        Latest date     Station
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
West Virginia   -37                          Dec. 30, 1917   Lewisburg
                               112            July 10, 19361  Martinsburg
 Wisconsin       -54                          Jan. 24, 1922   Danbury
                               114            July 13, 1936   Wisconsin Dells
 Wyoming         -63                          Feb. 9, 1933    Moran
                               114            July 12, 1900   Basin



 1 Also on earlier dates at the same or other places.



                International Temperature and Precipitation
            Environmental Data Service, U.S. Commerce Department


╓┌──────────────────────────────┌──────────┌──────────────────┌──────────────
                                           Temperature F deg  Temperature F de
                                           Temperature F deg  Temperature F de
                                           Average Daily      Average Daily
                                           January            January
 Station                        Elev. Ft.  Max.               Min.

 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia          8,038      75                 43

 Algiers, Algeria               194        59                 49

 Amsterdam, Netherlands         5          40                 34

 Athens, Greece                 351        54                 42

 Auckland, New Zealand          23         73                 60

 Bangkok, Thailand              53         89                 67

 Beirut, Lebanon                111        62                 51

 Belgrade, Yugoslavia           453        37                 27
                                           Temperature F deg  Temperature F de
                                           Average Daily      Average Daily
                                           January            January
 Station                        Elev. Ft.  Max.               Min.

 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia          8,038      75                 43
Belgrade, Yugoslavia           453        37                 27

 Berlin, Germany                187        35                 26

 Bogota, Colombia               8,355      67                 48

 Bombay, India                  27         88                 62

 Bucharest, Romania             269        33                 20

 Budapest, Hungary              394        35                 26

 Buenos Aires, Argentina        89         85                 63

                                           Temperature F deg  Temperature F de
                                           Average Daily      Average Daily
                                           January            January
 Station                        Elev. Ft.  Max.               Min.

 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia          8,038      75                 43

 Cairo, Egypt                   381        65                 47

 Capetown, South Africa         56         78                 60

 Caracas, Venezuela             3,418      75                 56

 Casablanca, Morocco            164        63                 45

 Copenhagen, Denmark            43         36                 29

 Damascus, Syria                2,362      53                 36

 Dublin, Ireland                155        47                 35
                                           Temperature F deg  Temperature F de
                                           Average Daily      Average Daily
                                           January            January
 Station                        Elev. Ft.  Max.               Min.

 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia          8,038      75                 43
Dublin, Ireland                155        47                 35

 Geneva, Switzerland            1,329      39                 29

 Havana, Cuba                   80         79                 65

 Hong Kong                      109        64                 56

 Istanbul, Turkey               59         45                 36

 Jerusalem, Israel              2,654      55                 41

 Lagos, Nigeria                 10         88                 74

                                           Temperature F deg  Temperature F de
                                           Average Daily      Average Daily
                                           January            January
 Station                        Elev. Ft.  Max.               Min.

 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia          8,038      75                 43

 La Paz, Bolivia                12,001     63                 43

 Lima, Peru                     394        82                 66

 London, England                149        44                 35

 Madrid, Spain                  2,188      47                 33

 Manila, Philippines            49         86                 69

 Mexico City, Mexico            7,340      66                 42

 Moscow, U.S.S.R.               505        21                 9
                                           Temperature F deg  Temperature F de
                                           Average Daily      Average Daily
                                           January            January
 Station                        Elev. Ft.  Max.               Min.

 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia          8,038      75                 43
Moscow, U.S.S.R.               505        21                 9

 Nairobi, Kenya                 5,971      77                 54

 Oslo, Norway                   308        30                 20

 Paris, France                  164        42                 32

 Prague, Czechoslovakia         662        34                 25

 Reykjavik, Iceland             92         36                 28

 Rome, Italy                    377        54                 39

                                           Temperature F deg  Temperature F de
                                           Average Daily      Average Daily
                                           January            January
 Station                        Elev. Ft.  Max.               Min.

 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia          8,038      75                 43

 San Salvador, El Salvador      2,238      90                 60

 Santiago, Chile                1,706      85                 53

 Sao Paolo, Brazil              2,628      77                 63

 Shanghai, China                16         47                 32

 Singapore                      33         86                 73

 Stockholm, Sweden              146        31                 23

 Sydney, Australia              62         78                 65
                                           Temperature F deg  Temperature F de
                                           Average Daily      Average Daily
                                           January            January
 Station                        Elev. Ft.  Max.               Min.

 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia          8,038      75                 43
Sydney, Australia              62         78                 65

 Teheran, Iran                  3,937      45                 27

 Tokyo, Japan                   19         47                 29

 Tripoli, Libya                 72         61                 47

 Vienna, Austria                664        34                 26

 Warsaw, Poland                 294        30                 21




 A standard period of 30 years has been used to obtain the average
 dailymaximum and minimum temperatures and precipitation. The length of
 record ofextreme maximum and minimum temperatures includes all available
 years ofdata for a given location and is usually for a longer period.



               Record Maximum 24-Hour Precipitation by State
   Natl. Climatic Data Center, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce
                               (through 1989)


╓┌──────┌─────────────────┌────────────┌───────────────────┌─────────────────╖
 State  Precip. (inches)  Date         Station             Elevation (feet)
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Ala.   20.33             4/13/55      Axis                36
 Alas.  15.20             10/12/82     Angoon              15
 Ariz.  11.40             9/4-5/70     Workman Creek       6,970
 Ark.   14.06             12/3/82      Big Fork            1,100
 Cal.   26.12             1/22-23/43   Hoegees Camp        2,760
 State  Precip. (inches)  Date         Station             Elevation (feet)
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Cal.   26.12             1/22-23/43   Hoegees Camp        2,760
 Colo.  11.08             6/17/65      Holly               3,390
 Conn.  12.77             8/19/55      Burlington          460
 Del.   8.50              7/13/75      Dover               30
 Fla.   38.70             9/5/50       Yankeetown          5
 Ga.    18.00             8/28/11      St. George          77
 Ha.    38.00             1/24-25/56   Kilauea Plantation  180
 Id.    7.17              11/23/09     Rattlesnake Creek   4,000
 Ill.   16.54             6/14-15/57   East St. Louis      410
 Ind.   10.50             8/6/05       Princeton           480
 Ia.    16.70             8/5-6/59     Decatur Co.         1,110
 Kan.   12.59             5/31-6/1/41  Burlington          1,010
 Ky.    10.40             6/28/60      Dunmor              610
 La.    22.00             8/28-29/62   Hackberry           10
 Me.    8.05              9/11/54      Brunswick           70
 Md.    14.75             7/26-27/97   Jewell              152
 Mass.  18.15             8/18-19/55   Westfield           220
 Mich.  9.78              8/31-9/1/14  Bloomingdale        750
 Minn.  10.84             7/21-22/72   Fort Ripley         1,140
 State  Precip. (inches)  Date         Station             Elevation (feet)
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Minn.  10.84             7/21-22/72   Fort Ripley         1,140
 Miss.  15.68             7/9/68       Columbus            190
 Mo.    18.18             7/20/65      Edgarton            850
 Mont.  11.50             6/20/21      Circle              2,440
 Neb.   13.15             7/8-9/50     York                1,610
 Nev.   7.40              3/19/07      Lewer's Ranch       5,200
 N.H.   10.38             2/10-11/70   Mount Washington    6,260
 N.J.   14.81             8/19/39      Tuckerton           20
 N.M.   11.28             5/18-19/55   Lake Maloya         7,400
 N.Y.   11.17             10/9/03      NYC Central Park    130
 N.C.   22.22             7/15-16/16   Altapass            2,600
 N.D.   8.10              6/29/75      Litchville          1,470
 Ohio   10.51             7/12/66      Sandusky            610
 Okla.  15.50             9/3-4/40     Sapulpa             740
 Ore.   10.17             12/21/15     Glenora             575
 Pa.    34.50*            7/17/42      Smethport           1,510
 R.I.   12.13             9/16-17/32   Westerly            40
 S.C.   13.25             7/14-15/16   Effingham           110
 S.D.   8.00              9/10/00      Elk Point           1,127
 State  Precip. (inches)  Date         Station             Elevation (feet)
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
S.D.   8.00              9/10/00      Elk Point           1,127
 Tenn.  11.00             3/28/02      McMinnville         900
 Texas  43.00*            7/25-26/79   Alvin               50
 Utah   6.00*             9/5/70       Bug Point           6,600
 Vt.    8.77              11/3-4/27    Somerset            2,080
 Va.    27.00*            8/20/69      Nelson Co.          est. 500
 Wash.  12.00             1/21/35      Quinault R.S.       220
 W.Va.  19.00*            7/18/89      Rockport            700
 Wis.   11.72             6/24/46      Mellen              1,150
 Wyo.   6.06              8/1/85       Cheyenne            6,126



 *Estimated



                              Wind Chill Table
          National Weather Service, NOAA, U.S. Commerce Department


╓┌────┌───┌───┌────┌────┌────┌────┌────┌────┌────┌────┌────┌────┌────┌─────┌─
      35  30  25   20   15   10   5    0    -5   -10  -15  -20  -25  -30   -35
 MPH
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 5    33  27  21   16   12   7    0    -5   -10  -15  -21  -26  -31  -36   -42
 10   22  16  10   3    -3   -9   -15  -22  -27  -34  -40  -46  -52  -58   -64
 15   16  9   2    -5   -11  -18  -25  -31  -38  -45  -51  -58  -65  -72   -78
 20   12  4   -3   -10  -17  -24  -31  -39  -46  -53  -60  -67  -74  -81   -88
 25   8   1   -7   -15  -22  -29  -36  -44  -51  -59  -66  -74  -81  -88   -96
 30   6   -2  -10  -18  -25  -33  -41  -49  -56  -64  -71  -79  -86  -93   -10
 35   4   -4  -12  -20  -27  -35  -43  -52  -58  -67  -74  -82  -89  -97   -10
 40   3   -5  -13  -21  -29  -37  -45  -53  -60  -69  -76  -84  -92  -100  -10
 45   2   -6  -14  -22  -30  -38  -46  -54  -62  -70  -78  -85  -93  -102  -10




 (Wind speeds greater than 45 mph havelittle additional chilling effect.)

 Both temperature and wind cause heat loss from body surfaces. Acombination
 of cold and wind makes a body feel colder than the actualtemperature. The
 table shows, for example, that a temperature of 20degrees Fahrenheit, plus a
 wind of 20 miles per hour, causes a body heatloss equal to that in minus 10
 degrees with no wind. In other words,the wind makes 20 degrees feel like
 minus 10.
 Top line of figures shows actual temperatures in degrees Fahrenheit.Column
 at left shows wind speeds.



                                 Heat Index


╓┌───────────────┌───────────────┌───────────────┌───────────────┌───────────
                 Air             Air             Air             Air
                 Temperature*    Temperature*    Temperature*    Temperature*
                 70              75              80              85
 Relative        Apparent        Apparent        Apparent        Apparent
 Humidity        Temperature*    Temperature*    Temperature*    Temperature*
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
                 Air             Air             Air             Air
                 Temperature*    Temperature*    Temperature*    Temperature*
                 70              75              80              85
 Relative        Apparent        Apparent        Apparent        Apparent
 Humidity        Temperature*    Temperature*    Temperature*    Temperature*
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 0%              64              69              73              78

 10%             65              70              75              80

 20%             66              72              77              82

 30%             67              73              78              84

 40%             68              74              79              86

 50%             69              75              81              88

 60%             70              76              82              90

 70%             70              77              85              93
                 Air             Air             Air             Air
                 Temperature*    Temperature*    Temperature*    Temperature*
                 70              75              80              85
 Relative        Apparent        Apparent        Apparent        Apparent
 Humidity        Temperature*    Temperature*    Temperature*    Temperature*
70%             70              77              85              93

 80%             71              78              86              97

 90%             71              79              88              102

 100%            72              80              91              108




 The index is a measure of the contribution that high humidity makeswith
 abnormally high temperatures in reducing the body's ability tocool itself.
 For example, the index shows that for an actual airtemperature of 100
 degrees Fahrenheit and a relative humidity of 50percent, the effect on the
 human body would be same as 120 degrees.Sunstroke and heat exhaustion are
 likely when the heat index reaches105. This index is a measure of what hot
 weather "feels like"to the average person for various temperatures and
 relative humidities.
 *Degrees Fahrenheit.



                        Average Relative Humidity (%)
    Natl. Climatic Data Center, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce
                   (M-morning; A-afternoon; through 1989)


╓┌────────────────────────────┌─────┌─────┌─────┌─────┌─────┌─────┌─────┌────
                              Jan.  Jan.  Feb.  Feb.  Mar.  Mar.  Apr.  Apr.
                              M     A     M     A     M     A     M     A
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Mobile, Ala.                 81    60    81    56    84    55    87    52
 Juneau, Alas.                79    76    83    74    82    67    81    63
 Phoenix, Ariz.               67    32    60    27    56    24    43    16
 Little Rock, Ark.            80    61    80    59    79    56    82    56
 Los Angeles, Calif.          63    50    71    52    74    52    78    54
                              Jan.  Jan.  Feb.  Feb.  Mar.  Mar.  Apr.  Apr.
                              M     A     M     A     M     A     M     A
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Los Angeles, Calif.          63    50    71    52    74    52    78    54
 San Francisco, Calif.        81    63    83    63    81    61    82    61
 Denver, Colo.                63    49    67    44    67    40    67    35
 Hartford, Conn.              71    56    72    54    71    50    69    45
 Wilmington, Del.             75    60    75    57    73    52    73    50
 Dist. of Colo.               77    59    78    55    78    51    77    48
 Jacksonville, Fla.           87    57    86    53    86    50    86    48
 Miami, Fla.                  84    59    83    57    82    56    80    53
 Atlanta, Ga.                 78    59    75    54    77    51    78    49
 Columbus, Ga.                84    59    83    54    85    52    85    48
 Honolulu, Ha.                81    62    79    59    73    57    70    56







                              Jan.  Jan.  Feb.  Feb.  Mar.  Mar.  Apr.  Apr.
                              M     A     M     A     M     A     M     A
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Louisville, Ky.              76    64    77    62    75    57    75    52
 New Orleans, La.             85    66    84    63    84    60    88    59
 Portland, Me.                76    61    76    58    75    58    73    55
 Baltimore, Md.               71    57    71    54    71    50    71    49
 Boston, Mass.                66    57    67    56    68    56    68    55













                              Jan.  Jan.  Feb.  Feb.  Mar.  Mar.  Apr.  Apr.
                              M     A     M     A     M     A     M     A



















                              Jan.  Jan.  Feb.  Feb.  Mar.  Mar.  Apr.  Apr.
                              M     A     M     A     M     A     M     A
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Buffalo, N.Y.                79    72    80    70    80    65    77    57
 New York-LaGuardia, N.Y.     65    57    65    55    66    53    66    50
 Charlotte, N.C.              78    56    76    52    79    50    78    46
 Bismarck, N.D.               74    68    77    68    80    63    79    51
 Cleveland, Ohio              77    69    78    68    78    63    76    57
 Oklahoma City, Okla.         78    59    78    58    75    52    76    51
 Eugene, Ore.                 92    80    92    72    91    64    90    57
 Portland, Ore.               86    75    86    67    86    60    86    55
 Philadelphia, Pa.            73    59    71    55    71    52    70    49
 Pittsburgh, Pa.              75    65    74    62    74    57    72    50
 Providence, R.I.             70    56    70    54    70    52    69    48
 Charleston, S.C.             83    55    81    52    83    51    83    49
 Huron, S.D.                  74    67    79    69    83    66    83    55
 Memphis, Tenn.               78    63    78    60    76    56    78    53
 Nashville, Tenn.             79    63    79    60    78    53    80    51



                              Jan.  Jan.  Feb.  Feb.  Mar.  Mar.  Apr.  Apr.
                              M     A     M     A     M     A     M     A
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Salt Lake City, Ut.          79    69    77    59    70    47    66    39
 Burlington, Vt.              71    63    73    62    74    58    74    53
 Norfolk, Va.                 74    59    74    57    74    54    73    50
 Seattle-Tacoma, Wash.        81    74    80    67    82    62    83    57
 Huntington, W.Va.            77    65    77    62    75    54    76    49
 Milwaukee, Wis.              75    68    77    67    79    65    78    61
 Cheyenne, Wyo.               57    50    61    48    65    46    67    41
 San Juan, P.R.               81    64    80    62    77    60    75    62










╓┌─────────────────────────────────────┌─────────────────────────────────────╖
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Anchorage, Alas.                      68.5
 Bettles, Alas.                        78.8
 Cold Bay, Alas.                       61.6
 Fairbanks, Alas.                      65.5
 Homer, Alas.                          57.9
 Juneau, Alas.                         98.2
 Kodiak, Alas.                         76.5
 McGrath, Alas.                        90.6
 Nome, Alas.                           56.1
 St. Paul Is., Alas.                   56.5
 Talkeetna, Alas.                      109.0
 Valdez, Alas.                         308.0
 Yakutat, Alas.                        204.6
 Flagstaff, Ariz.                      96.4
 Blue Canyon, Calif.                   240.8
 Mt. Shasta, Calif.                    104.9
 Denver, Colo.                         59.8
 South Bend, Ind.                      72.2
 Caribou, Me.                          111.5
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Caribou, Me.                          111.5
 Portland, Me.                         70.7
 Blue Hill, Mass.                      59.8
 Worcester, Mass.                      68.6
 Alpena, Mich.                         86.3
 Grand Rapids, Mich.                   72.2
 Houghton Lake, Mich.                  76.9
 Marquette, Mich.                      126.0
 Muskegon, Mich.                       98.4
 Sault St. Marie, Mich.                116.4
 Duluth, Minn.                         77.1
 Intl. Falls, Minn.                    61.5
 Billings, Mont.                       57.2
 Great Falls, Mont.                    59.7
 Kalispell, Mont.                      64.2
 Concord, N.H.                         63.8
 Mt. Washington, N.H.                  254.8
 Albany, N.Y.                          64.3
 Binghamton, N.Y.                      82.3
 Buffalo, N.Y.                         91.7
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Buffalo, N.Y.                         91.7
 Rochester, N.Y.                       88.9
 Syracuse, N.Y.                        110.5
 Youngstown, Ohio                      56.2
 Sexton Summit, Ore.                   97.8
 Erie, Pa.                             85.8
 Salt Lake City, Ut.                   57.9
 Burlington, Vt.                       77.1
 Stampede Pass, Wash.                  432.4
 Beckley, W.Va.                        61.2
 Elkins, W.Va.                         74.3
 Casper, Wyo.                          80.1
 Lander, Wyo.                          103.9
 Sheridan, Wyo.                        71.6



 The following are among the "snowiest" places in the U.S.:




                                ENVIRONMENT


                        Environmental Quality Index

       Feb.-Mar. 1990 issue of National Wildlife magazine
 In 1990, National Wildlife magazine published the twenty-second in its
 series of annual reports on the environment. For those concerned with the
 environment, 1989 was a year of disillusionment, symbolized by the worst
 oil-spill disaster in American history, the 11 million gallon spill into
 Alaska's Prince William Sound on March 24. The continuing environmental
 irresponsibility of 1989, according to the report, was heightened by a
 litany of broken laws and broken promises.

 Wildlife: Though in many areas of the U.S. wildlife continued to suffer from
 lingering effects of the 1988 drought, many elk and deer herds in the West
 were unnaturally large, due to a succession of mild winters. In Yellowstone
 National Park, a needed boost for the grizzly population was expected as the
 bears could prey on the elk in the area, which would also help to cull the
 large herds. In coastal waters off New England, record low numbers of
 several fish species such as cod and haddock were attributed to
 overharvesting. Also near an all-time low was North America's waterfowl
 population. Though late spring rains replenished drought-ravaged wetlands,
 drainage of wetlands by farmers was the highest in 20 years, despite
 "Swampbuster" provisions in the 1985 U.S. Farm Act. The Alaskan oil spill
 brought about the deaths of tens of thousands of seabirds, and hundreds of
 eagles and sea otters. According to a General Accounting Office study of the
 National Wildlife Refuge System, areas intended as sanctuary for animals
 were threatened by pollution, development, military exercises, and
 recreational activity.

 Air: The problems concerning the quality of air did not ease, although the
 summer of 1989 was milder than that of the previous year. It was reported
 that 2.6 billion pounds of poisons were released into the air by American
 industry. Of the 320 toxicants emitted, 60 of them were cancer-causing,
 enough to provide 10 pounds of poison for every person in the U.S. In 1989,
 81 U.S. cities still failed to meet long-mandated standards for air quality,
 including the regulation of tiny bits of solid matter emitted into the air
 that remain dangerous to health. The EPA failed to enact and enforce
 progressively tougher standards for air quality, as required by the Clean
 Air Act. Some measures were being considered by Congress to place stringent
 national controls on auto emissions, similiar to those in effect in
 California.

 Water: Coastal waters and beaches still faced trouble in 1989. Beaches in
 New Jersey and other Atlantic Coast states continued to report high bacteria
 counts from raw sewage and trash. Only 200 of 700 miles of shoreline coated
 with oil from the Exxon Valdez were treated by Exxon. Faced with water
 supply worries, East Coast officials initiated conservation tactics similar
 to those used in the arid West. The EPA reported that more than 15,600
 wastewater treatment plants had water quality or public health problems. The
 agency estimated the cost for bringing the faulty systems up to standards at
 $83.5 billion. The EPA also reported in 1989 that 10% of the nation's lakes,
 rivers and coastal areas were contaminated by toxic chemicals and metals
 dangerous to aquatic life, increasing the risk of human cancer from eating
 such fish. A study of sport fish taken from the Great Lakes reported that
 nine out of ten fish were tainted with levels of toxic chemicals, while one
 in four contained levels regarded as harmful to humans. Surface waters
 continued to be polluted by toxic chemicals entering from the air or runoff
 from farms and city streets.

 Forests: The controversy surrounding the preservation of the spotted owl at
 the expense of the logging industry was an indicator of the troubled state
 of woodlands. The threat to America's forests remained the ever-increasing
 appetite for wood products, causing the industry to cut more timber than
 could be grown. As supply ran low in the Pacific Northwest, causing mills to
 close, the logging industry wished to cut into publicly-owned old growth,
 among the last U.S. stands of virgin timber and an irreplaceable ecosystem
 and home of the spotted owl. To save ancient forests, environmentalists
 managed to obtain protection for the bird as a threatened species, which may
 help reduce by half the permissible harvest of old-growth trees. The Forest
 Service planned to increase harvesting in six Appalachian forests and to
 construct 3,000 miles of logging roads. Congress voted, however, to stop all
 timber sales in Alaska's 17-million-acre Tongass National Forest, the last
 intact rain forest in the U.S.

 Energy: During the first half of 1989, America imported more oil than it
 produced, and consumption did not appear to be slowing down. While some
 officials in Washington favored domestic production, the Alaskan oil spill
 prompted Congress to shelve a plan that would have allowed drilling in the
 Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. A ban on oil or gas leases off the
 Californian and Mid-Atlantic Coasts was also approved. While it remained
 uncertain if wildlife would win out over oil rigs in Alaska, Congress began
 to seriously consider the use of renewable energy, such as photovoltaic
 cells and wind turbines. Critics of the Energy Department felt that more
 conservation was needed to curb America's troubled energy future.

 Soil: The nation's soil took a terrible beating in 1988 and 1989. As the
 drought of 1988 eased up, wind erosion in early 1989 damaged 4.7 million
 acres of cropland. The loss of topsoil was 40% greater than in 1988, and the
 worst in over 30 years. Spring rains caused heavy flooding in some areas
 that washed away even more tons of topsoil. An additional burden that
 remained was the potential threat of agricultural chemicals that could
 affect topsoil chemistry and underground aquifers. A study by the National
 Academy of Sciences found that farmers who applied little or no chemicals to
 their crops were usually as productive as those landowners who did. Public
 lands were also in trouble, as the Federal government continued to open up
 many of these lands for mining, oil exploration, and logging.  One concern
 was that the lands were not being cared for, despite legislative provisions
 that called for environmental stewardship and balanced, multiple uses.
 Moreover, ranchers used these lands for half the cost of using private
 rangelands to graze cattle. As a result, the U.S. Bureau of Land Management
 believed more than 94 million acres of public lands to be in trouble while
 it lost millions of dollars in uncollected range fees from ranchers. The
 result in Colorado, for example, was damage to 84% of the public range,
 affecting the food supplies and habitat for deer, elk and other wildlife.

   Selected Air Pollutants in Certain U.S. Metropolitan Statistical Areas
 National Air Quality & Emissions Trend Report, 1988, U.S. Environmental
 Protection Agency


╓┌───────────────────────────────────┌────────────┌─────────┌──────────┌─────
                                     Ozone (PPM)  CO (PPM)  SO2 (PPM)  PM10 (U
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Anaheim-Santa Ana, Cal.             0.24         10        0.018      43
 Baltimore, Md.                      0.19         10        0.043      43
 Bergen, Passaic, N.J.               0.19         7         0.058      46
 Bridgeport-Milford, Ct.             0.22         7         0.064      31
 Chicago, Ill.                       0.22         7         0.044      47
 Dallas, Tex.                        0.20         NA        0.051      26
 Hartford, Ct.                       0.19         10        0.076      30
 Houston, Tex.                       0.22         8         0.053      32
 Jersey City, N.J.                   0.20         8         0.065      36
                                     Ozone (PPM)  CO (PPM)  SO2 (PPM)  PM10 (U
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Jersey City, N.J.                   0.20         8         0.065      36
 Los Angeles-Long Beach, Cal.        0.33         23        0.021      65
 Middlesex-Somerset-Hunterdon, N.J.  0.21         5         0.043      IN
 Milwaukee, Wis.                     0.19         6         0.042      36
 Philadelphia, Pa.-N.J.              0.20         8         0.068      47
 Reno, Nev.                          0.19         10        IN         IN
 Riverside-San Bernardino, Cal.      0.28         7         0.019      95
 San Diego                           0.19         10        0.022      40
 Stamford, Ct.                       0.22         7         0.062      28
 Trenton, N.J.                       0.20         4         0.044      32
 Wilmington, Del.-N.J.-Md.           0.19         5         0.074      35



 PPM = Units are parts per million. UGM = Units are micrograms percubic
 meter. CO = Carbon monoxide. SO2 = Sulfur dioxide. PM10 = Particulate
 matter. NA = Data not available. IN = Insufficient data.



                          Acid Rain Trouble Areas
               National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program


╓┌──────────────────────────┌───────────────────────────┌──────────┌─────────
                                                        No.        %
 Area                       No. of lakes over 10 acres  acidified  acidified
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Adirondacks
 Southwest Lakes            450                         171        38
 New England
 Seaboard Lowlands Lakes    848                         68         8
 Highland Lakes             3,574                       71         2
 Appalachia
 Forested Lakes             433                         43         10
 Forested Streams           11,631                      1,396      12
 Atlantic Coastal Plain
 Northeast Lakes            187                         21         11
 Pine Barrens Streams       675                         378        56
 Other Streams              7,452                       745        10
                                                        No.        %
 Area                       No. of lakes over 10 acres  acidified  acidified
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Other Streams              7,452                       745        10
 Florida
 Northern Highland Lakes    522                         329        63
 Northern Highland Streams  669                         187        28
 Eastern Upper Midwest
 Low Silica Lakes           1,254                       201        16
 High Silica Lakes          1,673                       50         3





                            Hazardous Waste Sites
 Environmental Protection Agency, Natl. Priorities List Fact Book, Feb. 1990


╓┌────────────────┌─────────┌──────┌─────────┌─────────┌─────────────────────╖
                  Final     Final  Proposed  Proposed
                  Final     Final  Proposed  Proposed
 State/Territory  Non-Fed.  Fed.   Non-Fed.  Fed.      Total
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 New Jersey       100       4      3         2         109
 Pennsylvania     87        3      5         1         96
 California       57        17     13        4         91
 New York         78        3      1         1         83
 Michigan         75        0      4         0         79
 Florida          42        3      5         1         51
 Washington       28        13     3         1         45
 Minnesota        39        2      1         0         42
 Wisconsin        37        0      3         0         40
 Illinois         25        4      9         0         38
 Indiana          32        0      3         0         35
 Ohio             29        3      1         0         33
 Texas            24        1      2         2         29
 Massachusetts    22        3      0         0         25
 Missouri         17        3      4         0         24
 South Carolina   21        1      1         0         23
 North Carolina   20        1      1         0         22
 Iowa             11        0      9         1         21
                  Final     Final  Proposed  Proposed
 State/Territory  Non-Fed.  Fed.   Non-Fed.  Fed.      Total
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Iowa             11        0      9         1         21
 Delaware         15        1      4         0         20
 Virginia         18        1      1         0         20
 Kentucky         14        0      3         0         17
 Colorado         12        3      1         0         16
 New Hampshire    15        1      0         0         16
 Connecticut      13        0      1         1         15
 Tennessee        11        2      1         0         14
 Georgia          9         2      2         0         13
 Alabama          9         2      1         0         12
 Oklahoma         9         1      2         0         12
 Utah             4         3      4         1         12
 Arizona          6         2      2         1         11
 Arkansas         9         0      2         0         11
 Kansas           10        0      0         1         11
 Louisiana        9         1      1         0         11
 Rhode Island     9         2      0         0         11
 Maryland         7         2      1         0         10
                  Final     Final  Proposed  Proposed
 State/Territory  Non-Fed.  Fed.   Non-Fed.  Fed.      Total
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Maryland         7         2      1         0         10
 Montana          8         0      2         0         10
 New Mexico       7         1      1         1         10
 Idaho            5         1      2         1         9
 Maine            7         2      0         0         9
 Puerto Rico      8         1      0         0         9
 Oregon           6         1      1         0         8
 Vermont          8         0      0         0         8
 Hawaii           0         0      6         1         7
 Alaska           1         1      1         3         6
 Nebraska         3         1      2         0         6
 West Virginia    5         0      0         0         5
 Mississippi      2         0      1         0         3
 South Dakota     1         0      1         1         3
 Wyoming          1         1      1         0         3
 North Dakota     2         0      0         0         2
 Guam             1         0      0         0         1
 Nevada           0         0      1         0         1
                  Final     Final  Proposed  Proposed
 State/Territory  Non-Fed.  Fed.   Non-Fed.  Fed.      Total
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Nevada           0         0      1         0         1
 Total            988       93     113       24        1218





 National Ambient Water Quality in Rivers and Streams--Violation Rate: 1975
 to 1988
                           U.S. Geological Survey
                                (in percent)


╓┌─────────────────────────────────┌──────────────────────────────┌─────┌────
 Pollutant                         Violation Level                1975  1980
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Fecal coliform bacteria           Above 200 cells per 100 ml     36    31
 Dissolved oxygen                  Below 5 mg per liter           5     5
 Pollutant                         Violation Level                1975  1980
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Dissolved oxygen                  Below 5 mg per liter           5     5
 Phosphorus, total, asphosporous   Above 1.0 mg per liter         5     4
 Lead, dissolved                   Above 50 [mgr   ]g per liter   (B)   5
 Cadmium, dissolved                Above 10 [mgr   ]g per liter   (B)   1



 Violation level based on U.S. Environmental Protection Agency water quality
 criteria. Violation rate represents the proportion of all measurements of a
 specific water quality pollutant which exceeds the "violation level" for
 that pollutant. "Violation"does not necessarily imply a legal violation.
 Data based on U.S. Geological Survey's National Stream Quality Accounting
 Network (NASQAN) data system.Years refer to water years. A water year begins
 in Oct. and ends in Sept. microg = micrograms. mg = milligrams.
 B = Base figure too small to meet statistical standards for reliabilityof
 derived figures. Z = Less than 1.



            Endangered and Threatened Species and Recovery Plans
   U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Interior Department; June 6, 1989.


╓┌────────────────────────┌────────────────────────┌────────────────────────┌
                          Endangered               Endangered               En
 Group                    U.S. only                U.S. & foreign           Fo
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Mammals                  32                       19                       24

 Birds                    61                       15                       14

 Reptiles                 8                        7                        59

 Amphibians               5                        0                        8

 Fishes                   45                       2                        11

 Snails                   3                        0                        1

 Clams                    32                       0                        2
                          Endangered               Endangered               En
 Group                    U.S. only                U.S. & foreign           Fo
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Clams                    32                       0                        2

 Crustaceans              8                        0                        0

 Insects                  10                       0                        0

 Arachnids                3                        0                        0

 Plants                   153                      6                        1

 Total                    360                      49                       46

 Total U.S. Endangered    409

 Total U.S. Threatened    130

 Total U.S. listed        539

                          Endangered               Endangered               En
 Group                    U.S. only                U.S. & foreign           Fo
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 Approved recovery plans  Approved recovery plans  Approved recovery plans  Ap

 Species/populations in   Species/populations in   Species/populations in   Sp
 above plans              above plans              above plans              ab

 Percentage of listed     Percentage of listed     Percentage of listed     Pe
 species covered by 1 or  species covered by 1 or  species covered by 1 or  sp
 more plans               more plans               more plans               mo




  Note: Separate populations of a species, listed both as Endangered and
 Threatened, are tallied twice. Those 9 species are: grizzly bear (US=T &
 Mex=E), leopard, gray wolf, bald eagle, piping plover, roseate tern, Nile
 crocodile, green sea turtle, and olive Ridley seaturtle. Further, there are
 9 species of lemurs; 9 gibbons; 2 each of muskdeer, sifakas, and uakaris;
 and 29-41 species of Oahu tree snails; theseare each counted as one species
 above.



                  Some Endangered Species in North America
 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Interior Department; as of April 15,
 1990


╓┌────────────────────────┌────────────────────────┌─────────────────────────╖
 Common name              Scientific name          Range
 ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Mammals

 Ozark big-eared bat      Plecotus townsendii      U.S. (Mo., Okla., Ariz.)
                          ingens

 Brown or grizzly bear    Ursus arctos horribilis  U.S. (48 conterminous
                                                   states)

 Common name              Scientific name          Range
 ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 Eastern cougar           Felis concolor cougar    Eastern N.A.

 Columbian white-tailed   Odocoileus virginianus   U.S. (Wash., Ore.)
 deer                     leucurus

 San Joaquin kit fox      Vulpes macrotis mutica   U.S. (Cal.)

 Southeastern beach       Peromyscus polionotus    U.S. (Fla.)
 mouse                    phasma

 Ocelot                   Felis pardalis           U.S. (Tex., Ariz.)

 Southern sea otter       Enhydra lutris hereis    U.S. (Wash., Ore., Cal.)

 Florida panther          Felis concolor coryi     U.S. (La., Ark. east to
                                                   S.C., Fla.)

 Utah prairie dog         Cynomys parvidens        U.S. (Ut.)
 Common name              Scientific name          Range
 ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Utah prairie dog         Cynomys parvidens        U.S. (Ut.)

 Morro Bay kangaroo rat   Dipodomys heermanni      U.S. (Cal.)
                          morroensis

 Carolina northern        Glaucomys sabrinus       U.S. (N.C., Tenn.)
 flying squirrel          coloratus

 Hualapai Mexican vole    Microtus mexicanus       U.S. (Ariz.)
                          hualpaiensis

 Red wolf                 Canis rufus              U.S. (Southeast to
                                                   central Tex.)

 Birds

 Masked bobwhite (quail)  Colinus virginianus      U.S. (Ariz.)
                          ridgwayi

 Common name              Scientific name          Range
 ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 California condor        Gymnogyps californianus  U.S. (Ore., Cal.)

 Whooping crane           Grus americana           U.S. (Rky. Mntns. east
                                                   to Carolinas), Canada

 Eskimo curlew            Numenius borealis        Alaska and N. Canada

 Bald eagle               Haliaeetus               U.S. (most states),
                          leucocephalus            Canada

 American peregrine       Falco peregrinus anatum  Canada to Mexico
 falcon

 Hawaiian hawk            Buteo solitarius         U.S. (Hi.)

 Attwater's greater       Tympanuchus cupido       U.S. (Tex.)
 prairie-chicken          attwateri

 Common name              Scientific name          Range
 ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 Bachman's warbler (wood)  Vermivora bachmanii      U.S. (Southeast), Cuba

 Kirtland's warbler       Dendroica kirtlandii     U.S., Canada, Bahama Is.
 (wood)

 Ivory-billed woodpecker  Campephilus principalis  U.S. (Southcentral and
                                                   Southeast), Cuba

 Reptiles

 American alligator       Alligator                U.S (Southeastern)
                          mississippiensis

 American crocodile       Crocodylus acutus        U.S. (Fla.)

 Atlantic salt marsh      Nerodia fasciatia        U.S. (Fla.)
 snake                    taeniata

 Common name              Scientific name          Range
 ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 Plymouth red-bellied     Pseudemys rubiventris    U.S. (Mass.)
 turtle                   bangsi

 Fishes

 Yaqui catfish            Ictalupus pricei         U.S. (Ariz.)

 Bonytail chub            Gila elegans             U.S. (Ariz., Cal., Col.,
                                                   Nev., Ut., Wyo.)

 Gila trout               Salmo gilae              U.S. (Ariz., N.M.)






                    Some Endangered Species in the World
 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Interior Department; as of April 15,
 1990


╓┌──────────────────────┌─────────────────────────┌──────────────────────────╖
 Common name            Scientific name           Historic range
 ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Mammals

 Asian wild ass         Equus hemianus            Southwestern & Central
                                                  Asia

 Bobcat                 Felis rufus escuinapae    Central Mexico

 Cheetah                Acinonyx jubatus          Africa to India

 Chinese river dolphin  Lipotes vexillifer        China

 Asian elephant         Elephas maximas           Southcentral, Southeast
                                                  Asia

 Common name            Scientific name           Historic range
 ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 Bactrian camel         Camelus bactrianus        Mongolia, China

 Gorilla                Gorilla gorilla           Central & W. Africa

 Leopard                Panthera pardus           Africa, Asia

 Asiatic lion           Panthera leo persica      Turkey to India

 Howler monkey          Alouatta pigra            Mexico to S. America

 Giant panda            Ailuropoda melanoleuca    China

 Black rhinoceros       Diceros bicornis          Sub-Saharan Africa

 Tiger                  Panthera tigris           Asia

 Gray whale             Eschrichtius robustus     N. Pacific Ocean

 Common name            Scientific name           Historic range
 ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 Wild yak               Bos grunniens             China (Tibet), India

 Mountain zebra         Equus zebra zebra         South Africa

 Birds

 Hooded crane           Grus monacha              Japan, USSR

 Indigo macaw           Anodorhynchus leari       Brazil

 West African ostrich   Struthio camelus spatzi   Spanish Sahara

 Golden parakeet        Aratinga guarouba         Brazil

 Australian parrot      Geopsittacus              Australia
                        occidentalis






                              Speeds of Animals
                    Natural History magazine, March 1974.
      Copyright (C) The American Museum of Natural History, 1974.


╓┌───────────────────────────────────────┌───────────────────────────────────╖
 Animal                                  Mph
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Cheetah                                 70
 Pronghorn antelope                      61
 Wildebeest                              50
 Lion                                    50
 Thomson's gazelle                       50
 Quarterhorse                            47.5
 Elk                                     45
 Cape hunting dog                        45
 Coyote                                  43
 Animal                                  Mph
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Coyote                                  43
 Gray fox                                42
 Hyena                                   40
 Zebra                                   40
 Mongolian wild ass                      40
 Greyhound                               39.35
 Whippet                                 35.50
 Rabbit (domestic)                       35
 Mule deer                               35
 Jackal                                  35
 Reindeer                                32
 Giraffe                                 32
 White-tailed deer                       30
 Wart hog                                30
 Grizzly bear                            30
 Cat (domestic)                          30
 Human                                   27.89
 Elephant                                25
 Black mamba snake                       20
 Animal                                  Mph
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Black mamba snake                       20
 Six-lined race runner                   18
 Wild turkey                             15
 Squirrel                                12
 Pig (domestic)                          11
 Chicken                                 9
 Spider (Tegenaria atrica)               1.17
 Giant tortoise                          0.17
 Three-toed sloth                        0.15
 Garden snail                            0.03



 Most of these measurements are for maximum speeds over
 approximatequarter-mile distances. Exceptions are the lion and elephant,
 whosespeeds were clocked in the act of charging; the whippet, which wastimed
 over a 200-yard course; the cheetah over a 100-yard distance;man for a
 15-yard segment of a 100-yard run (of 13.6 seconds); and the black mamba,
 six-lined race runner, spider, giant tortoise, three-toedsloth, and garden
 snail, which were measured over various small distances.



              Gestation, Longevity, and Incubation of Animals


╓┌──────────────────────┌────────────────┌──────────────────────────┌────────
 Animal                 Gestation (day)  Average longevity (years)  Maximum lo
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Ass                    365              12                         35-10
 Baboon                 187              20                         35-7
 Bear:
 Black                  219              18                         36-10
 Grizzly                225              25                         -
 Polar                  240              20                         34-8
 Beaver                 122              5                          20-6
 Buffalo (American)     278              15                         -
 Bactrian camel         406              12                         29-5
 Cat (domestic)         63               12                         28
 Chimpanzee             231              20                         44-6
 Animal                 Gestation (day)  Average longevity (years)  Maximum lo
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Chimpanzee             231              20                         44-6
 Chipmunk               31               6                          8
 Cow                    284              15                         30
 Deer (white-tailed)    201              8                          17-6
 Dog (domestic)         61               12                         20
 Elephant (African)     -                35                         60
 Elephant (Asian)       645              40                         70
 Elk                    250              15                         26-6
 Fox (red)              52               7                          14
 Giraffe                425              10                         33-7
 Goat (domestic)        151              8                          18
 Gorilla                257              20                         39-4
 Guinea pig             68               4                          7-6
 Hippopotamus           238              25                         -
 Horse                  330              20                         46
 Kangaroo               42               7                          -
 Leopard                98               12                         19-4
 Lion                   100              15                         25-1
 Monkey (rhesus)        164              15                         -
 Animal                 Gestation (day)  Average longevity (years)  Maximum lo
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Monkey (rhesus)        164              15                         -
 Moose                  240              12                         -
 Mouse (meadow)         21               3                          -
 Mouse (dom. white)     19               3                          3-6
 Opossum (American)     14-17            1                          -
 Pig (domestic)         112              10                         27
 Puma                   90               12                         19
 Rabbit (domestic)      31               5                          13
 Rhinoceros (black)     450              15                         -
 Rhinoceros (white)     -                20                         -
 Sea lion (California)  350              12                         28
 Sheep (domestic)       154              12                         20
 Squirrel (gray)        44               10                         -
 Tiger                  105              16                         26-3
 Wolf (maned)           63               5                          -
 Zebra (Grant's)        365              15                         -



 Longevity figures were supplied by Ronald T. Reuther. They refer toanimals
 in captivity; the potential life span of animals is rarely attainedin
 nature. Maximum longevity figures are from the Biology Data Book,
 1972.Figures on gestation and incubation are averages based on estimates
 byleading authorities.



                           Incubation time (days)


╓┌───────────────────────────┌───────────────────────────────────────────────╖
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Chicken                     21
 Duck                        30
 Goose                       30
 Pigeon                      18
 Turkey                      26






                           Major Venomous Animals


                                   Snakes

 Coral snake -   2 to 4 ft. long, in Americas south of Canada; bite is nearly
 painless; very slow onset of paralysis, difficulty breathing; mortality high
 without antivenin.

 Rattlesnake -    2 to 8 ft. long, throughout W. Hemisphere. Rapid onset of
 symptoms of severe pain, swelling; mortality low, but amputation of affected
 limb is sometimes necessary; antivenin. Probably higher mortality rate for
 Mojave rattler.

 Cottonmouth water moccasin - up to 5 ft. long, wetlands of southern U.S.
 from Virginia to Texas. Rapid onset of symptoms of severe pain, swelling;
 mortality low, but tissue destruction can be extensive; antivenin.

 Copperhead - less than 4 ft. long, from New England to Texas; pain and
 swelling; very seldom fatal; antivenin seldom needed.

 Bushmaster - up to 12 ft. long, wet tropical forests of C. and S. America;
 few bites occur, but mortality rate is high.

 Barba Amarilla or Fer-de-lance - up to 7 ft. long, from tropical Mexico to
 Brazil; severe tissue damage common; moderate mortality; antivenin.

 Asian pit vipers - from 2 to 5 ft. long throughout Asia; reactions and
 mortality vary but most bites cause tissue damage and mortality is generally
 low.

 Sharp-nosed pit viper or One Hundred Pace Snake - up to 5 ft. long, in
 southern Vietnam and Taiwan, China; the most toxic of Asian pit vipers; very
 rapid onset of swelling and tissue damage, internal bleeding; moderate
 mortality; antivenin.

 Boomslang - under 6 ft. long, in African savannahs; rapid onset of nausea
 and dizziness, often followed by slight recovery and then sudden death from
 internal hemorrhaging; bites rare, mortality high; antivenin.

 European vipers -   from 1 to 3 ft. long; bleeding and tissue damage;
 mortality low; antivenins.

 Puff adder - up to 5 ft. long, fat; south of the Sahara and throughout the
 Middle East; rapid large swelling, great pain, dizziness; moderate mortality
 often from internal bleeding; antivenin.

 Gaboon viper - over 6 ft. long, fat; 2-inch fangs; south of the Sahara;
 massive tissue damage, internal bleeding; few recorded bites.

 Saw-scaled or carpet viper - up to 2 ft. long, in dry areas from India to
 Africa; severe bleeding, fever; high mortality, causes more human fatalities
 than any other snake; antivenin.

 Desert horned viper -      in dry areas of Africa and western Asia; swelling
 and tissue damage; low mortality; antivenin.

 Russell's viper or tic-palonga - over 5 ft. long, throughout Asia; internal
 bleeding; moderate mortality rate; bite reports common; antivenin.

 Black mamba - up to 14 ft. long, fast-moving; S. and C. Africa; rapid onset
 of dizziness, difficulty breathing, erratic heart-beat; mortality high,
 nears 100% without antivenin.

 Kraits -   in S. Asia; rapid onset of sleepiness; numbness; up to 50%
 mortality even with antivenin treatment.

 Common or Asian cobra - 4 to 8 ft. long, throughout S. Asia; considerable
 tissue damage, sometimes paralysis; mortality probably not more than 10%;
 antivenin.

 King cobra - up to 16 ft. long, throughout S. Asia; rapid swelling,
 dizziness, loss of consciousness, difficulty breathing, erratic heart-beat;
 mortality varies sharply with amount of venom involved, most bites involve
 non-fatal amounts; antivenin.

 Yellow or Cape cobra - 7 ft. long, in southern Africa; most toxic venom of
 any cobra; rapid onset of swelling, breathing and cardiac difficulties;
 mortality high without treatment; antivenin.

 Ringhals, or spitting, cobra - 5 ft. and 7 ft. long; southern Africa; squirt
 venom through holes in front of fangs as a defense; venom is severely
 irritating and can cause blindness.

 Australian brown snakes - very slow onset of symptoms of cardiac or
 respiratory distress; moderate mortality; antivenin.

 Tiger snake - 2 to 6 ft. long, S. Australia; pain, numbness, mental
 disturbances with rapid onset of paralysis; may be the most deadly of all
 land snakes though antivenin is quite effective.

 Death adder - less than 3 ft. long, Australia; rapid onset of faintness,
 cardiac and respiratory distress; at least 50% mortality without antivenin.

 Taipan - up to 11 ft. long, in Australia and New Guinea; rapid paralysis
 with severe breathing difficulty; mortality nears 100% without antivenin.

 Sea snakes - throughout Pacific, Indian oceans except NE Pacific; almost
 painless bite, variety of muscle pain, paralysis; mortality rate low, many
 bites are not envenomed; some antivenins.

 Notes: Not all snake bites by venomous snakes are actually envenomed. Any
 animal bite, however, carries the danger of tetanus and anyone suffering a
 venomous snake bite should seek medical attention. Antivenins are not
 certain cures; they are only an aid in the treatment of bites. Mortality
 rates above are for envenomed bites; low mortality, up to 2% result in
 death; moderate, 2-5%; high, 5-15%. Even when the victim recovers fully,
 prolonged hospitalization and extensive medical procedures are usually
 required.


                                  Lizards

 Gila monster - up to 24 inches long with heavy body and tail, in high desert
 in southwest U.S. and N. Mexico; immediate severe pain followed by vomiting,
 thirst, difficulty swallowing, weakness approaching paralysis; no recent
 mortality.

 Mexican beaded lizard - similar to Gila monster, Mexican westcoast; reaction
 and mortality rate similar to Gila monster.


                                  Insects

 Ants, bees, wasps, hornets, etc. Global distribution. Usual reaction is
 piercing pain in area of sting. Not directly fatal, except in cases of
 massive multiple stings. Many people suffer allergic reactions - swelling,
 rashes, partial paralysis - and a few may die within minutes from severe
 sensitivity to the venom (anaphylactic shock).


                             Spiders, scorpions

 Black widow - small, round-bodied with hour-glass marking; the widow and its
 relatives are found around the world in tropical and temperate zones;
 sharp pain, weakness, clammy skin, muscular rigidity, breathing difficulty
 and, in small children, convulsions; low mortality; antivenin.

 Recluse or fiddleback and brown spiders - small, oblong body; throughout
 U.S.; pain with later ulceration at place of bite; in severe cases fever,
 nausea, and stomach cramps; ulceration may last months; very low mortality.

 Atrax spiders - several varieties, often large, in Australia; slow onset of
 breathing, circulation difficulties; low mortality.

 Tarantulas - large, hairy spiders found around the world; American
 tarantulas, and probably all others, are harmless,though their bite may
 cause some pain and swelling.

 Scorpions - crab-like body with stinger in tail, various sizes, many
 varieties throughout tropical and subtropical areas; various symptoms may
 include severe pain spreading from the wound, numbness, severe emotional
 agitation, cramps; severe reactions include vomiting, diarrhea, respiratory
 failure; low mortality, usually in children; antivenins.


                                  Sea Life

 Sea wasps - jellyfish, with tentacles up to 30 ft. long, in the S. Pacific;
 very rapid onset of circulatory problems; high mortality largely because of
 speed of toxic reaction; antivenin.

 Portuguese man-of-war - jellyfish-like, with tentacles up to 70 ft. long, in
 most warm water areas; immediate severe pain; not fatal, though shock may
 cause death in a rare case.

 Octopi - global distribution, usually in warm waters; all varieties produce
 venom but only a few can cause death; rapid onset of paralysis with
 breathing difficulty.

 Stingrays - several varieties of differing sizes, found in tropical and
 temperate seas and some fresh water; severe pain, rapid onset of nausea,
 vomiting, breathing difficulties; wound area may ulcerate, gangrene may
 appear; seldom fatal.

 Stonefish - brownish  fish which lies motionless as a rock on bottom in
 shallow water; throughout S. Pacific and Indian oceans;
 extraordinary pain, rapid paralysis; low mortality.

 Cone-shells - molluscs in small, beautiful shells in the S. Pacific and
 Indian oceans; shoot barbs into victims; paralysis; low mortality.


                       How Much Water Is Used . . . ?

                         American Water Works Assn.

      1.  In the average residence during a year? 107,000 gallons

      2.  By an average person daily? 168 gallons

      3.  To flush a toilet? 5-7 gallons

      4.  To take a shower? 25-50 gallons

      5.  To brush your teeth (water running)? 2 gallons

      6.  To shave (water running)? 10-15 gallons

      7.  To wash dishes by hand? 20 gallons

      8.  To run a dishwasher? 10 gallons

                     Major U.S. Public Zoological Parks
   World Almanac questionnaire, 1990; budget and attendance in millions.


╓┌───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┌───────┌───────
 Zoo                                                         Budget  Attendanc
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum (Tucson)                       $3.4    0.6

 Audubon (New Orleans)*                                      9.0     1.0

 Bronx (N.Y.C.)                                              24.6    2.2


 Buffalo                                                     4.0     0.5

 Chicago (Brookfield)                                        25.0    2.0


 Cincinnati*                                                 10.0    1.5

 Cleveland                                                   5.7     0.8

 Dallas                                                      6.4     0.5

 Zoo                                                         Budget  Attendanc
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────


 Denver                                                      5.2     1.2

 Detroit                                                     11.4    1.0

 Houston*                                                    2.6     2.0

 Lincoln Park (Chicago)                                      8.8     4.5

 Los Angeles                                                 1.7     2.0

 Louisville*                                                 2.5     0.4

 Memphis                                                     2.5     0.8

 Miami Metrozoo                                              7.2     0.8

 Milwaukee                                                   12.0    1.5
 Zoo                                                         Budget  Attendanc
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Milwaukee                                                   12.0    1.5

 Minnesota                                                   10.0    1.0

 National (Wash. D.C.)                                       13.0    3.0

 Oklahoma City                                               5.0     0.6

 Philadelphia                                                12.0    1.3


 Phoenix                                                     7.0     1.0

 Rio Grande (Albuquerque)                                    2.2     0.5

 Riverbanks (Columbia, S.C.)                                 3.2     1.0

 St. Louis                                                   11.3    2.8

 Zoo                                                         Budget  Attendanc
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 San Antonio                                                 6.5     0.9

 San Diego*                                                  40.0    3.5

 San Diego (Wild Animal Park)*                               15.0    1.3


 San Francisco*                                              8.0     1.2


 Toledo                                                      7.5     0.8

 Washington Pk (Portland)                                    12.6    1.1

 Woodland Pk (Seattle)                                       5.3     0.9




 (*) park has not provided up-to-date data.



                 Top 50 American Kennel Club Registrations


╓┌─────────────────────────────┌─────┌────────┌─────┌────────────────────────╖
 Breed                         Rank  1989     Rank  1988
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Cocker Spaniels               1     111,636  1     108,720
 Labrador Retrievers           2     91,107   2     86,446
 Poodles                       3     78,600   3     82,600
 Golden Retrievers             4     64,269   4     62,950
 German Shepherd Dogs          5     58,422   5     57,139
 Rottweilers                   6     51,291   7     42,748
 Chow Chows                    7     50,150   6     50,781
 Dachshunds                    8     44,305   9     41,921
 Beagles                       9     43,314   8     41,983
 Miniature Schnauzers          10    42,175   10    41,558
 Breed                         Rank  1989     Rank  1988
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Miniature Schnauzers          10    42,175   10    41,558
 Shetland Sheepdogs            11    39,665   12    38,730
 Yorkshire Terriers            12    39,268   13    36,040
 Shih Tzu                      13    38,131   11    38,829
 Pomeranians                   14    32,109   14    30,516
 Lhasa Apsos                   15    28,810   15    30,194
 Chihuahuas                    16    24,917   17    23,487
 Pekingese                     17    22,986   22    20,134
 Boxers                        18    22,037   20    20,604
 Siberian Huskies              19    21,875   18    21,430
 Doberman Pinschers            20    21,782   16    23,928
 Basset Hounds                 21    21,517   19    21,423
 English Springer Spaniels     22    20,911   21    20,238
 Collies                       23    18,227   23    18,931
 Dalmatians                    24    17,488   27    14,109
 Boston Terriers               25    15,355   24    14,988
 Brittanys                     26    14,557   26    14,439
 Maltese                       27    14,420   25    14,453
 West Highland White Terriers  28    12,189   29    11,565
 Breed                         Rank  1989     Rank  1988
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
West Highland White Terriers  28    12,189   29    11,565
 Pugs                          29    11,204   28    11,659
 Bichons Frises                30    10,639   30    9,684
 Bulldogs                      31    10,129   31    9,566
 German Shorthaired Pointers   32    9,975    32    9,111
 Great Danes                   33    9,024    33    8,996
 Samoyeds                      34    8,923    34    8,986
 Scottish Terriers             35    8,759    35    8,106
 Keeshonden                    36    7,569    36    7,431
 Akitas                        37    7,531    38    6,518
 Cairn Terriers                38    7,318    37    7,187
 Alaskan Malamutes             39    5,803    39    5,811
 Miniature Pinschers           40    5,568    40    5,579
 Pembroke Welsh Corgis         41    4,480    45    3,796
 Chesapeake Bay Retrievers     42    4,427    42    4,315
 Airedale Terriers             43    4,412    41    4,687
 St. Bernards                  44    4,099    44    3,827
 Old English Sheepdogs         45    3,835    43    3,973
 Weimaraners                   46    3,679    46    3,653
 Breed                         Rank  1989     Rank  1988
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Weimaraners                   46    3,679    46    3,653
 Norwegian Elkhounds           47    3,520    47    3,416
 Silky Terriers                48    3,329    49    2,862
 Wire Fox Terriers             49    3,293    48    3,095
 Shipperkes                    50    3,087    52    2,684






                                 Cat Breeds

 There are 27 cat breeds recognized: abyssinian, american shorthair,
 balinese, birman, bombay, burmese, colorpoint shorthair, egyptian mau,
 exotic shorthair, havana brown, himalayan, japanese bobtail, korat, leopard
 cat, lilac foreign shorthair, maine coon cat, manx, ocicat, oriental
 shorthair, persian, rex, russian blue, scottish fold, siamese, sphynx,
 turkish angora, wirehair shorthair.

                           Giant Trees of the U.S.
            The American Forestry Association, Washington, D.C.
  (Figure in parentheses is year of most recent measurement;*= co-champion)


 There are approximately 748 different species of trees native to the
 continental U.S., including a few imports that have become naturalized to
 the extent of reproducing themselves in the wild state.
 The oldest living trees in the world are reputed to be the bristle
 conepines, the majority of which are found growing on the arid crags of
 California's White Mts. Some of them are estimated to be more than 4,600
 years old. The largest known bristlecone pine is the "Patriarch,"believed to
 be 1,500 years old. The oldest known redwoods are about 3,500 years old.
 Recognition as the National Champion of each species is determined bytotal
 mass of each tree, based on this formula: the circumference in inches as
 measured at a point 4 1/2 feet above the ground plus the total height ofthe
 tree in feet plus 1/4 of the average crown spread in feet. Trees arecompared
 on the basis of this formula. Trees within five points of eachother are
 declared co-champions. The Giant Sequoia champion has the largest
 circumference, 83 ft. 2 in., Smallflower Paw Paw the smallest, 4 in.
 Anyone can nominate the candidates for the National Register of BigTrees.
 For information, write to National Register of Big Trees, American Forestry
 Assn., P.O. Box 2000, Washington, DC 20013. Following is a small selection
 of the trees registered.



╓┌──────────────────────────────┌─────────────┌──────────────────────────────╖
 Species                        Height (ft.)  Location
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Ailanthus (1952)               64            Head of Harbor, L.I.

 Alder, Hazel (1989)            35            Norfolk, Va.

 Allthorn (1989)*               11            Rio Grande City, Tex.

 Apple, Common (1986)           70            East End, Va.

 Apple, Oregon Crab (1989)      79            Nisqually Natl. Wildlife
                                              Refuge, Wash.

 Species                        Height (ft.)  Location
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 Ash, Carolina (1988)           48            Chesapeake, Va.

 Ash, Texas (1989)              66            Lost Maples State Natl. Area,
                                              Tex.

 Aspen, Bigtooth (1989)*        66            Caroline Co., Md.

 Avocado (1982)                 40            Hallandale, Fla.

 Basswood, White (1986)         75            Henderson Co., N.C.

 Beech, American (1984)         130           Ashtabula Co., Oh.

 Birch, Gray  (1989)            77            Somers, Ct.

 Birch, River (1988)*           90            Appleton Comm., Tenn.

 Birch, Water (1973)            53            Wallowa Co., Ore.
 Species                        Height (ft.)  Location
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Birch, Water (1973)            53            Wallowa Co., Ore.

 Blackbead, Ebony (1986)        40            Hidalgo Co., Tex.

 Bladdernut, Sierra (1986)      28            Fresno, Co., Cal.

 Bluewood (1989)                30            San Juan, Tex.

 Boxwood, Florida (1986)        27            Monroe Co., Fla.

 Buckthorn, Hollyleaf (1976)    22            Greenfield, Cal.

 Buffaloberry,  Silver  (1975)  22            Malheur Co., Ore.

 Bumelia, Tough (1987)          41            Amelia Is., Fla.

 Butternut (1989)*              88            Eugene, Ore.

 California Laurel (1978)       88            Siskiyou Natl. For., Ore.
 Species                        Height (ft.)  Location
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
California Laurel (1978)       88            Siskiyou Natl. For., Ore.

 Camphor-Tree (1977)            72            Hardee Co., Fla.

 Catalpa, Southern (1981)       80            Henderson Co., Ill.

 Catclaw, Wright (1986)         36            Uvalde Co., Tex.

 Cedar, Atlantic white (1985)   88            Escambia Co., Ala.

 Cherry, Bitter (1985)          104           Vashon Is., Wash.

 Coconut, Palm (1979)           92            Hilo, Hi.

 Cranberrybush, American        25            Trenton, Mich.
 (1989)*

 Cypress, McNab (1981)          55            Amador Co., Cal.

 Species                        Height (ft.)  Location
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 Dahoon, Myrtle (1972)          46            Lawtey, Fla.

 Devilwood (1989)               36            Perry, Fla.

 Dogwood, Blackfruit (1986)     18            Shasta Co., Cal.

 Dogwood, Swamp (1989)*         23            Chesapeake, Va.

 Douglas-Fir, Coast (1989)      298           Olympic Natl. Park, Wash.

 Elder, American (1987)         16            Jefferson Natl. For., Va.

 Elder, Pacific Red (1989)      30            Lincoln Co., Ore.

 Elm, American (1985)           125           Southampton Co., Va.

 Fiddlewood, Florida (1988)     39            Dade Co., Fla.

 Species                        Height (ft.)  Location
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 Fig, Shortleaf (1986)          41            Monroe Co., Fla.

 Fir, Grand (1987)              251           Olympic Natl. Park, Wash.

 Franklinia (1968)              36            Wyndmoor, Pa.

 Fringetree (1989)*             32            Fairfax Co., Va.

 Gallberry, Large (1989)        27            Great Dismal Swamp Natl.
                                              Wildlife Refuge, Va.

 Geiger Tree (1988)             25            Lee Co., Fla.

 Guajillo (1989)                15            Starr Co., Tex.

 Guiana Plum (1976)             31            Coral Gables, Fla.

 Hackberry, Common (1989)       111           Rock Co., Wis.
 Species                        Height (ft.)  Location
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Hackberry, Common (1989)       111           Rock Co., Wis.

 Haw, Frosted (1989)            15            Maiden Springs, Va.

 Hawthorne, Fleshy (1988)       8             Kirkwood, Mo.

 Hazel, California (1984)       47            Seattle, Wash.

 Hemlock, Carolina (1972)       88            Burke Co., N.C.

 Hickory, Mockernut (1985)*     125           Monroe Co., Ala.

 Hickory, Shellbark (1986)      105           Rixeyville, Va.

 Holly, Carolina (1986)         25            Jacksonville, Fla.

 Honeylocust (1972)             115           Wayne Co., Mich.

 Huisache (1989)                33            Big Bend Natl. Park, Tex.
 Species                        Height (ft.)  Location
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Huisache (1989)                33            Big Bend Natl. Park, Tex.

 India Almond (1986)            61            Monroe Co., Fla.

 Jujube, Common (1989)          43            Fort Worth, Tex.

 Juniper, Western (1945)        86            Stanislaus Natl. Forest., Cal.

 Larch, European (1989)         83            Greenwich, Ct.

 Laurel, English (1985)         32            Seattle, Wash.

 Loblolly Bay (1963)            94            Ocala Natl. Forest, Fla.

 Locust, Black (1974)           96            Dansville, N.Y.

 Magnolia, Umbrella (1969)      50            Bucks Co., Pa.

 Mahogany, W. Indies (1988)     70            Lee Co., Fla.
 Species                        Height (ft.)  Location
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Mahogany, W. Indies (1988)     70            Lee Co., Fla.

 Manzanita, Common (1989)       22            Guerneville, Cal.

 Maple, Black (1976)            118           Allegan Co., Mich.

 Maple, Douglas (1985)*         65            Ahsahka, Ida.

 Mesquite, Honey (1984)         52            Real County, Tex.

 Mountain Ash, Sitka (1981)     50            Gardiner, Ore.

 Mulberry, Black (1971)         68            Westminster, Md.

 Nannyberry (1989)              40            Oakland Co., Mich.

 Oak, Bluejack (1985)           64            Cherokee Co., Tex.

 Oak, Chestnut (1972)           75            Northport, N.Y.
 Species                        Height (ft.)  Location
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Oak, Chestnut (1972)           75            Northport, N.Y.

 Oak, Harvard (1986)            30            Yoakum Co., Tex.

 Oysterwood (1986)              24            Monroe Co., Fla.

 Palm, Dwarf (1979)             27            Brazoria, Tex.

 Paloverde, Blue (1976)         53            Riverside Co., Cal.

 Paper-Mulberry (1989)          34            Yorktown, Va.

 Pawpaw, Common (1986)          60            Newton Co., Miss.

 Peach (1986)                   18            Morrisville, Va.

 Pear, Common (1985)            55            Wayne Co., Mich.

 Pecan (1980)                   143           Cocke Co., Tenn.
 Species                        Height (ft.)  Location
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Pecan (1980)                   143           Cocke Co., Tenn.

 Persimmon, Texas (1965)        26            Uvalde Co., Tex.

 Pine, Bishop (1986)            112           Mendocino Co., Cal.

 Pine, Intermountain (1951)     47            Inyo Natl. Forest, Cal.

 Pine, Virginia (1989)          120           Chambers Co., Ala.

 Pistache, Texas (1976)         39            Val Verde Co., Tex.

 Plum, Chicasaw (1988)          32            Henderson Co., N.C.

 Plum, Wildgoose (1989)         26            New Salem Village, Ill.

 Poison-Sumac (1972)            16            Robins Is., N.Y.

 Poplar, Balsam (1984)          138           Marquette, Mich.
 Species                        Height (ft.)  Location
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Poplar, Balsam (1984)          138           Marquette, Mich.

 Portiatree (1968)              42            Kekaha, Ha.

 Prickly-Ash, Lime (1988)       25            Lee Co., Fla.

 Redbud, Eastern (1989)         36            Nashville, Tenn.

 Redwood, Coast (1972)          362           Humboldt Redwoods State Park,
                                              Cal.

 Ribbonbush (1977)              23            No. Warner Springs, Cal.

 Russian-Olive (1982)           58            Cortez, Col.

 Saffron-Plum (1987)            31            Santa Ana, Tex.

 Sassafras (1954)               76            Owensboro, Ky.

 Species                        Height (ft.)  Location
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 Sequoia, Giant (1975)          275           Sequoia Natl. Park, Cal.

 Serviceberry, Downy (1986)     60            Burkes Garden, Va.

 Silktree, Mimosa (1986)*       54            Webster Parish, La.

 Sophora, Mescalbean (1983)     27            Comal Co., Tex.

 Spruce, Norway (1989)          94            Susquehanna City, Pa.

 Stewartia, Virginia (1987)     15            Chesapeake, Va.

 Sumac, Shining (1986)          49            Marion Co., Tex.

 Sweetgum, American (1986)      136           Craven Co., N.C.

 Sycamore, Arizona (1981)       114           Sierra Co., N.M.

 Species                        Height (ft.)  Location
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 Tamarisk (1981)                34            Columbus, N.M.

 Thatchpalm, Florida (1986)     23            Monroe Co., Fla.

 Walnut, Arizona (1987)         85            Mimbres Valley, N.M.

 Willow, Sitka (1988)           34            Coupeville, Wash.

 Willow, Weeping (1982)*        114           Asheville, N.C.

 Yew, Florida (1986)            20            Torreya State Park, Fla.

 Yucca, Mojave (1987)           24            Needles Res. Area, Cal.

 Yucca, Torrey (1987)           23            Lincoln Natl. Forest, N.M.





                           ASTRONOMY AND CALENDAR

           Edited by Dr. Kenneth L. Franklin, Astronomer Emeritus

                     American Museum-Hayden Planetarium


                      Celestial Events Highlights, 1991

                   (Greenwich Mean Time, or as indicated)

 This late spring and early summer we will be able to witness a spectacular
 gathering of the Moon and planets in our evening sky. The suspense builds
 subtlely even in January, as Mars begins to fade while Venus enters the
 scene from the western wings of evening twilight. Each month, the Moon
 passes Venus, Mars, and Jupiter in more rapid succession as the three
 planets slowly converge. By early June, it becomes obvious that they will
 meet about the same time, between June 14 to 16, with the four-day crescent
 Moon passing them on the 15th, in sight of the whole U.S., weather
 permitting. While we will not see Mars pass Jupiter on the 14th, we will be
 able to watch Venus pass Jupiter on the 17th, but we will again miss the
 Venus-Mars encounter on the 23rd. These and other encounters favor other
 parts of the Earth, except for the dawn close meeting of Mercury, Jupiter,
 and Regulus the morning of September 10, but only here our east coast is
 favored.

 Antares is occulted by the Moon four times this year, the last for several
 years occurring in April. Uranus is occulted 12 times, Neptune 6, Saturn,
 Mars, and Mercury twice, each, and Venus once. Only part of southern Florida
 may have a chance of seeing the February occultation of Antares, all the
 other events being unobservable from the U.S.

 All the United States except Alaska and most of New England will see a
 partial eclipse of the Sun on July 11. The path of totality will sweep over
 the island of Hawaii, the southern tip of Baja California, Guadalajara and
 Mexico City in Mexico, pass along the Pacific Coast of Central America,
 missing Panama, before ending in the jungles of Brazil. The maximum duration
 of totality will occur just east of the Baja in the Sea of Cortez, a few
 seconds short of 7 minutes, the longest eclipse on the North American
 continent in scores of years, and, according to one authority, " . . . the
 finest total eclipse for North Americans between the years 1806 and 2510 . .
 . "

 As always, use notice of close approaches as a guide to watch the night
 before and after the events to observe the relative motions of the bodies
 involved. The sky is a dynamic place.


                                   January

 Mercury is a morning object all month long, rising before the Sun in the
 southeast, at greatest elongation, 24 deg west of the Sun, on the 14th, and
 increasing in brightness into February; it is stationary on the 3rd, north
 of the Moon on the 13th, passes north of Uranus on the 23rd, and south of
 Neptune on the 26th.

 Venus is low in the southwest after sunset this month, just emerging from
 the evening twilight, and passing south of Saturn on the 1st, and south of
 the very thin crescent Moon on the 17th.

 Mars resumes its direct motion on the 1st at the western edge of Taurus,
 fading rapidly from minus 1st magnitude, passing south of the Moon on the
 25th.

 Jupiter, in Cancer, passes the fat, but waning, gibbous Moon on the 2nd, is
 at minus 2.5 magnitude or brighter in opposition to the Sun on the 29th, and
 passes the nearly full Moon on the 30th.

 Saturn  is lost to view this month as it is in conjunction with the Sun on
 the 18th.

 Moon passes Jupiter on the 2nd, occults Antares on the 12th, passes Mercury
 on the 13th, eclipses the Sun on the 16th, passes Venus on the 17th, Mars on
 the 25th, and Jupiter again on the 30th.

 Jan. 1--Venus passes 1 deg.2 south of Saturn; Mars stationary in Taurus.

 Jan. 2--Moon passes 2 deg south of Jupiter.

 Jan. 3--Earth at perihelion, 91.4 million miles from the sun, closest this
 year; Mercury stationary, resuming direct motion; Quadrantid meteor shower,
 ideally showing about 40 per hour, should be affected by the Moon.

 Jan. 5--Neptune in conjunction.

 Jan. 12--Antares is occulted by the waning crescent moon; see them quite
 close this morning in the southeast.

 Jan. 13--Moon passes 4 deg south of Mercury.

 Jan. 14--Mercury at greatest elongation, 24 deg west of the Sun in the dawn
 sky.

 Jan. 16--Annular eclipse of the sun.

 Jan. 17--Moon passes 3 deg north of Venus.

 Jan. 18--Saturn in conjunction.

 Jan. 19--Sun enters Capricornus.

 Jan. 23--Mercury passes 0 deg.4 north of Uranus.

 Jan. 25--Moon passes 2 deg north of Mars.

 Jan. 26--Mercury passes 1 deg.1 south of Neptune.

 Jan. 29--Jupiter at opposition in Cancer, rising at sunset and setting at
 sunrise.

 Jan. 30--Moon passes 1 deg.8 south of Jupiter; penumbral lunar eclipse.


                                  February

 Mercury is lost from view after the first week as it heads for superior
 conjunction early next month.

 Venus is increasingly prominent in the evening twilight, passing south of
 the crescent Moon on the 17th, and setting due west before month's end.

 Mars remains in Taurus for another month as it obviously fades while picking
 up speed in its direct, eastern, motion against the background stars,
 passing Aldebaran and the Moon on the 22nd.

 Jupiter continues to dominate the night sky, the background stars of Cancer
 demonstrating their normal obscurity, the giant planet letting the nearly
 full Moon pass to its south on the 26th.

 Saturn finally leaves Sagittarius for Capricornus by mid-month after being
 occulted by the thin waning crescent Moon on the 12th.

 Moon occults Antares on the 8th, occults Uranus and passes Neptune on the
 11th, occults Saturn on the 12th, passes Venus on the 17th, Mars on the
 22nd, and Jupiter on the 26th.

 Feb. 5--Mercury is 1 deg.2 south of Saturn.

 Feb. 8--Moon occults Antares, possibly visible from the southeastern part of
 North America.

 Feb. 11--Moon occults Uranus and passes 1 deg.9 south of Neptune.

 Feb. 12--Moon occults Saturn.

 Feb. 16--Sun enters Aquarius.

 Feb. 17--Moon passes 6 deg north of Venus.

 Feb. 22--Mars passes 8 deg north of Aldebaran, and 1 deg.6 south of the
 Moon.

 Feb. 25--Pluto stationary in Serpens Caput.

 Feb. 26--Moon passes 1 deg.6 south of Jupiter.


                                    March

 Mercury, in superior conjunction beyond the Sun on the 2nd, remains in the
 twilight glow until the end of the month, a very difficult object to see.

 Venus is still more prominent each week, as it moves east of the Sun and
 toward the north even while brightening.

 Mars continues to fade as it moves eastward in Taurus.

 Jupiter, with the Moon passing close to the south on the 25th, ends its
 retrograde motion on the 30th, still in Cancer.

 Saturn, occulted by the Moon on the 12th, climbs steadily away from the dawn
 twilight, looking like a misplaced 1st magnitude star in faint Capricornus.

 Moon occults Antares on the 7th, Uranus on the 10th, passes Neptune on the
 10th, occults Saturn on the 12th, passes Mercury on the 17th, Venus on the
 19th, occults Mars on the 22nd, passes Jupiter on the 25th, and occults the
 asteroid, Pallas, on the 28th.

 Mar. 2--Mercury in superior conjunction.

 Mar. 7--Moon occults Antares.

 Mar. 10--Moon occults Uranus; passes 1 deg.8 south of Neptune.

 Mar. 11--Sun enters Pisces.

 Mar. 12--Moon occults Saturn.

 Mar. 17--Moon passes 5 deg north of Mercury.

 Mar. 19--Moon passes 5 deg north of Venus.

 Mar. 21--Vernal equinox, 3:02 GMT (Mar. 20, 10:02 pm EST); spring begins in
 the northern hemisphere, fall in the southern, as the Sun crosses the
 Earth's equator from south to north.

 Mar. 22--Moon occults Mars.

 Mar. 25--Moon passes 1 deg.6 south of Jupiter.

 Mar. 27--Mercury at greatest elongation, 29 deg east of the Sun.

 Mar. 28--Moon occults asteroid Pallas.

 Mar. 30--Jupiter stationary in Cancer, resuming direct motion.


                                    April

 Mercury, stationary on the 4th and the 27th, passes through inferior
 conjunction on the 14th, thus lost to view until the last few days of this
 month.

 Venus and the Moon make an interesting tableau the evenings of the 16th and
 17th, as the crescent Moon passes 2 deg north of the evening star before
 noon on the 17th.

 Mars, passing into Gemini early this month, is occulted by the Moon on the
 20th.

 Jupiter outshines all the stars of Cancer as it moves ponderously toward
 Leo, being passed by the first quarter Moon on the 21st.

 Saturn, in Capricornus, is passed by the fat waning crescent Moon on the
 8th.

 Moon occults Antares for the last time for many a year on the 4th, Uranus on
 the 7th, passes Neptune on the 7th, Saturn on the 8th, Venus on the 17th,
 occults Mars on the 20th, and passes Jupiter on the 21st.

 Apr. 4--Moon occults Antares; Mercury stationary, beginning retrograde
 motion.

 Apr. 7--Moon occults Uranus; passes 1 deg.5 south of Neptune.

 Apr. 8--Moon occults Saturn.

 Apr. 14--Mercury in inferior conjunction.

 Apr. 17--Moon passes 2 deg north of Venus.

 Apr. 18--Uranus and Neptune stationary in Sagittarius, each beginning
 retrograde motion; Sun enters Aries.

 Apr. 20--Moon occults Mars.

 Apr. 21--Moon passes 1 deg.9 south of Jupiter.

 Apr. 22--Venus passes 7 deg north of Aldebaran.

 Apr. 27--Mercury stationary, resuming direct motion.


                                     May

 Mercury is in the southeast sky before dawn getting brighter all month, at
 greatest elongation on the 12th, 26 deg west of the Sun.

 Venus is approached by the waxing crescent Moon on the evening of the 16th,
 their separation only 1 deg.6 as they close with the horizon.

 Mars, brighter than a 2nd magnitude star, after passing 5 deg south of
 Pollux on the 16th, joins Jupiter in Cancer near the end of the month.

 Jupiter, considerably fainter than Venus, lower in the west, is still very
 much brighter than Mars or any star in the neighborhood called Cancer.

 Saturn, in Capricornus, is stationary on the 17th, beginning its retrograde
 motion, and is passed by the nearly last quarter Moon on the 6th.

 Moon occults Uranus on the 4th, passes Neptune on the 4th, Saturn on the
 6th, Mercury on the 12th, Venus on the 17th, Mars on the 18th, Jupiter on
 the 19th, and occults Uranus and Neptune on the 31st.

 May 4--Moon occults Uranus; passes 1 deg.2 south of Neptune.

 May 6--Moon passes 1 deg.8 north of Saturn.

 May 10--Pluto at opposition in Serpens Caput.

 May 12--Moon 9 deg north of Mercury; Mercury at greatest elongation 26 deg
 west of the Sun.

 May 13--Sun enters Taurus.

 May 16--Mars 5 deg south of Pollux.

 May 17--Moon passes 1 deg.6 south of Venus; Saturn stationary in
 Capricornus, beginning retrograde motion.

 May 18--Moon passes 2 deg south of Mars.

 May 19--Moon passes 2 deg south of Jupiter; with binoculars, watch Jupiter
 pass south of the stars of Praesepe, the Beehive cluster of stars in the
 constellation of Cancer.

 May 31--Venus passes 4 deg south of Pollux; Moon occults Uranus and Neptune.



                                    June

 Mercury is effectively lost to our skies this month as it passes superior
 conjunction on the 17th, beyond the sun.

 Venus, at greatest eastern elongation on the 13th, joins the fat crescent
 Moon, Jupiter, and Mars in a fantastic display of celestial summitry on the
 evening of the 15th, all in Cancer, the crab; Venus passes north of Jupiter
 on the 17th, and of Mars on the 23rd.

 Mars, after transiting Praesepe on the 6th, passes Jupiter in Cancer on the
 14th, north of the Moon on the 16th, and close to Venus on the 23rd,
 participating in a great meeting of the planets.

 Jupiter, slogging toward Leo, is overtaken by faint but fleet Mars on the
 14th, the inconstant Moon on the 15th, and dazzling Venus on the 17th.

 Saturn, ever patient in Capricornus in the morning sky, is passed by the
 waning gibbous Moon on the 2nd and the 29th.

 Jun. 2--Moon passes 2 deg north of Saturn.

 Jun. 13--Venus at greatest elongation, 45 deg east of the Sun.

 Jun. 14--Mars passes 0 deg.6 north of Jupiter.

 Jun. 15--Moon passes 4 deg south of Venus, and 3 deg south of Jupiter.

 Jun. 16--Moon passes 4 deg south of Mars.

 Jun. 17--Mercury in superior conjunction, beyond the Sun; Venus passes 0
 deg.3 north of Mars.

 Jun. 20--Sun enters Gemini.

 Jun. 21--Summer solstice at 21:19 GMT (4:19 pm EST) when the Sun is as far
 north as it can come; summer begins in the northern hemisphere, winter in
 the southern.

 Jun. 23--Venus passes 0 deg.3 north of Mars.

 Jun. 27--Penumbral lunar eclipse; Moon occults Uranus.

 Jun. 28--Moon occults Neptune.

 Jun. 29--Moon passes 2 deg north of Saturn.

 Jun. 30--Mercury passes 5 deg south of Pollux.


                                    July

 Mercury, the messenger of the gods, is a bit late for last month's summit
 conference, but it rushes through Praesepe in Cancer on the 7th, passes the
 Moon on the 13th and almost seems to collide with Jupiter on the 15th before
 achieving its greatest eastern elongation from the Sun on the 25th in the
 northwest twilight, and passing south of Regulus on the 27th.

 Venus passes south of Regulus on the 11th, north of the Moon on the 14th, is
 at greatest brilliancy on the 17th, passes Mars on the 22nd, and is
 stationary on the 30th, beginning its retrograde motion.

 Mars, nearly as faint as a 2nd magnitude star, is busy again one day this
 month, passing both the Moon and Leo's Regulus on the 14th.

 Jupiter, after a close encounter with Mercury on the 15th, descends into the
 evening twilight by the month's end to be lost to our evening sky until next
 spring.

 Saturn is at opposition on the 27th, a few hours after the full Moon passes
 it following the Moon's own penumbral eclipse.

 Moon totally eclipses the Sun on the 11th, passes Mercury and Jupiter on the
 13th, Mars and Venus on the 14th, occults Uranus on the 24th, passes Neptune
 on the 25th, has a penumbral eclipse and passes Saturn on the 26th.

 Jul. 4--Uranus at opposition in Sagittarius.

 Jul. 6--Earth at aphelion, 94.4 million miles from the sun, the farthest
 this year.

 Jul. 8--Neptune at opposition in Sagittarius.

 Jul. 11--Venus 1 deg.0 south of Regulus; total solar eclipse.

 Jul. 13--Moon passes 3 deg south of Mercury, and 3 deg south of Jupiter.

 Jul. 14--Moon passes 5 deg south of Mars; Mars passes 0 deg.7 north of
 Regulus; Moon passes 3 deg south of Venus.

 Jul. 15--Mercury passes 0 deg.08 south of Jupiter.

 Jul. 17--Venus at greatest brilliancy.

 Jul. 20--Sun enters Cancer.

 Jul. 22--Venus passes 4 deg south of Mars.

 Jul. 24--Moon occults Uranus.

 Jul. 25--Mercury at greatest elongation, 27 deg east of the sun; Moon passes
 1 deg.2 south of Neptune.

 Jul. 26--Penumbral lunar eclipse; Moon passes 1 deg.9 north of Saturn.

 Jul. 27--Saturn at opposition in Capricornus; Mercury 2 deg south of
 Regulus.

 Jul. 30--Venus stationary, beginning its retrograde motion.


                                   August

 Mercury is stationary and passes Venus on the 7th looking like only a 1st
 magnitude star, low in the west-northwest evening twilight, lost in the
 sun's glare for the rest of the month, as it passes through inferior
 conjunction on the 21st, becoming stationary again on the 30th.

 Venus is over 100 times brighter than Mercury when they pass on the 7th, low
 in the evening twilight, then it, too, is quickly caught up in the sun's
 brilliance as it passes through inferior conjunction on this side of the Sun
 on the 22nd.

 Mars, only slightly brighter than a 2nd magnitude star, can easily be missed
 low in the west after sunset, as it moves into Virgo before the end of the
 month.

  Jupiter, which has been so prominent all year, moves beyond the sun, in
 conjunction on the 17th, thus lost to view as it leaves the evening sky.

 Saturn, god of time, has its patience rewarded by having the entire night
 sky virtually to itself for the rest of the year in Capricornus, now that
 Mars is so obscure.

 Moon passes Venus on the 11th, and occults Mercury on the 11th, passes Mars
 on the 12th, occults Uranus on the 21st and passes Neptune on the 21st, and
 Saturn on the 22nd.

 Aug. 2--Pluto stationary in Serpens Caput, resuming its direct motion.

 Aug. 7--Mercury stationary, beginning its retrograde motion; Mercury 2 deg
 north of Venus.

 Aug. 10--Sun enters Leo.

 Aug. 11--Moon passes 3 deg north of Venus; Moon occults Mercury.

 Aug. 12--Moon passes 6 deg south of Mars; Perseid meteor shower should be
 free of lunar interference after an early moonset.

 Aug. 17--Venus 9 deg south of Regulus; Jupiter in conjunction.

 Aug. 21--Moon occults Uranus; Moon passes 1 deg.2 south of Neptune; Mercury
 in inferior conjunction.

 Aug. 22--Venus in inferior conjunction; Moon passes 1 deg.8 north of Saturn.


 Aug. 29--Mercury passes 6 deg north of Venus.

 Aug. 30--Mercury stationary, resuming direct motion.


                                  September

 Mercury briefly emerges a bit from the morning twilight for the first half
 of the month to be sought north of east before dawn, at greatest elongation
 on the 7th, and pointed out by Regulus and Jupiter on the 10th which are
 extremely close.

 Venus becomes the glorious morning star, stationary on the 12th, achieving
 its greatest brilliancy on the 28th.

 Mars may still be found as a 2nd magnitude star very low in the west after
 the end of twilight, until the end of the month.

 Jupiter begins its inexorable climb out of the dawn twilight to a close
 encounter with Regulus on the 10th followed by another seeming collision
 with Mercury a couple of hours later.

 Saturn is the sole planetary possessor of the evening sky, still in
 retrograde in Capricornus.

 Moon passes Venus on the 6th, Mercury and Jupiter on the 7th, Mars on the
 10th, occults Uranus and Neptune on the 17th, and passes Saturn on the 19th.


 Sep. 6--Moon passes 5 deg north of Venus.

 Sep. 7--Moon passes 3 deg south of Mercury; Moon passes 5 deg south of
 Jupiter; Mercury at greatest elongation, 18 deg west of the sun.

 Sep. 10--Moon passes 6 deg south of Mars; Jupiter passes 0 deg.4 north of
 Regulus; Mercury passes 0 deg.07 south of Jupiter; Mercury passes 0 deg.3
 north of Regulus.

 Sep. 16--Sun enters Virgo.

 Sep. 17--Moon occults Uranus and Neptune.

 Sep. 19--Moon passes 1 deg.8 north of Saturn; Uranus stationary in
 Sagittarius.

 Sep. 13--Autumnal equinox, 12:48 GMT (7:48 am EST); Autumn begins in the
 northern hemisphere, spring in the southern, as the Sun now crosses the
 Earth's equator from north to south.

 Sep. 26--Neptune stationary in Sagittarius.

 Sep. 28--Venus at greatest brilliancy.


                                   October

 Mercury is lost from view for northern hemisphere observers all month,
 passing through superior conjunction on the 3rd, and remaining far to the
 south.

 Venus is occulted by the Moon on the 15th, passes south of Regulus on the
 8th, and south of Jupiter on the 17th.

 Mars is lost in the evening twilight all month.

 Jupiter passes brilliant Venus on the 17th, then is the highest bright
 object in the morning sky for the rest of the year.

 Saturn is stationary on the 5th at the end of its retrograde loop in
 Capricornus, having the evening sky all to itself for the rest of the year.

 Moon occults Venus on the 4th, passes Jupiter on the 5th, occults Uranus on
 the 14th, and Neptune on the 15th, and passes Saturn on the 16th.

 Oct. 3--Mercury in superior conjunction.

 Oct. 4--Moon occults Venus.

 Oct. 5--Saturn stationary in Capricornus, resuming its direct motion; Moon
 passes Jupiter.

 Oct. 6--Mars passes 3 deg north of Spica.

 Oct. 8--Venus passes 3 deg south of Regulus.

 Oct. 14--Moon occults Uranus.

 Oct. 15--Moon occults Neptune.

 Oct. 16--Moon passes 2 deg north of Saturn.

 Oct. 17--Venus passes 2 deg south of Jupiter.

 Oct. 30--Sun enters Libra.


                                  November

 Mercury joins Saturn in the evening sky, but it is too far to the southwest
 after evening twilight to be easily seen by northern observers.

 Venus is at greatest elongation in the morning sky on the 2nd, letting
 Jupiter continue its climb up the sky alone.

 Mars is in conjunction, far beyond the sun, on the 8th, the reason it cannot
 be found in either the evening or the morning sky.

 Jupiter is passed by the Moon on the 1st and the 29th, doing nothing else
 exciting all month.

 Saturn, brighter than a 1st magnitude star in the faint background of
 Capricornus, is the attraction in the southwest after twilight all month.

 Moon passes Jupiter on the 1st, Venus on the 2nd, occults Mercury on the
 8th, Uranus and Neptune on the 11th, passes Saturn on the 12th, and Jupiter
 on the 29th.

 Nov. 1--Moon passes 6 deg south of Jupiter.

 Nov. 2--Venus at greatest elongation, 47 deg west of the sun; Moon passes 6
 deg south of Venus.

 Nov. 8--Moon occults Mercury; Mars in conjunction with the sun.

 Nov. 11--Moon occults Uranus and Neptune; Mercury 2 deg north of Antares.

 Nov. 12--Moon passes 2 deg north of Saturn.

 Nov. 13--Pluto in conjunction with the Sun.

 Nov. 17--The sometimes surprising Leonid meteor shower can be best seen
 after moonset tonight.

 Nov. 19--Mercury at greatest elongation, 22 deg east of the Sun.

 Nov. 22--Sun enters Scorpius.

 Nov. 28--Mercury stationary, beginning its retrograde motion.

 Nov. 29--Moon passes 6 deg south of Jupiter; Venus passes 8 deg north of
 Spica; Sun enters Ophiuchus.


                                  December

 Mercury, although passing through inferior conjunction on the 8th, may be
 visible in the southeast before dawn during the second half, after being
 stationary on the 18th, and at greatest elongation on the 27th.

 Venus is very prominent in the southeast before dawn twilight.

 Mars emerges from beyond the sun into the morning twilight, looking like
 another star in Ophiuchus, but one which moves.

 Jupiter is in southeastern Leo becoming stationary on the last day of the
 year, so beginning its retrograde motion.

 Saturn, still the only planet to be seen in the evening sky, is approaching
 the evening twilight in the southwest, looking brighter than a 1st magnitude
 star in Capricornus.

 Moon passes Venus on the 2nd, occults Uranus and Neptune on the 8th, passes
 Saturn on the 10th, is partially eclipsed on the 21st, and passes Jupiter on
 the 26th.

 Dec. 2--Moon passes 8 deg south of Venus.

 Dec. 8--Moon occults Uranus and Neptune; Mercury in inferior conjunction.

 Dec. 10--Moon passes 3 deg north of Saturn.

 Dec. 11--Mars passes 4 deg north of Antares.

 Dec. 13--Mercury passes 3 deg north of Mars.

 Dec. 14--Geminid meteor shower may show its 50/hour tonight after the
 midnight moonset.

 Dec. 15--Mercury passes 8 deg north of Antares.

 Dec. 16--Sun enters Sagittarius.

 Dec. 18--Mercury stationary, resuming direct motion.

 Dec. 21--Mercury passes 7 deg north of Antares; partial lunar eclipse.

 Dec. 22--Winter solstice, 8:54 GMT (3:54 am EST); winter begins in the
 northern hemisphere, summer in the southern; the Sun now being as far south
 as it can go, it begins its northward trek.

 Dec. 26--Moon passes 7 deg south of Jupiter.

 Dec. 27--Mercury at greatest elongation, 22 deg west of the Sun.

 Dec. 31--Jupiter stationary, beginning its retrograde motion in Leo.


                             Planets and the Sun

 The planets of the solar system, in order of their mean distance from the
 sun, are Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and
 Pluto. Both Uranus and Neptune are visible through good field glasses, but
 Pluto is so distant and so small that only large telescopes or long exposure
 photographs can make it visible.

 Since Mercury and Venus are nearer to the sun than is the earth, their
 motions about the sun are seen from the earth as wide swings first to one
 side of the sun and then to the other, although they are both passing
 continuously around the sun in orbits that are almost circular. When their
 passage takes them either between the earth and the sun, or beyond the sun
 as seen from the earth, they are invisible to us. Because of the laws which
 govern the motions of planets about the sun, both Mercury and Venus require
 much less time to pass between the earth and the sun than around the far
 side of the sun, so their periods of visibility and invisibility are
 unequal.

 The planets that lie farther from the sun than does the earth may be seen
 for longer periods of time and are invisible only when they are so located
 in our sky that they rise and set about the same time as the sun when, of
 course, they are overwhelmed by the sun's great brilliance. None of the
 planets has any light of its own but each shines only by reflecting sunlight
 from its surface. Mercury and Venus, because they are between the earth and
 the sun, show phases very much as the moon does. The planets farther from
 the sun are always seen as full, although Mars does occasionally present a
 slightly gibbous phase -- like the moon when not quite full.

 The planets move rapidly among the stars because they are very much nearer
 to us. The stars are also in motion, some of them at tremendous speeds, but
 they are so far away that their motion does not change their apparent
 positions in the heavens sufficiently for anyone to perceive that change in
 a single lifetime. The very nearest star is about 7,000 times as far away as
 the most distant planet.


                        Planets of the Solar System


                                   Mercury

 Mercury, nearest planet to the sun, is the second smallest of the nine
 planets known to be orbiting the sun. Its diameter is 3,100 miles and its
 mean distance from the sun is 36,000,000 miles.

 Mercury moves with great speed in its journey about the sun, averaging about
 30 miles a second to complete its circuit in 88 of our days. Mercury rotates
 upon its axis over a period of nearly 59 days, thus exposing all of its
 surface periodically to the sun. It is believed that the surface passing
 before the sun may have a temperature of about 800 deg F., while the
 temperature on the side turned temporarily away from the sun does not fall
 as low as might be expected. This night temperature has been described by
 Russian astronomers as "room temperature" -- possibly about 70 deg. This
 would contradict the former belief that Mercury did not possess an
 atmosphere, for some sort of atmosphere would be needed to retain the fierce
 solar radiation that strikes Mercury. A shallow but dense layer of carbon
 dioxide would produce the "greenhouse" effect, in which heat accumulated
 during exposure to the sun would not completely escape at night. The actual
 presence of a carbon dioxide atmosphere is in dispute. Other research,
 however, has indicated a nighttime temperature approaching -300 deg.

 This uncertainty about conditions upon Mercury and its motion arise from its
 shorter angular distance from the sun as seen from the earth, for Mercury is
 always too much in line with the sun to be observed against a dark sky, but
 is always seen during either morning or evening twilight.

 Mariner 10 made 3 passes by Mercury in 1974 and 1975. A large fraction of
 the surface was photographed from varying distances, revealing a degree of
 cratering similar to that of the moon. An atmosphere of hydrogen and helium
 may be made up of gases of the solar wind temporarily concentrated by the
 presence of Mercury. The discovery of a weak but permanent magnetic field
 was a surprise. It has been held that both a fluid core and rapid rotation
 were necessary for the generation of a planetary magnetic field. Mercury may
 demonstrate these conditions to be unnecessary, or the field may reveal
 something about the history of Mercury.


                                    Venus

 Venus, slightly smaller than the earth, moves about the sun at a mean
 distance of 67,000,000 miles in 225 of our days. Its synodical revolution --
 its return to the same relationship with the earth and the sun, which is a
 result of the combination of its own motion and that of the earth -- is 584
 days. Every 19 months, then, Venus will be nearer to the earth than any
 other planet of the solar system. The planet is covered with a dense, white,
 cloudy atmosphere that conceals whatever is below it. This same cloud
 reflects sunlight efficiently so that when Venus is favorably situated, it
 is the third brightest object in the sky, exceeded only by the sun and the
 moon.

 Spectral analysis of sunlight reflected from Venus' cloud tops has shown
 features that can best be explained by identifying the material of the
 clouds as sulphuric acid (oil of vitriol). Infrared spectroscopy from a
 balloon-borne telescope nearly 20 miles above the earth's surface gave
 indications of a small amount of water vapor present in the same region of
 the atmosphere of Venus. In 1956, radio astronomers at the Naval Research
 Laboratories in Washington, D. C., found a temperature for Venus of about
 600 deg F., in marked contrast to minus 125 deg F., previously found at the
 cloud tops. Subsequent radio work confirmed a high temperature and produced
 evidence for this temperature to be associated with the solid body of Venus.
 With this peculiarity in mind, space scientists devised experiments for the
 U.S. space probe Mariner 2 to perform when it flew by in 1962. Mariner 2
 confirmed the high temperature and the fact that it pertained to the ground
 rather than to some special activity of the atmosphere. In addition, Mariner
 2 was unable to detect any radiation belts similar to the earth's so-called
 Van Allen belts. Nor was it able to detect the existence of a magnetic field
 even as weak as 1/100,000 of that of the earth.

 In 1967, a Russian space probe, Venera 4, and the American Mariner 5 arrived
 at Venus within a few hours of each other. Venera 4  was designed to allow
 an instrument package to land gently on the planet's surface via parachute.
 It ceased transmission of information in about 75 minutes when the
 temperature it read went above 500 deg F. After considerable controversy, it
 was agreed that it still had 20 miles to go to reach the surface. The U.S.
 probe, Mariner 5, went around the dark side of Venus at a distance of about
 6,000 miles. Again, it detected no significant magnetic field but its radio
 signals passed to earth through Venus' atmosphere twice -- once on the night
 side and once on the day side. The results are startling. Venus' atmosphere
 is nearly all carbon dioxide and must exert a pressure at the planet's
 surface of up to 100 times the earth's normal sea-level pressure of one
 atmosphere. Since the earth and Venus are about the same size, and were
 presumably formed at the same time by the same general process from the same
 mixture of chemical elements, one is faced with the question: which is the
 planet with the unusual history -- earth or Venus?

 Radar astronomers using powerful transmitters as well as sensitive receivers
 and computers have succeeded in determining the rotation period of Venus. It
 turns out to be 243 days clockwise -- in other words, contrary to the spin
 of most of the other planets and to its own motion around the sun. If it
 were exactly 243.16 days, Venus would always present the same face toward
 the earth at every inferior conjunction. This rate and sense of rotation
 allows a "day" on Venus of 117.4 earth days. Any part of Venus will receive
 sunlight on its clouds for over 58 days and will be in darkness for 58 days.
 Recent radar observations have shown surface features below the clouds.
 Large craters, continent-sized highlands, and extensive, dry "ocean" basins
 have been identified.

 Mariner 10 passed Venus before traveling on to Mercury in 1974. The carbon
 dioxide molecule found in such abundance in the atmosphere is rather opaque
 to certain ultraviolet wavelengths, enabling sensitive television cameras to
 take pictures of the Venusian cloud cover. Photos radioed to earth show a
 spiral pattern in the clouds from equator to the poles.

 In December, 1978, two U. S. Pioneer probes arrived at Venus. One went into
 orbit about Venus, the other split into 5 separate probes targeted for
 widely-spaced entry points to sample different conditions. The
 instrumentation ensemble was selected on the basis of previous missions that
 had shown the range of conditions to be studied. The probes confirmed
 expected high surface temperatures and high winds aloft. Winds of about 200
 miles per hour, there, may account for the transfer of heat into the night
 side in spite of the low rotation speed of the planet. Surface winds were
 light at the time, however. Atmosphere and cloud chemistries were examined
 in detail, providing much data for continued analysis. The probes detected 4
 layers of clouds and more light on the surface than expected solely from
 sunlight. This light allowed Russian scientists to obtain at least two
 photos showing rocks on the surface. Sulphur seems to play a large role in
 the chemistry of Venus, and reactions involving sulphur may be responsible
 for the glow. To learn more about the weather and atmospheric circulation on
 Venus, the orbiter takes daily photos of the daylight side cloud cover. It
 confirms the cloud pattern and its circulation shown by Mariner 10. The
 ionosphere shows large variability. The orbiter's radar operates in 2 modes:
 one, for ground elevation variability, and the second for ground
 reflectivity in 2 dimensions, thus "imaging" the surface. Radar maps of the
 entire planet that show the features mentioned above have been produced.


                                    Mars

 Mars is the first planet beyond the earth, away from the sun. Mars' diameter
 is about 4,200 miles, although a determination of the radius and mass of
 Mars by the space-probe, Mariner 4, which flew by Mars on July 14, 1965 at a
 distance of less than 6,000 miles, indicated that these dimensions were
 slightly larger than had been previously estimated. While Mars' orbit is
 also nearly circular, it is somewhat more eccentric than the orbits of many
 of the other planets, and Mars is more than 30 million miles farther from
 the sun in some parts of its year than it is at others. Mars takes 687 of
 our days to make one circuit of the sun, traveling at about 15 miles a
 second. Mars rotates upon its axis in almost the same period of time that
 the earth does -- 24 hours and 37 minutes. Mars' mean distance from the sun
 is 141 million miles, so that the temperature on Mars would be lower than
 that on the earth even if Mars' atmosphere were about the same as ours. The
 atmosphere is not, however, for Mariner 4 reported that atmospheric pressure
 on Mars is between 1% and 2% of the earth's atmospheric pressure. This thin
 atmosphere appears to be largely carbon dioxide. No evidence of free water
 was found.

 There appears to be no magnetic field about Mars. This would eliminate the
 previous conception of a dangerous radiation belt around Mars. The same lack
 of a magnetic field would expose the surface of Mars to an influx of cosmic
 radiation about 100 times as intense as that on earth.

 Deductions from years of telescopic observation indicate that 5/8ths of the
 surface of Mars is a desert of reddish rock, sand, and soil. The rest of
 Mars is covered by irregular patches that appear generally green in hues
 that change through the Martian year. These were formerly held to be some
 sort of primitive vegetation, but with the findings of Mariner 4 of a
 complete lack of water and oxygen, such growth does not appear possible. The
 nature of the green areas is now unknown. They may be regions covered with
 volcanic salts whose color changes with changing temperatures and
 atmospheric conditions, or they may be gray, rather than green. When large
 gray areas are placed beside large red areas, the gray areas will appear
 green to the eye.

 Mars' axis of rotation is inclined from a vertical to the plane of its orbit
 about the sun by about 25 deg and therefore Mars has seasons as does the
 earth, except that the Martian seasons are longer because Mars' year is
 longer. White caps form about the winter pole of Mars, growing through the
 winter and shrinking in summer. These polar caps are now believed to be both
 water ice and carbon dioxide ice. It is the carbon dioxide that is seen to
 come and go with the seasons. The water ice is apparently in many layers
 with dust between them, indicating climatic cycles.

 The canals of Mars have become more of a mystery than they were before the
 voyage of Mariner 4. Markings forming a network of fine lines crossing much
 of the surface of Mars have been seen there by men who have devoted much
 time to the study of the planet, but no canals have shown clearly enough in
 previous photographs to be universally accepted. A few of the 21 photographs
 sent back to earth by Mariner 4 covered areas crossed by canals. The
 pictures show faint, ill-defined, broad, dark markings, but no positive
 identification of the nature of the markings.

 Mariners 6 & 7 in 1969 sent back many more photographs of higher quality
 than those of the pioneering Mariner 4. These pictures showed cratering
 similar to the earlier views, but in addition showed 2 other types of
 terrain. Some regions seemed featureless for many square miles, but others
 were chaotic, showing high relief without apparent organization into
 mountain chains or craters.

 Mariner 9, the first artificial body to be placed in an orbit about Mars,
 has transmitted over 10,000 photographs covering 100% of the planet's
 surface. Preliminary study of these photos and other data shows that Mars
 resembles no other planet we know. Using terrestrial terms, however,
 scientists describe features that seem to be clearly of volcanic origin. One
 of these features is Nix Olympica, (now called Olympus Mons), apparently a
 shield volcano whose caldera is over 50 miles wide, and whose outer slopes
 are over 300 miles in diameter, and which stands about 90,000 feet above the
 surrounding plain. Some features may have been produced by cracking
 (faulting) of the surface and the sliding of one region over or past
 another. Many craters seem to have been produced by impacting bodies such as
 may have come from the nearby asteroid belt. Features near the south pole
 may have been produced by glaciers that are no longer present. Flowing
 water, non-existent on Mars at the present time, probably carved canyons,
 one 10 times longer and 3 times deeper than the Grand Canyon.

 Although the Russians landed a probe on the Martian surface, it transmitted
 for only 20 seconds. In 1976, the U.S. landed 2 Viking spacecraft on the
 Martian surface. The landers had devices aboard to perform chemical analyses
 of the soil in search of evidence of life. The results have been
 inconclusive. The 2 Viking orbiters have returned the best pictures yet of
 Martian topographic features. Many features can be explained only if Mars
 once had large quantities of flowing water.

 Mars' position in its orbit and its speed around that orbit in relation to
 the earth's position and speed bring Mars fairly close to the earth on
 occasions about two years apart and then move Mars and the earth too far
 apart for accurate observation and photography. Every 15-17 years, the close
 approaches are especially favorable to close observation.

 Mars has 2 satellites, discovered in 1877 by Asaph Hall. The outer
 satellite, Deimos, revolves around Mars in about 31 hours. The inner
 satellite, Phobos, whips around Mars in a little more than 7 hours, making 3
 trips around the planet each Martian day. Mariner and Viking photos show
 these bodies to be irregularly shaped and pitted with numerous craters.
 Phobos also shows a system of linear grooves, each about 1/3-mile across and
 roughly parallel. Phobos measures about 8 by 12 miles and Deimos about 5 by
 7.5 miles in size.


                                   Jupiter

 Jupiter is the largest of the planets. Its equatorial diameter is 88,000
 miles, 11 times the diameter of the earth. Its polar diameter is about 6,000
 miles shorter. This is an equilibrium condition resulting from the liquidity
 of the planet and its extremely rapid rate of rotation: a Jupiter day is
 only 10 earth hours long. For a planet this size, this rotational speed is
 amazing, and it moves a point on Jupiter's equator at a speed of 22,000
 miles an hour, as compared with 1,000 miles an hour for a point on the
 earth's equator. Jupiter is at an average distance of 480 million miles from
 the sun and takes almost 12 of our years to make one complete circuit of the
 sun.

 The only directly observable chemical constituents of Jupiter's atmosphere
 are methane (CH4) and ammonia (NH3), but it is reasonable to assume the same
 mixture of elements available to make Jupiter as to make the sun. This would
 mean a large fraction of hydrogen and helium must be present also, as well
 as water (H2O). The temperature at the tops of the clouds may be about minus
 260 deg F. The clouds are probably ammonia ice crystals, becoming ammonia
 droplets lower down. There may be a space before water ice crystals show up
 as clouds: in turn, these become water droplets near the bottom of the
 entire cloud layer. The total atmosphere may be only a few hundred miles in
 depth, pulled down by the surface gravity (= 2.64 times earth's) to a
 relatively thin layer. Of course, the gases become denser with depth until
 they may turn into a slush or a slurry. Perhaps there is no surface -- no
 real interface between the gaseous atmosphere and the body of Jupiter.
 Pioneers 10 and 11 provided evidence for considering Jupiter to be almost
 entirely liquid hydrogen. Long before a rocky core about the size of the
 earth is reached, hydrogen mixed with helium becomes a liquid metal at very
 high temperature and pressure. Jupiter's cloudy atmosphere is a fairly good
 reflector of sunlight and makes it appear far brighter than any of the
 stars.

 Fourteen of Jupiter's 17 or more satellites have been found through
 earth-based observations. Four of the moons are large and bright, rivaling
 our own moon and the planet Mercury in diameter, and may be seen through a
 field glass. They move rapidly around Jupiter and their change of position
 from night to night is extremely interesting to watch. The other satellites
 are much smaller and in all but one instance much farther from Jupiter and
 cannot be seen except through powerful telescopes. The 4 outermost
 satellites are revolving around Jupiter clockwise as seen from the north,
 contrary to the motions of the great majority of the satellites in the solar
 system and to the direction of revolution of the planets around the sun. The
 reason for this retrograde motion is not known, but one theory is that
 Jupiter's tremendous gravitational power may have captured 4 of the minor
 planets or asteroids that move about the sun between Mars and Jupiter, and
 that these would necessarily revolve backward. At the great distance of
 these bodies from Jupiter -- some 14 million miles -- direct motion would
 result in decay of the orbits, while retrograde orbits would be stable.
 Jupiter's mass is more than twice the mass of all the other planets put
 together, and accounts for Jupiter's tremendous gravitational field and so,
 probably, for its numerous satellites and its dense atmosphere.

 In December, 1973, Pioneer 10 passed about 80,000 miles from the equator of
 Jupiter and was whipped into a path taking it out of our solar system in
 about 50 years, and beyond the system of planets, on June 13, 1983. In
 December, 1974, Pioneer 11 passed within 30,000 miles of Jupiter, moving
 roughly from south to north, over the poles.

 Photographs from both encounters were useful at the time but were far
 surpassed by those of Voyagers I and II. Thousands of high resolution
 multi-color pictures show rapid variations of features both large and small.
 The Great Red Spot exhibits internal counterclockwise rotation. Much
 turbulence is seen in adjacent material passing north or south of it. The
 satellites Amalthea, Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto were photographed,
 some in great detail. Each is individual and unique, with no similarities to
 other known planets or satellites. Io has active volcanoes that probably
 have ejected material into a doughnut-shaped ring enveloping its orbit about
 Jupiter. This is not to be confused with the thin flat disk-like ring closer
 to Jupiter's surface. Now that such a ring has been seen by the Voyagers,
 older uncertain observations from Earth can be reinterpreted as early
 sightings of this structure.


                                   Saturn

 Saturn, last of the planets visible to the unaided eye, is almost twice as
 far from the sun as Jupiter, almost 900 million miles. It is second in size
 to Jupiter but its mass is much smaller. Saturn's specific gravity is less
 than that of water. Its diameter is about 71,000 miles at the equator; its
 rotational speed spins it completely around in a little more than 10 hours,
 and its atmosphere is much like that of Jupiter, except that its temperature
 at the top of its cloud layer is at least 100 deg lower. At about 300 deg F.
 below zero, the ammonia would be frozen out of Saturn's clouds. The
 theoretical construction of Saturn resembles that of Jupiter; it is either
 all gas, or it has a small dense center surrounded by a layer of liquid and
 a deep atmosphere.

 Until Pioneer 11 passed Saturn in September 1979 only 10 satellites of
 Saturn were known. Since that time, the situation is quite confused. Added
 to data interpretations from the fly-by are earth-based observations using
 new techniques while the rings were edge-on and virtually invisible. It was
 hoped that the Voyager I and II fly-bys would help sort out the system. It
 is now believed that Saturn has at least 22 satellites, some sharing orbits.
 The Saturn satellite system is still confused.

 Saturn's ring system begins about 7,000 miles above the visible disk of
 Saturn, lying above its equator and extending about 35,000 miles into space.
 The diameter of the ring system visible from Earth is about 170,000 miles;
 the rings are estimated to be no thicker than 10 miles. In 1973, radar
 observation showed the ring particles to be large chunks of material
 averaging a meter on a side.

 Voyager I and II observations showed the rings to be considerably more
 complex than had been believed, so much so that interpretation will take
 much time. To the untrained eye, the Voyager photographs could be mistaken
 for pictures of a colorful phonograph record.


                                   Uranus

 Voyager II, after passing Saturn in August 1981, headed for a rendezvous
 with Uranus culminating in a fly-by January 24, 1986. This encounter
 answered many questions, and raised others.

 Uranus, discovered by Sir William Herschel on Mar. 13, 1781, lies at a
 distance of 1.8 billion miles from the sun, taking 84 years to make its
 circuit around our star. Uranus has a diameter of about 32,000 miles and
 spins once in some 16.8 hours, according to fly-by data. One of the most
 fascinating features of Uranus is how far it is tipped over. Its north pole
 lies 98 deg from being directly up and down to its orbit plane. Thus, its
 seasons are extreme. When the sun rises at the north pole, it stays up for
 42 years; then it sets and the north pole will be in darkness (and winter)
 for 42 years.

 The satellite system of Uranus, consisting of at least 15 moons, (the 5
 largest having been known before the fly-by) have orbits lying in the plane
 of the planet's equator. In that plane there is also a complex of rings, 9
 of which were discovered in 1978. Invisible from Earth, the 9 original rings
 were found by observers watching Uranus pass before a star. As they waited,
 they saw their photoelectric equipment register several short eclipses of
 the star. Then the planet occulted the star as expected. After the star came
 out from behind Uranus, the star winked out several more times. Subsequent
 observations and analyses indicated the 9 narrow, nearly opaque rings
 circling Uranus. Evidence from the Voyager II fly-by has shown the ring
 particles to be predominantly a yard or so in diameter.

 In addition to the 10 new, very small satellites, Voyager II returned
 detailed photos of the 5 large satellites. As in the case of other
 satellites newly observed in the Voyager program, these bodies proved to be
 entirely different from each other and any others. Miranda has grooved
 markings, reminiscent of Jupiter's Ganymede, but often arranged in a chevron
 pattern. Ariel shows rifts and channels. Umbriel is extremely dark,
 prompting some observers to regard its surface as among the oldest in the
 system. Titania has rifts and fractures, but not the evidence of flow found
 on Ariel. Oberon's main feature is its surface saturated with craters,
 unrelieved by other formations.

 The structure of Uranus is subject to some debate. Basically, however, it
 may have a rocky core surrounded by a thick icy mantle on top of which is a
 crust of hydrogen and helium that gradually becomes an atmosphere. Perhaps
 continued analysis of the wealth of data returned by Voyager II will shed
 some light on this problem.


                                   Neptune

 Neptune, currently the most distant planet from the sun (until 1999), lies
 at an average distance of 2.8 billion miles. It was the last planet visited
 in Voyager II's epic 12 year trek from earth. While much new information was
 immediately perceived, much more must await further analysis of the
 tremendous amount of data returned from the spacecraft.

 As with the other giant planets, there may be no solid surface to give real
 meaning to a measure of a diameter. However, a mean value of 30,600 miles
 may be assigned to a diameter between atmosphere levels where the pressure
 is about the same as sea level on earth, as determined by radio
 experimenters. A different radio observational technique gave evidence of a
 rotation period for the bulk of Neptune of 16.1 hours, a shorter value than
 the 18.2 hours given by the clouds seen in the blue atmosphere. Neptune
 orbits the sun in 164 years in nearly a circular orbit.

 Voyager II, which passed 3000 miles from Neptune's north pole, found a
 magnetic field which is considerably asymmetric to the planet's structure,
 similar, but not so extreme, to that found at Uranus.

 Neptune's atmosphere was seen to be quite blue, with quickly changing white
 clouds often suspended high above an apparent surface. In that apparent
 surface were found features, one of which was reminiscent of the Great Red
 Spot of Jupiter, even to the counterclockwise rotation expected in a
 high-pressure system in the southern hemisphere. Atmospheric constituents
 are mostly hydrocarbon compounds. Although lightning and auroras have been
 found on other giant planets, only the aurora phenomenon has been seen on
 Neptune.

 Six new satellites were discerned around Neptune, one confirming a 1981
 sighting that was then difficult to recover for proper identification. Five
 of these satellites orbit Neptune in a half day or less. Of the eight
 satellites of Neptune, the largest, Triton, is in a retrograde orbit
 suggesting that it was captured rather than being co-eval with Neptune.
 Triton is sufficiently large to raise significant tides on Neptune which
 will one day, say 100 million years from now, cause Triton to come close
 enough to Neptune for it to be torn apart. Nereid was found in 1949, and is
 in a long looping orbit suggesting it, too, was captured. Each of the
 satellites that has been photographed by the two Voyagers in the planetary
 encounters has been different from any of the other satellites, and
 certainly from any of the planets. Only about half of Triton has been
 observed, but its terrain shows cratering and a strange regional feature
 described as resembling the skin of a cantaloupe. Triton has a tenuous
 atmosphere of nitrogen with a trace of hydrocarbons, and evidence of active
 geysers injecting material into it. At minus 238 degrees Celsius, Triton is
 one of the coldest objects in the solar system observed by Voyager II.

 In addition to the satellite system, Voyager II confirmed the existence of
 at least three rings composed of very fine particles. There may some
 clumpiness in their structure, but the known satellites may not contribute
 to the formation or maintenance of the rings, as they have in other systems.


 As with the other giant planets, Neptune is emitting more energy than it
 receives from the sun, Voyager finding the excess to be 2.7 times the solar
 contribution. These excesses are thought to be cooling from internal heat
 sources and from the heat of formation of the planets.


                                    Pluto

 Although Pluto on the average stays about 3.6 billion miles from the sun,
 its orbit is so eccentric that it is now approaching its minimum distance of
 2.7 billion miles, less than the current distance of Neptune. Thus Pluto,
 until 1999, is temporarily planet number 8 from the sun. At its mean
 distance, Pluto takes 247.7 years to circumnavigate the sun. Until recently
 that was about all that was known of Pluto.

 About a century ago, a hypothetical planet was believed to lie beyond
 Neptune and Uranus. Little more than a guess, a mass of one Earth was
 assigned to the mysterious body and mathematical searches were begun. Amid
 some controversy about the validity of the predictive process, Pluto was
 found nearly where it was predicted to be. It was found by Clyde Tombaugh at
 the Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, Ariz., in 1930.

 At the U.S. Naval Observatory, also in Flagstaff, on July 2, 1978, James
 Christy obtained a photograph of Pluto that was distinctly elongated.
 Repeated observations of this shape and its variation were convincing
 evidence of the discovery of a satellite of Pluto. Now named Charon, it may
 be 500 miles across, at a distance of over 10,000 miles, and taking 6.4 days
 to move around Pluto, the same length of time Pluto takes to rotate once.
 Gravitational laws allow these interactions to give us the mass of Pluto as
 0.0017 of the Earth and a diameter of 1,500 miles. This makes the density
 about the same as that of water.

 It is now clear that Pluto, the body found by Tombaugh, could not have
 influenced Neptune and Uranus to go astray. Theorists are again at work
 looking for a new planet X.

            Greenwich Sidereal Time for 0h GMT, 1991
            (Add 12 hours to obtain Right Ascension of Mean Sun)


╓┌────────────┌────────────┌───┌─────────────────────────────────────────────╖
 Date         Date         h   m
 ─────────────────────────────────────
 Jan.         1            06  40.6
              11           07  20.0
              21           07  59.4
              31           08  38.9
 Feb.         10           09  18.3
              20           09  57.7
 Mar.         2            10  37.1
              12           11  16.6
              22           11  56.0
 Apr.         1            12  35.4
              11           13  14.8
              21           13  54.3
 May          1            14  33.7
              11           15  13.1
              21           15  52.5
              31           16  32.0
 June         10           17  11.4
              20           17  50.8
              30           18  30.2
 Date         Date         h   m
 ─────────────────────────────────────
             30           18  30.2
 July         10           19  09.7
              20           19  49.1
              30           20  28.5
 Aug.         9            21  07.9
              19           21  47.4
              29           22  26.8
 Sept.        8            23  06.2
              18           23  45.7
              28           00  25.1
 Oct.         8            01  04.5
              18           01  43.9
              28           02  23.4
 Nov.         7            03  02.8
              17           03  42.2
              27           04  21.6
 Dec.         7            05  01.1
              17           05  40.5
              27           06  19.9
 Date         Date         h   m
 ─────────────────────────────────────
             27           06  19.9
 1991 Jan. 6  1991 Jan. 6  06  59.3






                    Rising and Setting of Planets, 1991
                 Greenwich Mean Time (0 designates midnight)


╓┌───────────────┌───────────────┌───────────────┌───────────────┌───────────
                                 20 deg N.       20 deg N.       30 deg N.
                                 Latitude        Latitude        Latitude
                                 Rise            Set             Rise
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Venus, 1991     Venus, 1991     Venus, 1991     Venus, 1991     Venus, 1991

                                 20 deg N.       20 deg N.       30 deg N.
                                 Latitude        Latitude        Latitude
                                 Rise            Set             Rise
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 Jan.            10              7:47            18:52           8:05

                 20              7:53            19:09           8:08

                 30              7:56            19:25           8:06

 Feb.            9               7:56            19:39           8:02

                 19              7:54            19:52           7:56

 Mar.            1               7:52            20:05           7:49

                 11              7:50            20:18           7:43

                 21              7:48            20:31           7:37

                                 20 deg N.       20 deg N.       30 deg N.
                                 Latitude        Latitude        Latitude
                                 Rise            Set             Rise
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

                 31              7:48            20:45           7:33

 Apr.            10              7:51            21:00           7:32

                 20              7:56            21:14           7:34

                 30              8:03            21:28           7:39

 May             10              8:12            21:40           7:48

                 20              8:23            21:48           7:58

                 30              8:32            21:52           8:10

 June            9               8:40            21:52           8:20

                                 20 deg N.       20 deg N.       30 deg N.
                                 Latitude        Latitude        Latitude
                                 Rise            Set             Rise
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

                 19              8:44            21:45           8:27

                 29              8:44            21:34           8:30

 July            9               8:37            21:15           8:26

                 19              8:21            20:49           8:14

                 29              7:54            20:12           7:49

 Aug.            8               7:11            19:24           7:08

                 18              6:13            18:25           6:10

                 28              5:08            17:25           5:04

                                 20 deg N.       20 deg N.       30 deg N.
                                 Latitude        Latitude        Latitude
                                 Rise            Set             Rise
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 Sept.           7               4:11            16:34           4:05

                 17              3:29            15:58           3:22

                 27              3:03            15:34           2:55

 Oct.            7               2:49            15:18           2:41

                 17              2:42            15:08           2:36

                 27              2:41            15:01           2:37

 Nov.            6               2:45            14:55           2:43

                 16              2:50            14:50           2:51

                                 20 deg N.       20 deg N.       30 deg N.
                                 Latitude        Latitude        Latitude
                                 Rise            Set             Rise
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

                 26              2:58            14:47           3:02

 Dec.            6               3:08            14:45           3:15

                 16              3:19            14:45           3:30

                 26              3:32            14:48           3:46

 Mars, 1991      Mars, 1991      Mars, 1991      Mars, 1991      Mars, 1991

 Jan.            10              13:47           3:02            13:26

                 20              13:14           2:30            12:53

                 30              12:44           2:02            12:23

                                 20 deg N.       20 deg N.       30 deg N.
                                 Latitude        Latitude        Latitude
                                 Rise            Set             Rise
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 Feb.            9               12:18           1:37            11:56

                 19              11:54           1:16            11:32

 Mar.            1               11:33           0:56            11:10

                 11              11:13           0:38            10:49

                 21              10:55           0:20            10:31

                 31              10:38           0:04            10:14

 Apr.            10              10:23           23:46           9:59

                 20              10:08           23:30           9:44

                                 20 deg N.       20 deg N.       30 deg N.
                                 Latitude        Latitude        Latitude
                                 Rise            Set             Rise
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

                 30              9:54            23:14           9:31

 May             10              9:41            22:58           9:19

                 20              9:28            22:41           9:07

                 30              9:15            22:24           8:56

 June            9               9:03            22:06           8:45

                 19              8:50            21:48           8:34

                 29              8:38            21:29           8:23

 July            9               8:25            21:10           8:13

                                 20 deg N.       20 deg N.       30 deg N.
                                 Latitude        Latitude        Latitude
                                 Rise            Set             Rise
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

                 19              8:13            20:51           8:02

                 29              8:00            20:31           7:52

 Aug.            8               7:48            20:11           7:42

                 18              7:35            19:52           7:31

                 28              7:23            19:32           7:21

 Sept.           7               7:11            19:12           7:11

                 17              6:59            18:52           7:02

                 27              6:48            18:33           6:53

                                 20 deg N.       20 deg N.       30 deg N.
                                 Latitude        Latitude        Latitude
                                 Rise            Set             Rise
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 Oct.            7               6:37            18:15           6:44

                 17              6:26            17:57           6:36

                 27              6:17            17:40           6:29

 Nov.            6               6:08            17:24           6:22

                 16              5:59            17:10           6:15

                 26              5:52            16:56           6:09

 Dec.            6               5:44            16:44           6:04

                 16              5:38            16:33           5:58

                                 20 deg N.       20 deg N.       30 deg N.
                                 Latitude        Latitude        Latitude
                                 Rise            Set             Rise
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

                 26              5:31            16:23           5:53

 Jupiter, 1991   Jupiter, 1991   Jupiter, 1991   Jupiter, 1991   Jupiter, 1991

 Jan.            10              19:05           8:07            18:49

                 20              18:20           7:23            18:03

                 30              17:35           6:39            17:18

 Feb.            9               16:50           5:55            16:32

                 19              16:05           5:12            15:47

 Mar.            1               15:21           4:29            15:03

                                 20 deg N.       20 deg N.       30 deg N.
                                 Latitude        Latitude        Latitude
                                 Rise            Set             Rise
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

                 11              14:38           3:46            14:20

                 21              13:57           3:05            13:39

                 31              13:17           2:26            12:59

 Apr.            10              12:39           1:47            12:20

                 20              12:02           1:09            11:43

                 30              11:26           0:33            11:08

 May             10              10:51           23:54           10:33

                 20              10:18           23:19           10:00

                                 20 deg N.       20 deg N.       30 deg N.
                                 Latitude        Latitude        Latitude
                                 Rise            Set             Rise
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

                 30              9:45            22:45           9:28

 June            9               9:13            22:12           8:56

                 19              8:41            21:39           8:25

                 29              8:11            21:06           7:55

 July            9               7:40            20:34           7:25

                 19              7:10            20:02           6:56

                 29              6:40            19:30           6:26

 Aug.            8               6:10            18:58           5:57

                                 20 deg N.       20 deg N.       30 deg N.
                                 Latitude        Latitude        Latitude
                                 Rise            Set             Rise
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

                 18              5:41            18:26           5:28

                 28              5:11            17:54           4:59

 Sept.           7               4:41            17:22           4:30

                 17              4:11            16:49           4:01

                 27              3:41            16:17           3:31

 Oct.            7               3:10            15:44           3:01

                 17              2:39            15:11           2:30

                 27              2:07            14:37           1:59

                                 20 deg N.       20 deg N.       30 deg N.
                                 Latitude        Latitude        Latitude
                                 Rise            Set             Rise
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 Nov.            6               1:34            14:03           1:27

                 16              1:01            13:28           0:54

                 26              0:26            12:52           0:20

 Dec.            6               23:47           12:16           23:41

                 16              23:11           11:38           23:04

                 26              22:33           11:00           22:26

 Saturn, 1991    Saturn, 1991    Saturn, 1991    Saturn, 1991    Saturn, 1991

 Jan.            10              7:07            18:07           7:26

                                 20 deg N.       20 deg N.       30 deg N.
                                 Latitude        Latitude        Latitude
                                 Rise            Set             Rise
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

                 20              6:33            17:33           6:51

                 30              5:58            16:59           6:16

 Feb.            9               5:23            16:25           5:41

                 19              4:48            15:51           5:06

 Mar.            1               4:13            15:16           4:30

                 11              3:37            14:41           3:55

                 21              3:01            14:06           3:18

                 31              2:25            13:30           2:42

                                 20 deg N.       20 deg N.       30 deg N.
                                 Latitude        Latitude        Latitude
                                 Rise            Set             Rise
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 Apr.            10              1:48            12:53           2:05

                 20              1:11            12:16           1:27

                 30              0:33            11:39           0:49

 May             10              23:50           11:00           0:11

                 20              23:11           10:21           23:28

                 30              22:31           9:41            22:48

 June            9               21:51           9:00            22:08

                 19              21:10           8:19            21:27

                                 20 deg N.       20 deg N.       30 deg N.
                                 Latitude        Latitude        Latitude
                                 Rise            Set             Rise
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

                 29              20:29           7:37            20:46

 July            9               19:47           6:55            20:04

                 19              19:05           6:13            19:22

                 29              18:23           5:30            18:41

 Aug.            8               17:41           4:47            17:59

                 18              16:59           4:05            17:17

                 28              16:17           3:23            16:36

 Sept.           7               15:36           2:41            15:55

                                 20 deg N.       20 deg N.       30 deg N.
                                 Latitude        Latitude        Latitude
                                 Rise            Set             Rise
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

                 17              14:56           2:00            15:14

                 27              14:16           1:20            14:34

 Oct.            7               13:36           0:40            13:55

                 17              12:57           23:58           13:16

                 27              12:19           23:20           12:37

 Nov.            6               11:41           22:43           12:00

                 16              11:04           22:06           11:23

                 26              10:28           21:30           10:46

                                 20 deg N.       20 deg N.       30 deg N.
                                 Latitude        Latitude        Latitude
                                 Rise            Set             Rise
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 Dec.            6               9:52            20:55           10:10

                 16              9:16            20:20           9:34

                 26              8:41            19:45           8:58







                              Moonrise Tonight

 The idea of estimating the time of moonrise tonight may have scared you off
 in the past because you assumed that it involved a difficult and mysterious
 series of calculations. The actual process is quite easy to do, however,
 especially with the little pocket calculators that seem ubiquitous today.
 The first major step involves finding three numbers for your city obtained
 from the latitude and longitude figures listed in the Latitude, Longitude,
 and Altitude of North American Cities table. If your city is not here, find
 the information from a map, atlas or other source. These answers are
 permanent and never need to be determined for that city again. You can write
 these numbers down and use them every year you stay in that city. The second
 step involves taking the correct four figures from the tables of moonrise
 and moonset for the date you want. The third major step involves adjusting
 this answer to standard time.

 Let us determine the time of rise for the full moon of July 26, 1991, for
 Tucson, Arizona.

 First, to determine the 3 constant numbers for Tucson, find the latitude and
 longitude from the Latitude, Longitude, and Altitude of North American
 Cities table.


 I.    Latitude: 32 deg 13' 15"
       Longitude: 110 deg 58' 08"


 IA.   Convert these values to decimals:


       Latitude:

         1. 15"/60 = .25'

         2. 13' + .25' = 13.25'

         3. 13.25'/60 = .2208 deg

         4. 32 deg .2208 = 32.22 deg


       Longitude:

         1. 8"/60 = .133

         2. 58' + .133 = 58.133'

         3. 58.133/60 = .969 deg

         4. 110 deg + .969 = 110.97 deg


       Thus, 32.22 for latitude and 110.97 for longitude.

 IIB.  Fraction between 30 deg and 40 deg that Tucson lies:

         1. 40 - 30 = 10

         2. 32.22 - 30 = 2.22

         3. 2.22/10 = .222.


 IC.   Fraction of the world that Tucson lies west of Greenwich (home of
 GMT): 110.97/360 = .308.

 ID.   Correction from local to standard time: (Mountain Time meridian is 105
 deg .0) 110.97 - 105 = 5.97 deg west of the standard time meridian. Events
 in Tucson happen 4 minutes per degree after they happen for the standard
 time meridian. Thus, 5.97 * 4 = 23.88, or 24 minutes later.

 IE.   These three numbers, IB, IC, and ID, never have to be calculated for
 Tucson again.


 II.   Find the time of moonrise for Tucson's latitude at Greenwich.

         1. From the Astronomy - Daily Calendar, July 1991 find the moonrise
 data for the latitudes north and south of Tucson, 40 deg and 30 deg, and for
 the times before and after the time wanted, 26th and 27th.



╓┌────────┌───────┌──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╖
          30 deg  40 deg
 ─────────────────────────
 June 26  18:50   19:11
          30 deg  40 deg
 ─────────────────────────
 June 26  18:50   19:11
 June 27  19:23   19:39






 IIB.  We want to find the Greenwich meridian time of moonrise for Tucson's
 latitude for both the 26th and 27th. This time lies .222 (Ans. IB) times the
 difference between the rise times on each date for 30 deg and 40 deg added
 to the earlier times:


       For the 26th:

         1. 19:11 - 18:59 = 12

         2. 12 * .222 = 2.7 or 3 minutes

         3. 18:59 + 3 = 19:02


       For the 27th:

         1. 19:39 - 19:23 = 17

         2. 17 * .222 = 3.8 or 4 minutes

         3. 19:23 + 4 = 19:27.


 IIC.  Since the moon moves at Greenwich from the 26th to the 27th, take the
 proportion of the change in time between 19:02 on the 26th at Greenwich and
 19:27 on the 27th that Tucson lies west of Greenwich (Ans. IC) added to the
 earlier time:

         1. 19:27 - 19:02 = 25 minutes

         2. 25 * .308 = 7.7 or 8 minutes

         3. 19:02 + 8 = 19:10 local time


 IID.  Next correct for the standard meridian (Ans. ID): 19:10 + 24 = 19:34
 Mountain Standard Time. Note: Arizona does not observe Daylight Time.



                                Star Tables


 These tables include stars of visual magnitude 2.5 and brighter.
 Co-ordinates are for mid-1991. Where no parallax figures are given, the
 trigonometric parallax figure is smaller than the margin for error and the
 distance given is obtained by indirect methods. Stars of variable magnitude
 designated by v.


╓┌─────────────────────────────┌──────────┌─────────┌───────────┌────────────
 Star                          Magnitude  Parallax  Light yrs.  Right ascen.
 Star                          Magnitude  Parallax  Light yrs.  Right ascen.
                                                    "
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Andromedae (Alpheratz)        2.06       0.02      90          0
 Cassiopeiae                   2.27v      0.07      45          0
 Phoenicis                     2.39       0.04      93          0
 Cassiopeiae (Schedir)         2.23       0.01      150         0
 Ceti                          2.04       0.06      57          0
 Cassiopeiae                   2.47v      0.03      96          0
 Andromedae                    2.06       0.04      76          1
 Eridani (Achernar)            0.46       0.02      118         1
 Andromedae                    2.26                 260         2
 Arietis                       2.00       0.04      76          2
 Ceti                          2.00v      0.01      103         2
 Ursae Min.(Pole Star)         2.02v                680         2
 Persei (Algol)                2.12v      0.03      105         3
 Persei                        1.80       0.03      570         3
 Tauri (Aldebaran)             0.85v      0.05      68          4
 Orionis (Rigel)               0.12v                900         5
 Aurigae (Capella)             0.08       0.07      45          5
 Orionis (Bellatrix)           1.64       0.03      470         5
 Star                          Magnitude  Parallax  Light yrs.  Right ascen.
                                                    "
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Orionis (Bellatrix)           1.64       0.03      470         5
 Tauri (El Nath)               1.65       0.02      300         5
 Orionis                       2.23v                1500        5
 Orionis                       1.70                 1600        5
 Orionis                       2.05       0.02      1600        5
 Orionis                       2.06       0.01      2100        5
 Orionis (Betelgeuse)          0.50v                520         5
 Aurigae                       1.90       0.04      88          5
 Canis Majoris                 1.98       0.01      750         6
 Carinae (Canopus)             -0.72      0.02      98          6
 Geminorum                     1.93       0.03      105         6
 Canis Majoris(Sirius)         -1.46      0.38      8.7         6
 Canis Majoris                 1.50                 680         6
 Canis Majoris                 1.86                 2100        7
 Canis Majoris                 2.44                 2700        7
 Geminorum (Castor)            1.99       0.07      45          7
 Canis Minoris (Procyon)       0.38       0.29      11.3        7
 Geminorum (Pollux)            1.14       0.09      35          7
 Star                          Magnitude  Parallax  Light yrs.  Right ascen.
                                                    "
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Geminorum (Pollux)            1.14       0.09      35          7
 Puppis                        2.25                 2400        8
 Velorum                       1.82                 520         8
 Carinae                       1.86                 340         8
 Velorum                       1.96       0.04      76          8
 Velorum                       2.21       0.02      750         9
 Carinae                       1.68       0.04      86          9
 Carinae                       2.25                 750         9
 Velorum                       2.50       0.01      470         9
 Hydrae                        1.98       0.02      94          9
 Leonis (Regulus)              1.35       0.04      84          10
 Leonis                        1.90       0.02      90          10
 Ursae Majoris (Merak)         2.37       0.04      78          11
 Ursae Majoris (Dubhe)         1.79       0.03      105         11
 Leonis (Denebola)             2.14       0.08      43          11
 Ursae Majoris (Phecda)        2.44       0.02      90          11
 Crucis                        1.58                 370         12
 Crucis                        1.63                 220         12
 Star                          Magnitude  Parallax  Light yrs.  Right ascen.
                                                    "
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Crucis                        1.63                 220         12
 Centauri                      2.17                 160         12
 Crucis                        1.25v                490         12
 Ursae Majoris (Alioth)        1.77v      0.01      68          12
 Ursae Majoris (Mizar)         2.05       0.04      88          13
 Virginis (Spica)              0.97v      0.02      220         13
 Centauri                      2.30v                570         13
 Ursae Majoris (Alkaid)        1.86                 210         13
 Centauri                      0.61v      0.02      490         14
 Centauri                      2.06       0.06      55          14
 Bootis (Arcturus)             -0.04      0.09      36          14
 Centauri                      2.31v                390         14
 Centauri                      -0.01      0.75      4.3         14
 Lupi                          2.30v                430         14
 Bootis                        2.40       0.01      103         14
 Ursae Minoris                 2.08       0.03      105         14
 Coronae Borealis              2.23v      0.04      76          15
 Scorpii                       2.32                 590         15
 Star                          Magnitude  Parallax  Light yrs.  Right ascen.
                                                    "
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Scorpii                       2.32                 590         15
 Scorpii (Antares)             0.96v      0.02      520         16
 Trianguli Australis           1.92       0.02      82          16
 Scorpii                       2.29       0.05      66          16
 Ophiuchi                      2.43       0.05      69          17
 Scorpii                       1.63v                310         17
 Ophiuchi                      2.08       0.06      58          17
 Scorpii                       1.87       0.02      650         17
 Scorpii                       2.41v                470         17
 Draconis                      2.23       0.02      108         17
 Sagittarii                    1.85       0.02      124         18
 Lyrae (Vega)                  0.03       0.12      26.5        18
 Sagittarii                    2.02                 300         18
 Aquilae (Altair)              0.77       0.20      16.5        19
 Cygni                         2.20                 750         20
 Pavonis                       1.94                 310         20
 Cygni (Deneb)                 1.25                 1600        20
 Cygni                         2.46       0.04      74          20
 Star                          Magnitude  Parallax  Light yrs.  Right ascen.
                                                    "
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Cygni                         2.46       0.04      74          20
 Cephei                        2.44       0.06      52          21
 Pegasi                        2.39                 780         21
 Gruis                         1.74       0.05      64          22
 Gruis                         2.11v                280         22
 Piscis Austrinis (Fomalhaut)  1.16       0.14      22.6        22
 Pegasi                        2.42v      0.02      210         23
 Pegasi                        2.49       0.03      109         23





                              Constellations

 Culturally, constellations are imagined patterns among the stars that, in
 some cases, have been recognized through millenia of tradition. In the early
 days of astronomy, knowledge of the constellations was necessary in order to
 function as an astronomer. For today's astronomers, constellations are
 simply areas on the entire sky in which interesting objects await
 observation and interpretation.

 Because western culture has prevailed in establishing modern science,
 equally viable and interesting constellations and celestial traditions of
 other cultures (of Asia or Africa, for example) are not well known outside
 of their regions of origin. Even the patterns with which we are most
 familiar today have undergone considerable change over the centuries,
 because the western heritage embraces teachings of cultures disparate in
 time as well as place.

 Today, students of the sky the world over recognize 88 constellations that
 cover the entire celestial sphere. Many of these have their origins in
 ancient days; many are "modern," contrived out of unformed stars by
 astronomers a few centuries ago. Unformed stars were those usually too faint
 or inconveniently placed to be included in depicting the more prominent
 constellations. When astronomers began to travel to South Africa in the 16th
 and 17th centuries, they found a sky that itself was unformed, and showing
 numerous brilliant stars. Thus, we find constellations in the southern
 hemisphere like the "air pump," the "microscope," the "furnace," and other
 technological marvels of the time, as well as some arguably traditional
 forms, such as the "fly."

 Many of the commonly recognized constellations had their origins in ancient
 Asia Minor--Syria, Babylon, etc. These were adopted by the Greeks and Romans
 who translated their names and stories into their own languages, some
 details being modified in the process. After the declines of these cultures,
 most such knowledge entered oral tradition, or remained hidden in monastic
 libraries. Beginning in the 8th century, the Moslem explosion spread through
 the Mediterranean world. Wherever possible, everything was translated into
 Arabic to be taught in the universities the Moslems established all over
 their new-found world.

 In the 13th century, Alphonsus XX of Spain, an avid student of astronomy,
 succeeded in having Claudius Ptolemy's Almagest, as its Arabian title was
 known, translated into Latin. It thus became widely available to European
 scholars. In the process, the constellation names were translated, but the
 star names were retained in their Arabic forms. Transliterating Arabic into
 the Roman alphabet has never been an exact art, so many of the star names we
 use today only "seem" Arabic to all but scholars.

 Names of stars often indicated what parts of the traditional figures they
 represented: Deneb, the tail of the swan; Betelgeuse, the armpit of the
 giant. Thus, the names were an indication of the position in the sky of a
 particular star, provided one recognized the traditional form of the mythic
 figure.

 In English, usage of the Latin names for the constellations couples often
 inconceivable creatures, represented in unimaginable configurations, with
 names that often seem unintelligible. Avoiding traditional names,
 astronomers may designate the brighter stars in a constellation with Greek
 letters, usually in order of brightness. Thus, the "alpha star" is often the
 brightest star of that constellation. The "of" implies possession, so the
 genetive (possessive) form of the constellation name is used, as in Alpha
 Orionis, the first star of Orion (Betelgeuse). Astronomers usually use a
 3-letter form for the constellation name, understanding it to be read as
 either the nominative or genitive case of the name.

 Until the 1920's, astronomers used curved boundaries for the constellation
 areas. As these were rather arbitrary at best, the International
 Astronomical Union adopted boundaries that ran due north-south and
 east-west, filling the sky much as the contiguous states fill up the area of
 the "lower 48" United States.

 Within these boundaries, and occasionally crossing them, popular "asterisms"
 are recognized: the Big Dipper is a small part of Ursa Major, the big bear;
 the Sickle is the traditional head and mane of Leo, the lion; one of the
 horntips of Taurus, the bull, properly belongs to Auriga, the charioteer;
 the northeast star of the Great Square of Pegasus is Alpha Andromedae.

 It is unlikely that further change will occur in the realm of the celestial
 constellations.



╓┌────────────────────┌─────────────────────┌─────────────┌──────────────────
 Name                 Genitive              Abbreviation  Meaning
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Andromeda            Andromedae            And           Chained Maiden
 Antlia               Antliae               Ant           Air Pump
 Apus                 Apodis                Aps           Bird of Paradise
 Aquarius             Aquarii               Aqr           Water Bearer
 Aquila               Aquilae               Aql           Eagle
 Name                 Genitive              Abbreviation  Meaning
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Aquila               Aquilae               Aql           Eagle
 Ara                  Arae                  Ara           Altar
 Aries                Arietis               Ari           Ram
 Auriga               Aurigae               Aur           Charioteer
 Bootes               Bootis                Boo           Herdsmen
 Caelum               Caeli                 Cae           Chisel
 Camelopardalis       Camelopardalis        Cam           Giraffe
 Cancer               Cancri                Cnc           Crab
 Canes Venatici       Canum Venaticorum     CVn           Hunting Dogs
 Canis Major          Canis Majoris         CMa           Great Dog
 Canis Minor          Canis Minoris         CMi           Little Dog
 Capricornus          Capricorni            Cap           Sea-goat
 Carina               Carinae               Car           Keel
 Cassiopeia           Cassiopeiae           Cas           Queen
 Centaurus            Centauri              Cen           Centaur
 Cepheus              Cephei                Cep           King
 Cetus                Ceti                  Cet           Whale
 Chamaeleon           Chamaeleontis         Cha           Chameleon
 Circinus             Circini               Cir           Compasses (art)
 Name                 Genitive              Abbreviation  Meaning
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Circinus             Circini               Cir           Compasses (art)
 Columba              Columbae              Col           Dove
 Coma Berenices       Comae Berenices       Com           Berenice's Hair
 Corona Australis     Coronae Australis     CrA           Southern Crown
 Corona Borealis      Coronae Borealis      CrB           Northern Crown
 Corvus               Corvi                 Crv           Crow
 Crater               Crateris              Crt           Cup
 Crux                 Crucis                Cru           Cross (southern)
 Cygnus               Cygni                 Cyg           Swan
 Delphinus            Delphini              Del           Dolphin
 Dorado               Doradus               Dor           Goldfish
 Draco                Draconis              Dra           Dragon
 Equuleus             Equulei               Equ           Little Horse
 Eridanus             Eridani               Eri           River
 Fornax               Fornacis              For           Furnace
 Gemini               Geminorum             Gem           Twins
 Grus                 Gruis                 Gru           Crane (bird)
 Hercules             Herculis              Her           Hercules
 Horologium           Horologii             Hor           Clock
 Name                 Genitive              Abbreviation  Meaning
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Horologium           Horologii             Hor           Clock
 Hydra                Hydrae                Hya           Water Snake (female)
 Hydrus               Hydri                 Hyi           Water Snake (male)
 Indus                Indi                  Ind           Indian
 Lacerta              Lacertae              Lac           Lizard
 Leo                  Leonis                Leo           Lion
 Leo Minor            Leonis Minoris        LMi           Little Lion
 Lepus                Leporis               Lep           Hare
 Libra                Librae                Lib           Balance
 Lupus                Lupi                  Lup           Wolf
 Lynx                 Lyncis                Lyn           Lynx
 Lyra                 Lyrae                 Lyr           Lyre
 Mensa                Mensae                Men           Table Mountain
 Microscopium         Microscopii           Mic           Microscope
 Monoceros            Monocerotis           Mon           Unicorn
 Musca                Muscae                Mus           Fly
 Norma                Normae                Nor           Square (rule)
 Octans               Octantis              Oct           Octant
 Ophiuchus            Ophiuchi              Oph           Serpent Bearer
 Name                 Genitive              Abbreviation  Meaning
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Ophiuchus            Ophiuchi              Oph           Serpent Bearer
 Orion                Orionis               Ori           Hunter
 Pavo                 Pavonis               Pav           Peacock
 Pegasus              Pegasi                Peg           Flying Horse
 Perseus              Persei                Per           Hero
 Phoenix              Phoenicis             Phe           Phoenix
 Pictor               Pictoris              Pic           Painter
 Pisces               Piscium               Psc           Fishes
 Piscis Austrinius    Piscis Austrini       PsA           Southern Fish
 Puppis               Puppis                Pup           Stern (deck)
 Pyxis                Pyxidis               Pyx           Compass (sea)
 Reticulum            Reticuli              Ret           Reticle
 Sagitta              Sagittae              Sge           Arrow
 Sagittarius          Sagittarii            Sgr           Archer
 Scorpius             Scorpii               Sco           Scorpion
 Sculptor             Sculptoris            Scl           Sculptor
 Scutum               Scuti                 Sct           Shield
 Serpens              Serpentis             Ser           Serpent
 Sextans              Sextantis             Sex           Sextant
 Name                 Genitive              Abbreviation  Meaning
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Sextans              Sextantis             Sex           Sextant
 Taurus               Tauri                 Tau           Bull
 Telescopium          Telescopii            Tel           Telescope
 Triangulum           Trianguli             Tri           Triangle
 Triangulum Australe  Trianguli Australis   TrA           Southern Triangle
 Tucana               Tucanae               Tuc           Toucan
 Ursa Major           Ursae Majoris         UMa           Great Bear
 Ursa Minor           Ursae Minoris         UMi           Little Bear
 Vela                 Velorum               Vel           Sail
 Virgo                Virginis              Vir           Maiden
 Volans               Volantis              Vol           Flying Fish
 Vulpecula            Vulpeculae            Vul           Fox






                    Aurora Borealis and Aurora Australis

 The Aurora Borealis, also called the Northern Lights, is a broad display of
 rather faint light in the northern skies at night. The Aurora Australis, a
 similar phenomenon, appears at the same time in southern skies. The aurora
 appears in a wide variety of forms. Sometimes it is seen as a quiet glow,
 almost foglike in character; sometimes as vertical streamers in which there
 may be considerable motion; sometimes as a series of luminous expanding
 arcs. There are many colors, with white, yellow, and red predominating.

 The auroras are most vivid and most frequently seen at about 20 degrees from
 the magnetic poles, along the northern coast of the North American continent
 and the eastern part of the northern coast of Europe. They have been seen as
 far south as Key West and as far north as Australia and New Zealand, but
 rarely.

 While the cause of the auroras is not known beyond question, there does seem
 to be a definite correlation between auroral displays and sun-spot activity.
 It is thought that atomic particles expelled from the sun by the forces that
 cause solar flares speed through space at velocities of 400 to 600 miles per
 second. These particles are entrapped by the earth's magnetic field, forming
 what are termed the Van Allen belts. The encounter of these clouds of the
 solar wind with the earth's magnetic field weakens the field so that
 previously trapped particles are allowed to impact the upper atmosphere. The
 collisions between solar and terrestrial atoms result in the glow in the
 upper atmosphere called the aurora. The glow may be vivid where the lines of
 magnetic force converge near the magnetic poles.

 The auroral displays appear at heights ranging from 50 to about 600 miles
 and have given us a means of estimating the extent of the earth's
 atmosphere.

 The auroras are often accompanied by magnetic storms whose forces, also
 guided by the lines of force of the earth's magnetic field, disrupt
 electrical communication.


                               Eclipses, 1991

                            (Greenwich Mean Time)

 There are six eclipses in 1991, two of the sun and four of the moon.

 I. Annular eclipse of the sun, January 15-16.

 Partial phases are visible throughout most of the South Pacific Ocean, part
 of Antarctica south of Australia, eastern Australia, and New Zealand. The
 path of annularity begins west of the southwestern tip of Australia, passes
 over that tip into the Great Australian Bight, grazes the southeastern tip
 of Australia, passes over all but the southern tip of Tasmania, touches both
 islands of New Zealand, ending in the Pacific Ocean on the equator due south
 of Yuma, Arizona.

                        Circumstances of the Eclipse


╓┌──────────────────────────────┌─────┌─────┌───┌────────────────────────────╖
 Event                          Date  Date  h   m
 ───────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Eclipse begins                 Jan.  15    20  51
 Central eclipse begins               15    22  0
 Central eclipse at local noon        15    23  44
 Central eclipse ends                 16    14  6
 Eclipse ends                         16    2   55
 Event                          Date  Date  h   m
 ───────────────────────────────────────────────────
Eclipse ends                         16    2   55



 Maximum duration of annularity: 7:49.4.



 II. Penumbral eclipse of the moon, January 30.

 The beginning of the penumbral phase is visible in extreme eastern Asia,
 North America, Central America, South America, Greenland, Europe, most of
 Africa, the Palmer Peninsula of Antarctica, the Artic regions, the eastern
 Pacific Ocean, and the Atlantic Ocean; the end is visible in extreme eastern
 Asia, most of New Zealand, North America, Central America, South America,
 Greenland, the Arctic regions, the Pacific Ocean, and the northern Atlantic
 Ocean.

                        Circumstances of the Eclipse


╓┌─────────────────────┌─────┌─────┌──┌──────────────────────────────────────╖
 Event                 Date  Date  h  m
 ─────────────────────────────────────────
 Moon enters penumbra  Jan.  30    3  58
 Middle of eclipse           30    5  59
 Moon leaves penumbra        30    7  59



 Penumbral magnitude of the eclipse: 0.906.



 III. Penumbral eclipse of the moon, June 27.

 The beginning the penumbral phase is visible in eastern North America,
 Central America, South America, Antarctica, Africa, Europe south of
 Scandinavia, the western Indian Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean, and the
 southeastern Pacific Ocean; the end is visible in North America except for
 Alaska and northwestern Canada, Central America, South America, Antarctica,
 the western half of Africa, the western Iberian Peninsula of Europe, the
 Atlantic Ocean, and the southeastern Pacific Ocean.

                        Circumstances of the Eclipse


╓┌─────────────────────┌─────┌─────┌──┌──────────────────────────────────────╖
 Event                 Date  Date  h  m
 ─────────────────────────────────────────
 Moon enters penumbra  June  27    1  46
 Middle of eclipse           27    3  15
 Moon leaves penumbra        27    4  43



 Penumbral magnitude of eclipse: 0.339.



 IV. Total eclipse of the sun, July 11.

 Partial phases visible in the northeastern Pacific Ocean south of the
 Aleutian Islands, southwestern to south central Canada, all of the United
 States except Alaska, Central America, the Caribbean Region, South America
 except south of latitude 36 degrees. The path of totality begins southwest
 of Hawaii, crosses the island of Hawaii, the southern tip of Baja California
 Sur, Southern Mexico, the west coast of Central America, and ends in the
 jungles of Brazil.

                        Circumstances of the Eclipse


╓┌──────────────────────────────┌─────┌─────┌───┌────────────────────────────╖
 Event                          Date  Date  h   m
 ───────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Eclipse begins                 July  11    16  29
 Central eclipse begins               11    17  23
 Central eclipse at local moon        11    19  6
 Central eclipse ends                 11    20  49
 Eclipse ends                         11    21  43



 Maximum duration of totality: 6:58.1.



 V. Penumbral eclipse of the moon, June 26.

 The beginning of the penumbral phase is visible in southern and eastern
 Africa, most of Asia, Australia, New Zealand, most of Antarctica, the
 western Pacific Ocean, and the Indian Ocean; the end visible in most of
 Europe, most of Africa, most of Asia, Australia, southern New Zealand,
 Antarctica, the eastern South Atlantic Ocean, and the Indian Ocean.

                        Circumstances of the Eclipse


╓┌─────────────────────┌─────┌─────┌───┌─────────────────────────────────────╖
 Event                 Date  Date  h   m
 ──────────────────────────────────────────
 Moon enters penumbra  July  26    16  48
 Event                 Date  Date  h   m
 ──────────────────────────────────────────
 Moon enters penumbra  July  26    16  48
 Middle of eclipse           26    18  8
 Moon leaves penumbra        26    19  28



 Penumbral magnitude of the eclipse: 0.280.



 VI. Partial eclipse of the moon, December 21.

 The beginning of the umbral phase is visible in eastern Australia, New
 Zealand, northern and eastern Asia, North America, Central America,
 northwestern South America, Greenland, northern Scandinavia, the Arctic
 regions, the Pacific Ocean, and the northwestern Atlantic Ocean; the end
 visible in northern and eastern Asia, Australia, New Zealand, North America,
 Central America, Greenland, northern Scandinavia, the Artic regions, and the
 Pacific Ocean.

                        Circumstances of the Eclipse


╓┌─────────────────────────┌─────┌─────┌───┌─────────────────────────────────╖
 Event                     Date  Date  h   m
 ───────────────────────────────────────────────
 Moon enters the penumbra  Dec.  21    8   25
 Moon enters umbra               21    10  0
 Middle of eclipse               21    10  33
 Moon leaves umbra               21    11  6
 Moon leaves penumbra            21    12  41



 Magnitude of the eclipse: 0.093.



                      The Planets and the Solar System


╓┌────────┌────────────────────┌────────────────────┌────────────────────┌───
 Planet   Mean daily motion "  Orbital velocity     Sidereal revolution  Synod
                               miles per sec.       days                 revol

 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Mercury  14732                29.75                88.0                 115.9

 Venus    5768                 21.76                224.7                583.9

 Earth    3548                 18.51                365.3                --

 Mars     1886                 14.99                687.0                779.9

 Jupiter  299                  8.12                 4332.1               398.9

 Saturn   120                  5.99                 10825.9              378.1

 Uranus   42                   4.23                 30676.1              369.7

 Neptune  21                   3.38                 59911.1              367.5
 Planet   Mean daily motion "  Orbital velocity     Sidereal revolution  Synod
                               miles per sec.       days                 revol

 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Neptune  21                   3.38                 59911.1              367.5

 Pluto    14                   2.95                 90824.2              366.7




 1 Light at perihelion and aphelion is solar illumination in units of mean
 illumination at Earth.





╓┌────────┌────────────┌────────────┌────────────┌────────────┌────────────┌─
          Mean         Mean         Mean         Mean         Mean         Mea
          longitude    longitude    longitude    longitude    longitude    lon
          Mean         Mean         Mean         Mean         Mean         Mea
          longitude    longitude    longitude    longitude    longitude    lon
          of:*         of:*         of:*         of:*         of:*         of:
 Planet   ascending    ascending    ascending    perihelion   perihelion   per
          node         node         node


          deg          '            "            deg          '            "
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Mercury  48           12           58           77           18           25

 Venus    76           35           35           131          11           24

 Earth    -            -            -            102          47           31

 Mars     49           29           33           335          48           25

 Jupiter  100          23           13           15           31           41

 Saturn   113          34           9            91           49           19

          Mean         Mean         Mean         Mean         Mean         Mea
          longitude    longitude    longitude    longitude    longitude    lon
          of:*         of:*         of:*         of:*         of:*         of:
 Planet   ascending    ascending    ascending    perihelion   perihelion   per
          node         node         node


 Uranus   73           58           1            169          47           35

 Neptune  131          39           54           56           14           24

 Pluto    110          05           49           223          35           53




 *Consistent for the standard Epoch: 1990 Apr. 19 Ephemeris Time
 **Astronomical units





╓┌────────────┌────────────┌────────────┌────────────┌────────────┌──────────
              Semi -       Semi -       Semi -
              diameter     diameter     diameter
 Sun and      at unit      at mean      in miles     Volume       Mass.
 planets      distance ' "  least dist.  mean s.d.    earth=1.     earth=1.
                           ' "

 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Sun          959.62       -            432560       1303730      332830

 Mercury      3.37         5.5          1515         0.0559       0.0553

 Venus        8.34         30.1         3760         0.8541       0.8150

 Earth        -            -            3963         1.000        1.000

 Moon         2.40         932.4        1080         0.020        0.0123

 Mars         4.69         8.95         2108.4       0.1506       0.1074
              Semi -       Semi -       Semi -
              diameter     diameter     diameter
 Sun and      at unit      at mean      in miles     Volume       Mass.
 planets      distance ' "  least dist.  mean s.d.    earth=1.     earth=1.
                           ' "

Mars         4.69         8.95         2108.4       0.1506       0.1074

 Jupiter      98.35        23.4         44362        1403         317.83

 Saturn       82.83        9.7          37280        832          95.16

 Uranus       35.4         1.9          15800        63           14.50

 Neptune      33.4         1.2          15300        55           17.20

 Pluto*       1.9          0.05         930          0.01         0.0025




 *Observers at the U.S. Naval Observatory have derived values similar to
 these after having discovered that Pluto has a satellite. It apparently
 revolves about Pluto in a period equal to Pluto's rotation period. R
 retrograde of Venus and Uranus.




                                 Telescopes

 Most of the world's major astronomical installations are in the northern
 hemisphere, while many of astronomy's major problems are found in the
 southern sky. This imbalance has long been recognized and is being remedied.


 In the northern hemisphere the largest reflector is the 236-inch mirror at
 the Special Astrophysical Observatory in the Caucasus in the Soviet Union.
 The largest reflectors in the U.S. include 3 in California: at Palomar Mtn.,
 200 inches; at Lick Observatory, Mt. Hamilton, 120 inches; and at Mt. Wilson
 Observatory, 100 inches. Also in the U.S. are the Multiple Mirror Telescope
 (MMT) at Mt. Hopkins Observatory in Amado, AZ, which is a 176-inch single
 mirror reflector, a 158-inch reflector at Kitt Peak, Arizona, dedicated in
 June 1973, and a 107-inch telescope at the McDonald Observatory on Mt. Locke
 in Texas. A telescope at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory in the Soviet
 Union has a 104-inch mirror.

 Placed in service in 1975 were three large reflectors for the southern
 hemisphere. Associated Universities for Research in Astronomy (AURA), the
 operating organization of Kitt Peak National Observatory, dedicated the
 158-inch reflector (twin of the telescope on Kitt Peak) at Cerro Tololo
 International Observatory, Chile; the European Southern Observatory has a
 141-inch reflector at La Silla, Chile; and the Anglo-Australian telescope,
 152 inches in diameter, is at Siding Spring Observatory in Australia.


                             Optical Telescopes

 Optical astronomical telescopes are of two kinds, refracting and reflecting.
 In the first, light passes through a lens which brings the light rays into
 focus, where the image may be examined after being magnified by a second
 lens, the eye-piece, or directly photographed.

 The reflector consists of a concave parabolic mirror, generally of Pyrex or
 now of a relatively heat insensitive material, cervit, coated with silver or
 aluminum, which reflects the light rays back toward the upper end of the
 telescope, where they are either magnified and observed by the eye-piece or,
 as in the case of the refractors, photographed. In most reflecting
 telescopes, the light is reflected again by a secondary mirror and comes to
 a focus after passing through a hole in the side of the telescope, where the
 eye-piece or camera is located, or after passing through a hole in the
 center of the primary mirror.


                                  The Sun

 The sun, the controlling body of our solar system, is a star whose
 dimensions cause it to be classified among stars as average in size,
 temperature, and brightness. Its proximity to the earth makes it appear to
 us as tremendously large and bright. A series of thermo-nuclear reactions
 involving the atoms of the elements of which it is composed produces the
 heat and light that make life possible on earth.

 The sun has a diameter of 864,000 miles and is distant, on the average,
 92,900,000 miles from the earth. It is 1.41 times as dense as water. The
 light of the sun reaches the earth in 499.012 seconds or slightly more than
 8 minutes. The average solar surface temperature has been measured by
 several indirect methods which agree closely on a value of 6,000 deg Kelvin
 or about 10,000 deg F. The interior temperature of the sun is about
 35,000,000 F. deg.

 When sunlight is analyzed with a spectroscope, it is found to consist of a
 continuous spectrum composed of all the colors of the rainbow in order,
 crossed by many dark lines. The "absorption lines" are produced by gaseous
 materials in the atmosphere of the sun. More than 60 of the natural
 terrestrial elements have been identified in the sun, all in gaseous form
 because of the intense heat of the sun.


                             Spheres and Corona

 The radiating surface of the sun is called the photosphere, and just above
 it is the chromosphere. The chromosphere is visible to the naked eye only at
 times of total solar eclipses, appearing then to be a pinkish-violet layer
 with occasional great prominences projecting above its general level. With
 proper instruments the chromosphere can be seen or photographed whenever the
 sun is visible without waiting for a total eclipse. Above the chromosphere
 is the corona,also visible to the naked eye only at times of total eclipse.
 Instruments also permit the brighter portions of the corona to be studied
 whenever conditions are favorable. The pearly light of the corona surges
 millions of miles from the sun. Iron, nickel, and calcium are believed to be
 principal contributors to the composition of the corona, all in a state of
 extreme attenuation and high ionization that indicates temperatures on the
 order of a million degrees Fahrenheit.


                                  Sunspots

 There is an intimate connection between sunspots and the corona. At times of
 low sunspot activity, the fine streamers of the corona will be much longer
 above the sun's equator than over the polar regions of the sun, while during
 high sunspot activity, the corona extends fairly evenly outward from all
 regions of the sun, but to a much greater distance in space. Sunspots are
 dark, irregularly-shaped regions whose diameters may reach tens of thousands
 of miles. The average life of a sunspot group is from two to three weeks,
 but there have been groups that have lasted for more than a year, being
 carried repeatedly around as the sun rotated upon its axis. The record for
 the duration of a sunspot is 18 months. Sunspots reach a low point every
 11.3 years, with a peak of activity occurring irregularly between two
 successive minima.

 The sun is 400,000 times as bright as the full moon and gives the earth 6
 million times as much light as do all the other stars put together.
 Actually, most of the stars that can be easily seen on any clear night are
 brighter than the sun.


                                 The Zodiac

 The sun's apparent yearly path among the stars is known as the ecliptic. The
 zone 16 deg wide, 8 deg on each side of the ecliptic, is known as the
 zodiac. Inside of this zone are the apparent paths of the sun, moon, earth,
 and major planets. Beginning at the point on the ecliptic which marks the
 position of the sun at the vernal equinox, and thence proceeding eastward,
 the zodiac is divided into twelve signs of 30 deg each, as shown herewith.

 These signs are named from the twelve constellations of the zodiac with
 which the signs coincided in the time of the astronomer Hipparchus, about
 2,000 years ago. Owing to the precession of the equinoxes, that is to say,
 to the retrograde motion of the equinoxes along the ecliptic, each sign in
 the zodiac has, in the course of 2,000 years, moved backward 30 deg into the
 constellation west of it; so that the sign Aries is now in the constellation
 Pisces, and so on. The vernal equinox will move from Pisces into Aquarius
 about the middle of the 26th century. The signs of the zodiac with their
 Latin and English names are as follows:



╓┌───────┌────┌─────────────┌────────────────────────────────────────────────╖
 ──────────────────────────────────────────────
 Spring  1.   Aries.        The Ram.
         2.   Taurus.       The Bull.
         3.   Gemini.       The Twins.
 Summer  4.   Cancer.       The Crab.
         5.   Leo.          The Lion.
         6.   Virgo.        The Virgin.
 Autumn  7.   Libra.        The Balance.
         8.   Scorpius.     The Scorpion.
 ──────────────────────────────────────────────
        8.   Scorpius.     The Scorpion.
         9.   Sagittarius.  The Archer.
 Winter  10.  Capricorn.    The Goat.
         11.  Aquarius.     The Water Bearer.
         12.  Pisces.       The Fishes.





                       Moon's Perigee and Apogee, 1991


                                   Perigee


╓┌──────┌─────┌────┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╖
 Date   Date  GMT  EST
 ────────────────────────
 Jan.   28    09   04
 Date   Date  GMT  EST
 ────────────────────────
 Jan.   28    09   04
 Feb.   25    01   20*
 Mar.   22    05   00
 Apr.   17    17   12
 May    15    17   12
 June   13    00   19*
 July   11    10   05
 Aug.   8     18   13
 Sept.  5     19   14
 Oct.   2     18   15
 Nov.   24    09   04
 Dec.   22    09   04





                                   Apogee


╓┌──────┌─────┌────┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╖
 Date   Date  GMT  EST
 ────────────────────────
 Jan.   12    11   06
 Feb.   9     04   23*
 Mar.   9     01   20*
 Apr.   5     21   16
 May    3     15   10
 June   27    07   02
 July   24    11   06
 Aug.   20    23   18
 Sept.  17    15   10
 Oct.   15    11   06
 Nov.   12    08   03
 Dec.   10    02   21*



 *Previous day Repeat




                   Astronomical Constants; Speed of Light

 The following were adopted in 1968, in accordance with the resolutions and
 recommendations of the International Astronomical Union (Hamburg 1964):
 Speed of light, 299,792.5 kilometers per second, or about 186,282.3976
 statute miles per second; solar parallax, 8".794; constant of nutation,
 9".210; and constant of aberration, 20".496.


                                  The Moon

 The moon completes a circuit around the earth in a period whose mean or
 average duration is 27 days 7 hours 43.2 minutes. This is the moon's
 sidereal period. Because of the motion of the moon in common with the earth
 around the sun, the mean duration of the lunar month -- the period from one
 new moon to the next new moon -- is 29 days 12 hours 44.05 minutes. This is
 the moon's synodical period.

 The mean distance of the moon from the earth according to the American
 Ephemeris is 238,857 miles. Because the orbit of the moon about the earth is
 not circular but elliptical, however, the maximum distance from the earth
 that the moon may reach is 252,710 miles and the least distance is 221,463
 miles. All distances are from the center of one object to the center of the
 other.

 The moon's diameter is 2,160 miles. If we deduct the radius of the moon,
 1,080 miles, and the radius of the earth, 3,963 miles from the minimum
 distance or perigee, given above, we shall have for the nearest approach of
 the bodies' surfaces 216,420 miles.

 The moon rotates on its axis in a period of time exactly equal to its
 sidereal revolution about the earth -- 27.321666 days. The moon's revolution
 about the earth is irregular because of its elliptical orbit. The moon's
 rotation, however, is regular and this, together with the irregular
 revolution, produces what is called "libration in longitude" which permits
 us to see first farther around the east side and then farther around the
 west side of the moon. The moon's variation north or south of the ecliptic
 permits us to see farther over first one pole and then the other of the moon
 and this is "libration in latitude." These two libration effects permit us
 to see a total of about 60% of the moon's surface over a period of time. The
 hidden side of the moon was photographed in 1959 by the Soviet space vehicle
 Lunik III. Since then many excellent pictures of nearly all of the moon's
 surface have been transmitted to earth by Lunar Orbiters launched by the
 U.S.

 The tides are caused mainly by the moon, because of its proximity to the
 earth. The ratio of the tide-raising power of the moon to that of the sun is
 11 to 5.


                       Harvest Moon and Hunter's Moon

 The Harvest Moon, the full moon nearest the Autumnal Equinox, ushers in a
 period of several successive days when the moon rises soon after sunset.
 This phenomenon gives farmers in temperate latitudes extra hours of light in
 which to harvest their crops before frost and winter come. The 1991 Harvest
 Moon falls on Sept. 23 GMT. Harvest moon in the south temperate latitudes
 falls on Mar. 30.

 The next full moon after Harvest Moon is called the Hunter's Moon,
 accompanied by a similar phenomenon but less marked; -- Oct. 23, northern
 hemisphere; Apr. 28, southern hemisphere.


               The Earth: Size, Computation of Time, Seasons


                            Size and Dimensions

 The earth is the fifth largest planet and the third from the sun. Its mass
 is 6 sextillion, 588 quintillion short tons. Using the parameters of an
 ellipsoid adopted by the International Astronomical Union in 1964 and
 recognized by the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics in 1967, the
 length of the equator is 24,901.55 miles, the length of a meridian is
 24,859.82 miles, the equatorial diameter is 7,926.41 miles, and the area of
 this reference ellipsoid is approximately 196,938,800 square miles.

 The earth is considered a solid, rigid mass with a densecore of magnetic,
 probably metallic material. The outer part of the core is probably liquid.
 Around the core is a thick shell or mantle of heavy crystalline rock which
 in turn is covered by a thin crust forming the solid granite and basalt base
 of the continents and ocean basins. Over broad areas of the earth's surface
 the crust has a thin cover of sedimentary rock such as sandstone, shale, and
 limestone formed by weathering of the earth's surface and deposition of
 sands, clays, and plant and animal remains.

 The temperature in the earth increases about 1 degF. with every 100 to 200
 feet in depth, in the upper 100 kilometers of the earth, and the temperature
 near the core is believed to be near the melting point of the core materials
 under the conditions at that depth. The heat of the earth is believed to be
 derived from radioactivity in the rocks, pressures developed within the
 earth, and original heat (if the earth in fact was formed at high
 temperatures).


                          Atmosphere of the Earth

 The earth's atmosphere is a blanket composed of nitrogen, oxygen, and argon,
 in amounts of about 78, 21, and 1% by volume. Also present in minute
 quantities are carbon dioxide, hydrogen, neon, helium, krypton, and xenon.

 Water vapor displaces other gases and varies from nearly zero to about 4% by
 volume. The height of the ozone layer varies from approximately 12 to 21
 miles above the earth. Traces exist as low as 6 miles and as high as 35
 miles. Traces of methane have been found.

 The atmosphere rests on the earth's surface with the weight equivalent to a
 layer of water 34 ft. deep. For about 300,000 ft. upward the gases remain in
 the proportions stated. Gravity holds the gases to the earth. The weight of
 the air compresses it at the bottom, so that the greatest density is at the
 earth's surface. Pressure, as well as density, decreases as height increases
 because the weight pressing upon any layer is always less than that pressing
 upon the layers below.

 The temperature of the air drops with increased height until the tropopause
 is reached. This may vary from 25,000 to 60,000 ft. The atmosphere below the
 tropopause is the troposphere; the atmosphere for about twenty miles above
 the tropopause is the stratosphere, where the temperature generally
 increases with height except at high latitudes in winter. A temperature
 maximum near the 30-mile level is called the stratopause. Above this
 boundary is the mesosphere where the temperature decreases with height to a
 minimum, the mesopause, at a height of 50 miles. Extending above the
 mesosphere to the outer fringes of the atmosphere is the thermosphere, a
 region where temperature increases with height to a value measured in
 thousands of degrees Fahrenheit. The lower portion of this region, extending
 from 50 to about 400 miles in altitude, is characterized by a high ion
 density, and is thus called the ionosphere. The outer region is called
 exosphere; this is the region where gas molecules traveling at high speed
 may escape into outer space, above 600 miles.


                             Latitude, Longitude

 Position on the globe is measured by means of meridians and parallels.
 Meridians, which are imaginary lines drawn around the earth through the
 poles, determine longitude. The meridian running through Greenwich, England,
 is the prime meridian of longitude, and all others are either east or west.
 Parallels, which are imaginary circles parallel with the equator, determine
 latitude. The length of a degree of longitude varies as the cosine of the
 latitude. At the equator a degree is 69.171 statute miles; this is gradually
 reduced toward the poles. Value of a longitude degree at the poles is zero.

 Latitude is reckoned by the number of degrees north or south of the equator,
 an imaginary circle on the earth's surface everywhere equidistant between
 the two poles. According to the IAU Ellipsoid of 1964, the length of a
 degree of latitude is 68.708 statute miles at the equator and varies
 slightly north and south because of the oblate form of the globe; at the
 poles it is 69.403 statute miles.


                            Computation of Time

 The earth rotates on its axis and follows an elliptical orbit around the
 sun. The rotation makes the sun appear to move across the sky from East to
 West. It determines day and night and the complete rotation, in relation to
 the sun, is called the apparent or true solar day. This varies but an
 average determines the mean solar day of 24 hours.

 The mean solar day is in universal use for civil purposes. It may be
 obtained from apparent solar time by correcting observations of the sun for
 the equation of time, but when high precision is required, the mean solar
 time is calculated from its relation to sidereal time. These relations are
 extremely complicated, but for most practical uses, they may be considered
 as follows:

 Sidereal time is the measure of time defined by the diurnal motion of the
 vernal equinox, and is determined from observation of the meridian transits
 of stars. One complete rotation of the earth relative to the equinox is
 called the sidereal day. The mean sidereal day is 23 hours, 56 minutes,
 4.091 seconds of mean solar time.

 The Calendar Year begins at 12 o'clock midnight precisely local clock time,
 on the night of Dec. 31-Jan. 1. The day and the calendar month also begin at
 midnight by the clock. The interval required for the earth to make one
 absolute revolution around the sun is a sidereal year; it consisted of 365
 days, 6 hours, 9 minutes, and 9.5 seconds of mean solar time (approximately
 24 hours per day) in 1900, and is increasing at the rate of 0.0001-second
 annually.

 The Tropical Year, on which the return of the seasons depends, is the
 interval between two consecutive returns of the sun to the vernal equinox.
 The tropical year consists of 365 days, 5 hours, 48 minutes, and 46 seconds
 in 1900. It is decreasing at the rate of 0.530 seconds per century.

 In 1956 the unit of time interval was defined to be identical with the
 second of Ephemeris Time, 1/31,556,925.9747 of the tropical year for 1900
 January Od 12th hour E.T. A physical definition of the second based on a
 quantum transition of cesium (atomic second) was adopted in 1964. The atomic
 second is equal to 9,192,631,770 cycles of the emitted radiation. In 1967
 this atomic second was adopted as the unit of time interval for the Intern'l
 System of Units.


                           The Zones and Seasons

 The five zones of the earth's surface are Torrid, lying between the Tropics
 of Cancer and Capricorn; North Temperate, between Cancer and the Arctic
 Circle; South Temperate, between Capricorn and the Antarctic Circle; The
 Frigid Zones, between the polar Circles and the Poles.

 The inclination or tilt of the earth's axis with respect to the sun
 determines the seasons. These are commonly marked in the North Temperate
 Zone, where spring begins at the vernal equinox, summer at the summer
 solstice, autumn at the autumnal equinox and winter at the winter solstice.

 In the South Temperate Zone, the seasons are reversed. Spring begins at the
 autumnal equinox, summer at the winter solstice, etc.

 If the earth's axis were perpendicular to the plane of the earth's orbit
 around the sun there would be no change of seasons. Day and night would be
 of nearly constant length and there would be equable conditions of
 temperature. But the axis is tilted 23 deg 27' away from a perpendicular to
 the orbit and only in March and September is the axis at right angles to the
 sun.

 The points at which the sun crosses the equator are the equinoxes, when day
 and night are most nearly equal. The points at which the sun is at a maximum
 distance from the equator are the solstices. Days and nights are then most
 unequal.

 In June the North Pole is tilted 23 deg 27' toward the sun and the days in
 the northern hemisphere are longer than the nights, while the days in the
 southern hemisphere are shorter than the nights. In December the North Pole
 is tilted 23 deg 27' away from the sun and the situation is reversed.


                            The Seasons in 1991

 In 1991 the 4 seasons will begin as follows: add one hour to EST for
 Atlantic Time; subtract one hour for Central, two hours for Mountain, 3
 hours for Pacific, 4 hours for Yukon, 5 hours for Alaska-Hawaii and six
 hours for Bering Time. Also shown in Greenwich Mean Time.



╓┌─────────────────┌───────┌─────────┌──────┌────────────────────────────────╖
                           Date      GMT    EST
 ───────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Vernal Equinox    Spring  Mar. 21   3:02   22:02*
 Summer Solstice   Summer  June 21   21:19  16:19
 Autumnal Equinox  Autumn  Sept. 23  12:48  7:48
 Winter Solstice   Winter  Dec. 22   8:54   3:54



 *Previous Day




                             Poles of The Earth

 The geographic (rotation) poles, or points where the earth's axis of
 rotation cuts the surface, are not absolutely fixed in the body of the
 earth. The pole of rotation describes an irregular curve about its mean
 position.

 Two periods have been detected in this motion: (1) an annual period due to
 seasonal changes in barometric pressure, load of ice and snow on the surface
 and to other phenomena of seasonal character; (2) a period of about 14
 months due to the shape and constitution of the earth.

 In addition there are small but as yet unpredictable irregularities. The
 whole motion is so small that the actual pole at any time remains within a
 circle of 30 or 40 feet in radius centered at the mean position of the pole.


 The pole of rotation for the time being is of course the pole having a
 latitude of 90 deg and an indeterminate longitude.


                               Magnetic Poles

 The north magnetic pole of the earth is that region where the magnetic force
 is vertically downward and the south magnetic pole that region where the
 magnetic force is vertically upward. A compass placed at the magnetic poles
 experiences no directive force in azimuth.

 There are slow changes in the distribution of the earth's magnetic field.
 These changes were at one time attributed in part to a periodic movement of
 the magnetic poles around the geographical poles, but later evidence refutes
 this theory and points, rather, to a slow migration of "disturbance" foci
 over the earth.

 There appear shifts in position of the magnetic poles due to the changes in
 the earth's magnetic field. The center of the area designated as the north
 magnetic pole was estimated to be in about latitude 70.5 deg N and longitude
 96 deg W in 1905; from recent nearby measurements and studies of the secular
 changes, the position in 1970 is estimated as latitude 76.2 deg N and
 longitude 101 deg W. Improved data rather than actual motion account for at
 least part of the change.

 The position of the south magnetic pole in 1912 was near 71 deg S and
 longitude 150 deg E; the position in 1970 is estimated at latitude 66 deg S
 and longitude 139.1 deg E.

 The direction of the horizontal components of the magnetic field at any
 point is known as magnetic north at that point, and the angle by which it
 deviates east or west of true north is known as the magnetic declination, or
 in the mariner's terminology, the variation of the compass.

 A compass without error points in the direction of magnetic north. (In
 general this is not the direction of the magnetic north pole.) If one
 follows the direction indicated by the north end of the compass, he will
 travel along a rather irregular curve which eventually reaches the north
 magnetic pole (though not usually by a great-circle route). However, the
 action of the compass should not be thought of as due to any influence of
 the distant pole, but simply as an indication of the distribution of the
 earth's magnetism at the place of observation.


                           Rotation of The Earth

 The speed of rotation of the earth about its axis has been found to be
 slightly variable. The variations may be classified as:

 (A) Secular. Tidal friction acts as a brake on the rotation and causes a
 slow secular increase in the length of the day, about 1 millisecond per
 century.

 (B) Irregular. The speed of rotation may increase for a number of years,
 about 5 to 10, and then start decreasing. The maximum difference from the
 mean in the length of the day during a century is about 5 milliseconds. The
 accumulated difference in time has amounted to approximately 44 seconds
 since 1900. The cause is probably motion in the interior of the earth.

 (C) Periodic. Seasonal variations exist with periods of one year and six
 months. The cumulative effect is such that each year the earth is late about
 30 milliseconds near June 1 and is ahead about 30 milliseconds near Oct. 1.
 The maximum seasonal variation in the length of the day is about 0.5
 millisecond. It is believed that the principal cause of the annual variation
 is the seasonal change in the wind patterns of the Northern and Southern
 Hemispheres. The semiannual variation is due chiefly to tidal action of the
 sun, which distorts the shape of the earth slightly.

 The secular and irregular variations were discovered by comparing time based
 on the rotation of the earth with time based on the orbital motion of the
 moon about the earth and of the planets about the sun. The periodic
 variation was determined largely with the aid of quartz-crystal clocks. The
 introduction of the cesium-beam atomic clock in 1955 made it possible to
 determine in greater detail than before the nature of the irregular and
 periodic variations.

                      Morning and Evening Stars, 1991
                                    (GMT)


╓┌──────┌──────────────────────┌─────────────────────────────────────────────╖
        Morning                Evening
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Jan.   Mercury from Jan. 9    Mercury Jan. 1 to Jan. 9
        Venus from Jan. 18     Venus Jan. 1 to Jan. 18
        Mars Jan. 1            Jupiter Jan. 1
        Uranus Jan. 1          Saturn Jan. 1 to Jan. 6
        Morning                Evening
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
       Uranus Jan. 1          Saturn Jan. 1 to Jan. 6
        Neptune from Jan. 2    Neptune to Jan. 2
        Pluto Jan. 1
 Feb.   Mercury
        Venus
        Mars
        Saturn                 Jupiter
        Uranus
        Neptune
        Pluto
 Mar.   Mercury to Mar. 20     Mercury from Mar. 20
        Venus                  Jupiter
        Mars
        Saturn
        Uranus
        Neptune
        Pluto
 Apr.   Venus                  Mercury
        Mars                   Jupiter
        Morning                Evening
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
       Mars                   Jupiter
        Saturn
        Uranus
        Neptune
        Pluto
 May    Mercury from May 3     Mercury to May 3
        Venus                  Jupiter
        Mars                   Pluto from May 7
        Saturn
        Uranus
        Neptune
        Pluto to May 7
 June   Mercury                Jupiter
        Venus                  Uranus from June 29
        Mars                   Pluto
        Saturn
        Uranus to June 29
        Neptune
 July   Mercury to July 2      Mercury from July 2
        Morning                Evening
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
July   Mercury to July 2      Mercury from July 2
        Venus                  Jupiter to July 15
        Mars                   Saturn from July 14
        Jupiter from July 15   Uranus
        Saturn to July 14      Neptune from July 5
        Neptune to July 5      Pluto
 Aug.   Venus                  Mercury
        Mars                   Saturn
        Jupiter                Uranus
                               Neptune
                               Pluto
 Sept.  Mercury from Sept. 8   Mercury to Sept. 8
        Venus                  Saturn
        Mars                   Uranus
        Jupiter                Neptune
                               Pluto
 Oct.   Mercury to Oct. 21     Mercury from Oct. 21
        Venus                  Saturn
        Mars                   Uranus
        Morning                Evening
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
       Mars                   Uranus
        Jupiter                Neptune
                               Pluto
 Nov.   Venus to Nov. 1        Mercury
        Mars to Nov. 27        Venus from Nov. 1
        Jupiter                Mars from Nov. 27
        Pluto from Nov. 10     Uranus
                               Neptune
                               Pluto to Nov. 10
 Dec.   Mercury from Dec. 24   Mercury to Dec. 24
        Jupiter                Venus
        Uranus from Dec. 31    Mars
        Pluto                  Saturn
                               Uranus to Dec. 31
                               Neptune





                Astronomical Twilight--Meridian of Greenwich


╓┌──────────┌──────────┌───────┌───────┌───────┌───────┌───────┌───────┌─────
                       20 deg  20 deg  20 deg  20 deg  30 deg  30 deg  30 deg
 Date 1991  Date 1991  Begin   Begin   End     End     Begin   Begin   End
                       h       m       h       m       h       m       h
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Jan.       1          5       16      6       50      5       30      6
            11         5       19      6       56      5       33      6
            21         5       21      7       01      5       32      6
 Feb.       1          5       21      7       07      5       29      6
            11         5       18      7       11      5       24      7
            21         5       13      7       15






                       20 deg  20 deg  20 deg  20 deg  30 deg  30 deg  30 deg
 Date 1991  Date 1991  Begin   Begin   End     End     Begin   Begin   End



















                       20 deg  20 deg  20 deg  20 deg  30 deg  30 deg  30 deg
 Date 1991  Date 1991  Begin   Begin   End     End     Begin   Begin   End
                       h       m       h       m       h       m       h
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
            21         4       23      7       36      4       04      7
 May        1          4       14      7       41      3       52      8
            11         4       08      7       46      3       41      8
            21         4       02      7       52      3       32      8
 June       1          3       58      7       58      3       26      8
            11         3       56      8       03      3       22      8
            21         3       57      8       06      3       22      8
 July       1          3       59      8       07      3       25      8
            11         4       03      8       06      3       30      8
            21         4       08      8       03      3       39      8
 Aug.       1          4       15      7       56      3       48      8






                       20 deg  20 deg  20 deg  20 deg  30 deg  30 deg  30 deg
 Date 1991  Date 1991  Begin   Begin   End     End     Begin   Begin   End
                       h       m       h       m       h       m       h
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Oct.       1          4       38      7       02
















                       20 deg  20 deg  20 deg  20 deg  30 deg  30 deg  30 deg
 Date 1991  Date 1991  Begin   Begin   End     End     Begin   Begin   End
                       h       m       h       m       h       m       h
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Oct.       1          4       38      7       02      4       33      7
            11         4       40      6       53      4       40      6
            21         4       43      6       47      4       45      6
 Nov.       1          4       46      6       41      4       52      6
            11         4       50      6       38      4       59      6
            21         4       55      6       36      5       06      6
 Dec.       1          5       00      6       37      5       13      6
            11         5       06      6       40      5       20      6
            21         5       11      6       45      5       25      6









╓┌────────────────────────┌─────┌───────────────┌────────────────────────────╖
 Era                      Year  Begins in 1991  Begins in 1991
 ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Byzantine                7500  Sept.           14
 Jewish                   5752  Sept.           8 (sunset)
 Roman (Ab Urbe Condita)  2744  Jan.            14
 Nabonassar (Babylonian)  2740  Apr.            26
 Japanese                 2651  Jan.            1
 Grecian                  2303  Sept.           14
 (Seleucidae)                   or Oct.         14
 Diocletian               1708  Sept.           12
 Indian (Saka)            1913  Mar.            22
 Mohammedan (Hegira)      1412  July            22



 The year 1991 of the Christian Era comprises the latter part of the 215th
 and the beginning of the 216th year of the independence of the United States
 of America.



                         Chronological Cycles, 1991


╓┌────────────────────────────────────────┌──────────────────────────────────╖
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Dominical Letter                         F
 Epact                                    14
 Golden Number (Lunar Cycle)              XVI
 Solar Cycle                              12
 Roman Indiction                          14
 Julian Period (year of)                  6704





                      1st Month January, 1991 31 days
                            Greenwich Mean Time


                                           20     20     20     20     30
                                           deg    deg    deg    deg    deg
 Day    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun's  Sun's  Rise   Rise   Set    Set    Rise
 of     on     on     on     Decli  Decli  Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun
 month  Merid  Merid  Merid  natio  natio  Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon
 week   ian    ian    ian    n      n
 year   Moon   Moon   Moon
        phase  phase  phase
        h      m      s      deg    '      h      m      h      m      h
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 1 Tu   12     3      24     -23    4      6      35     17     32     6









 3                                         20     39     8      50     20

 4 Fr   12     4      47     -22    48     6      36     17     34     6

 4                                         21     37     9      31     21

 5 Sa   12     5      14     -22    42     6      36     17     34     6

 5                                         22     32     10     08     22

 6 Su   12     5      41     -22    35     6      36     17     35     6











 9 We   12     6      58     -22    12     6      37     17     37     6

 9                                         1      08     12     33     1

 10 Th  12     7      23     -22    4      6      37     17     38     6

 10                                        2      01     13     14     2

 11 Fr  12     7      47     -21    55     6      37     17     38     6

 11                                        2      53     13     58     3









 14 Mo  12     8      56     -21    26     6      38     17     40     6

 14                                        5      26     16     29     5

 15 Tu  12     9      18     -21    15     6      38     17     41     6

 15     23     50     NM                   6      12     17     23     6

 16 We  12     9      39     -21    4      6      38     17     42     6

 16                                        6      55     18     16     7

 17 Th  12     9      59     -20    53     6      38     17     42     6









 19                                        8      46     20     53     8

 20 Su  12     10     56     -20    17     6      38     17     44     6

 20                                        9      21     21     46     9

 21 Mo  12     11     14     -20    4      6      38     17     45     6

 21                                        9      56     22     40     9

 22 Tu  12     11     30     -19    50     6      38     17     45     6









 24                                        12     01     0      37     11

 25 Fr  12     12     16     -19    8      6      37     17     47     6

 25                                        12     54     1      40     12

 26 Sa  12     12     29     -18    54     6      37     17     48     6

 26                                        13     54     2      46     13

 27 Su  12     12     42     -18    38     6      37     17     49     6

 27                                        14     59     3      51     14









 30 We  12     13     15     -17    51     6      36     17     50     6

 30     6      10     FM                   18     18     6      37     18

 31 Th  12     13     24     -17    35     6      36     17     51     6

 31                                        19     19     7      21     19



 NOTE: Light numbers indicate Sun. Dark numbers indicate Moon.Degrees are
 North Latitude.
 FM = full moon; LQ = last quarter; NM = new moon; FQ = first quarter.
 CAUTION: Must be converted to local time. For instructions see page 268.







                                           20     20     20     20     30
                                           deg    deg    deg    deg    deg
 Day    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun's  Sun's  Rise   Rise   Set    Set    Rise
 of     on     on     on     Decli  Decli  Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun
 month  Merid  Merid  Merid  natio  natio  Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon
 week   ian    ian    ian    n      n
 year   Moon   Moon   Moon
        phase  phase  phase
        h      m      s      deg    '      h      m      h      m      h
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 1 Fr   12     13     33     -17    18     6      36     17     52     6









 34                                        22     06     9      15     22




















 34                                        22     06     9      15     22

 4 Mo   12     13     54     -16    26     6      35     17     53     6

 35                                        22     59     9      52     23

 5 Tu   12     13     59     -16    8      6      34     17     54     6

 36                                        23     52     10     30     -

 6 We   12     14     3      -15    50     6      34     17     54     6

 37     13     52     LQ                   -      -      11     10     0









 9 Sa   12     14     12     -14    54     6      33     17     56     6




















 9 Sa   12     14     12     -14    54     6      33     17     56     6

 40                                        2      30     13     29     2

 10 Su  12     14     14     -14    35     6      32     17     57     6

 41                                        3      20     14     21     3

 11 Mo  12     14     15     -14    16     6      32     17     57     6

 42                                        4      07     15     15     4

 12 Tu  12     14     15     -13    56     6      31     17     58     6







 14 Th  12     14     12     -13    16     6      30     17     59     6

 45     17     32     NM                   6      10     17     55     6


















 14 Th  12     14     12     -13    16     6      30     17     59     6

 45     17     32     NM                   6      10     17     55     6

 15 Fr  12     14     10     -12    55     6      30     17     59     6

 46                                        6      47     18     48     6

 16 Sa  12     14     7      -12    35     6      29     18     00     6

 47                                        7      22     19     42     7

 17 Su  12     14     3      -12    14     6      28     18     00     6

 48                                        7      58     20     36     7







 50                                        9      15     22     31     9

 20 We  12     13     48     -11    11     6      27     18     01     6

 51                                        9
















 50                                        9      15     22     31     9

 20 We  12     13     48     -11    11     6      27     18     01     6

 51                                        9      59     23     33     9

 21 Th  12     13     41     -10    49     6      26     18     02     6

 52     22     58     FQ                   10     49     -      -      10

 22 Fr  12     13     34     -10    27     6      25     18     02     6

 53                                        11     45     0      36     11

 23 Sa  12     13     26     -10    6      6      25     18     03     6





 55                                        13     51     2      40     13

 25 Mo  12     13     8      -9     21     6      23     18     03     6

 56                                        14     56     3      37     14
















 55                                        13     51     2      40     13

 25 Mo  12     13     8      -9     21     6      23     18     03     6

 56                                        14     56     3      37     14

 26 Tu  12     12     59     -8     59     6      22     18     04     6

 57                                        16     00     4      27     15

 27 We  12     12     49     -8     37     6      22     18     04     6

 58                                        17     01     5      12     16

 28 Th  12     12     38     -8     14     6      21     18     05     6

 59     18     25     FM                   18     00     5      54     17




 North Latitude.
 FM = full moon; LQ = last quarter; NM = new moon; FQ = first quarter.
 CAUTION: Must be converted to local time. For instructions see page 268.



                        3rd Month March, 1991 31 days
                            Greenwich Mean Time


                                           20     20     20     20     30
                                           deg    deg    deg    deg    deg
 Day    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun's  Sun's  Rise   Rise   Set    Set    Rise
 of     on     on     on     Decli  Decli  Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun
 month  Merid  Merid  Merid  natio  natio  Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon
 week   ian    ian    ian    n      n
 year   Moon   Moon   Moon





 60                                        18     57     6      32     18

 2 Sa   12     12     14     -7     29     6      20     18     05     6

 61                                        19     52     7      09     19
















 60                                        18     57     6      32     18

 2 Sa   12     12     14     -7     29     6      20     18     05     6

 61                                        19     52     7      09     19

 3 Su   12     12     2      -7     6      6      19     18     06     6

 62                                        20     46     7      47     20

 4 Mo   12     11     49     -6     43     6      18     18     06     6

 63                                        21     40     8      25     21

 5 Tu   12     11     36     -6     20     6      17     18     06     6

 64                                        21     35     9      04     22



 65                                        23     29     9      47     23

 7 Th   12     11     8      -5     33     6      16     18     07     6

 66                                        -      -      10     33     -

 8 Fr   12     10     54     -5     10     6      15     18     07     6

 67     10     32     LQ                   0      21     11     21     0












 65                                        23     29     9      47     23

 7 Th   12     11     8      -5     33     6      16     18     07     6

 66                                        -      -      10     33     -

 8 Fr   12     10     54     -5     10     6      15     18     07     6

 67     10     32     LQ                   0      21     11     21     0

 9 Sa   12     10     39     -4     47     6      14     18     08     6

 68                                        1      12     12     12     1

 10 Su  12     10     24     -4     23     6      13     18     08     6

 69                                        2      01     13     05     2

 11 Mo  12     10     8      -3     60     6      12     18     08     6

 70                                        2      45     13     58     3

 12 Tu  12     9      53     -3     36     6      11     18     09     6

 71                                        3      27     14     52     3

 13 We  12     9      37     -3     13     6      11     18     09     6

 72                                        4      06     15     45     4














 12 Tu  12     9      53     -3     36     6      11     18     09     6

 71                                        3      27     14     52     3

 13 We  12     9      37     -3     13     6      11     18     09     6

 72                                        4      06     15     45     4

 14 Th  12     9      20     -2     49     6      10     18     09     6

 73                                        4      44     16     39     4

 15 Fr  12     9      4      -2     25     6      09     18     09     6

 74                                        5      20     17     32     5

 16 Sa  12     8      47     -2     2      6      08     18     10     6

 75     8      10     NM                   5      56     18     27     5

 17 Su  12     8      30     -1     38     6      07     18     10     6

 76                                        6      34     19     24     6

 18 Mo  12     8      12     -1     14     6      06     18     10     6

 77                                        7      14     20     24     7

 19 Tu  12     7      55     -0     50     6      06     18     11     6












 17 Su  12     8      30     -1     38     6      07     18     10     6

 76                                        6      34     19     24     6

 18 Mo  12     8      12     -1     14     6      06     18     10     6

 77                                        7      14     20     24     7

 19 Tu  12     7      55     -0     50     6      06     18     11     6

 78                                        7      58     21     26     7

 20 We  12     7      37     -0     27     6      05     18     11     6

 79                                        8      47     22     29     8

 21 Th  12     7      20     -0     3      6      04     18     11     6

 80                                        9      41     23     33     9

 22 Fr  12     7      2      0      21     6      03     18     11     6

 81                                        10     41     -      -      10

 23 Sa  12     6      44     0      44     6      02     18     12     6

 82     6      3      FQ                   11     44     0      35     11

 24 Su  12     6      26     1      8      6      01     18     12     6

 83                                        12     48     1      31     12











 86                                        15     49     3      50     15




















 86                                        15     49     3      50     15

 28 Th  12     5      13     2      42     5      58     18     13     5

 87                                        16     45     4      29     16

 29 Fr  12     4      55     3      6      5      57     18     13     5

 88                                        17     40     5      06     17

 30 Sa  12     4      36     3      29     5      56     18     14     5

 89     7      17     FM                   18     34     5      42     18








 North Latitude.
 FM = full moon; LQ = last quarter; NM = new moon; FQ = first quarter.
 CAUTION: Must be converted to local time. For instructions see page 268.



                        4th Month April, 1991 30 days
                            Greenwich Mean Time


                                           20     20     20     20     30
                                           deg    deg    deg    deg    deg










 91                                        20     23     6      59     20




















 91                                        20     23     6      59     20

 2 Tu   12     3      42     4      39     5      53     18     14     5

 92                                        21     18     7      41     21

 3 We   12     3      24     5      02     5      52     18     15     5

 93                                        22     11     8      26     22

 4 Th   12     3      7      5      25     5      52     18     15     5

 94                                        23     03     9      13     23







 96                                        -      -      10     56     0

 7 Su   12     2      15     6      33     5      49     18     16     5

 97     6      45
















 96                                        -      -      10     56     0

 7 Su   12     2      15     6      33     5      49     18     16     5

 97     6      45     LQ                   0      39     11     48     1

 8 Mo   12     1      58     6      56     5      48     18     16     5

 98                                        1      21     12     41     1

 9 Tu   12     1      42     7      18     5      47     18     16     5

 99                                        2      01     13     34     2









 12 Fr  12     0      54     8      25     5      45     18     17     5




















 12 Fr  12     0      54     8      25     5      45     18     17     5

 102                                       3      51     16     14     3

 13 Sa  12     0      38     8      47     5      44     18     17     5

 103                                       4      28     17     10     4

 14 Su  12     0      23     9      09     5      43     18     18     5

 104    19     38     NM                   5      08     18     09     4

 15 Mo  12     0      8      9      30     5      43     18     18     5







 17 We  11     59     40     10     13     5      41     18     19     5

 107                                       7      33     21     23     7


















 17 We  11     59     40     10     13     5      41     18     19     5

 107                                       7      33     21     23     7

 18 Th  11     59     26     10     34     5      40     18     19     5

 108                                       8      33     22     27     8

 19 Fr  11     59     13     10     55     5      39     18     19     5

 109                                       9      37     23     27     9

 20 Sa  11     58     60     11     16     5      39     18     20     5

 110                                       10     41     -      -      10







 112                                       12     45     1      07     12

 23 Tu  11     58     24     12     17     5      37     18     21     5


















 112                                       12     45     1      07     12

 23 Tu  11     58     24     12     17     5      37     18     21     5

 113                                       13     43     1      49     13

 24 We  11     58     12     12     37     5      36     18     21     5

 114                                       14     39     2      28     14

 25 Th  11     58     2      12     57     5      35     18     21     5

 115                                       15     33     3      05     15

 26 Fr  11     57     51     13     17     5      34     18     22     5





 117                                       17     20     4      18     17

 28 Su  11     57     32     13     55     5      33     18     22     5

 118    20     58     FM                   18     14     4      56     18


















                         5th Month May, 1991 31 days




















                         5th Month May, 1991 31 days
                            Greenwich Mean Time


                                           20     20     20     20     30
                                           deg    deg    deg    deg    deg
 Day    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun's  Sun's  Rise   Rise   Set    Set    Rise
 of     on     on     on     Decli  Decli  Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun
 month  Merid  Merid  Merid  natio  natio  Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon
 week   ian    ian    ian    n      n
 year   Moon   Moon   Moon
        phase  phase  phase
        h      m      s      deg    '      h      m      h      m      h
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 1 We   11     57     7      14     51     5      31     18     23     5

 121                                       20     55     7      07     21



 122                                       21     46     7      56     22

 3 Fr   11     56     53     15     28     5      30     18     24     5

 123                                       22     33     8      48     22

 4 Sa   11     56     47     15     45     5      29     18     24     5


































 127    0      46     LQ                   0      35     12     16     0

 8 We   11     56     28     16     53     5      27     18     26     5

 128                                       1      11     13     08     1

 9 Th   11     56     25     17     10     5      27     18     26     5

 129                                       1      46     14     00     1


































 13 Mo  11     56     18     18     12     5      25     18     28     5

 133                                       4      27     17     57     4

 14 Tu  11     56     18     18     27     5      25     18     28     5

 134    4      36     NM                   5      19     19     05     4

 15 We  11     56     18     18     42     5      24     18     29     5
































 18 Sa  11     56     22     19     23     5      23     18     30     5

 138                                       9      35     23     04     9

 19 Su  11     56     25     19     37     5      23     18     30     5

 139                                       10     39     23     48     10

 20 Mo  11     56     28     19     50     5      22     18     31     5

 140    19     46     FQ                   11     38     -      -      11











 143                                       14     22




















 143                                       14     22     1      42     14

 24 Fr  11     56     45     20     38     5      21     18     32     5

 144                                       15     15     2      18     15

 25 Sa  11     56     50     20     49     5      21     18     33     5

 145                                       16     08     2      56     16

 26 Su  11     56     56     21     00     5      21     18     33     5

 146                                       17     02     3      35







 148    11     37     FM                   18     49     5      03     19




















 148    11     37     FM                   18     49     5      03     19

 29 We  11     57     17     21     30     5      20     18     34     5

 149                                       19     40     5      51     20

 30 Th  11     57     25     21     40     5      20     18     35     5

 150                                       20     29     6      42     20

 31 Fr  11     57     33     21     49     5      20     18     35     5

 151                                       21     13     7      34     21










                        6th Month June, 1991 30 days
                            Greenwich Mean Time


                                           20     20     20     20     30
                                           deg    deg    deg    deg    deg
 Day    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun's  Sun's  Rise   Rise   Set    Set    Rise
 of     on     on     on     Decli  Decli  Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun
 month  Merid  Merid  Merid  natio  natio  Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon
 week   ian    ian    ian    n      n
 year   Moon   Moon   Moon
        phase  phase  phase








 153                                       22     33     9      18     22

 3 Mo   11     58     1      22     13     5      20     18     36     4

 154
















 153                                       22     33     9      18     22

 3 Mo   11     58     1      22     13     5      20     18     36     4

 154                                       23     09     10     09     23

 4 Tu   11     58     11     22     21     5      20     18     37     4

 155                                       23     43     11     00     23

 5 We   11     58     21     22     28     5      20     18     37     4

 156    15     30     LQ                   -      -      11     51     -

 6 Th   11     58     32     22     35     5      20     18     37     4





 158                                       0      54     13     37     0

 8 Sa   11     58     54     22     47     5      20     18     38     4

 159                                       1      32     14     34     1
















 158                                       0      54     13     37     0

 8 Sa   11     58     54     22     47     5      20     18     38     4

 159                                       1      32     14     34     1

 9 Su   11     59     6      22     52     5      20     18     38     4

 160                                       2      15     15     36     2

 10 Mo  11     59     18     22     57     5      20     18     39     4

 161                                       3      03     16     42     2

 11 Tu  11     59     30     23     2      5      20     18     39     4

 162                                       3      58     17     49     3





 13 Th  11     59     54     23     10     5      20     18     40     4

 164                                       6      08     19     58     5

 14 Fr  12     0      7      23     14     5      20     18     40     4
















 13 Th  11     59     54     23     10     5      20     18     40     4

 164                                       6      08     19     58     5

 14 Fr  12     0      7      23     14     5      20     18     40     4

 165                                       7      17     20     54     6

 15 Sa  12     0      20     23     17     5      20     18     40     4

 166                                       8      24     21     43     8

 16 Su  12     0      33     23     19     5      20     18     41     4

 167                                       9      28     22     26     9

 17 Mo  12     0      46     23     22     5      21     18     41     4



 18 Tu  12     0      59     23     23     5      21     18     41     4

 169                                       11     24     23     43     11

 19 We  12     1      12     23     25     5      21     18     41     4

 170    4      19     FQ                   12     18     -      -      12














 18 Tu  12     0      59     23     23     5      21     18     41     4

 169                                       11     24     23     43     11

 19 We  12     1      12     23     25     5      21     18     41     4

 170    4      19     FQ                   12     18     -      -      12

 20 Th  12     1      25     23     26     5      21     18     42     4

 171                                       13     11     0      19     13

 21 Fr  12     1      38     23     26     5      21     18     42     4

 172                                       14     04     0      56     14

 22 Sa  12     1      51     23     26     5      22     18     42     4

 173                                       14     58     1      35     15



 174                                       15     51     2      16     16

 24 Mo  12     2      17     23     26     5      22     18     42     5

 175                                       16     45     3      00     17

 25 Tu  12     2      30     23     24     5      22     18     43     5














 174                                       15     51     2      16     16

 24 Mo  12     2      17     23     26     5      22     18     42     5

 175                                       16     45     3      00     17

 25 Tu  12     2      30     23     24     5      22     18     43     5

 176                                       17     36     3      48     18

 26 We  12     2      42     23     23     5      23     18     43     5

 177                                       18     26     4      38     18

 27 Th  12     2      55     23     21     5      23     18     43     5

 178    2      58     FM                   19     12     5      29     19

 28 Fr  12     3      7      23     19     5      23     18     43     5

 179                                       19     54     6      22     20

 29 Sa  12     3      19     23     16     5      23     18     43     5

 180                                       20     33     7      14     20

 30 Su  12     3      31     23     13     5      24     18     43     5

 181                                       21     09     8      05     21














                                           20     20     20     20     30
                                           deg    deg    deg    deg    deg
 Day    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun's  Sun's  Rise   Rise   Set    Set    Rise
 of     on     on     on     Decli  Decli  Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun
 month  Merid  Merid  Merid  natio  natio  Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon
 week   ian    ian    ian    n      n
 year   Moon   Moon   Moon


































 184                                       22     52     10     36     22

 4 Th   12     4      17     22     56     5      25     18     44     5

 185                                       23     29     11     28     23

 5 Fr   12     4      27     22     51     5      25     18     44     5

 186    2      50     LQ                   -      -      12     23     23











 189                                       1      42     15     28     1




















 189                                       1      42     15     28     1

 9 Tu   12     5      7      22     27     5      27     18     43     5

 190                                       2      40     16     34     2

 10 We  12     5      16     22     20     5      27     18     43     5

 191                                       3      45     17     38     3

 11 Th  12     5      24     22     12     5      27     18     43     5

 192    19     6      NM                   4      53     18     37     4






























 14 Su  12     5      47     21     47     5      29     18     43     5

 195                                       8      12     21     00     8

 15 Mo  12     5      53     21     38     5      29     18     43     5

 196                                       9      12     21     39     9

 16 Tu  12     5      59     21     29     5      29     18     43     5

 197                                       10     09     22     17     10






























 19 Fr  12     6      14     20     59     5      30     18     42     5

 200                                       12     53     -      -      13

 20 Sa  12     6      18     20     48     5      31     18     42     5

 201                                       13     47     0      14     14

 21 Su  12     6      22     20     37     5      31     18     41     5

 202                                       14     40     0      58     15











 205                                       17     09     3      25     17




















 205                                       17     09     3      25     17

 25 Th  12     6      29     19     49     5      33     18     40     5

 206                                       17     53     4      17     18

 26 Fr  12     6      29     19     36     5      33     18     40     5

 207    18     24     FM                   18     33     5      10     18

 27 Sa  12     6      29     19     23     5      33     18     39     5

 208                                       19     11     6      01     19







 210                                       20     20     7      43     20

 30 Tu  12     6      25     18     41     5      34     18     38     5

 211                                       20     54     8      33     20


















                                           20     20     20     20     30




















                                           20     20     20     20     30
                                           deg    deg    deg    deg    deg
 Day    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun's  Sun's  Rise   Rise   Set    Set    Rise
 of     on     on     on     Decli  Decli  Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun
 month  Merid  Merid  Merid  natio  natio  Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon
 week   ian    ian    ian    n      n
 year   Moon   Moon   Moon
        phase  phase  phase
        h      m      s      deg    '      h      m      h      m      h
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 1 Th   12     6      19     18     12     5      35     18     37     5

 213                                       22     07     10     17     21







 215    11     25     LQ                   23     34     12     11     23

 4 Su   12     6      6      17     26     5      36     18     36     5

 216                                       -      -      13     13     -
















 215    11     25     LQ                   23     34     12     11     23

 4 Su   12     6      6      17     26     5      36     18     36     5

 216                                       -      -      13     13     -

 5 Mo   12     6      0      17     10     5      37     18     35     5

 217                                       0      27     14     17     0

 6 Tu   12     5      54     16     54     5      37     18     35     5

 218                                       1      27     15     20     1

 7 We   12     5      48     16     37     5      37     18     34     5

 219                                       2      31     16     21     2



 220                                       3      39     17     16     3

 9 Fr   12     5      32     16     4      5      38     18     33     5

 221                                       4      47     18     06     4

 10 Sa  12     5      24     15     46     5      38     18     32     5

 222    2      28     NM                   5      52












 220                                       3      39     17     16     3

 9 Fr   12     5      32     16     4      5      38     18     33     5

 221                                       4      47     18     06     4

 10 Sa  12     5      24     15     46     5      38     18     32     5

 222    2      28     NM                   5      52     18     51     5

 11 Su  12     5      15     15     29     5      39     18     32     5

 223                                       6      54     19     32     6

 12 Mo  12     5      5      15     11     5      39     18     31     5

 224                                       7      54     20     12     7

 13 Tu  12     4      55     14     53     5      39     18     30     5

 225                                       8

 14 We  12     4      44     14     35     5      40     18     30     5

 226                                       9      48     21     30     9

 15 Th  12     4      33     14     17     5      40     18     29     5

 227                                       10     43     22     11     10














 14 We  12     4      44     14     35     5      40     18     30     5

 226                                       9      48     21     30     9

 15 Th  12     4      33     14     17     5      40     18     29     5

 227                                       10     43     22     11     10

 16 Fr  12     4      21     13     58     5      40     18     28     5

 228                                       11     38     22     54     11

 17 Sa  12     4      9      13     39     5      40     18     28     5

 229    5      1      FQ                   12     33     23     40     12

 18 Su  12     3      56     13     20     5      41     18     27     5

 230                                       13     26     -      -      13

 19 Mo  12     3      42     13     1      5      41     18     26     5

 231                                       14     17     0      28     14

 20 Tu  12     3      28     12     41     5      41     18     25     5

 232                                       15     06     1      19     15














 19 Mo  12     3      42     13     1      5      41     18     26     5

 231                                       14     17     0      28     14

 20 Tu  12     3      28     12     41     5      41     18     25     5

 232                                       15     06     1      19     15

 21 We  12     3      14     12     21     5      42     18     25     5

 233                                       15     50     2      11     16

 22 Th  12     2      59     12     1      5      42     18     24     5

 234                                       16     32     3      04     16

 23 Fr  12     2      44     11     41     5      42     18     23     5

 235                                       17     10     3      56     17



 236                                       17     47     4      47     17

 25 Su  12     2      12     11     0      5      43     18     22     5

 237    9      7      FM                   18     22     5      38     18

 26 Mo  12     1      55     10     40     5      43     18     21     5

 238    18                                        56     6      29     18











 241                                       20     48     9      08     20




















 241                                       20     48     9      08     20

 30 Fr  12     0      45     9      16     5      44     18     17     5

 242                                       21     32     10     06     21

 31 Sa  12     0      26     8      54     5      44     18     17     5

 243                                       22     22     11     06     22



 NOTE: Light numbers indicate Sun. Dark numbers indicate Moon. Degrees are
 North Latitude.
 FM = full moon; LQ = last quarter; NM = new moon; FQ = first quarter.
 CAUTION: Must be converted to local time. For instructions see page 268.







                                           20     20     20     20     30
                                           deg    deg    deg    deg    deg
 Day    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun's  Sun's  Rise   Rise   Set    Set    Rise
 of     on     on     on     Decli  Decli  Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun
 month  Merid  Merid  Merid  natio  natio  Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon
 week   ian    ian    ian    n      n
 year   Moon   Moon   Moon
        phase  phase  phase
        h      m      s      deg    '      h      m      h      m      h
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────










 246                                       0      19     14     09     -




















 246                                       0      19     14     09     -

 4 We   11     59     10     7      27     5      45     18     13     5

 247                                       1      23     15     05     1

 5 Th   11     58     50     7      05     5      45     18     12     5

 248                                       2      29     15     55     2

 6 Fr   11     58     30     6      43     5      45     18     11     5

 249                                       3      33     16     42     3







 251    11     1      NM                   5      36     18     05     5

 9 Mo   11     57     29     5      35     5      46     18     09     5


















 251    11     1      NM                   5      36     18     05     5

 9 Mo   11     57     29     5      35     5      46     18     09     5

 252                                       6      35     18     44     6

 10 Tu  11     57     8      5      13     5      46     18     08     5

 253                                       7      33     19     24     7

 11 We  11     56     47     4      50     5      46     18     07     5

 254                                       8      30     20     05     8

 12 Th  11     56     26     4      27     5      47     18     06     5







 14 Sa  11     55     44     3      41     5      47     18     04     5

 257                                       11     17     22     22     11


















 14 Sa  11     55     44     3      41     5      47     18     04     5

 257                                       11     17     22     22     11

 15 Su  11     55     22     3      18     5      47     18     03     5

 258    22     1      FQ                   12     10     23     12     12

 16 Mo  11     55     1      2      55     5      47     18     02     5

 259                                       12     59     -      -      13

 17 Tu  11     54     40     2      32     5      48     18     01     5

 260                                       13     45     0      04     14





 19 Th  11     53     57     1      46     5      48     18     00     5

 262                                       15     08     1      48     15


















 19 Th  11     53     57     1      46     5      48     18     00     5

 262                                       15     08     1      48     15

 20 Fr  11     53     35     1      22     5      48     17     59     5

 263                                       15     45     2      40     15

 21 Sa  11     53     14     0      59     5      48     17     58     5

 264                                       16     20     2      31     16

 22 Su  11     52     53     0      36     5      49     17     57     5

 265                                       16     55     3      22     16







 267                                       18     08     5      07     18

 25 We  11     51     50     -0     34     5      49     17     54     5

 268                                       18     48     7      02     18
















 267                                       18     08     5      07     18

 25 We  11     51     50     -0     34     5      49     17     54     5

 268                                       18     48     7      02     18

 26 Th  11     51     29     -0     58     5      50     17     53     5

 269                                       19     31     7      59     19

 27 Fr  11     51     8      -1     21     5      50     17     52     5

 270                                       20     20     9      00     19

 28 Sa  11     50     48     -1     44     5      50     17     51     5

 271                                       21     14     10     01     20



 272                                       22     13     11     03     21

 30 Mo  11     50     8      -2     31     5      50     17     50     5

 273                                       23     16     12     03     22



 NOTE: Light numbers indicate Sun. Dark numbers indicate Moon. Degrees are
 North Latitude.
 FM = full moon; LQ = last quarter; NM = new moon; FQ = first quarter.










 Day    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun's  Sun's  Rise   Rise   Set    Set    Rise
 of     on     on     on     Decli  Decli  Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun
 month  Merid  Merid  Merid  natio  natio  Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon
 week   ian    ian    ian    n      n
 year   Moon   Moon   Moon
















 Day    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun's  Sun's  Rise   Rise   Set    Set    Rise
 of     on     on     on     Decli  Decli  Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun
 month  Merid  Merid  Merid  natio  natio  Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon
 week   ian    ian    ian    n      n
 year   Moon   Moon   Moon
        phase  phase  phase
        h      m      s      deg    '      h      m      h      m      h
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 1 Tu   11     49     48     -2     54     5      51     17     49     5

 274    0      30     LQ                   -      -      12     59     23

 2 We   11     49     29     -3     18     5      51     17     48     5

 275                                       0      19     13     50     -

 3 Th   11     49     10     -3     41     5      51     17     47     5





 277                                       2      24     15     19     2

 5 Sa   11     48     33     -4     27     5      52     17     45     5

 278                                       3      23     15     59     3
















 277                                       2      24     15     19     2

 5 Sa   11     48     33     -4     27     5      52     17     45     5

 278                                       3      23     15     59     3

 6 Su   11     48     16     -4     50     5      52     17     44     5

 279                                       4      21     16     38     4

 7 Mo   11     47     58     -5     13     5      52     17     43     5

 280    21     39     NM                   5      18     17     17     5

 8 Tu   11     47     41     -5     36     5      53     17     43     5

 281                                       6      15     17     58     6



 282                                       7      12     18     40     7

 10 Th  11     47     8      -6     22     5      53     17     41     5

 283                                       8      09     19     25     8

 11 Fr  11     46     52     -6     45     5      53     17     40     5

 284                                       9      05     20     13     9












 282                                       7      12     18     40     7

 10 Th  11     47     8      -6     22     5      53     17     41     5

 283                                       8      09     19     25     8

 11 Fr  11     46     52     -6     45     5      53     17     40     5

 284                                       9      05     20     13     9

 12 Sa  11     46     37     -7     8      5      54     17     39     6

 285                                       9      59     21     03     10

 13 Su  11     46     22     -7     30     5      54     17     38     6

 286                                       10     51     21     55     11

 14 Mo  11     46     8      -7     53     5      54     17     38     6

 287                                       11     39     22     47     12

 15 Tu  11     45     54     -8     15     5      55     17     37     6

 288    17     33     FQ                   12     23     23     39     12

 16 We  11     45     41     -8     37     5      55     17     36     6

 289                                       13     03     -      -      13














 15 Tu  11     45     54     -8     15     5      55     17     37     6

 288    17     33     FQ                   12     23     23     39     12

 16 We  11     45     41     -8     37     5      55     17     36     6

 289                                       13     03     -      -      13

 17 Th  11     45     28     -8     59     5      55     17     35     6

 290                                       13     41     0      31     13

 18 Fr  11     45     16     -9     21     5      56     17     35     6

 291                                       14     17     1      22     14

 19 Sa  11     45     5      -9     43     5      56     17     34     6

 292                                       14     52     2      12     14

 20 Su  11     44     54     -10    5      5      56     17     33     6

 293                                       15     27     3      03     15

 21 Mo  11     44     43     -10    26     5      57     17     33     6

 294                                       16     04     3      56     15

 22 Tu  11     44     34     -10    48     5      57     17     32     6

 295                                       16     43     4      50     16
































 298                                       19     07     7      51     18

 26 Sa  11     44     2      -12    12     5      59     17     29     6

 299                                       20     06     8      55     19

 27 Su  11     43     56     -12    32     5      59     17     29     6

 300                                       21     09     9      57     20

 28 Mo  11     43     51     -12    52     5      59     17     28     6









 303                                       -      -      12     35     -









































 Day    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun's  Sun's  Rise   Rise   Set    Set    Rise
 of     on     on     on     Decli  Decli  Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun
 month  Merid  Merid  Merid  natio  natio  Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon   Moon
 week   ian    ian    ian    n      n
 year   Moon   Moon   Moon
        phase  phase  phase
        h      m      s      deg    '      h      m      h      m      h
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 1 Fr   11     43     37     -14    12     6      01     17     26     6

 305    0      30     LQ                   1      16     13     58     1











 308                                       4      05     15     53     4




















 308                                       4      05     15     53     4

 5 Tu   11     43     36     -15    27     6      03     17     24     6

 309                                       5      01     16     34     5

 6 We   11     43     38     -15    46     6      04     17     23     6

 310                                       5      57     17     18     6

 7 Th   11     43     41     -16    4      6      04     17     23     6

 311    21     39     NM                   6      54     18     05     7







 313                                       8      42     19     46     9

 10 Su  11     43     54     -16    56     6      06     17     22     6

 314                                       9      31     20     38     9
















 313                                       8      42     19     46     9

 10 Su  11     43     54     -16    56     6      06     17     22     6

 314                                       9      31     20     38     9

 11 Mo  11     44     0      -17    13     6      06     17     22     6

 315                                       10     17     21     31     10

 12 Tu  11     44     7      -17    30     6      07     17     21     6

 316                                       10     59     22     22     11

 13 We  11     44     15     -17    46     6      07     17     21     6

 317                                       11     37     23     13     11





 15 Fr  11     44     33     -18    18     6      09     17     20     6

 319    17     33     FQ                   12     48     0      02     12


















 15 Fr  11     44     33     -18    18     6      09     17     20     6

 319    17     33     FQ                   12     48     0      02     12

 16 Sa  11     44     43     -18    33     6      09     17     20     6

 320                                       13     22     0      52     13

 17 Su  11     44     54     -18    48     6      10     17     20     6

 321                                       13     58     1      43     13

 18 Mo  11     45     6      -19    3      6      10     17     20     6

 322                                       14     35     2      36     14





 20 We  11     45     32     -19    31     6      11     17     19     6

 324                                       16     02     4      30     15

 21 Th  11     45     47     -19    45     6      12     17     19     6
















 20 We  11     45     32     -19    31     6      11     17     19     6

 324                                       16     02     4      30     15

 21 Th  11     45     47     -19    45     6      12     17     19     6

 325                                       16     54     5      33     16

 22 Fr  11     46     2      -19    58     6      13     17     19     6

 326                                       17     52     6      38     17

 23 Sa  11     46     18     -20    11     6      13     17     19     6

 327    11     8      FM                   18     56     7      43     18







 329                                       21     08     9      41     20

 26 Tu  11     47     10     -20    48     6      15     17     19     6

 330                                       22     11     10     32     21
















 329                                       21     08     9      41     20

 26 Tu  11     47     10     -20    48     6      15     17     19     6

 330                                       22     11     10     32     21

 27 We  11     47     29     -20    60     6      16     17     19     6

 331                                       21     11     11     17     23

 28 Th  11     47     49     -21    11     6      16     17     19     6

 332                                       -      -      11     58     -

 29 Fr  11     48     10     -21    21     6      17     17     19     6

 333                                       0      09     12     37     0



 334    7      10     LQ                   1      05     13     15     1



 NOTE: Light numbers indicate Sun. Dark numbers indicate Moon. Degrees are
 North Latitude.
 FM = full moon; LQ = last quarter; NM = new moon; FQ = first quarter.
 CAUTION: Must be converted to local time. For instructions see page 268.



                      12th Month December, 1991 31 days
                            Greenwich Mean Time


                                           20     20     20     20     30
                                           deg    deg    deg    deg    deg
 Day    Sun    Sun    Sun    Sun's  Sun's  Rise   Rise   Set    Set    Rise



 year   Moon   Moon   Moon
        phase  phase  phase
        h      m      s      deg    '      h      m      h      m      h
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 1 Su   11     48     53     -21    41     6      18     17     19     6

 335                                       2      00     13     53     2














 year   Moon   Moon   Moon
        phase  phase  phase
        h      m      s      deg    '      h      m      h      m      h
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 1 Su   11     48     53     -21    41     6      18     17     19     6

 335                                       2      00     13     53     2

 2 Mo   11     49     15     -21    51     6      19     17     19     6

 336                                       2      55     14     32     3

 3 Tu   11     49     39     -21    60     6      20     17     20     6

 337                                       3      50     15     15     4

 4 We   11     50     2      -22    8      6      20     17     20     6

 338                                       4      45     16     00     5



 339                                       5      41     16     48     6

 6 Fr   11     50     52     -22    24     6      21     17     20     6

 340    11     11     NM                   6      34     17     39     6

 7 Sa   11     51     17     -22    31     6      22     17     20     6

 341                                       7      25     18     31     7
































 344                                       9      35     21     06     9

 11 We  11     53     4      -22    56     6      25     17     22     6

 345                                       10     12     21     55     10

 12 Th  11     53     32     -23    1      6      25     17     22     6

 346                                       10     46     22     44     10

 13 Fr  11     54     0      -23    6      6      26     17     22     6
































 16 Mo  11     55     26     -23    17     6      27     17     23     6

 350                                       13     07     1      16     12

 17 Tu  11     55     55     -23    20     6      28     17     24     6

 351                                       13     49     2      12     13

 18 We  11     56     25     -23    22     6      29     17     24     6

 352                                       14     37     3      12     14






























 21 Sa  11     57     53     -23    26     6      30     17     26     6

 355    10     23     FM                   17     40     6      25     17

 22 Su  11     58     23     -23    26     6      31     17     26     6

 356                                       18     49     7      26     18

 23 Mo  11     58     53     -23    26     6      31     17     27     6

 357                                       19     56     8      21     19











 360                                       22     59     10     36     23




















 360                                       22     59     10     36     23

 27 Fr  12     0      52     -23    21     6      33     17     29     6

 361                                       23     55     11     15     -

 28 Sa  12     1      21     -23    19     6      33     17     29     6

 362    1      55     LQ                   -      -      11     53     0

 29 Su  12     1      51     -23    16     6      34     17     30     6













 u      12     2      49     -23    9      6      35     17     31     6

 365                                       2      41     13     58     3














 ancient times, but none has been perfect. The Julian calendar, under which
 western nations measured time until 1582 A.D.,  was authorized by Julius
 Caesar in 46 B.C., the year 709 of Rome. His expert was a Greek, Sosigenes.
 The Julian calendar, on the assumption that the true year was 365 1/4 days
 long, gave every fourth year 366 days. The Venerable Bede, an Anglo-Saxon
 monk, announced in 730 A.D. that the 365 1/4-day Julian year was 11 min., 14
 sec. too long, making a cumulative error of about a day every 128 years, but
 nothing was done about it for over 800 years.

 By 1582 the accumulated error was estimated to have amounted to 10 days. In
 that year Pope Gregory XIII decreed that the day following Oct. 4, 1582,
 should be called Oct. 15, thus dropping 10 days.

 However, with common years 365 days and a 366-day leap year every fourth
 year, the error in the length of the year would have recurred at the rate of
 a little more than 3 days every 400 years. So 3 of every 4 centesimal years
 (ending in 00) were made common years, not leap years. Thus 1600 was a leap
 year, 1700, 1800 and 1900 were not, but 2000 will be. Leap years are those



 The Gregorian calendar was adopted at once by France, Italy, Spain, Portugal
 and Luxembourg. Within 2 years most German Catholic states, Belgium and
 parts of Switzerland and the Netherlands were brought under the new
 calendar, and Hungary followed in 1587. The rest of the Netherlands, along
 with Denmark and the German Protestant states made the change in 1699-1700
 (German Protestants retained the old reckoning of Easter until 1776).

 The British Government imposed the Gregorian calendar on all its
 possessions, including the American colonies, in 1752. The British decreed
 that the day following Sept. 2, 1752, should be called Sept. 14, a loss of
 11 days. All dates preceding were marked O.S., for Old Style. In addition
 New Year's Day was moved to Jan. 1 from Mar. 25. (e.g., under the old
 reckoning, Mar. 24, 1700 had been followed by Mar. 25, 1701.) George
 Washington's birth date, which was Feb. 11, 1731, O.S., became Feb. 22,
 1732, N.S. In 1753 Sweden too went Gregorian, retaining the old Easter rules
 until 1844.

 In 1793 the French Revolutionary Government adopted a calendar of 12 months
 of 30 days each with 5 extra days in September of each common year and a 6th
 extra day every 4th year. Napoleon reinstated the Gregorian calendar in
 1806.

 The Gregorian system later spread to non-European regions, first in the
 European colonies, then in the independent countries, replacing traditional
 calendars at least for official purposes. Japan in 1873, Egypt in 1875,
 China in 1912 and Turkey in 1917 made the change, usually in conjunction
 with political upheavals. In China, the republican government began
 reckoning years from its 1911 founding -- e.g., 1948 was designated the year
 37. After 1949, the Communists adopted the Common, or Christian Era year
 count, even for the traditional lunar calendar.

 In 1918 the revolutionary government in Russia decreed that the day after
 Jan. 31, 1918, Old Style, would become Feb. 14, 1918, New Style. Greece
 followed in 1923. (In Russia the Orthodox Church has retained the Julian
 calendar, as have various Middle Eastern Christian sects.) For the first
 time in history, all major cultures have one calendar.

 To change from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar, add 10 days to dates
 Oct. 5, 1582, through Feb. 28, 1700; after that date add 11 days through
 Feb. 28, 1800; 12 days through Feb. 28, 1900; and 13 days through Feb. 28,
 2100.

 A century consists of 100 consecutive calendar years. The 1st century
 consisted of the years 1 through 100. The 20th century consists of the years
 1901 through 2000 and will end Dec. 31, 2000. The 21st century will begin
 Jan. 1, 2001.


         Latitude, Longitude, and Altitude of North American Cities
 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S. Commerce Department
 for geographic positions.Source for Canadian cities: Geodetic Survey of
 Canada, Dept. of Energy, Mines, and Resources.
 Altitudes U.S. Geological Survey and various sources. Approx. altitude at
 downtown business area  U.S.; in Canada at city hall except where (a) is at
 tower of major airport.


╓┌───────────────────────┌──────────────┌──────────────┌──────────────┌──────
 City                    Lat. N         Lat. N         Lat. N         Long. W
                         deg            '              "              deg
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Abilene, Tex.           32             27             05             99
 Akron, Oh.              41             05             00             81
 City                    Lat. N         Lat. N         Lat. N         Long. W
                         deg            '              "              deg
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Akron, Oh.              41             05             00             81
 Albany, N.Y.            42             39             01             73
 Albuquerque, N.M.       35             05             01             106
 Allentown, Pa.          40             36             11             75
 Alert, N.W.T.           82             29             50             62
 Altoona, Pa.            40             30             55             78
 Amarillo, Tex.          35             12             27             101
 Anchorage, Alas.        61             10             00             149
 Ann Arbor, Mich.        42             16             59             83
 Asheville, N.C.         35             35             42             82
 Ashland, Ky.            38             28             36             82
 Atlanta, Ga.            33             45             10             84
 Atlantic City, N.J.     39             21             32             74
 Augusta, Ga.            33             28             20             81
 Augusta, Me.            44             18             53             69
 Austin, Tex.            30             16             09             97
 Bakersfield, Cal.       35             22             31             119
 Baltimore, Md.          39             17             26             76
 City                    Lat. N         Lat. N         Lat. N         Long. W
                         deg            '              "              deg
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Baltimore, Md.          39             17             26             76
 Bangor, Me.             44             48             13             68
 Baton Rouge, La.        30             26             58             91
 Battle Creek, Mich.     42             18             58             85
 Bay City, Mich.         43             36             04             83
 Beaumont, Tex.          30             05             20             94
 Belleville, Ont.        44             09             42             77
 Bellingham, Wash.       48             45             34             122
 Berkeley, Cal.          37             52             10             122
 Bethlehem, Pa.          40             37             16             75
 Billings, Mon.          45             47             00             108
 Biloxi, Miss.           30             23             48             88
 Binghamton, N.Y.        42             06             03             75
 Birmingham, Ala.        33             31             01             86
 Bismarck, N.D.          46             48             23             100
 Bloomington, Ill.       40             28             58             88
 Boise, Ida.             43             37             07             116
 Boston, Mass.           42             21             24             71
 City                    Lat. N         Lat. N         Lat. N         Long. W
                         deg            '              "              deg
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Boston, Mass.           42             21             24             71
 Bowling Green, Ky.      36             59             41             86
 Brandon, Man.           49             51             00             99
 Brantford, Ont.         43             08             34             80
 Brattleboro, Vt.        42             51             06             72
 Bridgeport, Conn.       41             10             49             73
 Brockton, Mass.         42             05             02             71
 Brownsville, Tex.       25             54             07             97
 Buffalo, N.Y.           42             52             52             78
 Burlington, Ont.        43             19             33             79
 Burlington, Vt.         44             28             34             73
 Butte, Mon.             46             01             06             112
 Calgary, Alta.          51             02             46             114
 Cambridge, Mass.        42             22             01             71
 Camden, N.J.            39             56             41             75
 Canton, Oh.             40             47             50             81
 Carson City, Nev.       39             10             00             119
 Cedar Rapids, Ia.       41             58             01             91
 City                    Lat. N         Lat. N         Lat. N         Long. W
                         deg            '              "              deg
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Cedar Rapids, Ia.       41             58             01             91
 Central Islip, N.Y.     40             47             24             73
 Champaign, Ill.         40             07             05             88
 Charleston, S.C.        32             46             35             79
 Charleston, W.Va.       38             21             01             81
 Charlotte, N.C.         35             13             44             80
 Charlottetown, P.E.I.   46             14             07             63
 Chattanooga, Tenn.      35             02             41             85
 Cheyenne, Wy.           41             08             09             104
 Chicago, Ill.           41             52             28             87
 Churchill, Man.         58             45             15             94
 Cincinnati, Oh.         39             06             07             84
 Cleveland, Oh.          41             29             51             81
 Colorado Springs        38             50             07             104
 Columbia, Mo.           38             57             03             92
 Columbia, S.C.          34             00             02             81
 Columbus, Ga.           32             28             07             84
 Columbus, Oh.           39             57             47             83
 City                    Lat. N         Lat. N         Lat. N         Long. W
                         deg            '              "              deg
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Columbus, Oh.           39             57             47             83
 Concord, N.H.           43             12             22             71
 Corpus Christi, Tex.    27             47             51             97
 Dallas, Tex.            32             47             09             96
 Dartmouth, N.S.         44             39             50             63
 Davenport, Ia.          41             31             19             90
 Dawson, Yukon           64             03             30             139
 Dayton, Oh.             39             45             32             84
 Daytona Beach, Fla.     29             12             44             81
 Decatur, Ill.           39             50             42             88
 Denver, Col.            39             44             58             104
 Des Moines, Ia.         41             35             14             93
 Detroit, Mich.          42             19             48             83
 Dodge City, Kan.        37             45             17             100
 Dubuque, Ia.            42             29             55             90
 Duluth, Minn.           46             46             56             92
 Durham, N.C.            36             00             00             78
 Eau Claire, Wis.        44             48             31             91
 City                    Lat. N         Lat. N         Lat. N         Long. W
                         deg            '              "              deg
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Eau Claire, Wis.        44             48             31             91
 Edmonton, Alta.         53             32             43             113
 El Paso, Tex.           31             45             36             106
 Elizabeth, N.J.         40             39             43             74
 Enid, Okla.             36             23             40             97
 Erie, Pa.               42             07             15             80
 Eugene, Ore.            44             03             16             123
 Eureka, Cal.            40             48             08             124
 Evansville, Ind.        37             58             20             87
 Fairbanks, Alas.        64             48             00             147
 Fall River, Mass.       41             42             06             71
 Fargo, N.D.             46             52             30             96
 Flagstaff, Ariz.        35             11             36             111
 Flint, Mich.            43             00             50             83
 Ft. Smith, Ark.         35             23             10             94
 Fort Wayne, Ind.        41             04             21             85
 Fort Worth, Tex.        32             44             55             97
 Fredericton, N.B.       45             57             47             66
 City                    Lat. N         Lat. N         Lat. N         Long. W
                         deg            '              "              deg
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Fredericton, N.B.       45             57             47             66
 Fresno, Cal.            36             44             12             119
 Gadsden, Ala.           34             00             57             86
 Gainesville, Fla.       29             38             56             82
 Gallup, N.M.            35             31             30             108
 Galveston, Tex.         29             18             10             94
 Gary, Ind.              41             36             12             87
 Grand Junction, Col.    39             04             06             108
 Grand Rapids, Mich.     42             58             03             85
 Great Falls, Mon.       47             29             33             111
 Green Bay, Wis.         44             30             48             88
 Greensboro, N.C.        36             04             17             79
 Greenville, S.C.        34             50             50             82
 Guelph, Ont.            43             32             35             80
 Gulfport, Miss.         30             22             04             89
 Halifax, N.S.           44             38             54             63
 Hamilton, Ont.          43             15             20             79
 Hamilton, Oh.           39             23             59             84
 City                    Lat. N         Lat. N         Lat. N         Long. W
                         deg            '              "              deg
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Hamilton, Oh.           39             23             59             84
 Harrisburg, Pa.         40             15             43             76
 Hartford, Conn.         41             46             12             72
 Helena, Mon.            46             35             33             112
 Hilo, Hawaii            19             43             30             155
 Holyoke, Mass.          42             12             29             72
 Honolulu, Ha.           21             18             22             157
 Houston, Tex.           29             45             26             95
 Hull, Que.              45             25             42             75
 Huntington, W.Va.       38             25             12             82
 Huntsville, Ala.        34             44             18             86
 Indianapolis, Ind.      39             46             07             86
 Iowa City, Ia.          41             39             37             91
 Jackson, Mich.          42             14             43             84
 Jackson, Miss.          32             17             56             90
 Jacksonville, Fla.      30             19             44             81
 Jersey City, N.J.       40             43             50             74
 Johnstown, Pa.          40             19             35             78
 City                    Lat. N         Lat. N         Lat. N         Long. W
                         deg            '              "              deg
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Johnstown, Pa.          40             19             35             78
 Joplin, Mo.             37             05             26             94
 Juneau, Alas.           58             18             12             134
 Kalamazoo, Mich.        42             17             29             85
 Kansas City, Kan.       39             07             04             94
 Kansas City, Mo.        39             04             56             94
 Kenosha, Wis.           42             35             43             87
 Key West, Fla.          24             33             30             81
 Kingston, Ont.          44             13             53             76
 Kitchener, Ont.         43             26             58             80
 Knoxville, Tenn.        35             57             39             83
 Lafayette, Ind.         40             25             11             86
 Lancaster, Pa.          40             02             25             76
 Lansing, Mich.          42             44             01             84
 Laredo, Tex.            27             30             22             99
 La Salle, Que.          45             25             30             73
 Las Vegas, Nev.         36             10             20             115
 Laval, Que.             45             33             05             73
 City                    Lat. N         Lat. N         Lat. N         Long. W
                         deg            '              "              deg
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Laval, Que.             45             33             05             73
 Lawrence, Mass.         42             42             16             71
 Lethbridge, Alta.       49             41             38             112
 Lexington, Ky.          38             02             50             84
 Lihue, Ha.              21             58             48             159
 Lima, Oh.               40             44             35             84
 Lincoln, Neb.           40             48             59             96
 Little Rock, Ark.       34             44             42             92
 London, Ont.            42             59             17             81
 Long Beach, Cal.        33             46             14             118
 Lorain, Oh.             41             28             05             82
 Los Angeles, Cal.       34             03             15             118
 Louisville, Ky.         38             14             47             85
 Lowell, Mass.           42             38             25             71
 Lubbock, Tex.           33             35             05             101
 Macon, Ga.              32             50             12             83
 Madison, Wis.           43             04             23             89
 Manchester, N.H.        42             59             28             71
 City                    Lat. N         Lat. N         Lat. N         Long. W
                         deg            '              "              deg
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Manchester, N.H.        42             59             28             71
 Marshall, Tex.          32             33             00             94
 Memphis, Tenn.          35             08             46             90
 Meriden, Conn.          41             32             06             72
 Mexico City, Mexico     19             25             45             99
 Miami, Fla.             25             46             37             80
 Milwaukee, Wis.         43             02             19             87
 Minneapolis, Minn.      44             58             57             93
 Minot, N.D.             48             14             09             101
 Mississauga, Ont.       43             33             00             79
 Mobile, Ala.            30             41             36             88
 Moline, Ill.            41             30             31             90
 Moncton, N.B.           46             05             18             64
 Montgomery, Ala.        32             22             33             86
 Montpelier, Vt.         44             15             36             72
 Montreal, Que.          45             30             33             73
 Moose Jaw, Sask.        50             23             34             105
 Muncie, Ind.            40             11             28             85
 City                    Lat. N         Lat. N         Lat. N         Long. W
                         deg            '              "              deg
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Muncie, Ind.            40             11             28             85
 Nashville, Tenn.        36             09             33             86
 Natchez, Miss.          31             33             48             91
 Newark, N.J.            40             44             14             74
 New Bedford, Mass.      41             38             13             70
 New Britain, Conn.      41             40             08             72
 New Haven, Conn.        41             18             25             72
 New Orleans, La.        29             56             53             90
 New York, N.Y.          40             45             06             73
 Niagara Falls, N.Y.     43             05             34             79
 Niagara Falls, Ont.     43             06             22             79
 Nome, Alas.             64             30             00             165
 Norfolk, Va.            36             51             10             76
 North Bay, Ont.         46             18             35             79
 Oakland, Cal.           37             48             03             122
 Ogden, Ut.              41             13             31             111
 Oklahoma City           35             28             26             97
 Omaha, Neb.             41             15             42             95
 City                    Lat. N         Lat. N         Lat. N         Long. W
                         deg            '              "              deg
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Omaha, Neb.             41             15             42             95
 Orlando, Fla.           28             32             42             81
 Oshawa, Ont.            43             53             46             78
 Ottawa, Ont.            45             26             24             75
 Paducah, Ky.            37             05             13             88
 Pasadena, Cal.          34             08             44             118
 Paterson, N.J.          40             55             01             74
 Pensacola, Fla.         30             24             51             87
 Peoria, Ill.            40             41             42             89
 Peterborough, Ont.      44             18             32             78
 Philadelphia, Pa.       39             56             58             75
 Phoenix, Ariz.          33             27             12             112
 Pierre, S.D.            44             22             18             100
 Pittsburgh, Pa.         40             26             19             80
 Pittsfield, Mass.       42             26             53             73
 Pocatello, Ida.         42             51             38             112
 Port Arthur, Tex.       29             52             30             93
 Portland, Me.           43             39             33             70
 City                    Lat. N         Lat. N         Lat. N         Long. W
                         deg            '              "              deg
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Portland, Me.           43             39             33             70
 Portland, Ore.          45             31             06             122
 Portsmouth, N.H.        43             04             30             70
 Portsmouth, Va.         36             50             07             76
 Prince Rupert, B.C.     54             19             00             130
 Providence, R.I.        41             49             32             71
 Provo, Ut.              40             14             06             111
 Pueblo, Col.            38             16             17             104
 Quebec City, Que.       46             48             51             71
 Racine, Wis.            42             43             49             87
 Rapid City, S.D.        44             04             52             103
 Raleigh, N.C.           35             46             38             78
 Reading, Pa.            40             20             09             75
 Regina, Sask.           50             26             55             104
 Reno, Nev.              39             31             27             119
 Richmond, Va.           37             32             15             77
 Roanoke, Va.            37             16             13             79
 Rochester, Minn.        44             01             21             92
 City                    Lat. N         Lat. N         Lat. N         Long. W
                         deg            '              "              deg
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Rochester, Minn.        44             01             21             92
 Rochester, N.Y.         43             09             41             77
 Rockford, Ill.          42             16             07             89
 Sacramento, Cal.        38             34             57             121
 Saginaw, Mich.          43             25             52             83
 St. Catharines, Ont.    43             09             33             79
 St. Cloud, Minn.        45             34             00             94
 Saint John, N.B.        45             16             22             66
 St. John's, Nfld.       47             33             42             52
 St. Joseph, Mo.         39             45             57             94
 St. Louis, Mo.          38             37             45             90
 St. Paul, Minn.         44             57             19             93
 St. Petersburg, Fla.    27             46             18             82
 Salem, Ore.             44             56             24             123
 Salina, Kan.            38             50             36             97
 Salt Lake City, Ut.     40             45             23             111
 San Angelo, Tex.        31             27             39             100
 San Antonio, Tex.       29             25             37             98
 City                    Lat. N         Lat. N         Lat. N         Long. W
                         deg            '              "              deg
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
San Antonio, Tex.       29             25             37             98
 San Bernardino, Cal.    34             06             30             117
 San Diego, Cal.         32             42             53             117
 San Francisco, Cal.     37             46             39             122
 San Jose, Cal.          37             20             16             121
 San Juan, P.R.          18             27             00             66
 Santa Barbara, Cal.     34             25             18             119
 Santa Cruz, Cal.        36             58             18             122
 Santa Fe, N.M.          35             41             11             105
 Sarasota, Fla.          27             20             05             82
 Saskatoon, Sask.        52             07             49             106
 Sault Ste. Marie, Ont.  46             30             24             84
 Savannah, Ga.           32             04             42             81
 Schenectady, N.Y.       42             48             42             73
 Scranton, Pa.           41             24             32             75
 Seattle, Wash.          47             36             32             122
 Sheboygan, Wis.         43             45             03             87
 Sherbrooke, Que.        45             24             27             71
 City                    Lat. N         Lat. N         Lat. N         Long. W
                         deg            '              "              deg
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Sherbrooke, Que.        45             24             27             71
 Sheridan, Wy.           44             47             55             106
 Shreveport, La.         32             30             46             93
 Sioux City, Ia.         42             29             46             96
 Sioux Falls, S.D.       43             32             35             96
 Somerville, Mass.       42             23             15             71
 South Bend, Ind.        41             40             33             86
 Spartanburg, S.C.       34             57             03             81
 Spokane, Wash.          47             39             32             117
 Springfield, Ill.       39             47             58             89
 Springfield, Mass.      42             06             21             72
 Springfield, Mo.        37             13             03             93
 Springfield, Oh.        39             55             38             83
 Stamford, Conn.         41             03             09             73
 Steubenville, Oh.       40             21             42             80
 Stockton, Cal.          37             57             30             121
 Sudbury, Ont.           46             29             24             80
 Superior, Wis.          46             43             14             92
 City                    Lat. N         Lat. N         Lat. N         Long. W
                         deg            '              "              deg
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Superior, Wis.          46             43             14             92
 Sydney, N.S.            46             08             15             60
 Syracuse, N.Y.          43             03             04             76
 Tacoma, Wash.           47             14             59             122
 Tallahassee, Fla.       30             26             30             84
 Tampa, Fla.             27             56             58             82
 Terre Haute, Ind.       39             28             03             87
 Texarkana, Tex.         33             25             48             94
 Thunder Bay, Ont.       48             22             54             89
 Toledo, Oh.             41             39             14             83
 Topeka, Kan.            39             03             16             95
 Toronto, Ont.           43             39             10             79
 Trenton, N.J.           40             13             14             74
 Trois-Rivieres, Que.    46             20             36             72
 Troy, N.Y.              42             43             45             73
 Tucson, Ariz.           32             13             15             110
 Tulsa, Okla.            36             09             12             95
 Urbana, Ill.            40             06             42             88
 City                    Lat. N         Lat. N         Lat. N         Long. W
                         deg            '              "              deg
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Urbana, Ill.            40             06             42             88
 Utica, N.Y.             43             06             12             75
 Vancouver, B.C.         49             18             56             123
 Victoria, B.C.          48             25             43             123
 Waco, Tex.              31             33             12             97
 Walla Walla, Wash.      46             04             08             118
 Washington, D.C.        38             53             51             77
 Waterbury, Conn.        41             33             13             73
 Waterloo, Ia.           42             29             40             92
 West Palm Beach, Fla.   26             42             36             80
 Wheeling, W. Va.        40             04             03             80
 Whitehorse, Yukon       60             43             17             135
 White Plains, N.Y.      41             02             00             73
 Wichita, Kan.           37             41             30             97
 Wichita Falls, Tex.     33             54             34             98
 Wilkes-Barre, Pa.       41             14             32             75
 Wilmington, Del.        39             44             46             75
 Wilmington, N.C.        34             14             14             77
 City                    Lat. N         Lat. N         Lat. N         Long. W
                         deg            '              "              deg
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Wilmington, N.C.        34             14             14             77
 Windsor, Ont.           42             18             56             83
 Winnipeg, Man.          49             53             56             97
 Winston-Salem, N.C.     36             05             52             80
 Worcester, Mass.        42             15             37             71
 Yakima, Wash.           46             36             09             120
 Yellowknife, N.W.T.     62             27             16             114
 Yonkers, N.Y.           40             55             55             73
 York, Pa.               39             57             35             76
 Youngstown, Oh.         41             05             57             80
 Yuma, Ariz.             32             42             54             114
 Zanesville, Oh.         39             56             18             82
 World Cities            World Cities   World Cities   World Cities   World Ci
 London, UK (Greenwich)  51             30             00N            0
 Paris, France           48             50             14N            2
 Berlin, Germany         52             32             00N            13
 Rome, Italy             41             53             00N            12
 Warsaw, Poland          52             15             00N            21
 City                    Lat. N         Lat. N         Lat. N         Long. W
                         deg            '              "              deg
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Warsaw, Poland          52             15             00N            21
 Moscow, USSR            55             45             00N            37
 Athens, Greece          37             58             00N            23
 Jerusalem, Israel       31             47             00N            35
 Johannesburg, So. Afr.  26             10             00S            28
 New Delhi, India        28             38             00N            77
 Peking, China           39             54             00N            116
 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil  22             53             43S            43
 Tokyo, Japan            35             45             00N            139
 Sydney, Australia       33             52             00S            151






                             The Julian Period

 How many days have you lived? To determine this, you must multiply your age
 by 365, add the number of days since your last birthday until today, and
 account for all leap years. Chances are your answer would be wrong.
 Astronomers, however, find it convenient to express dates and long time
 intervals in days rather than in years, months and days. This is done by
 placing events within the Julian period.

 The Julian period was devised in 1582 by Joseph Scaliger and named after his
 father Julius (not after the Julian calendar). Scaliger had Julian Day (JD)
 [num   ]1 begin at noon, Jan. 1, 4713 B. C., the most recent time that three
 major chronological cycles began on the same day -- 1) the 28-year solar
 cycle, after which dates in the Julian calendar (e.g., Feb. 11) return to
 the same days of the week (e.g., Monday); 2) the 19-year lunar cycle, after
 which the phases of the moon return to the same dates of the year; and 3)
 the 15-year indiction cycle, used in ancient Rome to regulate taxes. It will
 take 7980 years to complete the period, the product of 28, 19, and 15.

 Noon of Dec. 31, 1990, marks the beginning of JD 2,448,257; that many days
 will have passed since the start of the Julian period. The JD at noon of any
 date in 1991 may be found by adding to this figure the day of the year for
 that date, which is given in the left hand column in the chart below. Simple
 JD conversion tables are used by astronomers.

                           Days Between Two Dates
 Table covers period of two ordinary years. Example--Days between Feb. 10,
 1989 and Dec. 15, 1990; subtract 41 from 714; answer is 673 days. For leap
 year, such as 1992, one day must be added: final answer is 674.


╓┌─────┌─────┌─────┌─────┌──────┌────┌─────┌─────┌─────┌──────┌─────┌─────┌──
 Date  Jan.  Feb.  Mar.  April  May  June  July  Aug.  Sept.  Oct.  Nov.  Dec.
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 1     1     32    60    91     121  152   182   213   244    274   305   335
 2     2     33    61    92     122  153   183   214   245    275   306   336
 3     3     34    62    93     123  154   184   215   246    276   307   337
 4     4     35    63    94     124  155   185   216   247    277   308   338
 5     5     36    64    95     125  156   186   217   248    278   309   339
 6     6     37    65    96     126  157   187   218   249    279   310   340
 7     7     38    66    97     127  158   188   219   250    280   311   341
 8     8     39    67    98     128  159   189   220   251    281   312   342
 9     9     40    68    99     129  160   190   221   252    282   313   343
 10    10    41    69    100    130  161   191   222   253    283   314   344
 Date  Jan.  Feb.  Mar.  April  May  June  July  Aug.  Sept.  Oct.  Nov.  Dec.
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
10    10    41    69    100    130  161   191   222   253    283   314   344
 11    11    42    70    101    131  162   192   223   254    284   315   345
 12    12    43    71    102    132  163   193   224   255    285   316   346
 13    13    44    72    103    133  164   194   225   256    286   317   347
 14    14    45    73    104    134  165   195   226   257    287   318   348
 15    15    46    74    105    135  166   196   227   258    288   319   349
 16    16    47    75    106    136  167   197   228   259    289   320   350
 17    17    48    76    107    137  168   198   229   260    290   321   351
 18    18    49    77    108    138  169   199   230   261    291   322   352
 19    19    50    78    109    139  170   200   231   262    292   323   353
 20    20    51    79    110    140  171   201   232   263    293   324   354
 21    21    52    80    111    141  172   202   233   264    294   325   355
 22    22    53    81    112    142  173   203   234   265    295   326   356
 23    23    54    82    113    143  174   204   235   266    296   327   357
 24    24    55    83    114    144  175   205   236   267    297   328   358
 25    25    56    84    115    145  176   206   237   268    298   329   359
 26    26    57    85    116    146  177   207   238   269    299   330   360
 27    27    58    86    117    147  178   208   239   270    300   331   361
 28    28    59    87    118    148  179   209   240   271    301   332   362
 Date  Jan.  Feb.  Mar.  April  May  June  July  Aug.  Sept.  Oct.  Nov.  Dec.
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
28    28    59    87    118    148  179   209   240   271    301   332   362
 29    29    -     88    119    149  180   210   241   272    302   333   363
 30    30    -     89    120    150  181   211   242   273    303   334   364
 31    31    -     90    -      151  -     212   243   -      304   -     365
 1     366   397   425   456    486  517   547   578   609    639   670   700
 2     367   398   426   457    487  518   548   579   610    640   671   701
 3     368   399   427   458    488  519   549   580   611    641   672   702
 4     369   400   428   459    489  520   550   581   612    642   673   703
 5     370   401   429   460    490  521   551   582   613    643   674   704
 6     371   402   430   461    491  522   552   583   614    644   675   705
 7     372   403   431   462    492  523   553   584   615    645   676   706
 8     373   404   432   463    493  524   554   585   616    646   677   707
 9     374   405   433   464    494  525   555   586   617    647   678   708
 10    375   406   434   465    495  526   556   587   618    648   679   709
 11    376   407   435   466    496  527   557   588   619    649   680   710
 12    377   408   436   467    497  528   558   589   620    650   681   711
 13    378   409   437   468    498  529   559   590   621    651   682   712
 14    379   410   438   469    499  530   560   591   622    652   683   713
 15    380   411   439   470    500  531   561   592   623    653   684   714
 Date  Jan.  Feb.  Mar.  April  May  June  July  Aug.  Sept.  Oct.  Nov.  Dec.
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
15    380   411   439   470    500  531   561   592   623    653   684   714
 16    381   412   440   471    501  532   562   593   624    654   685   715
 17    382   413   441   472    502  533   563   594   625    655   686   716
 18    383   414   442   473    503  534   564   595   626    656   687   717
 19    384   415   443   474    504  535   565   596   627    657   688   718
 20    385   416   444   475    505  536   566   597   628    658   689   719
 21    386   417   445   476    506  537   567   598   629    659   690   720
 22    387   418   446   477    507  538   568   599   630    660   691   721
 23    388   419   447   478    508  539   569   600   631    661   692   722
 24    389   420   448   479    509  540   570   601   632    662   693   723
 25    390   421   449   480    510  541   571   602   633    663   694   724
 26    391   422   450   481    511  542   572   603   634    664   695   725
 27    392   423   451   482    512  543   573   604   635    665   696   726
 28    393   424   452   483    513  544   574   605   636    666   697   727
 29    394   -     453   484    514  545   575   606   637    667   698   728
 30    395   -     454   485    515  546   576   607   638    668   699   729
 31    396   -     455   -      516  -     577   608   -      669   -     730





              Lunar Calendar, Chinese New Year, Vietnamese Tet

 The ancient Chinese lunar calendar is divided into 12 months of either 29 or
 30 days (compensating for the fact that the mean duration of the lunar month
 is 29 days, 12 hours, 44.05 minutes). The calendar is synchronized with the
 solar year by the addition of extra months at fixed intervals.
 The Chinese calendar runs on a sexagenary cycle, i.e., 60 years. The cycles
 1876-1935 and 1936-1995, with the years grouped under their twelve animal
 designations, are printed below. The Year 1991 (Lunar Year 4689) is found in
 the eighth column, under Sheep, and is known as a "Year of the Goat."
 Readers can find the animal name for the year of their birth, marriage,
 etc., in the same chart. (Note: the first 3-7 weeks of each of the western
 years belong to the previous Chinese year and animal designation.)
 Both the western (Gregorian) and traditional lunar calendars are used
 publicly in China, and two New Year's celebrations are held. On Taiwan, in
 overseas Chinese communities, and in Vietnam, the lunar calendar has been
 used only to set the dates for traditional festivals, with the Gregorian
 system in general use.
 The four-day Chinese New Year, Hsin Nien, and the three-day Vietnamese New
 Year festival, Tet, begin at the first new moon after the sun enters
 Aquarius. The day may fall, therefore, between Jan. 21 and Feb. 19 of the
 Gregorian calendar. Feb. 15, 1991 marks the start of the new Chinese year.
 The date is fixed according to the date of the new moon in the Far East.
 Since this is west of the International Date Line the date may be one day
 later than that of the new moon in the United States.


╓┌─────┌─────┌──────┌──────────────┌───────┌──────┌──────┌─────────────┌─────
 Rat   Ox    Tiger  Hare (Rabbit)  Dragon  Snake  Horse  Sheep (Goat)  Monkey
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 1876  1877  1878   1879           1880    1881   1882   1883          1884
 1888  1889  1890   1891           1892    1893   1894   1895          1896
 1900  1901  1902   1903           1904    1905   1906   1907          1908
 1912  1913  1914   1915           1916    1917   1918   1919          1920
 1924  1925  1926   1927           1928    1929   1930   1931          1932
 1936  1937  1938   1939           1940    1941   1942   1943          1944
 1948  1949  1950   1951           1952    1953   1954   1955          1956
 1960  1961  1962   1963           1964    1965   1966   1967          1968
 1972  1973  1974   1975           1976    1977   1978   1979          1980
 Rat   Ox    Tiger  Hare (Rabbit)  Dragon  Snake  Horse  Sheep (Goat)  Monkey
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
1972  1973  1974   1975           1976    1977   1978   1979          1980
 1984  1985  1986   1987           1988    1989   1990   1991          1992





              Standard Time, Daylight Saving Time, and Others

 Defense Mapping Agency Hydrographic Center; Department of Transportation;
 National Inst. of Standards & Technology; U.S. Naval Observatory

                                Standard Time

 Standard time is reckoned from Greenwich, England, recognized as the Prime
 Meridian of Longitude. The world is divided into 24 zones, each 15 deg of
 arc, or one hour in time apart. The Greenwich meridian (0 deg) extends
 through the center of the initial zone, and the zones to the east are
 numbered from 1 to 12 with the prefix "minus" indicating the number of hours
 to be subtracted to obtain Greenwich Time. Each zone extends 71/2 deg on
 either side of its central meridian.

 Westward zones are similarly numbered, but prefixed "plus" showing the
 number of hours that must be added to get Greenwich Time. While these zones
 apply generally to sea areas, it should be noted that the Standard Time
 maintained in many countries does not coincide with zone time. A graphical
 representation of the zones is shown on the Standard Time Zone Chart of the
 World published by the Defense Mapping Agency Combat Support Center, Attn:
 PMSR Washington, DC 20315-0020.

 The United States and possessions are divided into eight Standard Time
 zones, as set forth by the Uniform Time Act of 1966, which also provides for
 the use of Daylight Saving Time therein. Each zone is approximately 15 deg
 of longitude in width. All places in each zone use, instead of their own
 local time, the time counted from the transit of the "mean sun" across the
 Standard Time meridian which passes near the middle of that zone.

 These time zones are designated as Atlantic, Eastern, Central, Mountain,
 Pacific, Yukon, Alaska-Hawaii, and Bering (Samoa), and the time in these
 zones is basically reckoned from the 60th, 75th, 90th, 105th, 120th, 135th,
 150th and 165th meridians west of Greenwich. The line wanders to conform to
 local geographical regions. The time in the various zones is earlier than
 Greenwich Time by 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and 11 hours respectively.


                                24-Hour Time

 24-hour time is widely used in scientific work throughout the world. In the
 United States it is used also in operations of the Armed Forces. In Europe
 it is frequently used by the transportation networks in preference to the
 12-hour a.m. and p.m. system. With the 24-hour system the day begins at
 midnight and is designated 0000 through 2359.


                           International Date Line

 The Date Line is a zig-zag line that approximately coincides with the 180th
 meridian, and it is where the  calendar dates are separated. The date must
 be advanced one day when crossing in a westerly direction and set back one
 day when crossing in an easterly direction.

 The line is deflected eastward through the Bering Strait and westward of the
 Aleutians to prevent separating these areas by date. The line is again
 deflected eastward of the Tonga and New Zealand Islands in the South Pacific
 for the same reason.


                            Daylight Saving Time

 Daylight Saving Time is achieved by advancing the clock one hour. Under the
 Uniform Time Act, which became effective in 1967, all states, the District
 of Columbia, and U.S. possessions were to observe Daylight Saving Time
 beginning at 2 a.m. on the first Sunday in April and ending at 2 a.m. on the
 last Sunday in October. Any state could, by law, exempt itself; a 1972
 amendment to the act authorized states split by time zones to take that into
 consideration in exempting themselves. Arizona, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, the
 Virgin Islands, American Samoa, and part of Indiana are now exempt. Some
 local zone boundaries in Kansas, Texas, Florida, Michigan, and Alaska have
 been modified in the last several years by the Dept. of Transportation,
 which oversees the act. To conserve energy Congress put most of the nation
 on year-round Daylight Saving Time for two years effective Jan. 6, 1974
 through Oct. 26, 1975; but a further bill, signed in October, 1974, restored
 Standard Time from the last Sunday in that month to the last Sunday in
 February, 1975. At the end of 1975, Congress failed to renew this temporary
 legislation and the nation returned to the older end-of  April to end-of
 October DST system.

 On July 8, 1986, Pres. Ronald Reagan signed legislation moving up the start
 of daylight saving time to the first Sunday in April. Daylight Saving Time,
 which used to start the last Sunday in April, will still end the last Sunday
 in October. The Transportation Dept. estimated that the earlier starting
 date will help save more than $28 million in traffic accident costs and
 prevent more than 1,500 injuries and 20 deaths. The new law, opposed by some
 farm state lawmakers, took  effect in 1987.


                               International

 Adjusting clock time to be able to use the added daylight on summer evenings
 is common throughout the world.

 Western  Europe is on daylight saving time generally from the last Sunday in
 March to the last Sunday in September; however, the United Kingdom continues
 until the last Sunday in October.

 The Soviet Union lies over 11 time zones, but maintains its standard time 1
 hour fast of the zone designation. Additionally, it proclaims daylight
 saving time as does Europe.

  China lies across 5 time zones, but has decreed that the entire country be
 placed on zone time minus 8 hours with daylight saving time from April 12 to
 September 12.

 Many of the countries in the Southern Hemisphere maintain daylight saving
 time generally from October to March; however, most countries near the
 equator do not deviate from standard time.

                  Standard Time Differences--World Cities

 The time indicated in the table is fixed by law and is called the legal
 time, or, more generally, Standard Time. Use of Daylight Saving Time varies
 widely. At 12:00 noon, Eastern Standard Time, the standard time (in 24-hour
 time) in foreign cities is as follows:
 *Indicates morning of the following day.


╓┌───────────────────────────────────┌───────────────────────────────────────╖
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Addis Ababa                         20 00
 Alexandria                          19 00
 Amsterdam                           18 00
 Athens                              19 00
 Auckland                            5 00*
 Baghdad                             20 00
 Bangkok                             0 00
 Beijing                             1 00*
 Belfast                             17 00
 Berlin                              18 00
 Bogota                              12 00
 Bombay                              22 30
 Bremen                              18 00
 Brussels                            18 00
 Bucharest                           19 00
 Budapest                            18 00
 Buenos Aires                        14 00
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Buenos Aires                        14 00
 Cairo                               19 00
 Calcutta                            22 30
 Cape Town                           19 00
 Caracas                             13 00
 Casablanca                          17 00
 Copenhagen                          18 00
 Dacca                               23 00
 Delhi                               22 30
 Dublin                              17 00
 Gdansk                              18 00
 Geneva                              18 00
 Havana                              12 00
 Helsinki                            19 00
 Ho Chi Minh City                    0 00
 Hong Kong                           1 00*
 Istanbul                            19 00
 Jakarta                             0 00
 Jerusalem                           19 00
 Johannesburg                        19 00
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Johannesburg                        19 00
 Karachi                             22 00
 Le Havre                            18 00
 Leningrad                           20 00
 Lima                                12 00
 Lisbon                              17 00
 Liverpool                           17 00
 London                              17 00
 Madrid                              18 00
 Manila                              1 00*
 Mecca (Saudi Arabia)                20 00
 Melbourne                           3 00*
 Mexico City                         11 00
 Montevideo                          14 00
 Moscow                              20 00
 Nagasaki                            2 00*
 Oslo                                18 00
 Paris                               18 00
 Prague                              18 00
 Rangoon                             23 30
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Rangoon                             23 30
 Rio De Janeiro                      14 00
 Rome                                18 00
 Santiago (Chile)                    13 00
 Seoul                               2 00*
 Shanghai                            1 00*
 Singapore                           1 00*
 Stockholm                           18 00
 Sydney (Australia)                  3 00*
 Tashkent                            23 00
 Teheran                             20 30
 Tel Aviv                            19 00
 Tokyo                               2 00*
 Valparaiso                          13 00
 Vladivostok                         3 00*
 Vienna                              18 00
 Warsaw                              18 00
 Wellington (N.Z.)                   5 00*
 Yokohama                            2 00*
 Zurich                              18 00
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Zurich                              18 00






             Standard Time Differences -- North American Cities

 At 12 o'clock noon, Eastern Standard Time, the standard timein N.A. cities
 is as follows:
 *Cities with an asterisk do not observe daylight saving time. During much of
 the year, it is necessary to add one hour to the cities which do observe
 daylight savings time to get the proper time relation.


╓┌──────────────────────┌───────┌────────────────────────────────────────────╖
 ───────────────────────────────────────
 Akron, Oh.             12.00   Noon
 Albuquerque, N.M.      10.00   A.M.
 ───────────────────────────────────────
Albuquerque, N.M.      10.00   A.M.
 Atlanta, Ga.           12.00   Noon
 Austin, Tex.           11.00   A.M.
 Baltimore, Md.         12.00   Noon
 Birmingham, Ala.       11.00   A.M.
 Bismarck, N.D.         11.00   A.M.
 Boise, Ida.            10.00   A.M.
 Boston, Mass.          12.00   Noon
 Buffalo, N.Y.          12.00   Noon
 Butte, Mon.            10.00   A.M.
 Calgary, Alta.         10.00   A.M.
 Charleston, S.C.       12.00   Noon
 Charleston, W.Va.      12.00   Noon
 Charlotte, N.C.        12.00   Noon
 Charlottetown, P.E.I.  1.00    P.M.
 Chattanooga, Tenn.     12.00   Noon
 Cheyenne, Wy.          10.00   A.M.
 Chicago, Ill.          11.00   A.M.
 Cleveland, Oh.         12.00   Noon
 Colorado Spr., Col.    10.00   A.M.
 ───────────────────────────────────────
Colorado Spr., Col.    10.00   A.M.
 Columbus, Oh.          12.00   Noon
 Dallas, Tex.           11.00   A.M.
 Dawson, Yuk.*          9.00    A.M.
 Dayton, Oh.            12.00   Noon
 Denver, Col.           10.00   A.M.
 Des Moines, Ia.        11.00   A.M.
 Detroit, Mich.         12.00   Noon
 Duluth, Minn.          11.00   A.M.
 El Paso, Tex.          10.00   A.M.
 Erie, Pa.              12.00   Noon
 Evansville, Ind.       11.00   A.M.
 Fairbanks, Alas.       8.00    A.M.
 Flint, Mich.           12.00   Noon
 Fort Wayne, Ind.*      12.00   Noon
 Fort Worth, Tex.       11.00   A.M.
 Frankfort, Ky.         12.00   Noon
 Galveston, Tex.        11.00   A.M.
 Grand Rapids, Mich.    12.00   Noon
 Halifax, N.S.          1.00    P.M.
 ───────────────────────────────────────
Halifax, N.S.          1.00    P.M.
 Hartford, Conn.        12.00   Noon
 Helena, Mon.           10.00   A.M.
 Honolulu, Ha.*         7.00    A.M.
 Houston, Tex.          11.00   A.M.
 Indianapolis, Ind.*    12.00   Noon
 Jacksonville, Fla.     12.00   Noon
 Juneau, Alas.          8.00    A.M.
 Kansas City, Mo.       11.00   A.M.
 Knoxville, Tenn.       12.00   Noon
 Lexington, Ky.         12.00   Noon
 Lincoln, Neb.          11.00   A.M.
 Little Rock, Ark.      11.00   A.M.
 Los Angeles, Cal.      9.00    A.M.
 Louisville, Ky.        12.00   Noon
 Mexico City*           11.00   A.M.
 Memphis, Tenn.         11.00   A.M.
 Miami, Fla.            12.00   Noon
 Milwaukee, Wis.        11.00   A.M.
 Minneapolis, Minn.     11.00   A.M.
 ───────────────────────────────────────
Minneapolis, Minn.     11.00   A.M.
 Mobile, Ala.           11.00   A.M.
 Montreal, Que.         12.00   Noon
 Nashville, Tenn.       11.00   A.M.
 New Haven, Conn.       12.00   Noon
 New Orleans, La.       11.00   A.M.
 New York, N.Y.         12.00   Noon
 Nome, Alas.            8.00    A.M.
 Norfolk, Va.           12.00   Noon
 Okla. City, Okla.      11.00   A.M.
 Omaha, Neb.            11.00   A.M.
 Peoria, Ill.           11.00   A.M.
 Philadelphia, Pa.      12.00   Noon
 Phoenix, Ariz.*        10.00   A.M.
 Pierre, S.D.           11.00   A.M.
 Pittsburgh, Pa.        12.00   Noon
 Portland, Me.          12.00   Noon
 Portland, Ore.         9.00    A.M.
 Providence, R.I.       12.00   Noon
 Regina, Sask.*         11.00   A.M.
 ───────────────────────────────────────
Regina, Sask.*         11.00   A.M.
 Reno, Nev.             9.00    A.M.
 Richmond, Va.          12.00   Noon
 Rochester, N.Y.        12.00   Noon
 Sacramento, Cal.       9.00    A.M.
 St. John's, Nfld.      1.30    P.M.
 St. Louis, Mo.         11.00   A.M.
 St. Paul, Minn.        11.00   A.M.
 Salt Lake City, Ut.    10.00   A.M.
 San Antonio, Tex.      11.00   A.M.
 San Diego, Cal.        9.00    A.M.
 San Francisco, Cal.    9.00    A.M.
 Santa Fe, N.M.         10.00   A.M.
 Savannah, Ga.          12.00   Noon
 Seattle, Wash.         9.00    A.M.
 Shreveport, La.        11.00   A.M.
 Sioux Falls, S.D.      11.00   A.M.
 Spokane, Wash.         9.00    A.M.
 Tampa, Fla.            12.00   Noon
 Toledo, Oh.            12.00   Noon
 ───────────────────────────────────────
Toledo, Oh.            12.00   Noon
 Topeka, Kan.           11.00   A.M.
 Toronto, Ont.          12.00   Noon
 Tucson, Ariz.*         10.00   A.M.
 Tulsa, Okla.           11.00   A.M.
 Vancouver, B.C.        9.00    A.M.
 Washington, D.C.       12.00   Noon
 Wichita, Kan.          11.00   A.M.
 Wilmington, Del.       12.00   Noon
 Winnipeg, Man.         11.00   A.M.






                       Legal or Public Holidays, 1991

 Technically there are no national holidays in the United States; each state
 has jurisdiction over its holidays, which are designated by legislative
 enactment or executive proclamation. In practice, however, most states
 observe the federal legal public holidays, even though the President and
 Congress can legally designate holidays only for the District of Columbia
 and for federal employees. Federal legal public holidays are New Year's Day,
 Martin Luther King Day, Washington's Birthday, Memorial Day, Independence
 Day, Labor Day, Columbus Day, Veterans' Day, Thanksgiving, and Christmas.

                       Chief Legal or Public Holidays

 When a holiday falls on a Sunday or a Saturday it is usually observed on the
 following Monday or preceding Friday. For some holidays, government and
 business closing practices vary. In most states, the office of the Secretary
 of State can provide details of holiday closings. In most states, the
 following will be legal or public holidays in 1991:

 Jan. 1 (Tuesday) -- New Year's Day.

 Jan. 21 (Monday) -- Martin Luther King Day. In some states, combined with
 Robert E. Lee Day.

 Feb. 12 (Tuesday) -- Lincoln's Birthday.

 Feb. 18 (3d Mon. in Feb.) --  Washington's Birthday, or Presidents' Day, or
 Washington-Lincoln Day.

 May 27 (last Mon. in May) -- Memorial Day, or Decoration Day.

 July 4 (Thursday) -- Independence Day.

 Sept. 2 (1st Mon. in Sept.) -- Labor Day.

 Oct. 14 (2d Mon. in Oct.) -- Columbus Day, or Discoverers' Day, or Pioneers'
 Day.

 Nov. 11 (Monday) -- Veterans' Day.

 Nov. 28 (4th Thurs. in Nov.) -- Thanksgiving Day.

 Dec. 25 (Wednesday) -- Christmas Day.

 In some states, the following will be legal or public holidays in 1991:

 Mar. 29 (Friday) -- Good Friday. In some states, observed for half or part
 of day.

 Nov. 5 (1st Tues. after the 1st Mon. in Nov.) -- Election Day.

                         Selected Foreign Holidays

 Jan. 5 -- Twelfth Night (Wassail Eve), England.

 Jan. 14 -- Vinegrower's Day, Bulgaria.

 Feb. 3 -- Hamstrom Day, Switzerland.

 Feb. 3 -- Setsubun (bean-throwing festival), Japan.

 Feb. 11 -- Youth Day, Cameroon.

 Feb. 9-12 -- Carnival, Brazil.

 Apr. 7 -- Ching Ming Festival, China.

 Apr. 18 -- Buddha's Birthday, Korea.

 Apr. 22 -- Independence Day, Israel.

 Apr. 25 -- ANZAC Day, Australia & New Zealand.

 May 5 -- Cinco de Mayo, Mexico.

 May 9  -- Victory over Fascism Day, USSR.

 May 25 -- African Freedom Day, Chad, Zambia.

 June 22 -- Midsummer Eve, Denmark.

 July 14 -- Bastille Day, France.

 mid July -- Feria de San Fermin, Spain.

 July 24 -- Simon Bolivar's Birthday, Venezuela.

 Aug. 13 -- Fox Hill Day, Bahamas.

 Aug. 15 -- Sour Herring Premiere, Sweden.

 Sept. 19 -- St. Gennaro, Italy.

 Oct. 2 -- Mahatma Gandhi's Birthday, India.

 Oct. 6 -- Ivy Day, Ireland.

 Oct. 9 -- Korean Alphabet Day.

 Nov. 5 -- Guy Fawkes Day, England.

 Nov. 7-8 -- October Revolution Anniversary, USSR.

 Nov. 16 -- Elephant Round-up, Thailand.

 Nov. 17 -- Volkstrauertag (Memorial Day), Germany.

 Dec. 5 -- Lover's Fair, Belgium.

 Dec. 16-Jan. 6 -- Christmas Observance, Phillipines.


                            WEIGHTS AND MEASURES

   National Institute of Standards and Technology,U.S. Commerce Department

                      The International System of Units

 Two systems of weights and measures exist side by side in the United States
 today, with roughly equal but separate legislative sanction: the U.S.
 Customary System and the International (Metric) System. Throughout U.S.
 history, the Customary System (inherited from, but now different from, the
 British Imperial System) has been, as its name implies, customarily used; a
 plethora of federal and state legislation has given it, through implication,
 standing as our primary weights and measures system. However, the Metric
 System (incorporated in the scientists' new SI or Systeme International
 d'Unites) is the only system that has ever received specific legislative
 sanction by Congress. The "Law of 1866" reads:

 It shall be lawful throughout the United States of America to employ the
 weights and measures of the metric system; and no contract or dealing, or
 pleading in any court, shall be deemed invalid or liable to objection
 because the weights or measures expressed or referred to therein are weights
 or measures of the metric system.

 Over the last 100 years, the Metric System has seen slow, steadily
 increasing use in the United States. In science and also in the
 pharmaceutical industry, the use of metrics has for many years been
 predominant; today, the manufacturing industry is steadily increasing its
 use of the metric system largely motivated by the automotive industry, which
 is now predominantly metric.

 On Feb. 10, 1964, the National Bureau of Standards issued the following
 bulletin:

 Henceforth it shall be the policy of the National Bureau of Standards to use
 the units of the International System (SI), as adopted by the 11th General
 Conference on Weights and Measures (October 1960), except when the use of
 these units would obviously impair communication or reduce the usefulness of
 a report.

 The Trade Act of 1988 calls for the federal government to adopt metric
 specifications by Dec. 31, 1992, and mandates the Commerce Dept. to oversee
 the program.

 What had been the Metric System became the International System (SI), a more
 complete scientific system.

 Seven units have been adopted to serve as the base for the International
 System as follows: length--meter; mass--kilogram; time--second; electric
 current--ampere; thermodynamic temperature--kelvin; amount of
 substance--mole; and luminous intensity--candela.


                                  Prefixes

 The following prefixes, in combination with the basic unit names, provide
 the multiples and submultiples in the International System. For example, the
 unit name "meter," with the prefix "kilo" added, produces "kilometer,"
 meaning "1,000 meters."



╓┌───────┌───────┌──────────┌────────────────────────────────────────────────╖
 Prefix  Symbol  Multiples  Equivalent
 ────────────────────────────────────────────
 exa     E       1018       quintillionfold
 peta    P       1015       quadrillionfold
 tera    T       1012       trillionfold
 giga    G       109        billionfold
 mega    M       106        millionfold
 kilo    k       103        thousandfold
 hecto   h       102        hundredfold
 deka    da      10         tenfold










╓┌───────┌───────┌─────────────┌─────────────────────────────────────────────╖
 Prefix  Symbol  Submultiples  Equivalent
 ──────────────────────────────────────────────────
 deci    d       101           tenth part
 centi   c       102           hundredth part
 milli   m       103           thousandth part
 micro   micro   106           millionth part
 nano    n       109           billionth part
 pico    p       1012          trillionth part
 femto   f       1015          quadrillionth part
 atto    a       1018          quintillionth part









                    Tables of Metric Weights and Measures


                               Linear Measure



╓┌─────────────────────────┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────╖
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 10 millimeters (mm)       = 1 centimeter (cm)
 10 centimeters            = 1 decimeter (dm) = 100 millimeters
 10 decimeters             = 1 meter (m) = 1,000 millimeters
 10 meters                 = 1 dekameter (dam)
 10 dekameters             = 1 hectometer (hm) = 100 meters
 10 hectometers            = 1 kilometer (km) = 1,000 meters







                                Area Measure



╓┌─────────────────────────────────┌─────────────────────────────────────────╖
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 100 square millimeters (mm2)      = 1 square centimeter (cm2)

 10,000 square centimeters         = 1 square meter (m2) = 1,000,000 square
                                   millimeters

 100 square meters                 = 1 are (a)

 100 ares                          = 1 hectare (ha) = 10,000 square meters

 100 hectares                      = 1 square kilometer (km2) = 1,000,000
                                   square meters









                            Fluid Volume Measure



╓┌─────────────────────────┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────╖
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 10 milliliters (mL)       = 1 centiliter (cL)
 10 centiliters            = 1 deciliter (dL) = 100 milliliters
 10 deciliters             = 1 liter (L) = 1,000 milliliters
 10 liters                 = 1 dekaliter (daL)
 10 dekaliters             = 1 hectoliter (hL) = 100 liters
 10 hectoliters            = 1 kiloliter (kL) = 1,000 liters









                                Cubic Measure



╓┌─────────────────────────────────┌─────────────────────────────────────────╖
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 1,000 cubic millimeters (mm3)     = 1 cubic centimeter (cm3)

 1,000 cubic centimeters           = 1 cubic decimeter (dm3) = 1,000,000
                                   cubic millimeters

 1,000 cubic decimeters            = 1 cubic meter (m3) = 1 stere
                                   =1,000,000 cubic centi-meters =
                                   1,000,000,000 cubic millimeters

 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────










                                   Weight



╓┌─────────────────────────┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────╖
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 10 milligrams (mg)        = 1 centigram (cg)
 10 centigrams             = 1 decigram (dg) = 100 milligrams
 10 decigrams              = 1 gram (g) = 1,000 milligrams
 10 grams                  = 1 dekagram (dag)
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
10 grams                  = 1 dekagram (dag)
 10 dekagrams              = 1 hectogram (hg) = 100 grams
 10 hectograms             = 1 kilogram (kg) = 1,000 grams
 1,000 kilograms           = 1 metric ton (t)








                Table of U.S. Customary Weights and Measures


                               Linear Measure



╓┌──────────────────┌────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╖
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 12 inches (in)     = 1 foot (ft)
 3 feet             = 1 yard (yd)
 5 1/2 yards        = 1 rod (rd), pole, or perch (16 1/2 feet)
 40 rods            = 1 furlong (fur) =  220 yards = 660 feet
 8 furlongs         = 1 statute mile (mi) = 1,760 yards = 5,280 feet
 3 miles            = 1 league = 5,280 yards = 15,840 feet
 6076.11549 feet    = 1 International Nautical Mile









                               Liquid Measure

 When necessary to distinguish the liquid pint or quart from the dry pint or
 quart, the word "liquid" or the abbreviation "liq" should be used in
 combination with the name or abbreviation of the liquid unit.



╓┌───────────┌───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╖
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 4 gills     = 1 pint (pt) = 28.875 cubic inches
 2 pints     = 1 quart (qt) = 57.75 cubic inches
 4 quarts    = 1 gallon (gal) = 231 cubic inches = 8 pints = 32 gills









                                Area Measure

 Squares and cubes of units are sometimes abbreviated by using "superior"
 figures. For example. ft2 means square foot, and ft3 means cubic foot.



╓┌────────────────────┌──────────────────────────────────────────────────────╖
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 144 square inches    = 1 square foot (ft2)
 9 square feet        = 1 square yard (yd2) = 1,296 square inches
 30 1/4 square yards  = 1 square rod (rd2) = 272 1/4 square feet
 160 square rods      = 1 acre = 4,840 square yards = 43,560 square feet
 640 acres            = 1 square mile (mi2)
 1 mile square        = 1 section (of land)
 6 miles square       = 1 township = 36 sections = 36 square miles









                                Cubic Measure



 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 1 cubic foot (ft3)          = 1,728 cubic inches (in3)
 27 cubic feet               = 1 cubic yard (yd3)





                    Gunter's or Surveyors' Chain Measure



 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 7.92 inches (in)     = 1 link
 100 links            = 1 chain (ch) = 4 rods = 66 feet
 80 chains            = 1 survey mile (mi) = 320 rods = 5,280 feet








                                 Troy Weight



 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 24 grains        = 1 pennyweight (dwt)
 20 pennyweights  = 1 ounce troy (oz t) = 480 grains
 12 ounces troy   = 1 pound troy (lb t) = 240 pennyweights = 5,760 grains








                                 Dry Measure

 When necessary to distinguish the dry pint or quart from the liquid pint or
 quart, the word "dry" should be used in combination with the name or
 abbreviation of the dry unit.



 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 2 pints (pt)    = 1 quart (qt) = 67.2006 cubic inches
 8 quarts        = 1 peck (pk) = 537.605 cubic inches  = 16 pints
 4 pecks         = 1 bushel (bu) = 2,150.42 cubic inches = 32 quarts








                             Avoirdupois Weight

 When necessary to distinguish the avoirdupois ounce or pound from the troy
 ounce or pound, the word "avoirdupois" or the abbreviation "avdp" should be
 used in combination with the name or abbreviation of the avoirdupois unit.

 (The "grain" is the same in avoirdupois and troy weight.)



╓┌────────────────────────────────┌──────────────────────────────────────────╖
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 27 11/32 grains                  = 1 dram (dr)
 16 drams                         = 1 ounce (oz) = 437 1/2 grains
 16 ounces                        = 1 pound (lb) = 256 drams = 7,000 grains
 100 pounds                       = 1 hundredweight (cwt) deg
 20 hundredweights                = 1 ton = 2,000 pounds deg
 112 pounds                       = 1 gross or long hundredweight deg
 20 gross or long hundredweights  = 1 gross or long ton = 2,240 pounds deg
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
20 gross or long hundredweights  = 1 gross or long ton = 2,240 pounds deg






 In "gross" or "long" measure, the following values are recognized.



  degWhen the terms "hundredweight" and "ton" are used unmodified, they are
 commonly understood to mean the 100-pound hundredweight and the 2,000-pound
 ton, respectively: these units may be designated "net" or "short" when
 necessary to distinguish them from the corresponding units in gross or long
 measure.


                            Tables of Equivalents

 In this table it is necessary to distinguish between the "international" and
 the "survey" foot. The international foot, defined in 1959 as exactly equal
 to 0.3048 meter, is shorter than the old survey foot by exactly 2 parts in
 one million. The survey foot is still used in data expressed in feet in
 geodetic surveys within the U.S. In this table the survey foot is
 italicized.

 When the name of a unit is enclosed in brackets thus, "1 hand", this
 indicates (1) that the unit is not in general current use in the United
 States, or (2) that the unit is believed to be based on "custom and usage"
 rather than on formal definition.

 Equivalents involving decimals are, in most instances, rounded off to the
 third decimal place except where they are exact, in which cases these exact
 equivalents are so designated.


                                   Lengths



╓┌─────────────────────────────────────┌─────────────────────────────────────╖
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 1 angstrom (A)                        *  0.1 nanometer (exactly)
                                       *  0.000 1 micrometer (exactly)
                                       *  0.000 000 1 millimeter (exactly)
                                       *  0.000 000 004 inch

 1 cable's length                      *  120 fathoms (exactly)
                                       *  720 feet (exactly)
                                       *  219 meters

 1 centimeter (cm)                     *  0.3937 inch

 1 chain (ch) (Gunter's or surveyors)  *  66 feet (exactly)
                                       *  20.1168 meters

 1 chain (engineers)                   *  100 feet
                                       *  30.48 meters (exactly)

 1 decimeter (dm)                      *  3.937 inches

 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 1 degree (geographical)               *  364,566.929 feet
                                       *  69.047 miles (avg.)
                                       *  111.123 kilometers (avg.)

 -of latitude                          *  68.708 miles at equator
                                       *  69.403 miles at poles

 -of longitude                         *  69.171 miles at equator

 1 dekameter (dam)                     *  32.808 feet

 1 fathom                              *  6 feet (exactly)
                                       *  1.8288 meters (exactly)

 1 foot (ft)                           *  0.3048 meters (exactly)

 1 furlong (fur)                       *  10 chains (surveyors) (exactly)
                                       *  660 feet (exactly)
                                       *  1/8 statute mile (exactly)
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
                                      *  1/8 statute mile (exactly)
                                       *  201.168 meters

 "1 hand" (height measure for horses   *  4 inches
 from ground to top of shoulders)

 1 inch (in)                           *  2.54 centimeters (exactly)

 1 kilometer (km)                      *  0.621 mile
                                       *  3,281.5 feet

 1 league (land)                       *  3 survey miles (exactly)
                                       *  4.828 kilometers

 1 link (Gunter's or surveyors)        *  7.92 inches (exactly)
                                       *  0.201 meter

 1 link engineers                      *  1 foot
                                       *  0.305 meter

 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 1 meter (m)                           *  39.37 inches
                                       *  1.094 yards

 1 micrometer (microm) "the Greek      *  0.001 millimeter (exactly)
 letter mu"                            *  0.000 039 37 inch

 1 mil                                 *  0.001 inch (exactly)
                                       *  0.025 4 millimeter (exactly)

 1 mile (mi) (statute or land)         *  5,280 feet (exactly)
                                       *  1.609 kilometers

 1 international nautical mile (nmi)   *  1.852 kilometers (exactly)
                                       *  1.150779 survey miles
                                       *  6,076.11549 feet

 1 millimeter (mm)                     *  0.039 37 inch

 1 nanometer (nm)                      *  0.001 micrometer (exactly)
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
1 nanometer (nm)                      *  0.001 micrometer (exactly)
                                       *  0.000 000 039 37 inch

 1 pica (typography)                   *  12 points

 1 point (typography)                  *  0.013 837 inch (exactly)
                                       *  0.351 millimeter

 1 rod (rd), pole, or perch            *  16 1/2 feet (exactly)
                                       *  5.029 meters

 1 yard (yd)                           *  0.9144 meter (exactly)







                              Areas or Surfaces



╓┌─────────────────────────────────────┌─────────────────────────────────────╖
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 1 acre                                *  43,560 square feet (exactly)
                                       *  4,840 square yards              *
                                       0.405 hectare

 1 are (a)                             *  119.599 square yards
                                       *  0.025 acre

 1 bolt (cloth measure):

 length                                100 yards (on modern looms)

 width                                 *  42 inches (usually, for cotton)
                                       *  60 inches (usually, for wool)


 1 hectare (ha)                        2.471 acres
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
1 hectare (ha)                        2.471 acres

 "1 square (building)"                 100 square feet

 1 square centimeter (cm2)             0.155 square inch

 1 square decimeter (dm2)              15.500 square inches

 1 square foot (ft2)                   929.030 square centimeters

 1 square inch (in2)                   6.4516 square centimeters (exactly)

 1 square kilometer (km2)              *  247.104 acres              *
                                       0.386 square mile

 1 square meter (m2)                   *  1.196 square yards              *
                                       10.764 square feet

 1 square mile (mi2)                   258.999 hectares

 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 1 square millimeter (mm2)             0.002 square inch

 1 square rod (rd2) sq. pole, or sq.   25.293 square meters
 perch

 1 square yard (yd2)                   0.836 square meter







                            Capacities or Volumes



╓┌─────────────────────────────────────┌─────────────────────────────────────╖
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 1 barrel (bbl) liquid                 31 to 42 gallons deg

 1 barrel (bbl), standard, for fruits,  *  7,056 cubic inches              *
 vegetables,and other dry commodities  105 dry quarts              *  3.281
 except dry cranberries                bushels, struck measure


 1 barrel (bbl), standard, cranberry   *  5,826 cubic inches              *
                                       86 45/64 dry quarts              *
                                       2.709 bushels, struck measure


 1 board foot (lumber measure)         a foot-square board 1 inch thick

 1 bushel (bu) (U.S.) (struck measure)  *  2,150.42 cubic inches (exactly)
                                       *  35.239 liters

 "1 bushel, heaped (U.S.)"             *  2,747.715 cubic inches
                                       *  1.278 bushels, struck measure deg

 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────


 "1 bushel (bu) (British Imperial)     *  1.032 U.S. bushels struck measure
 (struck measure)"                     *  2,219.36 cubic inches


 1 cord (cd) firewood                  128 cubic feet (exactly)

 1 cubic centimeter (cm3)              0.061 cubic inch

 1 cubic decimeter (dm3)               61.024 cubic inches

 1 cubic inch (in3)                    *  0.554 fluid ounce              *
                                       4.433 fluid drams              *
                                       16.387 cubic centimeters


 1 cubic foot (ft3)                    *  7.481 gallons              *
                                       28.317 cubic decimeters

 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────


 1 cubic meter (m3)                    1.308 cubic yards

 1 cubic yard (yd3)                    0.765 cubic meter

 1 cup, measuring                      *  8 fluid ounces (exactly)
                                       *  1/2 liquid pint (exactly)


 "1 dram, fluid (fl dr) (British)"     *  0.961 U.S. fluid dram
                                       *  0.217 cubic inch              *
                                       3.552 milliliters

 1 dekaliter (daL)                     *  2.642 gallons              *
                                       1.135 pecks

 1 gallon (gal) (U.S.)                 *  231 cubic inches (exactly)
                                       *  3.785 liters              *
                                       0.833 British gallon              *
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
                                      0.833 British gallon              *
                                       128 U.S. fluid ounces (exactly)


 "1 gallon (gal) British Imperial"     *  277.42 cubic inches
                                       *  1.201 U.S. gallons              *
                                       4.546 liters              *  160
                                       British fluid ounces (exactly)


 1 gill (gi)                           *  7.219 cubic inches              *
                                       4 fluid ounces (exactly)
                                       *  0.118 liter

 1 hectoliter (hL)                     *  26.418 gallons              *
                                       2.838 bushels

 1 liter (L) (1 cubic decimeter        *  1.057 liquid quarts
 exactly)                              *  0.908 dry quart              *
                                       61.025 cubic inches
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
                                      61.025 cubic inches

 1 milliliter (mL) (1 cu cm exactly)   *  0.271 fluid dram              *
                                       16.231 minims              *  0.061
                                       cubic inch

 1 ounce, liquid (U.S.)                *  1.805 cubic inches              *
                                       29.573 milliliters              *
                                       1.041 British fluid ounces


 "1 ounce, fluid (fl oz) (British)"    *  0.961 U.S. fluid ounce
                                       *  1.734 cubic inches              *
                                       28.412 milliliters

 1 peck (pk)                           8.810 liters

 1 pint (pt), dry                      *  33.600 cubic inches
                                       *  0.551 liter

 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 1 pint (pt), liquid                   *  28.875 cubic inches (exactly)
                                       *  0.473 liter

 1 quart (qt) dry (U.S.)               *  67.201 cubic inches
                                       *  1.101 liters              *
                                       0.969 British quart

 1 quart (qt) liquid (U.S.)            *  57.75 cubic in (exactly)
                                       *  0.946 liter              *  0.833
                                       British quart

 "1 quart (qt) (British)"              *  69.354 cubic inches
                                       *  1.032 U.S. dry quarts
                                       *  1.201 U.S. liquid quarts


 1 tablespoon                          *  3 teaspoons deg (exactly)
                                       *  4 fluid drams              *  1/2
                                       fluid ounce (exactly)
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
                                      fluid ounce (exactly)

 1 teaspoon                            *  1/3 tablespoon deg (exactly)
                                       *  11/3 fluid drams deg





  degThere are a variety of "barrels," established by law or usage. For
 example: federal taxes on fermented liquors are based on a barrel of 31
 gallons: many state laws fix the "barrel for liquids" as 31 1/2 gallons; one
 state fixes a 36-gallon barrel for cistern measurement; federal law
 recognizes a 40-gallon barrel for "proof spirits"; by custom, 42 gallons
 comprise a barrel of crude oil or petroleum products for statistical
 purposes, and this equivalent is recognized "for liquids" by 4 states.
  degFrequently recognized as 11/4 bushels, struck measure.
  degThe equivalent "1 teaspoon--11/3 fluid drams" has been found by the
 bureau to correspond more closely with the actual capacities of "measuring"
 and silver teaspoons than the equivalent "1 teaspoon--1 fluid dram" which is
 given by many dictionaries.




                              Weights or Masses



╓┌─────────────────────────────────────┌─────────────────────────────────────╖
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 1 assay ton deg deg (AT)              29.167 grams

 1 bale (cotton measure)               *  500 pounds (index/Pound
                                       (measure)/ in U.S.              *
                                       750 pounds in Egypt

 1 carat (c)                           *  200 milligrams (exactly)
                                       *  3.086 grains

 1 dram avoirdupois (dr avdp) gamma,   *  27 11/32 (=27.344) grains
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
1 dram avoirdupois (dr avdp) gamma,   *  27 11/32 (=27.344) grains
 see microgram                         *  1.772 grams

 1 grain                               64.799 milligrams

 1 gram                                *  15.432 grains              *
                                       0.035 ounce, avoirdupois


 1 hundredweight, gross or long deg    *  112 pounds (exactly)
 deg deg (gross cwt)                   *  50.802 kilograms

 1 hundredweight, net or short (cwt.   *  100 pounds (exactly)
 or net cwt.)                          *  45.359 kilograms

 1 kilogram (kg)                       2.205 pounds

 1 microgram (microg  "The Greek       0.000001 gram (exactly)
 letter mu in combination with the
 letter g")
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
letter g")

 1 milligram (mg)                      0.015 grain

 1 ounce, avoirdupois (oz avdp)        *  437.5 grains (exactly)
                                       *  0.911 troy ounce              *
                                       28.350 grams

 1 ounce, troy (oz t)                  *  480 grains (exactly)
                                       *  1.097 avoirdupois ounces
                                       *  31.103 grams

 1 pennyweight (dwt)                   1.555 grams

 1 pound, avoirdupois (lb avdp)        *  7,000 grains (exactly)
                                       *  1.215 troy pounds              *
                                       453.592 37 grams (exactly)


 1 pound, troy (lb t)                  *  5,760 grains (exactly)
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
1 pound, troy (lb t)                  *  5,760 grains (exactly)
                                       *  0.823 avoirdupois pound
                                       *  373.242 grams

 1 ton, gross or long deg deg deg      *  2,240 pounds (exactly)
 (gross ton)                           *  1.12 net tons (exactly)
                                       *  1.016 metric tons

 1 ton, metric (t)                     *  2,204.623 pounds              *
                                       0.984 gross ton              *
                                       1.102 net tons

 1 ton, net or short (sh ton)          *  2,000 pounds (exactly)
                                       *  0.893 gross ton              *
                                       0.907 metric ton




  deg degUsed in assaying. The assay ton bears the same relation to the
 milligram that a ton of 2,000 pounds avoirdupois bears to the ounce troy;
 hence the weight in milligrams of precious metal obtained from one assay ton
 of ore gives directly the number of troy ounces to the net ton.
  deg deg degThe gross or long ton and hundredweight are used commercially in
 the United States to only a limited extent, usually in restricted industrial
 fields. These units are the same as British "ton" and "hundredweight."



               Tables of Interrelation of Units of Measurement
              Bold face type indicates exact values


╓┌─────────────────────────┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────╖
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 1 international foot      = 0.999 998 survey foot (exactly)
 1 survey foot             = 1200/3937 meter (exactly)
 1 international foot      = 12 [times ] 0.0254 meter (exactly)



 Units of length and area of the international and survey measures are
 included in the following tables. Units unique to the survey measure are
 italicized. See p. 300, Tables of Equivalents, 1st para.



                               Units of Length


╓┌─────────┌───────┌──────────┌──────────┌──────────┌──────────┌──────────┌──
 Units     Inches  Links      Feet       Yards      Rods       Chains     Mile
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 1 inch=   1       0.126 263  0.083 333  0.027 778  0.005 051  0.001 263  0.00
 1 link=   7.92    1          0.66       0.22       0.04       0.01       0.00
 1 foot=   12      1.515 152  1          0.333 333  0.060 606  0.015 152  0.00
 1 yard=   36      4.545 45   3          1          0.181 818  0.045 455  0.00
 1 rod=    198     25         16.5       5.5        1          0.25       0.00
 1 chain=  792     100        66         22         4          1          0.01
 1 mile=   63 360  8000       5280       1760       320        80         1
 1 cm=     0.3937  0.049 710  0.032 808  0.010 936  0.001 988  0.000 497  0.00
 1 meter=  39.37   4.970 960  3.280 840  1.093 613  0.198 838  0.049 710  0.00
 Units     Inches  Links      Feet       Yards      Rods       Chains     Mile
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
1 meter=  39.37   4.970 960  3.280 840  1.093 613  0.198 838  0.049 710  0.00





                                Units of Area


╓┌─────────────┌──────────────┌─────────────┌───────────┌──────────────┌─────
 Units         Sq. inches     Sq. links     Sq. feet    Sq. yards      Sq. rod
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 1 sq. inch=   1              .015 942 3    0.006 944   0.000 771 605  0.000 0
 1 sq. link=   62.726 4       1             0.435 6     0.0484         0.0016
 1 sq. foot=   144            2.295 684     1           0.111 111 1    0.003 6
 1 sq. yard=   1296           20.661 16     9           1              0.033 0
 1 sq. rod=    39 204         625           272.25      30.25          1
 1 sq. chain=  627 264        10 000        4 356       484            16
 1 acre=       6 272 640      100 000       43 560      4 840          160
 Units         Sq. inches     Sq. links     Sq. feet    Sq. yards      Sq. rod
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
1 acre=       6 272 640      100 000       43 560      4 840          160
 1 sq. mile=   4 014 489 600  64 000 000    27 878 400  3 097 600      102 400
 1 sq. cm=     0.155 000 3    0.002 471 05  0.001 076   0.000 119 599  0.000 0
 1 sq. meter=  1550.003       24.710 44     10.763 91   1.195 990      0.039 5
 1 hectare=    15 500 031     247 104       107 639.1   11 959.90      395.367







╓┌─────────────┌──────────────────┌──────────────────────┌───────────────┌───
 Units         Acres              Sq. miles              Sq. cm          Sq. m
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 1 sq. inch=   0.000 000 159 423  0.000 000 000 249 10   6.451 6         0.000
 1 sq. link=   0.000 01           0.000 000 015 625      404.685 642 24  0.040
 1 sq. foot=   0.000 022 956 84   0.000 000 035 870 06   929.034 1       0.092
 1 sq. yard=   0.000 206 611 6    0.000 000 322 830 6    8 361.273 6     0.836
 Units         Acres              Sq. miles              Sq. cm          Sq. m
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
1 sq. yard=   0.000 206 611 6    0.000 000 322 830 6    8 361.273 6     0.836
 1 sq. rod=    0.006 25           0.000 009 765 625      252 929.5       25.29
 1 sq. chain=  0.1                0.000 156 25           4 046 873       404.6
 1 acre=       1                  0.001 562 5            40 468 73       4 046
 1 sq. mile=   640                1                      25 899 881 103  2 589
 1 sq. cm=     0.000 000 024 711  0.000 000 000 038 610  1               0.000
 1 sq. meter=  0.000 247 104 4    0.000 000 386 102 2    10 000          1
 1 hectare=    2.471 044          0.003 861 006          100 000 000     10 00





             Units of Mass Not Greater than Pounds and Kilograms


╓┌───────────────┌──────────┌──────────────┌──────────────┌──────────────────╖
 Units           Grains     Pennyweights   Avdp drams     Avdp ounces
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Units           Grains     Pennyweights   Avdp drams     Avdp ounces
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 1 grain=        1          0.041 666 67   0.036 571 43   0.002 285 71
 1 pennyweight=  24         1              0.877 714 3    0.054 857 14
 1 dram avdp=    27.343 75  1.139 323      1              0.062 5
 1 ounce avdp=   437.5      18.229 17      16             1
 1 ounce troy=   480        20             17.554 29      1.097 143
 1 pound troy=   5760       240            210.651 4      13.165 71
 1 pound avdp=   7000       291.666 7      256            16
 1 milligram=    0.015 432  0.000 643 015  0.000 564 383  0.000 035 274
 1 gram=         15.432 36  0.643 014 9    0.564 383 4    0.035 273 96
 1 kilogram=     15 432.36  643.014 9      564.383 4      35.273 96







╓┌─────────────┌──────────────┌──────────────┌──────────────┌───────────────┌
 Units         Troy ounces    Troy pounds    Avdp pounds    Milligrams      Gr
 Units         Troy ounces    Troy pounds    Avdp pounds    Milligrams      Gr
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 1 grain=      0.002 083 33   0.000 173 611  0.000 142 857  64.798 91       0.
 1 pennyw't.=  0.05           0.004 166 667  0.003 428 571  1555.173 84     1.
 1 dram avdp=  0.056 966 15   0.004 747 179  0.003 906 25   1771.845 195    1.
 1 oz avdp=    0.911 458 3    0.075 954 86   0.062 5        28 349.523 125  28
 1 oz troy=    1              0.083 333 333  0.068 571 43   31 103.476 8    31
 1 lb troy=    12             1              0.822 857 1    373 241.721 6   37
 1 lb avdp=    14.583 33      1.215 278      1              453 592.37      45
 1 milligram=  0.000 032 151  0.000 002 679  0.000 002 205  1               0.
 1 gram=       0.032 150 75   0.002 679 229  0.002 204 623  1000            1
 1 kilogram=   32.150 75      2.679 229      2.204 623      1 000 000       10








               Units of Mass Not Less than Avoirdupois Ounces


╓┌──────────────┌──────────┌──────────┌─────────────┌──────────────┌─────────
 Units          Avdp oz    Avdp lb    Short cwt     Short tons     Long tons
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 1 oz av=       1          0.0625     0.000 625     0.000 031 25   0.000 027 9
 1 lb av=       16         1          0.01          0.000 5        0.000 446 4
 1 sh cwt=      1 600      100        1             0.05           0.044 642 8
 1 sh ton=      32 000     2000       20            1              0.892 857 1
 1 long ton=    35 840     2240       22.4          1.12           1
 1 kg=          35.273 96  2.204 623  0.022 046 23  0.001 102 311  0.000 984 2
 1 metric ton=  35 273.96  2 204.623  22.046 23     1.102 311      0.984 206 5








                               Units of Volume


╓┌───────────────┌─────────────┌──────────────┌──────────────┌───────────────
 Units           Cubic inches  Cubic feet     Cubic yards    Cubic cm
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 1 cubic inch=   1             0.000 578 704  0.000 021 433  16.387 064
 1 cubic foot=   1728          1              0.037 037 04   28 316.846 592
 1 cubic yard=   46 656        27             1              764 554.857 984
 1 cubic cm=     0.061 023 74  0.000 035 315  0.000 001 308  1
 1 cubic dm=     61.023 74     0.035 314 67   0.001 307 951  1 000
 1 cubic meter=  61 023.74     35.314 67      1.307 951      1 000 000








                     Units of Capacity (Liquid Measure)


╓┌────────────────┌──────────┌─────────────┌─────────────┌──────────────┌────
 Units            Minims     Fluid drams   Fluid ounces  Gills          Liquid
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 1 minim=         1          0.016 666 7   0.002 083 33  0.000 520 833  0.000
 1 fluid dram=    60         1             0.125         0.031 25       0.007
 1 fluid ounce=   480        8             1             0.25           0.062
 1 gill=          1920       32            4             1              0.25
 1 liquid pint=   7680       128           16            4              1
 1 liquid quart=  15 360     256           32            8              2
 1 gallon=        61 440     1024          128           32             8
 1 cubic inch=    265.974    4.432 900     0.554 112 6   0.138 528 1    0.034
 1 cubic foot=    459 603.1  7 660.052     957.506 5     239.376 6      59.844
 1 milliliter=    16.230 73  0.270 512 18  0.033 814 02  0.008 453 506  .002 1
 1 liter=         16 230.73  270.512 18    33.814 02     8.453 506      2.113










╓┌──────────────┌─────────────────┌─────────────────┌──────────────┌─────────
 Units          Liquid quarts     Gallons           Cubic inches   Cubic feet
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 1 minim=       0.000 065 104 17  0.000 016 276 04  0.003 759 766  0.000 002 1
 1 flu. dram=   0.003 906 25      0.000 976 562 5   0.225 585 9    0.000 130 5
 1 fluid oz=    0.031 25          0.007 812 5       1.804 687 5    0.001 044 3
 1 gill=        0.125             0.031 25          7.218 75       0.004 177 5
 1 liquid pt=   0.5               0.125             28.875         0.016 710 0
 1 liquid qt=   1                 0.25              57.75          0.033 420 1
 1 gallon=      4                 1                 231            0.133 680 6
 1 cubic in.=   0.017 316 02      0.004 329 004     1              0.000 578 7
 1 cubic foot=  29.922 08         7.480 519         1728           1
 1 liter=       1.056 688         0.264 172 05      61.023 74      0.035 314 6





                       Units of Capacity (Dry Measure)






╓┌──────────────┌────────────┌────────────┌─────────────┌──────────────┌─────
 Units          Dry pints    Dry quarts   Pecks         Bushels        Cubic i
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 1 dry pint=    1            0.5          0.062 5       0.015 625      33.600
 1 dry quart=   2            1            0.125         0.031 25       67.200
 1 peck=        16           8            1             0.25           537.605
 1 bushel=      64           32           4             1              2150.42
 1 cubic inch=  0.029 761 6  0.014 880 8  0.001 860 10  0.000 465 025  1
 1 liter=       1.816 166    0.908 083    0.113 510 37  0.028 377 59   61.023






                           Miscellaneous Measures

 Caliber--the diameter of a gun bore. In the U.S., caliber is traditionally
 expressed in hundredths of inches, eg. .22 or .30. In Britain, caliber is
 often expressed in thousandths of inches, eg. .270 or .465. Now, it is
 commonly expressed in millimeters, eg. the 7.62 mm. M14 rifle and the 5.56
 mm. M16 rifle. Heavier weapons' caliber has long been expressed in
 millimeters, eg. the 81 mm. mortar, the 105 mm. howitzer (light), the 155
 mm. howitzer (medium or heavy).

 Naval guns' caliber refers to the barrel length as a multiple of the bore
 diameter. A 5-inch, 50-caliber naval gun has a 5-inch bore and a barrel
 length of 250 inches.

 Carat, karat-- a measure of the amount of alloy per 24 parts in gold. Thus
 24-carat gold is pure; 18-carat gold is one-fourth alloy.

 Decibel (dB)-- a measure of the relative loudness or intensity of sound. A
 20-decibel sound is 10 times louder than a 10-decibel sound; 30 decibels is
 100 times louder; 40 decibels is 1,000 times louder, etc. One decibel is the
 smallest difference between sounds detectable by the human ear. A
 120-decibel sound is painful.



╓┌─────────────────────┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────╖
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 10 decibels           -a light whisper
 20                    -quiet conversation
 30                    -normal conversation
 40                    -light traffic
 50                    -typewriter, loud conversation
 60                    -noisy office
 70                    -normal traffic, quiet train
 80                    -rock music, subway
 90                    -heavy traffic, thunder
 100                   -jet plane at takeoff





 Em--a printer's measure designating the square width of any given type size.
 Thus, an em of 10-point type is 10 points. An en is half an em.

 Gauge--a measure of shotgun bore diameter. Gauge numbers originally referred
 to the number of lead balls of the gun barrel diameter in a pound. Thus, a
 16 gauge shotgun's bore was smaller than a 12-gauge shotgun's. Today, an
 international agreement assigns millimeter measures to each gauge, eg:



╓┌─────────────────────┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────╖
 Gauge                 Bore diameter in mm
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 6                     23.34
 10                    19.67
 12                    18.52
 14                    17.60
 16                    16.81
 20                    15.90
 Gauge                 Bore diameter in mm
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
20                    15.90





 Horsepower--the power needed to lift 550 pounds one foot in one second, or
 to lift 33,000 pounds one foot in one minute. Equivalent to 746 watts or
 2,546.0756 Btu/h.

 Quire--25 sheets of paper

 Ream--500 sheets of paper


                              Electrical Units

 The watt is the unit of power (electrical, mechanical, thermal, etc.).
 Electrical power is given by the product of the voltage and the current.

 Energy is sold by the joule, but in common practice the billing of
 electrical energy is expressed in terms of the kilowatt-hour, which is
 3,600,000 joules or 3.6 megajoules.

 The horsepower is a non-metric unit sometimes used in mechanics. It is equal
 to 746 watts.

 The ohm is the unit of electrical resistance and represents the physical
 property of a conductor that  offers a resistance to the flow of
 electricity, permitting just 1 ampere to flow at 1 volt of pressure.

                              Compound Interest
                            Compounded Annually


╓┌──────────┌─────────┌───────┌───────┌───────┌───────┌───────┌───────┌──────
 Principal  Period    4%      5%      6%      7%      8%      9%      10%
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 $100       1 day     0.011   0.014   0.016   0.019   0.022   0.025   0.027
            1 week    0.077   0.096   0.115   0.134   0.153   0.173   0.192
 Principal  Period    4%      5%      6%      7%      8%      9%      10%
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
           1 week    0.077   0.096   0.115   0.134   0.153   0.173   0.192
            6 mos.    2.00    2.50    3.00    3.50    4.00    4.50    5.00
            1 year    4.00    5.00    6.00    7.00    8.00    9.00    10.00
            2 years   8.16    10.25   12.36   14.49   16.64   18.81   21.00
            3 years   12.49   15.76   19.10   22.50   25.97   29.50   33.10
            4 years   16.99   21.55   26.25   31.08   36.05   41.16   46.41
            5 years   21.67   27.63   33.82   40.26   46.93   53.86   61.05
            6 years   26.53   34.01   41.85   50.07   58.69   67.71   77.16
            7 years   31.59   40.71   50.36   60.58   71.38   82.80   94.87
            8 years   36.86   47.75   59.38   71.82   85.09   99.26   114.36
            9 years   42.33   55.13   68.95   83.85   99.90   117.19  135.79
            10 years  48.02   62.89   79.08   96.72   115.89  136.74  159.37
            12 years  60.10   79.59   101.22  125.22  151.82  181.27  213.84
            15 years  80.09   107.89  139.66  175.90  217.22  264.25  317.72
            20 years  119.11  165.33  220.71  286.97  366.10  460.44  572.75





                              Ancient Measures


╓┌──────────────────┌──┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────╖
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Biblical
 Cubit              =  21.8 inches
 Omer               =  0.45 peck
                       3.964 liters
 Ephah              =  10 omers
 Shekel             =  0.497 ounce
                       14.1 grams
 Greek
 Cubit              =  18.3 inches
 Stadion            =  607.2 or 622 feet
 Obolos             =  715.38 milligrams
 Drachma            =  4.2923 grams
 Mina               =  0.9463 pounds
 Talent             =  60 mina
 Roman
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Roman
 Cubit              =  17.5 inches
 Stadium            =  202 yards
 As, libra, pondus  =  325.971 grams, .71864 pounds





                               Weight of Water


╓┌───────┌─────────────────┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────╖
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────
 1       cubic inch        .0360 pound
 12      cubic inches      .433 pound
 1       cubic foot        62.4 pounds
 1       cubic foot        7.48052 U.S. gal
 1.8     cubic feet        112.0 pounds
 35.96   cubic feet        2240.0 pounds
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────
35.96   cubic feet        2240.0 pounds
 1       imperial gallon   10.0 pounds
 11.2    imperial gallons  112.0 pounds
 224     imperial gallons  2240.0 pounds
 1       U.S. gallon       8.33 pounds
 13.45   U.S. gallons      112.0 pounds
 269.0   U.S. gallons      2240.0 pounds





                         Density of Gases and Vapors
                        National Bureau of Standards
                           at 0 degC and 760 mmHg
                         (kilograms per cubic meter)


╓┌────────────────────────────────────┌──────────────────────────────────────╖
 Gas                                  Wgt.
 Gas                                  Wgt.
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Acetylene                            1.171
 Air                                  1.293
 Ammonia                              .759
 Argon                                1.784
 Arsene                               3.48
 Butane-iso                           2.60
 Butane-n                             2.519
 Carbon dioxide                       1.977
 Carbon monoxide                      1.250
 Carbon oxysulfide                    2.72
 Chlorine                             3.214
 Chlorine monoxide                    3.89
 Ethane                               1.356
 Ethylene                             1.260
 Fluorine                             1.696
 Helium                               .178
 Hydrogen                             .090
 Hydrogen bromide                     3.50
 Hydrogen chloride                    1.639
 Gas                                  Wgt.
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Hydrogen chloride                    1.639
 Hydrogen iodide                      5.724
 Hydrogen selenide                    3.66
 Hydrogen sulfide                     1.539
 Krypton                              3.745
 Methane                              .717
 Methyl chloride                      2.25
 Methyl ether                         2.091
 Methyl fluoride                      1.545
 Mono methylamine                     1.38
 Neon                                 .900
 Nitric oxide                         1.341
 Nitrogen                             1.250
 Nitrosyl chloride                    2.99
 Nitrous oxide                        1.997
 Oxygen                               1.429
 Phosphine                            1.48
 Propane                              2.020
 Silicon tetrafluoride                4.67
 Gas                                  Wgt.
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Silicon tetrafluoride                4.67
 Sulfur dioxide                       2.927
 Xenon                                5.897





                        Temperature Conversion Table


╓┌────────┌───────┌──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╖
 Celsius          Fahrenheit
 ─────────────────────────────
 -273.2   -459.7  . . .
 -184     -300    . . .
 -169     -273    -459.4
 -157     -250    -418
 -129     -200    -328
 Celsius          Fahrenheit
 ─────────────────────────────
-129     -200    -328
 -101     -150    -238
 -73.3    -100    -148
 -45.6    -50     -58
 -40.0    -40     -40
 -34.4    -30     -22
 -28.9    -20     -4
 -23.3    -10     14
 -17.8    0       32
 -12.2    10      50
 -6.67    20      68
 -1.11    30      86
 4.44     40      104
 10.0     50      122
 15.6     60      140
 21.1     70      158
 23.9     75      167
 26.7     80      176
 29.4     85      185
 Celsius          Fahrenheit
 ─────────────────────────────
29.4     85      185
 32.2     90      194
 35.0     95      203
 36.7     98      208.4
 37.8     100     212
 43       110     230
 49       120     248
 54       130     266
 60       140     284
 66       150     302
 93       200     392
 121      250     482
 149      300     572



 The numbers in bold face type refer to the temperature either in degrees
 Celsius or Fahrenheit which are to be converted. If converting from degrees
 Fahrenheit to Celsius, the equivalent will be found in the column on the
 left, while if converting from degrees Celsius to Fahrenheit the answer will
 be found in the column on the right.
 For temperatures not shown. To convert Fahrenheit to Celsius subtract 32
 degrees and multiply by 5, divide by 9; to convert Celsius to Fahrenheit,
 multiply by 9, divide by 5 and add 32 degrees.




                    Boiling and Freezing Points of Water

 Water boils at 212 degF at sea level. For every 550 feet above sea level,
 boiling point of water is lower by about 1 degF. Methyl alcohol boils at 148
 degF. Average human oral temperature, 98.6 degF. Water freezes at 32 degF.
 Although "Centigrade" is still frequently used, the International Committee
 on Weights and Measures and the National Bureau of Standards have
 recommended since 1948 that this scale be called "Celsius."


                 Breaking the Sound Barrier; Speed of Sound

 The prefix Mach is used to describe supersonic speed. It derives from Ernst
 Mach, a Czech-born German physicist, who contributed to the study of sound.
 When a plane moves at the speed of sound it is Mach 1. When twice the speed
 of sound it is Mach 2. When it is near but below the speed of sound its
 speed can be designated at less than Mach 1, for example, Mach .90. Mach is
 defined as "in jet propulsion, the ratio of the velocity of a rocket or a
 jet to the velocity of sound in the medium being considered."

 When a plane passes the sound barrier--flying faster than sound
 travels--listeners in the area hear thunderclaps, but pilots do not hear
 them.

 Sound is produced by vibrations of an object and is transmitted by alternate
 increase   and decrease in pressures that radiate outward through a material
 media of molecules --somewhat like waves spreading out on a pond after a
 rock has been tossed into it.

 The frequency of sound is determined by the number of times the vibrating
 waves undulate per second, and is measured in cycles per second. The slower
 the cycle of waves, the lower the frequency. As frequencies increase, the
 sound is higher in pitch.

 Sound is audible to human beings only if the frequency falls within a
 certain range. The human ear is usually not sensitive to frequencies of less
 than 20 vibrations per second, or more than about 20,000 vibrations per
 second--although this range varies among individuals. Anything at a pitch
 higher than the human ear can hear is termed ultrasonic.

 Intensity or loudness is the strength of the pressure of these radiating
 waves, and is measured in decibels. The human ear responds to intensity in a
 range from zero to 120 decibels. Any sound with pressure over 120 decibels
 is painful.

 The speed of sound is generally placed at 1,088 feet per second at sea level
 at 32 degF. It varies in other temperatures and in different media. Sound
 travels faster in water than in air, and even faster in iron and steel. If
 in air it travels a mile in 5 seconds, it does a mile under water in 1
 second, and through iron in 1/3 of a second. It travels through ice cold
 vapor at approximately 4,708 feet per second, ice-cold water, 4,938;
 granite, 12,960; hardwood, 12,620; brick, 11,960; glass, 16,410 to 19,690;
 silver, 8,658; gold, 5,717.


                           Colors of the Spectrum

 Color, an electromagnetic wave phenomenon, is a sensation produced through
 the excitation of the retina of the eye by rays of light. The colors of the
 spectrum may be produced by viewing a light beam refracted by passage
 through a prism, which breaks the light into its wave lenghts.

 Customarily, the primary colors of the spectrum are thought of as those 6
 monochromatic colors that occupy relatively large areas of the spectrum:
 red, orange, yellow, green, blue, and violet. However, Sir Isaac Newton
 named a 7th, indigo, situated between blue and violet on the spectrum.
 Aubert estimated (1865) the solar spectrum to contain approximately 1,000
 distinguishable hues of which according to Rood (1881) 2 million tints and
 shades can be distinguished; Luckiesh stated (1915) that 55 distinctly
 different hues have been seen in a single spectrum.

 Many physicists recognize only 3 primary colors: red, yellow, and blue
 (Mayer, 1775); red, green, and violet (Thomas Young, 1801); red, green, and
 blue (Clerk Maxwell, 1860).

 The color sensation of black is due to complete lack of stimulation of the
 retina, that of white to complete stimulation. The infra-red and
 ultra-violet  rays, below the red (long) end of the spectrum and above the
 violet  (short) end respectively, are invisible to the naked eye. Heat is
 the principal effect of the infra-red rays and chemical action that of the
 ultra-violet rays.

                    Common Fractions Reduced to Decimals


╓┌─────┌──────┌─────┌──────┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────╖
 8ths  16ths  32ds  64ths
 ────────────────────────────────────
                    1      .015625
              1     2      .03125
                    3      .046875
       1      2     4      .0625
                    5      .078125
              3     6      .09375
                    7      .109375
 1     2      4     8      .125
 8ths  16ths  32ds  64ths
 ────────────────────────────────────
1     2      4     8      .125
                    9      .140625
              5     10     .15625
                    11     .171875
       3      6     12     .1875
                    13     .203125
              7     14     .21875
                    15     .234375
 2     4      8     16     .25
                    17     .265625
              9     18     .28125
                    19     .296875
       5      10    20     .3125
                    21     .328125
              11    22     .34375
                    23     .359375
 3     6      12    24     .375
                    25     .390625
              13    26     .40625
 8ths  16ths  32ds  64ths
 ────────────────────────────────────
             13    26     .40625
                    27     .421875
       7      14    28     .4375
                    29     .453125
              15    30     .46875
                    31     .484375
 4     8      16    32     .5
                    33     .515625
              17    34     .53125
                    35     .546875
       9      18    36     .5625
                    37     .578125
              19    38     .59375
                    39     .609375
 5     10     20    40     .625
                    41     .640625
              21    42     .65625
                    43     .671875
       11     22    44     .6875
 8ths  16ths  32ds  64ths
 ────────────────────────────────────
      11     22    44     .6875
                    45     .703125
              23    46     .71875
                    47     .734375
 6     12     24    48     .75
                    49     .765625
              25    50     .78125
                    51     .796875
       13     26    52     .8125
                    53     .828125
              27    54     .84375
                    55     .859375
 7     14     28    56     .875
                    57     .890625
              29    58     .90625
                    59     .921875
       15     30    60     .9375
                    61     .953125
              31    62     .96875
 8ths  16ths  32ds  64ths
 ────────────────────────────────────
             31    62     .96875
                    63     .984375
 8     16     32    64     1.





                              Spirits Measures


╓┌─────────────────────────────────┌─────────────────────────────────────────╖
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Pony                              0.5 jigger

 Shot                              *  0.666 jigger              *  1.0
                                   ounce

 Jigger                            1.5 shot
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Jigger                            1.5 shot

 Pint                              *  16 shots              *  0.625 fifth


 Fifth                             *  25.6 shots              *  1.6 pints
                                   *  0.8 quart              *  0.75706
                                   liter

 Quart                             *  32 shots              *  1.25 fifth


 Magnum                            *  2 quarts              *  2.49797
                                   bottles (wine)

 For champagne and brandy only:    For champagne and brandy only:

 Jeroboam                          *  6.4 pints              *  1.6 magnum
                                   *  0.8 gallon

 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 For champagne only:               For champagne only:

 Rehoboam                          3 magnums

 Methuselah                        4 magnums

 Salmanazar                        6 magnums

 Balthazar                         8 magnums

 Nebuchadnezzar                    10 magnums

 Wine bottle (standard):           Wine bottle (standard):

                                   *  0.800633 quart              *
                                   0.7576778 liter







                           Mathematical Formulas


                      To find the CIRCUMFERENCE of a:

 Circle -- Multiply the diameter by 3.14159265 (usually 3.1416).


                           To find the AREA of a:

 Circle -- Multiply the square of the diameter by .785398 (usually .7854).

 Rectangle -- Multiply the length of the base by the height.

 Sphere (surface) -- Multiply the square of the radius by 3.1416 and multiply
 by 4.

 Square -- Square the length of one side.

 Trapezoid -- Add the two parallel sides, multiply by the height and divide
 by 2.

 Triangle -- Multiply the base by the height and divide by 2.


                          To find the VOLUME of a:

 Cone -- Multiply the square of the radius of the base by 3.1416, multiply by
 the height, and divide by 3.

 Cube -- Cube the length of one edge.

 Cylinder -- Multiply the square of the radius of the base by 3.1416 and
 multiply by the height.

 Pyramid -- Multiply the area of the base by the height and divide by 3.

 Rectangular Prism -- Multiply the length by the width by the height.

 Sphere -- Multiply the cube of the radius by 3.1416, multiply by 4 and
 divide by 3.


                       Playing Cards and Dice Chances


                                 Poker Hands



╓┌─────────────────────┌────────────────┌────────────────────────────────────╖
 Hand                  Number possible  Odds against
 ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Royal flush           4                649,739 to 1
 Other straight flush  36               72,192 to 1
 Four of a kind        624              4,164 to 1
 Full house            3,744            693 to 1
 Flush                 5,108            508 to 1
 Straight              10,200           254 to 1
 Hand                  Number possible  Odds against
 ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Straight              10,200           254 to 1
 Three of a kind       54,912           46 to 1
 Two pairs             123,552          20 to 1
 One pair              1,098,240        4 to 3 (1.37 to 1)
 Nothing               1,302,540        1 to 1
 Total                 2,598,960






                                    Dice

                          (probabilities on 2 dice)



╓┌───────────────────┌───────────────────────────────────────────────────────╖
 Total               Odds against (Single toss)
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 2                   35 to 1
 3                   17 to 1
 4                   11 to 1
 5                   8 to 1
 6                   31 to 5
 7                   5 to 1
 8                   31 to 5
 9                   8 to 1
 10                  11 to 1
 11                  17 to 1
 12                  35 to 1






                                    Dice

                (Probabilities of consecutive winning plays)



╓┌───────────────────────────────┌───────────────────────────────────────────╖
 No. consecutive wins            By 7, 11, or point
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 1                               244 in 495
 2                               6 in 25
 3                               3 in 25
 4                               1 in 17
 5                               1 in 34
 6                               1 in 70
 7                               1 in 141
 8                               1 in 287
 9                               1 in 582






                              Pinochle Auction

                (Odds against finding in "widow" of 3 cards)



╓┌───────────────────────────┌───────────────────────────────────────────────╖
 Open places                 Odds against
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 1                           5 to 1
 2                           2 to 1
 3                           Even
 4                           3 to 2 for
 5                           2 to 1 for






                                   Bridge


 The odds--against suit distribution in a hand of 4-4-3-2
 are about 4 to 1, against 5-4-2-2 about 8 to 1, against 6-4-2-1 about
 20 to 1, against 7-4-1-1 about 254 to 1, against 8-4-1-0 about 2,211 to
 1, and against 13-0-0-0 about 158,753,389,899 to 1.

                       Measures of Force and Pressure

 Dyne = force necessary to accelerate a 1-gram mass 1 centimeter per second
 squared = 0.000072 poundal

 Poundal = force necessary to accelerate a 1-pound mass 1 foot per second
 squared = 13,825.5 dynes = 0.138255 newtons

 Newton = force needed to accelerate a 1-kilogram mass 1 meter per second
 squared

 Pascal (pressure) = 1 newton per square meter = 0.020885 pound per square
 foot

 Atmosphere (air pressure at sea level) = 2,116.102 pounds per square foot =
 14.6952 pounds per square inch = 1.0332 kilograms per square centimeter =
 101,323 newtons per square meter.

                               Large Numbers


╓┌────────────┌──────────────────┌───────────────────────────────────────────╖
 U.S.         Number of  zeros   French, British, German
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 million      6                  million
 billion      9                  milliard
 trillion     12                 billion
 quadrillion  15                 1,000 billion
 quintillion  18                 trillion
 sextillion   21                 1,000 trillion
 septillion   24                 quadrillion
 octillion    27                 1,000 quadrillion
 nonillion    30                 quintillion
 decillion    33                 1,000 quintillion
 U.S.         Number of  zeros   French, British, German
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
decillion    33                 1,000 quintillion





                               Roman Numerals


╓┌─────┌──┌──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╖
 ────────────────────
 I     -  1
 II    -  2
 III   -  3
 IV    -  4
 V     -  5
 VI    -  6
 VII   -  7
 VIII  -  8
 ────────────────────
VIII  -  8
 IX    -  9
 X     -  10
 XI    -  11
 XIX   -  19
 XX    -  20
 XXX   -  30
 XL    -  40
 L     -  50
 LX    -  60
 XC    -  90
 C     -  100
 CC    -  200
 CD    -  400
 D     -  500
 CM    -  900
 M     -  1,000
 V     -  5,000
 X     -  10,000
 L     -  50,000
 ────────────────────
L     -  50,000
 C     -  100,000
 D     -  500,000
 M     -  1,000,000






                               ARTS AND MEDIA

            Notable Movies of the Year (Aug. 1989 to July 1990)


╓┌────────────────────────┌────────────────────────┌─────────────────────────╖
 Movie                    Stars                    Director
 ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Always                   Richard Dreyfuss, Holly  Steven Spielberg
                          Hunter, John Goodman
 Movie                    Stars                    Director
 ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
                         Hunter, John Goodman

 Another 48 Hours         Nick Nolte, Eddie        Walter Hill
                          Murphy

 Arachnophobia            Jeff Daniels, John       Frank Marshall
                          Goodman

 Back to the Future, II   Michael J. Fox,          Robert Zemeckis
                          Christopher Lloyd, Lea
                          Thompson

 Back to the Future, III  Michael J. Fox,          Robert Zemeckis
                          Christopher Lloyd, Mary
                          Steenburgen

 Bird on a Wire           Mel Gibson, Goldie Hawn  John Badham

 Black Rain               Michael Douglas, Andy    Ridley Scott
 Movie                    Stars                    Director
 ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Black Rain               Michael Douglas, Andy    Ridley Scott
                          Garcia

 Blaze                    Paul Newman, Lolita      Ron Shelton
                          Davidovich

 Blue Steel               Jamie Lee Curtis, Ron    Kathryn Bigelow
                          Silver

 Born on the Fourth of    Tom Cruise               Oliver Stone
 July

 Cadillac Man             Robin Williams, Tim      Roger Donaldson
                          Robbins

 Casualties of War        Michael J. Fox, Sean     Brian DePalma
                          Penn

 Crimes and Misdemeanors  Woody Allen, Martin      Woody Allen
 Movie                    Stars                    Director
 ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Crimes and Misdemeanors  Woody Allen, Martin      Woody Allen
                          Landau, Alan Alda, Mia
                          Farrow

 Dad                      Jack Lemmon, Ted Danson,  Gary David Goldberg
                          Kathy Baker, Olympia
                          Dukakis

 Days of Thunder          Tom Cruise, Robert       Tony Scott
                          Duvall, Randy Quaid,
                          Nicole Kidman

 Dick Tracy               Warren Beatty, Madonna,  Warren Beatty
                          Glenne Headly, Al
                          Pacino

 Die Hard 2               Bruce Willis, Bonnie     Renny Harlin
                          Bedelia

 Movie                    Stars                    Director
 ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 Driving Miss Daisy       Jessica Tandy, Morgan    Bruce Beresford
                          Freeman, Dan Aykroyd

 Drugstore Cowboy         Matt Dillon, Kelly       Gus Van Sant
                          Lynch

 Enemies, A Love Story    Ron Silver, Anjelica     Paul Mazursky
                          Huston, Lena Olin

 Family Business          Sean Connery, Dustin     Sidney Lumet
                          Hoffman, Matthew
                          Broderick

 Glory                    Matthew Broderick,       Edward Zwick
                          Denzel Washington,
                          Morgan Freeman

 Harlem Nights            Eddie Murphy, Richard    Eddie Murphy
 Movie                    Stars                    Director
 ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Harlem Nights            Eddie Murphy, Richard    Eddie Murphy
                          Pryor, Redd Foxx, Danny
                          Aiello

 In Country               Bruce Willis, Emily      Norman Jewison
                          Lloyd, Joan Allen

 Joe Versus the Volcano   Tom Hanks, Meg Ryan      John Patrick Shanley

 Mo' Better Blues         Denzel Washington,       Spike Lee
                          Spike Lee

 Parenthood               Steve Martin, Mary       Ron Howard
                          Steenburgen, Rick
                          Moranis, Tom Hulce

 Presumed Innocent        Harrison Ford, Brian     Alan J. Pakula
                          Dennehy, Bonnie Bedelia

 Movie                    Stars                    Director
 ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 Pretty Woman             Richard Gere, Julia      Garry Marshall
                          Roberts

 Quick Change             Bill Murray, Geena       H. Franklin, B. Murray
                          Davis, Randy Quaid

 Revenge                  Kevin Costner, Anthony   Tony Scott
                          Quinn

 Sea of Love              Al Pacino, Ellen Barkin,  Harold Becker
                          John Goodman

 She-Devil                Meryl Streep, Roseanne   Susan Seidelman
                          Barr, Ed Begley Jr.

 Steel Magnolias          Sally Field, Dolly       Herbert Ross
                          Parton, Daryl Hannah,
                          Shirley MacLaine
 Movie                    Stars                    Director
 ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
                         Shirley MacLaine

 Tango and Cash           Sylvester Stallone,      Andrei Konchalovsky
                          Kurt Russell

 The Fabulous Baker Boys  Michelle Pfeiffer, Jeff  Steve Kloves
                          Bridges, Beau Bridges

 The Freshman             Marlon Brando, Matthew   Andrew Bergman
                          Broderick

 The Handmaid's Tale      Natasha Richardson,      Volker Schlondorff
                          Elizabeth McGovern,
                          Robert Duvall

 The Hunt for Red         Sean Connery, Alec       John McTieman
 October                  Baldwin, Scott Glenn,
                          James Earl Jones

 Movie                    Stars                    Director
 ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 The War of The Roses     Michael Douglas,         Danny DeVito
                          Kathleen Turner, Danny
                          DeVito

 Total Recall             Arnold Schwarzenegger,   Paul Verhoeven
                          Ronny Cox

 Uncle Buck               John Candy               John Hughes

 We're No Angels          Robert DeNiro, Sean      Neil Jordan
                          Penn







             Notable New York Theater Openings, 1989-90 Season

 A Few Good Men, play by Aaron Sorkin; with Tom Hulce, Stephen Lang, Megan
 Gallagher, and Mark Nelson.

 Accomplice, play by Rupert Holmes; with Jason Alexander, Michael McKean,
 Natalia Nogulich, and Pamela Brull.

 Artist Descending a Staircase, play by Tom Stoppard; with Paxton Whitehead,
 John McMartin, Harold Gould, and Stephanie Roth.

 Aspects of Love, musical by Andrew Lloyd Webber, Don Black, and Charles
 Hart; with Michael Ball, Kevin Colson, Ann Crumb, and Kathleen Rowe McAllen.


 Bad Habits, revival of Terrence McNally's 1974 comedy; with Kate Nelligan
 and Nathan Lane.

 Cat On a Hot Tin Roof, revival of Tennessee Williams' 1955 drama; with
 Kathleen Turner, Charles Durning, Daniel Hugh Kelly, and Polly Holliday.

 City of Angels, musical by Cy Coleman, David Zippel, and Larry Gelbart; with
 James Naughton, Gregg Edelman, Randy Graff, and Rene Auberjonois.

 Grand Hotel, musical by Robert Wright, George Forrest, and Maury Yeston
 based on  the Vicki Baum novel; directed and choreographed by Tommy Tune;
 with Liliane Montevecchi, David Carroll, Jane Krakowski, and Michael Jeter.

 Gypsy, revival of the Jule Styne, Stephen Sondheim 1959 musical; with Tyne
 Daly, Crista Moore, Tracy Venner, and Jonathan Hadary.

 Lettuce and Lovage, comedy by Peter Shaffer; with Maggie Smith and Margaret
 Tyzack.

 Meet Me in St. Louis, musical based on the Hugh Martin, Ralph Blane 1943
 film musical; with Milo O'Shea, Donna Kane, Betty Garrett and George Hearn.

 Miss Margarida's Way, revival of Roberto Athayde's 1978 drama; with Estelle
 Parsons.

 My Children! My Africa! play by Athol Fugard; with Courtney B. Vance, John
 Kani, and Lisa Fugard.

 Prelude to A Kiss, play by Craig Lucas; with Timothy Hutton, Mary-Louise
 Parker, and Barnard Hughes.

 Sex, Drugs, Rock & Roll, social sketches by Eric Bogosian; with Eric
 Bogosian.

 Six Degrees of Separation, play by John Guare; with Stockard Channing, James
 McDaniel, and John Cunningham.

 Some Americans Abroad, comedy by Richard Nelson; with Nathan Lane, Kate
 Burton, Colin Stinton, John Bedford Lloyd.

 The Art of Success, play by Nick Dear; with Tim Curry, Suzanne Bertish, and
 Mary-Louise Parker.

 The Circle, revival of W. Somerset Maugham's 1921 comedy; with Rex Harrison,
 Stewart Granger, and Glynis Johns.

 The Crucible, revival of Arthur Miller's 1953 drama; with Harriet Harris,
 Randle Mell, and Justine Bateman.

 The Grapes of Wrath,Frank Galati's adaption of the John Steinbeck novel;
 with Gary Sinise, Lois Smith, and Terry Kinney.

 The Merchant of Venice, the Shakespeare play directed by Peter Hall; with
 Dustin Hoffman, Geraldine James, Michael Siberry, and Leigh Lawson.

 The Piano Lesson, play by August Wilson; with Charles S. Dutton, S. Epatha
 Merkerson, Carl Gordon, Lou Myers, and Rocky Carroll.

 The Sound of Music, revival of the Rodgers and Hammerstein 1959 musical;
 with Debby Boone, Laurence Guittard, and Werner Klemperer.

 The 10th Man, revival of Paddy Chayefsky's 1959 play; with Bob Dishy, Jack
 Weston, Phoebe Cates, Peter Friedman, and Joseph Wiseman.

 Threepenny Opera, revival of the Kurt Weill, Bertold Brecht 1928 classic;
 with Sting, Suzzanne Douglas, and Georgia Brown.

 Tru, play by Jay Presson Allan based on the work of Truman Capote; with
 Robert Morse.

 When She Danced, play by Martin Sherman about the final years of Isadora
 Duncan; with Elizabeth Ashley.

                           National Film Registry


╓┌─────────────────────────────────────────────┌─────┌───────────────────────
 Film                                          Year  Director
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 The Best Years of Our Lives                   1946  William Wyler

 Casablanca                                    1942  Michael Curtiz


 Citizen Kane                                  1941  Orson Welles

 The Crowd                                     1928  King Vidor

 Dr. Strangelove (or, How I Learned to Stop    1964  Stanley Kubrick
 Worrying and Love the Bomb)
 Film                                          Year  Director
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Worrying and Love the Bomb)

 The General                                   1927  Buster Keaton

 Gone With the Wind                            1939  Victor Fleming


 The Grapes of Wrath                           1940  John Ford

 High Noon                                     1952  Fred Zinnemann

 Intolerance                                   1916  D.W. Griffith

 The Learning Tree                             1969  Gordon Parks

 The Maltese Falcon                            1941  John Huston


 Mr. Smith Goes to Washington                  1939  Frank Capra
 Film                                          Year  Director
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Mr. Smith Goes to Washington                  1939  Frank Capra

 Modern Times                                  1936  Charlie Chaplin

 Nanook of the North                           1921  Robert Flaherty

 On the Waterfront                             1954  Elia Kazan


 The Searchers                                 1956  John Ford


 Singin' in the Rain                           1952  Gene Kelly/Stanley Donen


 Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs               1937  Walt Disney

 Some Like It Hot                              1959  Billy Wilder

 Film                                          Year  Director
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 Star Wars                                     1977  George Lucas

 Sunrise                                       1927  F.W. Murnau

 Sunset Boulevard                              1950  Billy Wilder


 Vertigo                                       1958  Alfred Hitchcock

 The Wizard of Oz                              1939  Victor Fleming





 In accordance with the National Film Preservation Act passed by Congress in
 1988, these 25 films were placed on the National Film Registry in September
 1989 as "culturally, historically, or esthetically significant." Another 25
 will be chosen in 1990, and 25 more in 1991.



                          Top Video Rentals, 1989
                      Variety, January 1990


╓┌─────┌──────────────────────────────────┌──────────────────────────┌───────
 Rank  Title                              Release date (1st Monday)  '89 natio
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 1     A Fish Called Wanda                Feb. 27                    60.0
 2     Die Hard                           Jan. 30                    79.6
 3     Rain Man                           Sept. 4                    168.8
 4     Coming To America                  Mar. 22                    128.1
 5     Big                                Mar. 27                    113.3
 6     Twins                              June 19                    106.4
 7     The Accused                        Mar. 15                    29.6
 8     Beaches                            Aug. 28                    55.2
 9     Tequila Sunrise                    Aug. 7                     39.7
 10    Cocktail                           Apr. 24                    77.1
 Rank  Title                              Release date (1st Monday)  '89 natio
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
10    Cocktail                           Apr. 24                    77.1
 11    Dirty Rotten Scoundrels            June 26                    41.4
 12    Mississippi Burning                July 31                    34.5
 13    Bull Durham                        Jan. 30                    50.3
 14    Tucker: The Man And His Dream      Apr. 17                    19.6
 15    Gorillas In The Mist               Apr. 17                    23.0
 16    Young Guns                         Jan. 9                     43.4
 17    Red Heat                           Jan. 2                     35.0
 18    Dangerous Liaisons                 July 17                    32.2
 19    Working Girl                       Oct. 9                     63.7
 20    The Dead Pool                      Jan. 30                    37.8
 21    Who Framed Roger Rabbit            Oct. 16                    154.1
 22    My Stepmother Is An Alien          June 12                    12.9
 23    The Presidio                       Jan. 30                    20.0
 24    Betrayed                           Mar. 27                    25.7
 25    The Accidental Tourist             July 3                     30.2
 26    Bloodsport                         Dec. 26 '88                11.7
 27    The Naked Gun                      Aug. 21                    78.0
 28    Married To The Mob                 Feb. 27                    21.3
 Rank  Title                              Release date (1st Monday)  '89 natio
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
28    Married To The Mob                 Feb. 27                    21.3
 29    Midnight Run                       Feb. 27                    37.4
 30    Major League                       Oct. 9                     49.4
 31    Child's Play                       May 1                      32.8
 32    Mystic Pizza                       Apr. 10                    12.4
 33    Alien Nation                       June 19                    24.9
 34    Three Men And A Baby               Nov. 21 '88                167.7
 35    Bill & Ted's Excellent Adventure   Sept. 4                    39.5
 36    Pet Sematary                       Oct. 16                    56.6
 37    The Best Of Eddie Murphy           Aug. 28                    NA
 38    The 'Burbs                         Aug. 14                    35.2
 39    Crocodile Dundee II                Mar. 20                    109.2
 40    Big Business                       Mar. 6                     39.6
 41    Short Circuit 2                    Dec. 19 '88                20.7
 42    The Great Outdoors                 Jan. 16                    38.0
 43    The Unbearable Lightness Of Being  Jan. 2                     10.0
 44    Bat 21                             Apr. 10                    3.8
 45    True Believer                      July 24                    8.7
 46    Scrooged                           Nov. 13                    60.3
 Rank  Title                              Release date (1st Monday)  '89 natio
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
46    Scrooged                           Nov. 13                    60.3
 47    Three Fugitives                    Nov. 6                     41.0
 48    Batman                             Nov. 20                    241.0
 49    K-9                                Nov. 20                    39.0
 50    Ghostbusters II                    Nov. 27                    111.0



 Note: Some videos are ranked low because they were released late in the
 year, e.g., "Batman," No. 48, was released Nov. 20.



                 Record Long Run Broadway Plays1
                             Variety


╓┌──────────────────────────────────────────────────────┌────────────────────╖
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Chorus Line                                            6,137
 Oh, Calcutta (revival)                                 5,959
 42d Street                                             3,486
 Grease                                                 3,388
 Fiddler on the Roof                                    3,242
 *Cats                                                  3,237
 Life With Father                                       3,224
 Tobacco Road                                           3,182
 Hello Dolly                                            2,844
 My Fair Lady                                           2,717
 Annie                                                  2,377
 Man of La Mancha                                       2,328
 Abie's Irish Rose                                      2,327
 Oklahoma!                                              2,212
 Pippin                                                 1,944
 South Pacific                                          1,925
 Magic Show                                             1,920
 Deathtrap                                              1,792
 Gemini                                                 1,788
 Harvey                                                 1,775
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Harvey                                                 1,775
 Dancin'                                                1,774
 La Cage aux Folles                                     1,761
 Hair                                                   1,750
 The Wiz                                                1,672
 Born Yesterday                                         1,642
 Ain't Misbehavin'                                      1,604
 Best Little Whorehouse in Texas                        1,584
 Mary, Mary                                             1,572
 Evita                                                  1,567
 Voice of the Turtle                                    1,557
 Barefoot in the Park                                   1,530
 Dreamgirls                                             1,521
 Mame                                                   1,508
 Same Time, Next Year                                   1,453
 Arsenic and Old Lace                                   1,444
 The Sound of Music                                     1,443
 How To Succeed in Business Without Really Trying       1,417
 Me and My Girl                                         1,412
 Hellzapoppin                                           1,404
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Hellzapoppin                                           1,404
 The Music Man                                          1,375
 Funny Girl                                             1,348
 Mumenschanz                                            1,326
 *Les Miserables                                        1,319
 Oh! Calcutta! (original)                               1,314
 Brighton Beach Memoirs                                 1,299
 Angel Street                                           1,295
 Lightnin'                                              1,291
 Promises, Promises                                     1,281
 The King and I                                         1,246
 Cactus Flower                                          1,234
 Sleuth                                                 1,222
 Torch Song Trilogy                                     1,222
 "1776"                                                 1,217
 Equus                                                  1,209
 Sugar Babies                                           1,208
 Guys and Dolls                                         1,200
 Amadeus                                                1,181
 Cabaret                                                1,165
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Cabaret                                                1,165
 Mister Roberts                                         1,157
 Annie Get Your Gun                                     1,147
 Seven Year Itch                                        1,141
 Butterflies Are Free                                   1,128
 Pins and Needles                                       1,108



 1 Number of performances through July 2, 1990. * Still running July 2, 1990.



                           All-Time Top 50 Movies
                     Variety, January, 1990


╓┌────┌──────────────────────────────────────────────┌───────────────────────╖
      Title                                          Total Rentals
 ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
      Title                                          Total Rentals
 ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 1.   E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial; 1982               $228,618,939
 2.   Star Wars; 1977                                193,500,000
 3.   Return of the Jedi; 1983                       168,002,414
 4.   Batman; 1989                                   150,500,000
 5.   The Empire Strikes Back; 1980                  141,600,000
 6.   Ghostbusters; 1984                             130,211,324
 7.   Jaws; 1975                                     129,549,325
 8.   Raiders of the Lost Ark; 1981                  115,598,000
 9.   Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade; 1989       115,500,000
 10.  Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom           109,000,000
 11.  Beverly Hills Cop; 1984                        108,000,000
 12.  Back to the Future; 1985                       104,408,738
 13.  Grease; 1978                                   96,300,000
 14.  Tootsie; 1982                                  96,292,736
 15.  The Exorcist; 1973                             89,000,000
 16.  The Godfather; 1972                            86,275,000
 17.  Superman; 1978                                 82,800,000
 18.  Rain Man; 1989                                 86,000,000
 19.  Close Encounters of the Third Kind; 1977/1980  82,750,000
      Title                                          Total Rentals
 ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
19.  Close Encounters of the Third Kind; 1977/1980  82,750,000
 20.  Three Men and a Baby; 1987                     81,313,000
 21.  Who Framed Roger Rabbit; 1988                  81,244,000
 22.  Beverly Hills Cop II; 1987                     80,857,776
 23.  The Sound of Music; 1965                       79,748,000
 24.  Gremlins; 1984                                 79,500,000
 25.  Top Gun; 1986                                  79,400,000
 26.  Gone With the Wind; 1939                       79,375,077
 27.  Rambo: First Blood Part II; 1985               78,919,250
 28.  The Sting; 1973                                78,212,000
 29.  Rocky IV; 1985                                 76,023,246
 30.  Saturday Night Fever; 1977                     74,100,000
 31.  Honey, I Shrunk the Kids; 1989                 71,097,000
 32.  National Lampoon's Animal House; 1978          70,826,000
 33.  Crocodile Dundee; 1986                         70,227,000
 34.  Fatal Attraction; 1987                         70,000,000
 35.  Platoon; 1986                                  69,742,143
 36.  Rocky III; 1982                                66,262,796
 37.  Superman II; 1981                              65,100,000
      Title                                          Total Rentals
 ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
37.  Superman II; 1981                              65,100,000
 38.  Coming to America; 1988                        65,000,000
 39.  Back to the Future II; 1989                    63,000,000
 40.  Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs; 1937          61,752,000
 41.  Ghostbusters II; 1989                          61,649,019
 42.  On Golden Pond; 1981                           61,174,744
 43.  Kramer Vs. Kramer; 1979                        59,986,335
 44.  One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest; 1975          59,939,701
 45.  9 to 5; 1980                                   59,100,000
 46.  Smokey And the Bandit; 1977                    58,949,938
 47.  Stir Crazy; 1980                               58,364,420
 48.  The Karate Kid Part II; 1986                   58,362,026
 49.  Twins; 1988                                    57,237,170
 50.  Look Who's Talking; 1989                       55,000,000



 Rental figures are in absolute dollars, reflecting actual amounts received
 by the distributors (estimated for movies in current release). Ticket price
 inflation favors recent films, but older films have the advantage of
 numerous reissues adding to their totals.



                           Top Movie Grosses, 1989
                     Variety, January, 1990


╓┌────┌────────────────────────────────────────────┌─────────────────────────╖
      Title/Month Released                         Total Rentals
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 1.   Batman; June                                 $150,500,000
 2.   Indiana Jones And The Temple Of Doom; May    115,500,000
 3.   Lethal Weapon 2; July                        79,500,000
 4.   Honey, I Shrunk The Kids; June               71,097,000
 5.   Rain Man; continuing 1989 run                65,000,000
 6.   Back To The Future, Part II; Nov.            63,000,000
 7.   Ghostbusters II; June                        61,649,019
 8.   Look Who's Talking; Oct.                     55,000,000
 9.   Parenthood; Aug.                             48,600,000
      Title/Month Released                         Total Rentals
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
9.   Parenthood; Aug.                             48,600,000
 10.  Dead Poets Society; June                     47,596,000
 11.  National Lampoon's Christmas Vacation; Dec.  42,000,000
 12.  When Harry Met Sally; July                   41,976,751
 13.  Harlem Nights; Nov.                          35,000,000
 14.  Turner & Hooch; July                         34,263,000
 15.  The War Of The Roses; Dec.                   33,000,000
 16.  Field Of Dreams; Apr.                        30,309,587
 17.  The Little Mermaid; Nov.                     30,000,000
 18.  Uncle Buck; Aug.                             29,190,348
 19.  The Abyss; Aug.                              28,700,000
 20.  Sea Of Love; Sept.                           27,500,000
 21.  Star Trek V: The Final Frontier; June        27,100,000
 22.  Pet Sematary; Apr.                           26,400,000
 23.  Steel Magnolias; Nov.                        26,000,000
 24.  Twins; continuing 1989 run                   25,237,000
 25.  Beaches; Dec. 1988                           24,882,000
 26.  Black Rain; Sept.                            22,500,000
 27.  Major League; Apr.                           21,500,000
      Title/Month Released                         Total Rentals
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
27.  Major League; Apr.                           21,500,000
 28.  See No Evil, Hear No Evil; May               20,147,000
 29.  The Karate Kid Part III; June                19,225,899
 30.  Three Fugitives; Jan.                        18,567,000
 31.  K-9; Apr.                                    18,402,231
 32.  Fletch Lives; Mar.                           17,818,173
 33.  The 'Burbs; Feb.                             17,318,125
 34.  Tango & Cash; Dec.                           17,000,000
 35.  Bill & Ted's Excellent Adventure; Feb.       16,800,000
 36.  Licence To Kill; July                        16,662,000
 37.  Working Girl; continuing 1989 run            16,600,000
 38.  The Accidental Tourist; Dec. 1988            15,900,000
 39.  Dangerous Liaisons; Dec. 1988                15,500,000
 40.  Mississippi Burning; Dec. 1988               14,700,000
 41.  Lean On Me; Mar.                             14,400,000
 42.  The Dream Team; Apr.                         14,384,108
 43.  Weekend At Bernie's; July                    14,000,000
 44.  Peter Pan (reissue)                          13,052,000
 45.  Do The Right Thing; June                     13,043,257
      Title/Month Released                         Total Rentals
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
45.  Do The Right Thing; June                     13,043,257
 46.  Road House; May                              12,412,000
 47.  All Dogs Go To Heaven; Nov.                  11,000,000
 48.  Always; Dec.                                 11,000,000
 49.  The Bear; Oct.                               11,000,000
 50.  Oliver & Company; continuing 1989 run        10,268,000



 Figures represent U.S. and Canadian rentals accruing to distributors, not
 total ticket sales receipts taken in at theaters.




                           Notable Books of 1989

                        American Library Association
                                  Fiction

 Cat's Eye, Margaret Atwood

 Mr. Field's Daughter, Richard Bausch

 If the River Was Whiskey, T. Coraghessan Boyle

 Any Old Iron, Anthony Burgess

 Absent Friends, Frederick Busch

 Spartina, John Casey

 Baumgartner's Bombay, Anita Desai

 The Other Side, Mary Gordon

 Loving Women, Pete Hamill

 A Prayer for Owen Meany, John Irving

 The Remains of the Day, Ishiguro Kazuo

 Homeland, Barbara Kingsolver

 The Shawl, Cynthia Ozick

 Buffalo Afternoon, Susan Fromberg Schaeffer

 The Joy Luck Club,  Amy Tan

 Terrible Kisses, Robley Wilson

 Five Seasons, A.B. Yehoshua

                                   Poetry

 A New Path to the Waterfall, Raymond Carver

 An Ear to the Ground: An Anthology of Contemporary American Poetry, ed.
 Marie Harris and Kathleen Aguero

 Poets for Life: Seventy-Six Poets Respond to AIDS, ed. Michael Klein

                                 Nonfiction

 Maasai Days, Cheryl Bentsen

 Parting the Waters, Branch Taylor

 The Road from Coorain, Jill Ker Conway

 The Broken Cord, Michael Dorris

 Paul Robeson, Martin Bauml Duberman

 From Beirut to Jerusalem, Thomas L. Friedman

 Songs from the Alley, Kathleen Hirsch

 Among Schoolchildren, Tracy Kidder

 Ki Ki's Paris, Billy Kluver and Julie Martin

 Strangers from a Different Shore, Ronald Takaki


                    Bestselling Children's Books of 1989

                       Publisher's Weekly
                         (All books are hardcover.)

      1. The Way Things Work, David Macaulay; 561,452

      2. The Great Waldo Search, Martin Handford; 304,230

      3. Find Waldo Now, Martin Handford; 268,706

      4. International Children's Bible; 251,124

      5. The Eleventh Hour, Graeme Base; 250,000

      6. Swan Lake, Mark Helprin, illus. Chris Van Allsburg; 242,127

      7. Macmillan Dictionary for Children; 195,416

      8. Carl Goes Shopping, Alexandra Day; 167,481

      9. The Magic Locket, Elizabeth Koda-Callan; 161,583

      10. The Book of the Sandman, Rien Poortvliet, text by Wil Huygen;
 150,000

      11. Disney Babies A to Z, Margo Lundell, illus. Darrell Baker; 142,792

      12. Baby Donald's Busy Play Group, illus. Darrell Baker; 124,383

      13. Glow-in-the-Dark Night Sky Book, Clint Hatchett, illus. Stephen
 Marchesi; 122,558

      14. The Market Square Dog, James Herriot, illus. Ruth Brown; 109,587

      15. The Silver Slippers, Elizabeth Koda-Callan; 103,804

      16. Baby's Animal Friends, Phoebe Dunn; 98,173

      17. The Very Busy Spider, Eric Carle; 97,735

      18. The Big Golden Book of Dinosaurs, Mary Elting, illus. Christopher
 Santoro; 95,343

      19. Sesame Street Hide-and-Seek Safari, illus. Tom Cooke; 94,738

      20. Joyful Noise: Poems for Two Voices, Paul Fleischman, illus. Eric
 Beddows; 93,872

      21. Amy the Dancing Bear, Carl Simon, illus. Margo Datz; 87,869

      22. Nothing to Do, Liza Alexandra, illus. Tom Cooke; 83,917

      23. Song and Dance Man, Karen Ackerman, illus. Stephen Gammell; 81,912

      24. When Is My Birthday?, Ray Shepherd, illus. Tom Cooke; 81,807

      25. Bedtime Hugs for Little Ones, Debby Boone, illus. Gabriel Ferrer;
 77,213


                   All-Time Bestselling Children's Books

                       Publishers Weekly
 (The number of copies sold is from the date of original publication through
 1988, as estimated by each publisher, and does not include book club or
 international sales.)

                                  Hardcover

      1. The Tale of Peter Rabbit, Beatrix Potter, 1902; 9,000,000

      2. Pat the Bunny, Dorothy Kunhardt, 1940; 4,857,417

      3. The Littlest Angel, Charles Tazewell, 1946; 4,665,209

      4. The Cat in the Hat, Dr. Seuss, 1957; 3,693,197

      5. Green Eggs and Ham, Dr. Seuss, 1960; 3,683,097

      6. The Children's Bible, 1965; 3,683,097

      7. The Real Mother Goose, illus. Blanche F. Wright, 1916; 3,600,000

      8. Richard Scarry's Best Word Book Ever, 1963; 3,303,583

      9. One Fish, Two Fish, Red Fish, Blue Fish, Dr. Seuss, 1960; 2,970,833

      10. Hop on Pop, Dr. Seuss, 1963; 2,953,324

      11. Where the Sidewalk Ends, Shel Silverstein, 1974; 2,851,477

      12. Dr. Seuss's ABC, 1963; 2,753,823

      13. The Cat in the Hat Comes Back, Dr. Seuss, 1958; 2,470,305

      14. The Giving Tree, Shel Silverstein, 1964; 2,453,679

      15. Winnie-the-Pooh, A.A. Milne, illus. Ernest H. Shepard, 1926;
 2,445,398

                                 Paperback

      1. The Outsiders, S.E. Hinton, 1968; 5,855,085

      2. Are You There, God? It's Me, Margaret, Judy Blume, 1974; 5,278,412

      3. Charlotte's Web, E.B. White, illus. Garth Williams, 1973; 4,607,131

      4. Tales of a Fourth Grade Nothing, Judy Blume, 1976; 4,582,039

      5. Little House on the Prairie, Laura Ingalls Wilder, illus. Garth
 Williams, 1971; 3,803,209

      6. The Little Prince, Antoine de Saint-Exupery, 1968; 3,667,861

      7. Little House in the Big Woods, Laura Ingalls Wilder, illus. Garth
 Williams, 1971; 3,495,079

      8. That Was Then, This Is Now, S.E. Hinton, 1972; 3,351,194

      9. Where the Red Fern Grows, Wilson Rawls, 1974; 3,347,000

      10. Superfudge, Judy Blume, 1981; 3,243,442

      11. Freckle Juice, Judy Blume, 1978; 2,835,052

      12. Blubber, Judy Blume, 1976; 2,745,782

      13. Little Town on the Prairie, Laura Ingalls Wilder, illus. Garth
 Williams, 1971; 2,559,486

      14. On the Banks of Plum Creek, Laura Ingalls Wilder, illus Garth
 Williams, 1971; 2,559,265

      15. Farmer Boy, Laura Ingalls Wilder, illus. Garth Williams, 1971;
 2,533,801


                         Best-Selling Books of 1989

                Publishers Weekly, March 9, 1990

                             Hardcover Fiction

      1. Clear and Present Danger, Tom Clancy

      2. The Dark Half, Stephen King

      3. Daddy, Danielle Steel

      4. Star, Danielle Steel

      5. Caribbean, James A. Michener

      6. The Satanic Verses, Salman Rushdie

      7. The Russia House, John le Carre

      8. The Pillars of the Earth, Ken Follett

      9. California Gold, John Jakes

      10. While My Pretty One Sleeps, Mary Higgins Clark


                            Hardcover Nonfiction

      1. All I Really Need to Know I Learned in Kindergarten, Robert Fulghum

      2. Wealth Without Risk, Charles J. Givens

      3. A Woman Named Jackie, C. David Heymann

      4. It Was on Fire When I Lay Down on It, Robert Fulghum

      5. Better Homes and Gardens New Cook Book

      6. The Way Things Work, David Macaulay

      7. It's Always Something, Gilda Radner

      8. Roseanne, Roseanne Barr

      9. The Frugal Gourmet Cooks Three Ancient Cuisines, Jeff Smith

      10. My Turn, Nancy Reagan


                              Trade Paperbacks

      1. So Worthy My Love, Kathleen Woodiwiss

      2. Yukon, Ho!, Bill Watterson

      3. The Calvin and Hobbes Lazy Sunday Book, Bill Watterson

      4. Drawing of the Three, Stephen King

      5. The PreHistory of the Far Side, Gary Larson

      6. Wildlife Preserves, Gary Larson

      7. The Night of the Mary Kay Commandos, Berke Breathed

      8. The Closing of the American Mind, Allan Bloom

      9. Garfield Chews the Fat, Jim Davis

      10. Love in the Time of Cholera, Gabriel Garcia Marquez


                           Mass Market Paperbacks

      1. Fine Things, Danielle Steel

      2. Presumed Innocent, Scott Turow

      3. Kaleidoscope, Danielle Steel

      4. Zoya, Danielle Steel

      5. Patriot Games, Tom Clancy

      6. Fallen Hearts, V.C. Andrews

      7. Sands of Time, Sidney Sheldon

      8. Misery, Stephen King

      9. Tommyknockers, Stephen King

      10. Cardinal of the Kremlin, Tom Clancy


                       Atlases, Annuals, and Almanacs

      1. The World Almanac & Book of Facts 1990, Mark Hoffman, ed.

      2. J.K. Lasser, Your Income Tax 1989

      3. The Arthur Young Tax Guide 1990, Peter W. Bernstein, ed.

      4. Information Please Almanac 1990

      5. OPG Baseball Cards 1990, James Beckett

      6. Mobil Road Atlas 1989

      7. The 1989 What Color is Your Parachute?, Richard Nelson Bolles

      8. Steve Birnbaum's Guide to Disneyworld 1990

      9. 1989 Buying Guide Issue, Consumer Reports

      10. The Universal Almanac 1990, John Wright, ed.

                       100 Bestselling U.S. Magazines
               Audit Bureau of Circulations, Schaumburg, Ill.


╓┌─────────┌─────────────────────────────┌───────────────────────────────────╖
 Magazine  Magazine                      Circulation
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 1.        Modern Maturity               21,430,990
 2.        NRTA/AARP Bulletin            21,092,794
 3.        Reader's Digest               16,343,599
 4.        National Geographic           10,890,660
 5.        Better Homes and Gardens      8,005,311
 Magazine  Magazine                      Circulation
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────
5.        Better Homes and Gardens      8,005,311
 6.        Family Circle                 5,461,786
 7.        Good Housekeeping             5,152,245
 8.        McCall's                      5,088,686
 9.        Ladies' Home Journal          5,038,297
 10.       Woman's Day                   4,705,288
 11.       Time                          4,339,029
 12.       Guideposts                    4,203,934
 13.       National Enquirer             4,100,740
 14.       Star                          3,588,753
 15.       First for Women               3,509,688
 16.       Sports Illustrated            3,424,393
 17.       Playboy                       3,421,203
 18.       People                        3,270,835
 19.       Newsweek                      3,180,011
 20.       Prevention                    3,134,914
 21.       The American Legion           2,828,238
 22.       Cosmopolitan                  2,702,125
 23.       Smithsonian                   2,342,443
 Magazine  Magazine                      Circulation
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────
23.       Smithsonian                   2,342,443
 24.       Southern Living               2,318,841
 25.       Glamour                       2,224,135
 26.       U.S. News & World Report      2,209,996
 27.       Field & Stream                2,015,577
 28.       VFW                           1,979,899
 29.       NEA Today                     1,919,340
 30.       Motorland                     1,866,430
 31.       Money                         1,834,618
 32.       Penthouse                     1,830,823
 33.       Popular Science               1,818,403
 34.       Country Living                1,801,414
 35.       Ebony                         1,791,976
 36.       Home & Away                   1,791,728
 37.       Seventeen                     1,766,161
 38.       Parents                       1,752,697
 39.       Life                          1,749,723
 40.       Popular Mechanics             1,650,693
 41.       Discovery                     1,607,574
 Magazine  Magazine                      Circulation
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────
41.       Discovery                     1,607,574
 42.       1,001 Home Ideas              1,603,099
 43.       Woman's World                 1,560,496
 44.       Outdoor Life                  1,507,529
 45.       The Elks                      1,501,652
 46.       Adventure Road                1,479,616
 47.       Soap Opera Digest             1,466,104
 48.       The American Rifleman         1,442,317
 49.       Sunset                        1,393,015
 50.       New Woman                     1,390,830
 51.       The Family Handyman           1,382,547
 52.       The American Hunter           1,380,230
 53.       US                            1,365,892
 54.       Golf Digest                   1,363,907
 55.       Bon Appetit                   1,355,404
 56.       Boys' Life                    1,334,659
 57.       Globe                         1,329,413
 58.       Changing Times                1,300,153
 59.       The Workbasket                1,295,578
 Magazine  Magazine                      Circulation
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────
59.       The Workbasket                1,295,578
 60.       Vogue                         1,247,920
 61.       Sesame Street                 1,235,842
 62.       Rolling Stone                 1,216,781
 63.       Self                          1,213,314
 64.       Home Mechanix                 1,209,395
 65.       Mademoiselle                  1,162,206
 66.       True Story                    1,150,844
 67.       Leisure & Travel              1,115,328
 68.       'Teen                         1,100,237
 69.       Health                        1,088,696
 70.       Discover                      1,053,034
 71.       Organic Gardening             1,037,214
 72.       Michigan Living               1,026,085
 73.       Golf                          1,019,379
 74.       Weight Watchers               1,007,755
 75.       Yankee                        1,002,781
 76.       American Health               1,000,689
 77.       Business Week, World Wide     992,820
 Magazine  Magazine                      Circulation
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────
77.       Business Week, World Wide     992,820
 78.       YM                            967,249
 79.       Country Home                  963,081
 80.       Scouting                      949,405
 81.       House Beautiful               939,735
 82.       Car and Driver                934,377
 83.       Omni                          925,436
 84.       Home                          925,335
 85.       Popular Photography           923,388
 86.       Hot Rod                       911,667
 87.       Working Women                 909,201
 88.       Workbench                     909,119
 89.       National Examiner             893,956
 90.       Business Week, North America  889,535
 91.       Psychology Today              887,770
 92.       Jet                           860,671
 93.       Nation's Business             858,228
 94.       Essence                       851,034
 95.       Elle                          826,336
 Magazine  Magazine                      Circulation
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────
95.       Elle                          826,336
 96.       Food & Wine                   823,530
 97.       Motor Trend                   818,021
 98.       Consumers Digest              813,373
 99.       Gourmet                       807,377
 100.      Victoria                      793,790



 General magazines, exclusive of groups and comics; also exclusive of
 magazines that failed to file reports to ABC by press time. Based on total
 average paid circulation during the 6 months prior to Dec. 31, 1989.



                 Selected U.S. Daily Newspaper Circulation
 Audit Bureau of Circulations report of average paid circulation for 6 months
 to Mar. 31, 1990.


╓┌──────────────────────────────────────────────────┌────────────────────────╖
 Newspaper                                          Daily
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Akron Beacon Journal(m)                            153,683
 Albuquerque Journal(m)                             |121,396
 Albuquerque Tribune(e)                             |40,987
 Amarillo News(m)                                   42,809
 Amarillo Globe-Times(e)                            *22,153
 Anchorage Times(e)                                 *32,777
 Ann Arbor News(e)                                  49,828
 Athens (Ga.) News(m)                               *13,848
 Athens (Ga.) Banner-Herald(e)                      *13,808
 Augusta (Ga.) Chronicle(m)                         *67,656
 Augusta (Ga.) Herald(e)                            *12,436
 Bakersfield Californian(m)                         |83,423
 Bangor (Me.) News(m)                               *78,222
 Baton Rouge Advocate(m)                            67,635
 Baton Rouge State-Times(e)                         27,442
 Bergen Co. (N.J.) Record(e)                        |161,546
 Billings (Mont.) Gazette(m)                        54,677
 Newspaper                                          Daily
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Billings (Mont.) Gazette(m)                        54,677
 Binghamton (N.Y.) Press & Sun Bulletin(m)          70,413
 Birmingham Post-Herald(m)                          *64,532
 Bismark (N.D.) Tribune(m)                          30,825
 Bridgeport (Conn.) Post(e)                         55,977
 Bristol (Va.) Herald-Courier Tennessean(a)         44,868
 Camden (N.J.) Courier-Post(e)                      |103,295
 Casper (Wyo.) Star Tribune(m)                      34,691
 Charleston (W.Va.) Gazette(m)                      55,172
 Chattanooga News-Free Press(e)                     55,428
 Cincinnati Post(e)                                 106,440
 Columbia (S.C.) State(m)                           144,995
 Columbus (Ga.) Ledger-Enquirer(m)                  57,843
 Corpus Christi Caller-Times(m)                     |68,136
 Daytona Beach News-Journal(m)                      97,214
 Dubuque Telegraph-Herald(e)                        34,312
 El Paso Herald-Post(e)                             |29,205
 Erie (Pa.) News(m)                                 *30,782
 Erie (Pa.) Times(e)                                *40,842
 Newspaper                                          Daily
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Erie (Pa.) Times(e)                                *40,842
 Evansville (Ind.) Courier(m)                       63,245
 Evansville (Ind.) Press(e)                         35,825
 Everett (Wash.) Herald(e)                          54,517
 Fargo (N.D.) Forum(m)                              55,020
 Ft. Lauderdale News(e)                             *14,483
 Ft. Myers (Fla.) News-Press(m)                     97,560
 Ft. Wayne Journal-Gazette(m)                       63,200
 Gary Post-Tribune(m)                               74,365
 Greenville (S.C.) News(m)                          *88,088
 Greenville (S.C.) Piedmont(e)                      *25,726
 Honolulu Advertiser(m)                             |102,515
 Honolulu Star-Bulletin(e)                          |91,658
 Huntington (W.Va.) Herald-Dispatch(m)              |43,209
 Hyannis: Cape Cod Times(m)                         41,108
 Jackson (Miss.) Clarion-Ledger(m)                  *102,124
 Jacksonville Times-Union(m)                        *179,009
 Kalamazoo Gazette(e)                               66,531
 Knoxville News-Sentinel(m)                         103,722
 Newspaper                                          Daily
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Knoxville News-Sentinel(m)                         103,722
 Lansing (Mich.) State Journal(m)                   70,083
 Las Vegas Review-Journal(a)                        *134,371
 Lynchburg (Va.) News & Advance(a)                  |41,773
 Macon (Ga.) Telegraph & News(m)                    73,983
 Madison (Wis.) State Journal(m)                    *82,412
 Middletown (N.Y.) Times Herald Record(m)           |83,356
 Mobile Press(e)                                    *|43,380
 Mobile Register(m)                                 *|58,603
 Modesto (Cal.) Bee(m)                              |81,522
 Montgomery Advertiser(m)                           *50,200
 Montgomery Journal(e)                              *15,090
 Nashville Banner(e)                                61,684
 Newport News (Va.) Press(m)                        *|79,077
 Newport News (Va.) Times Herald(e)                 *|26,367
 Pensacola News-Journal(m)                          |61,285
 Peoria Journal Star(a)                             *91,532
 Phoenix Gazette(e)                                 |98,911
 Portland (Me.) Press Herald(m)                     *52,864
 Newspaper                                          Daily
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Portland (Me.) Press Herald(m)                     *52,864
 Reno Gazette Journal(m)                            64,942
 Roanoke Times & World News(m & e)                  *123,018
 Rockford (Ill.) Register-Star(m)                   72,976
 Salem (Ore.) Statesman-Journal(m)                  59,298
 Salt Lake City Tribune(m)                          112,630
 San Bernardino Sun(m)                              88,817
 Sarasota Herald-Tribune(m)                         |139,036
 Savannah News(m)                                   *53,456
 Savannah Press(e)                                  *18,374
 Scranton Times(e)                                  *51,876
 Scrantonian Tribune(m)                             *37,234
 Sioux City Journal(m)                              *50,458
 Spokane Chronicle(e)                               *24,829
 Springfield (Ill.) State Journal Register(m)       69,260
 Springfield (Mass.) Union News(a)                  112,180
 Syracuse Herald-Journal(e)                         92,661
 Syracuse Post-Standard(m)                          85,189
 Tacoma News Tribune(m)                             |118,152
 Newspaper                                          Daily
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Tacoma News Tribune(m)                             |118,152
 Tallahassee Democrat(m)                            60,637
 Terre Haute Tribune Star(m)                        35,621
 Toledo Blade(e)                                    154,365
 Topeka Capital-Journal(m)                          67,818
 Tucson Star(m)                                     |94,565
 Tulsa Tribune(e)                                   |67,704
 Wilmington News Journal(a)                         |119,315
 Wilmington (N.C.) Star(m)                          49,093
 Winston-Salem Journal(m)                           95,110
 Worcester Telegram Gazette(a)                      *|117,339
 Yakima (Wash.) Herald-Republic(a)                  |41,023
 Youngstown Vindicator(e)                           |89,541



 m morning; e evening; a all day; * Mon.-Fri. average; | 3 months.



                       Top 100 U.S. Daily Newspapers
                  Editor & Publisher Yearbook.


╓┌──────────────────────────────────────┌───────────┌────────────────────────╖
                                                    Circulation
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 New York (NY) Wall Street Journal      (m)         1,835,713
 Arlington (VA) USA Today               (m)         1,325,507
 New York (NY) Daily News               (m)         1,194,237
 Los Angeles (CA) Times                 (m)         1,107,623
 New York (NY) Times                    (m)         1,068,217
 Washington (DC) Post                   (m)         772,749
 Chicago (IL) Tribune                   (m)         720,155
 Long Island (NY) Newsday               (all day)   700,174
 Detroit (MI) News                      (all day)   690,422
 Detroit (MI) Free Press                (m)         626,434
 San Francisco (CA) Chronicle           (m)         560,640
 Chicago (IL) Sun-Times                 (m)         535,864
 Boston (MA) Globe                      (m)         516,031
                                                    Circulation
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Boston (MA) Globe                      (m)         516,031
 New York (NY) Post                     (m)         507,568
 Philadelphia (PA) Inquirer             (m)         504,903
 Newark (NJ) Star-Ledger                (m)         463,738
 Houston (TX) Chronicle                 (all day)   437,481
 Cleveland (OH) Plain Dealer            (m)         433,615
 Miami (FL) Herald                      (m)         427,954
 Minneapolis (MN) Star Tribune          (m)         406,292
 St. Louis (MO) Post-Dispatch           (m)         376,888
 Dallas (TX) Morning News               (m)         371,537
 Boston (MA) Herald                     (m)         358,218
 Denver (CO) Rocky Mountain News        (m)         345,943
 Orange County-Santa Ana (CA) Register  (all day)   343,899
 St. Petersburg (FL) Times              (m)         349,460
 Houston (TX) Post                      (m)         325,407
 Phoenix (AZ) Arizona Republic          (m)         322,534
 Buffalo (NY) News                      (all day)   312,246
 Portland (OR) Oregonian                (all day)   310,446
 Atlanta (GA) Constitution              (m)         284,015
                                                    Circulation
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Atlanta (GA) Constitution              (m)         284,015
 New Orleans (LA) Times-Picayune        (all day)   276,195
 Kansas City (MO) Times                 (m)         275,844
 Milwaukee (WI) Journal                 (e)         275,632
 San Jose (CA) Mercury News             (all day)   274,484
 Tampa (FL) Tribune                     (m)         268,681
 San Diego (CA) Union                   (m)         268,450
 Orlando (FL) Sentinel                  (all day)   266,549
 Sacramento (CA) Bee                    (m)         259,497
 Columbus (OH) Dispatch                 (m)         252,206
 Denver (CO) Post                       (m)         240,162
 Baltimore (MD) Sun                     (m)         238,533
 Charlotte (NC) Observer                (m)         236,496
 Indianapolis (IN) Star                 (m)         234,888
 Seattle (WA) Times                     (e)         233,106
 Pittsburgh (PA) Press                  (e)         232,282
 Philadelphia (PA) Daily News           (e)         232,129
 Louisville (KY) Courier-Journal        (m)         231,042
 Hartford (CT) Courant                  (m)         227,763
                                                    Circulation
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Hartford (CT) Courant                  (m)         227,763
 Dallas (TX) Times Herald               (all day)   225,691
 Fort Lauderdale (FL) Sun-Sentinel      (m)         224,208
 Oklahoma City (OK) Daily Oklahoman     (m)         220,183
 Des Moines (IA) Register               (m)         209,765
 Memphis (TN) Commercial Appeal         (m)         209,205
 Providence (RI) Journal                (all day)   204,196
 Seattle (WA) Post-Intelligencer        (m)         203,560
 St. Paul (MN) Pioneer Press Dispatch   (all day)   200,508
 Cincinnati (OH) Enquirer               (m)         196,290
 Los Angeles (CA) Daily News            (m)         185,736
 Atlanta (GA) Journal                   (e)         181,440
 San Antonio (TX) Express-News          (all day)   179,590
 Dayton (OH) Daily News                 (m)         178,615
 Milwaukee (WI) Sentinel                (m)         178,364
 Jacksonville (FL) Times-Union          (m)         173,528
 Austin (TX) American-Statesman         (m)         172,518
 Kansas City (MO) City Star             (e)         170,801
 San Antonio (TX) Light                 (all day)   170,800
                                                    Circulation
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
San Antonio (TX) Light                 (all day)   170,800
 Baltimore (MD) Evening Sun             (e)         170,750
 Birmingham (AL) News                   (e)         170,327
 West Palm Beach (FL) Post              (m)         169,360
 Pittsburgh (PA) Post-Gazette           (m)         164,309
 Hackensack (NJ) Record                 (m)         156,019
 Toledo (OH) Blade                      (e)         155,579
 Little Rock (AR) Gazette               (m)         154,001
 Akron (OH) Beacon Journal              (m)         153,550
 Norfolk (VA) Virginian-Pilot           (m)         150,958
 Asbury Park (NJ) Press                 (e)         150,590
 Fort Worth (TX) Star-Telegram          (m)         150,190
 Riverside (CA) Press-Enterprise        (m)         147,424
 Fresno (CA) Bee                        (m)         146,723
 Grand Rapids (MI) Press                (e)         143,101
 Richmond (VA) Times-Dispatch           (m)         142,151
 Raleigh (NC) News & Observer           (m)         141,800
 Columbia (SC) State                    (m)         141,742
 San Francisco (CA) Examiner            (e)         137,969
                                                    Circulation
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
San Francisco (CA) Examiner            (e)         137,969
 Allentown (PA) Morning Call            (m)         137,228
 Boston (MA) Christian Science Monitor  (m)         137,161
 Oakland (CA) Tribune                   (m)         134,504
 Las Vegas (NV) Review-Journal          (all day)   132,903
 Rochester (NY) Democrat and Chronicle  (m)         129,394
 Nashville (TN) Tennessean              (m)         126,092
 Tulsa (OK) World                       (m)         123,510
 Long Beach (CA) Press-Telegram         (m)         123,371
 Lexington (KY) Herald-Leader           (m)         122,673
 Omaha (NE) World-Herald                (m)         121,985
 San Diego (CA) Tribune                 (e)         121,835
 Worcester (MA) Telegram & Gazette      (all day)   120,568
 Wilmington (DE) News Journal           (all day)   120,143
 Wichita (KS) Eagle                     (m)         119,013
 Tacoma (WA) Morning News-Tribune       (m)         118,807



 During the six-month period ending Sept. 30, 1989, average daily newspaper
 circulation stayed relatively steady. When compared with the same period in
 1988, there was a drop of less than one-tenth of 1%, from 62,694,816 to
 62,649,218. The number of morning newspapers, increasing steadily in recent
 years, increased by one-from 529 to 530; the number of evening newspapers
 continued to drop, from 1,141 to 1,125.
 m = morning; e = evening




           U.S. Opera Companies with Budgets of $500,000 or More

   Central Opera Service, Lincoln Center, New York, N.Y. 10023; July 1990
 Anchorage Opera; William Russell, gen. dir.


 Arizona Opera Co. (Tucson); Glynn Ross, gen. dir.


 Fullerton Civic Light Opera (Calif.); R. G. Duncan, gen. mgr.


 Long Beach Opera (Calif.); Micheal Milenski, gen. dir.


 Long Beach Civic Light Opera (Calif.); P. Logefeil, mng. dir.


 Los Angeles Music Center Opera Assn.; Peter Hemmings, exec. dir.


 Opera Pacific (Costa Mesa, Calif.); David DiChiera, gen. dir.


 Sacramento Opera Assn. (Calif.); Yuriko Ishii, gen. dir.


 San Diego Civic Light Opera; Harris Goldman, gen mgr.


 San Diego Opera Assn.; Ian Campbell, gen. mgr.


 San Francisco Opera; Lotfi Mansouri, gen. dir.


 San Francisco Opera Center (inc. Western Opera Theater); Christine
 Bullin, mgr.


 Opera San Jose (Calif.); Irene Dalis, art. dir.


 San Jose Civic Light Opera (Calif.); Stewart Slater, dir.


 Central City Opera (Denver); Daniel Rule, gen. mgr.


 Opera Colorado (Denver); Nathaniel Merrill, art. dir.


 Connecticut Opera (Hartford); George Osborne, gen. dir.


 Goodspeed Opera House (E. Haddam, Conn.); Michael Price, exec. dir.


 Washington Opera (D.C.); Martin Feinstein, gen. dir.


 Greater Miami Opera Assn.; Robert Heuer, gen. mgr.


 Orlando Opera Co. (Fla.); vacant, gen. dir.


 Palm Beach Opera; H. P. Benn, gen. dir.


 Sarasota Opera Assn. (Fla.); Deane Allyn, exec. dir.


 Atlanta Opera (Ga.); Alfred Kennedy, gen. mgr.


 Hawaii Opera Theatre; Marshall Turkins, gen. dir.


 Chicago Opera Theater; Alan Stone, art. dir.


 Lyric Opera of Chicago; Ardis Krainik, gen. mgr.


 Indianapolis Opera; Robert Driver, art. dir.


 Des Moines Metro Opera (Indianola); Robert Larsen, art. dir.


 Music Theatre of Wichita; Wayne Bryan, prod. dir.


 Kentucky Opera Assn. (Louisville); Thomson Smillie, gen.
 dir.


 New Orleans Opera Assn.; Arthur Cosenza, gen. dir.


 Baltimore Opera Co.; Michael Harrison, gen. dir.


 Opera Company of Boston; Sarah Caldwell, art. dir.


 Michigan Opera Theatre (Detroit); David DiChiera, gen. dir.


 Minnesota Opera Co. (St. Paul); Kevin Smith, gen. dir.


 Lyric Opera of Kansas City (Missouri); Russell Patterson,
 gen. dir. & art. dir.


 Opera Theatre of St. Louis (Missouri); Charles MacKay, gen.
 dir.


 Opera/Omaha (Neb.); Mary Robert, gen. dir.


 Nevada Opera (Reno); Ted Puffer, gen. dir.


 New Jersey State Opera (Newark); Alfredo Silipigni, art.
 dir.


 Santa Fe Opera (New Mexico); John Crosby, gen. dir.


 Tri-Cities Opera (Binghamton, N.Y.); P. Hibbitt & C. Savoca,
 art. dirs.


 Chautauqua Opera (N.Y.); Linda Jackson, gen. mgr.


 Glimmerglass Opera (Cooperstown, N.Y.); Paul Kellogg,
 gen. mgr.


 Syracuse Opera; Robert Swedberg, gen. dir.


 Metropolitan Opera Assn. (New York City); vacant,
 gen. mgr.


 New York City Opera; Christopher Keene, gen. dir.


 New York City Opera Natl. Co.; Nancy Kelly, adm. dir.


 Opera Orchestra of N.Y. (N.Y.C.); Eve Queler, art dir.


 Opera Carolina (Charlotte, N.C.); James Wright, gen. dir.


 Cincinnati Opera Assn.; James deBlasis, art. dir.


 Cleveland Opera; David Bamberger, gen. dir.


 Opera/Columbus (Oh.); John Gage, gen. dir.


 Dayton Opera Assn. (Oh.); Jane Nelson, mng. dir.


 Tulsa Opera (Oklahoma); Myrna S. Ruffner, gen. mgr.


 Portland Opera Assn. (Oregon); Robert Bailey, exec. dir.


 American Music Theater Festival (Phila.); Marjorie Samoff,
 prod. dir.


 Opera Company of Philadelphia; vacant, gen. dir.


 Pennsylvania Opera Theater (Phila.); Barbara Silverstein, art
 dir. & gen. mgr.


 Pittsburgh Civic Light Opera; Charles Gray, exec. dir.


 Pittsburgh Opera; Tito Capobianco, gen. dir.


 Opera Memphis (Tenn.); Robert Driver, gen. & art. dir.


 Austin Lyric Opera (Tex.) Walter Ducloux, art. dir.


 Dallas Opera; Plato Karayanis, gen. dir.


 Lyric Opera of Dallas (Tex.); John Burrows, art. dir.


 Fort Worth Opera; J. Mario Ramos, mng. dir.


 Houston Grand Opera Assn.; R. David Gockley, gen. dir.


 Texas Opera Theater (Houston); Ann Tomfohrde, dir.


 Theatre Under the Stars (Houston); Frank Young, exec. dir.


 Utah Opera (Salt Lake City); vacant, gen. dir.


 Virginia Opera (Norfolk); Peter Mark, gen. dir.


 Seattle Opera Assn.; Speight Jenkins, gen. dir.


 Florentine Opera of Milwaukee; Dennis Hanthorn, gen. mgr.


 Skylight Comic Opera (Milwaukee); Jane Keegan, mng. dir.




                      Some Notable U.S. Dance Companies

                          Dance/USA, July 13, 1990
 African-American Dance Ensemble, Durham, NC

 Aman Folk Ensemble, Los Angeles, CA

 American Ballet Theatre, New York, NY

 Armitage Ballet, New York, NY

 Ballet Arizona, Pheonix, AZ

 Ballet Hispanico of New York, New York, NY

 Ballet Metropolitan, Columbus, OH

 Ballet West, Salt Lake City, UT

 Bebe Miller and Company, New York, NY

 Bill T. Jones/Arnie Zane Company, New York, NY

 Boston Ballet, Newton, MA

 Caribbean Dance Company, St. Croix, VI

 Carlota Santana Spanish Dance Arts Co., New York, NY

 Chen & Dancers, New York, NY

 Cincinnati/New Orleans City Ballet, Cincinnati, OH

 Cleveland/San Jose Ballet, Cleveland, OH

 Cunningham Dance Foundation, New York, NY

 Dan Wagoner and Dancers, New York, NY

 Dance Alloy, Pittsburgh, PA

 Dance Exchange, Washington, DC

 Dance Theatre of Harlem, New York, NY

 Danceteller, Philadelphia, PA

 David Gordon Pick Up Co., New York, NY

 David Parsons Company, New York, NY

 Dayton Ballet Association, Dayton, OH

 Dayton Contemporary Dance Company, Dayton, OH

 Donald Byrd/The Group, New York, NY

 Elisa Monte Dance Company, New York, NY

 Feld Ballets, New York, NY

 Fort Worth Ballet, Fort Worth, TX

 Garth Fagan's Bucket Dance Theatre, Rochester, NY

 HARRY, New York, NY

 Hartford Ballet, Hartford, CT

 Houston Ballet, Houston, TX

 Hubbard Street Dance Company, Chicago, IL

 Jazz Tap Ensemble, Los Angeles, CA

 Jennifer Muller and the Works, New York, NY

 Jose Limon Dance Company, New York, NY

 Joseph Holmes Dance Theater, Chicago, IL

 Joyce Trisler Danscompany, New York, NY

 KHADRA International Folk Ballet, San Francisco, CA

 Lar Lubovitch Dance Company, New York, NY

 Laura Dean Dancers and Musicians, New York, NY

 Lewitzky Dance Foundation, Los Angeles, CA

 Louisville Ballet, Louisville, KY

 Lucinda Childs Dance Company, New York, NY

 Margaret Jenkins Dance Company, San Francisco, CA

 Miami City Ballet, Miami Beach, FL

 Milwaukee Ballet, Milwaukee, WI

 Mordine & Company, Chicago, IL

 New Dance Ensemble, Minneapolis, MN

 New York City Ballet, New York, NY

 Nicholas Rodriguez and Dance-Compass, Montclair, NJ

  Nina Wiener Dance Company, New York, NY

 North Carolina Dance Theater, Winston Salem, NC

 Oakland Ballet, Oakland, CA

 ODC/San Francisco, San Francisco, CA

 Ohio Ballet, Akron, OH

 Pacific Northwest Ballet, Seattle, WA

 Paul Taylor Dance Company, New York, NY

 Pennsylvania Ballet, Philadelphia, PA

 Philadanco, Philadelphia, PA

 Pilobolus, Washington, CT

 Pittsburgh Ballet Theatre, Pittsburgh, PA

 Pittsburgh Dance Alloy, Pittsburgh, PA

 Princeton Ballet, New Brunswick, NJ

 Rebecca Kelly Dance Company, New York, NY

 Repertory Dance Theatre, Salt Lake City, UT

 Richmond Ballet, Richmond, VA

 Ririe-Woodbury Dance Company, Salt Lake City, UT

 Rosalind Newman and Dancers, New York, NY

 San Francisco Ballet, San Francisco, CA

 Solomons Company/Dance, New York, NY

 State Ballet of Missouri, Kansas City, MO

 Stuart Pimsler Dance & Theater, Columbus, OH

 Tandy Beal and Company, Santa Cruz, CA

 Trisha Brown Company, New York, NY

 Tulsa Ballet Theatre, Tulsa, OK

 Washington Ballet, Washington, DC

 Zenon Dance Company, Minneapolis, MN

 ZeroMoving Dance Company, Philadelphia, PA

 Zivili Kolo Ensemble, Granville, OH

                      Symphony Orchestras of the U.S.
 American Symphony Orchestra League, 777 14th St., N.W., Washington, DC 20005

 (All orchestras listed had budgets in excess of $1 million in fiscal 1989.)


╓┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────┌─────────────────────────╖
 Symphony Orchestra1                               Music Director2
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Alabama (Birmingham)                              Paul Polivnick

 American (N.Y.C.)                                 Catherine Comet

 Atlanta (Ga.)                                     Yoel Levi

 Austin (Tex.)                                     Sung Kwak

 Baltimore (Md.)                                   David Zinman

 Boston (Mass.)                                    Seiji Ozawa

 Brooklyn Philharmonic (N.Y.)                      Dennis Russell Davies

 Symphony Orchestra1                               Music Director2
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 Buffalo Philharmonic (N.Y.)                       Maximiano Valdez

 Cedar Rapids (Mich.)                              Christian Tiemeyer

 Charleston (S.C.)                                 David Stahl

 Charlotte (N.C.)                                  Leo B. Driehuys

 Chattanooga, & Opera Assn. (Tenn.)                Vakhtang Jordania

 Chicago (Ill.)                                    Georg Solti

 Cincinnati (Oh.)                                  Jesus Lopez-Cobos

 Cleveland (Oh.)                                   Christoph von Dohnanyi

 Colorado Springs (Col.)                           Christopher P. Wilkins

 Symphony Orchestra1                               Music Director2
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 Columbus (Oh.)                                    Christian Badea

 Concerto Soloists Chamber Or. (Philadelphia, Pa.) Marc S. Mostovoy

 Dallas (Tex.)                                     Eduardo Mata

 Dayton Philharmonic (Oh.)                         Isaiah Jackson

 Delaware (Wilmington)                             Stephen Gunzenhauser

 Detroit (Mich.)                                   Vacant3

 Eastern Philharmonic (Greensboro, N.C.)           Sheldon Morgenstern

 Fairfax (Annandale, Va.)                          William L. Hudson

 Flint (Mich.)                                     Enrique Arturo Diemecke

 Symphony Orchestra1                               Music Director2
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 Philharmonic Orchestra of Florida (Fort           James Judd
 Lauderdale)

 The Florida Orchestra (Tampa)                     Jahja Ling

 Florida (Orlando)                                 Kenneth Jean

 Florida Symphonic Pops (Boca Raton)               Mark S. Azzolina

 Fort Wayne Philharmonic (Ind.)                    Ronald Ondrejka

 Fort Worth (Tex.)                                 John Giordano

 Grand Rapids (Mich.)                              Catherine Comet

 Grant Park (Chicago, Ill.)                        Zdenek Macal

 Handel and Haydn Soc. (Boston, Mass.)             Christopher Hogwood
 Symphony Orchestra1                               Music Director2
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Handel and Haydn Soc. (Boston, Mass.)             Christopher Hogwood

 Hartford (Conn.)                                  Michael Lankester

 Honolulu (Ha.)                                    Donald Johanos

 Houston (Tex.)                                    Christoph Eschenbach

 Hudson Valley Philharmonic (Poughkeepsie, N.Y.)   Imre Pallo

 Indianapolis (Ind.)                               Raymond Leppard

 Jacksonville (Fla.)                               Roger Nierenberg

 Kansas City (Mo.)                                 William McGlaughlin

 Knoxville (Tenn.)                                 Kirk Trevor

 Little Orchestra Soc. of N.Y. (N.Y.C.)            Dino Anagnost
 Symphony Orchestra1                               Music Director2
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Little Orchestra Soc. of N.Y. (N.Y.C.)            Dino Anagnost

 Long Beach (Cal.)                                 JoAnn Falletta

 Long Island Philharmonic (N.Y.)                   Marin Alsop

 Los Angeles Chamber Or. (Cal.)                    Iona Brown

 Los Angeles Philharmonic (Cal.)                   Esa-Pekka Salonen

 The Louisville Orchestra (Ky.)                    Lawrence Leighton Smith

 Madison (Wis.)                                    Roland A. Johnson

 Memphis (Tenn.)                                   Alan Balter

 Milwaukee (Wis.)                                  Zdenek Macal

 The Minnesota Orchestra (Minneapolis)             Edo de Waart
 Symphony Orchestra1                               Music Director2
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
The Minnesota Orchestra (Minneapolis)             Edo de Waart

 Music of the Baroque (Chicago, Ill.)              Thomas S. Wikman

 The Nashville Symphony (Tenn.)                    Kenneth S. Schermerhorn

 National (Washington, D.C.)                       Mstislav Rostropovich

 New Haven (Conn.)                                 Michael Palmer

 New Jersey (Newark)                               Hugh Wolff

 New Mexico (Albuquerque)                          Neal H. Stulberg

 New Orleans (La.)                                 Maxim Shostakovich

 New World Symphony (Miami Beach, Fla.)            Michael Tilson Thomas

 New York Philharmonic (N.Y.C.)                    Zubin Mehta
 Symphony Orchestra1                               Music Director2
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
New York Philharmonic (N.Y.C.)                    Zubin Mehta

 North Carolina (Raleigh)                          Gerhardt Zimmermann

 Northeaster Pennsylvania Philharmonic (Avoca,      Hugh Keelan
 Pa.)

 Oklahoma City Philharmonic (Okla.)                Vacant3

 Omaha (Neb.)                                      Bruce B. Hangen

 Oregon (Portland)                                 James DePreist

 Orpheus Chamber Or. (N.Y.C., N.Y.)                None

 Pacific Symphony (Irvine, Cal.)                   Carl St. Clair

 The Philadelphia Orchestra (Pa.)                  Riccardo Muti

 Symphony Orchestra1                               Music Director2
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 Philharmonia Virtuosi (Dobbs Ferry, N.Y.)         Richard P. Kapp

 Phoenix (Ariz.)                                   James L. Sedares

 Pittsburgh (Pa.)                                  Lorin Maazel

 Portland (Me.)                                    Toshi Shimada

 Puerto Rico (Santurce)                            Odo Alonso

 Rhode Island Philharmonic Or. (Providence)        Andrew Massey

 The Richmond Symphony (Va.)                       George Manahan

 Rochester Philharmonic Or. (N.Y.)                 Darryl One

 Sacramento (Cal.)                                 Carter Nice

 Symphony Orchestra1                               Music Director2
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 St. Louis (Mo.)                                   Leonard Slatkin

 St. Paul Chamber Or. (Minn.)                      Christopher Hogwood

 San Antonio (Tex.)                                Zdenek Macal

 San Diego (Cal.)                                  Yoav Talmi

 San Francisco (Cal.)                              Herbert Blomstedt

 San Jose (Cal.)                                   George Cleve

 Savannah (Ga.)                                    Philip B. Greenberg

 Seattle (Wash.)                                   Vacant3

 Spokane (Wash.)                                   Bruce Ferden

 Symphony Orchestra1                               Music Director2
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 Springfield (Mass.)                               Raymond C. Hervey

 Syracuse (N.Y.)                                   Kazuyoshi Akiyama

 Toldeo (Oh.)                                      Andrew Massey

 Tucson (Ariz.)                                    Robert E. Bernhardt

 Tulsa Philharmonic Or. (Okla.)                    Bernard Rubenstein

 Utah (Salt Lake City)                             Joseph Silverstein

 The Virginia Symphony (Norfolk)                   Vacant3

 West Virginia (Charleston)                        Thomas B. Conlin

 Wichita (Kan.)                                    Michael Palmer

 Symphony Orchestra1                               Music Director2
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 Winston-Salem Symphony Assn. (N.C.)               Peter J. Perret




 1 Orchestra name = place name + Symphony Orchestra, unless otherwise noted;
 2 General title; listed is highest-ranking member of conducting personnel; 3
 As of mid-1990.




                         Recordings & Music Videos

 The Recording Industry of America, Inc. confers Gold Awards on single
 records that sell 1 million units, albums and their tape equivalents that
 sell 500,000 units, and music videos that sell 25,000 units. Platinum Awards
 go to single records that sell 2 million units, to albums and tapes that
 sell 1 million, and to music videos that sell 50,000.  Multi-Platinum Awards
 are conferred on single records that sell 3 million units or more, albums
 and tapes that sell 2 million or more, and music videos that sell 100,000
 units or more. 1989 Multi-Platinum and Platinum Awards for music released in
 1989 follow.

                         Artists, Recording Titles


                           Albums, Multi-Platinum

              (Number in parentheses-millions of albums sold)

 Fine Young Cannibals; The Raw and the Cooked (2)

 Debbie Gibson; Electric Youth (2)

 Great White; Twice Shy (2)

 Janet Jackson; Rhythm Nation 1814 (2)

 Billy Joel; Storm Front (2)

 Madonna; Like a Prayer (2)

 Richard Marx; Repeat Offender (3)

 Milli Vanilli; Girl You Know It's True (5)

 Motley Crue; Dr. Feelgood (2)

 New Kids on the Block; Merry, Merry Christmas (2)

 Tom Petty; Fool Moon Fever (2)

 Prince; Batman Soundtrack (2)

 Skid Row; Skid Row (2)

 Tone Loc; Loc'd After Dark (2)


                              Albums, Platinum

 Aerosmith; Pump

 B-52's; Cosmic Thing

 Baby Face; Tender Lover

 Tracy Chapman; Crossroads

 Cher; Heart of Stone

 John Cougar Mellencamp; Big Daddy

 The Cure; Disintegration

 Gloria Estefan & Miami Sound Machine; Cuts Both Ways

 Heavy D and the Boyz; Big Tyme

 Don Henley; The End of the Innocence

 L.L Cool J; Walking with a Panther

 N.W.A.; Straight Outta Compton

 Roy Orbison; Mystery Girl

 The Rolling Stones; Steel Wheels

 Linda Ronstadt; Cry Like a Rainstorm, Howl Like the Wind

 Ricky Van Shelton; Loving Proof

 Soul II Soul; Keep on Movin'

 Tears for Fears; The Seeds of Love

 Tesla; The Great Radio Controversy

 The 2 Live Crew; As Nasty As They Wanna Be

 Too Short; Life Is . . . Too Short

 Warrant; Dirty Rotten Filthy Stinking Rich

 Hank Williams Jr., Greatest Hits III

 M.C. Young; Stone Cold Rhymin'


                              Singles, Platinum

 Bobby Brown; On Our Own

 Janet Jackson; Miss You Much

 Madonna; Like a Prayer

 Richard Marx; Right Here Waiting

 New Kids on the Block; Hangin' Tough

 Prince; Batdance

 Soul II Soul; Back to Life

 Soul II Soul; Keep on Movin'

 Technotronic; Pump Up the Jam

 Tone Loc; Funky Cold Medina


                        Music Videos, Multi-Platinum

 Paula Abdul; Straight Up

 California Raisins; Meet the Raisins

 Def Leppard; Hysteria

 Def Leppard; In the Round in Your Face Live

 Michael Jackson; Moonwalker

 Metallica; Cliff 'Em All

 Milli Vanilli; In Motion

 Motley Crue; Uncensored

 Raffi; Raffi in Concert with Rise & Shine Band

 Bruce Springsteen; Video Anthology, 1978-1988


                           Music Videos, Platinum

 Phil Collins; No Jacket Required

 The Cure; Staring at the Sea--The Images

 The Doors; The Doors Live at the Hollywood Bowl

 The Doors; Dance on Fire

 Gloria Estefan & Miami Sound Machine; Homecoming Concert

 Debbie Gibson; Live in Concert--The Out of the Blue Tour

 Inxs; Kick the Video Flick

 Metallica; 2 of One

 Prince; Sign o' the Times

 Queensryche; Video Mindcrime

 Ratt: Ratt: The Video

 Rush; A Show of Hands

 George Strait; George Strait Live

 Stryper; Live in Japan

 Various; Natural States


                     Top Ten Singles and Albums of 1989

                                 Billboard

                                   Albums

      1. Bobby Brown; Don't Be Cruel

      2. New Kids on the Block; Hangin' Tough

      3. Paula Abdul; Forever Your Girl

      4. Bon Jovi; New Jersey

      5. Guns 'N' Roses; Appetite for Destruction

      6. Fine Young Cannibals; The Raw and the Cooked

      7. Guns 'N' Roses; G 'N' R Lies

      8. Traveling Wilburys; Traveling Wilburys

      9. Def Leppard; Hysteria

      10. Milli Vanilli; Girl You Know It's True


                                  Singles

      1. Chicago; Look Away

      2. Bobby Brown; My Prerogative

      3. Poison; Every Rose Has Its Thorns

      4. Paula Abdul; Straight Up

      5. Janet Jackson; Miss You Much

      6. Paula Abdul; Cold Hearted

      7. Bette Midler; Wind Beneath My Wings

      8. Milli Vanilli; Girl You Know It's True

      9. Will to Power; Baby, I Love Your Way/Freebird Medley

      10. Anita Baker; Giving You the Best That I Got

                America's Favorite Television Programs: 1989
                           Nielsen Media Research
           (Percent of TV households and persons in TV households)
            Regularly Scheduled Network Programs (February 1990)
             (Nielsen People Meter Average Audience Estimates)


╓┌───────────────────────────────┌──────────────┌──────┌──────┌───────┌──────
 Program                         TV Households  Women  Men    Teens   Children
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Program                         TV Households  Women  Men    Teens   Children
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Bill Cosby Show                 23.2           17.1   11.8   18.8    20.1
 Cheers                          23.1           17.1   13.8   14.9
 Roseanne                        22.1           16.9   11.9   18.6    12.5
 A Different World               21.6           15.9   10.6   19.0    19.4
 America's Funniest Home Videos  20.8           15.9   14.7   20.1    19.5
 Golden Girls                    20.7           17.9   10.7
 Wonder Years                    19.7           13.9          19.2    14.6
 Empty Nest                      19.6           16.8
 60 Minutes                      18.9           14.7   13.5
 Unsolved Mysteries              18.2           14.5   11.7
 L.A. Law                        18.2           14.0   11.6
 Who's the Boss?                 18.0                         15.5    12.5
 Grand                           17.8           13.4   10.1
 Murder, She Wrote               18.5           15.5   10.2
 NBC Sunday Night Movie          17.2                  11.5
 Matlock                                        14.2   10.5
 In The Heat Of The Night                       13.7   10.8
 ABC Sunday Movie                                      11.2   11.8
 Coach                                                        11.4
 Program                         TV Households  Women  Men    Teens   Children
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Coach                                                        11.4
 Full House                                                   12.2    16.9
 Growing Pains                                                13.3    11.0
 Family Matters                                               11.3    16.0
 Hogan Family                                                 11.2    12.5
 Head of the Class                                            11.9
 Doogie Howser, M.D.                                          15.4
 Alf                                                                  14.3
 Perfect Strangers                                                    14.3
 Just the Ten of Us                                                   13.2
 Magical World of Disney                                              14.4
 Slimer & Real Ghosts.II                                              12.0





                        Favorite Syndicated Programs
                   Nielsen Media Research, February, 1990
 (Ratings based on Designated Market Area coverage as reported by Nielsen's
 Cassandra Report)


╓┌──────────────────────────┌──────────────┌──────┌────┌──────┌──────────────╖
 Program                    TV households  Women  Men  Teens  Children
 ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Wheel of Fortune           15.9           13.4   9.3  4.1    4.3
 Jeopardy                   14.2           11.6   7.9  4.0    2.8
 Oprah Winfrey Show         11.0           9.2    3.3  3.7    1.3
 Star Trek Next Generation  10.5           6.4    8.6  6.1    5.5
 Cosby Show                 10.2           7.3    5.1  10.1   9.5
 PM Magazine                9.5            7.3    5.6  2.3    1.9
 Current Affair             9.5            7.2    5.8  3.0    1.9
 Entertainment Tonight      9.4            7.3    5.3  2.9    1.7
 Inside Edition             7.5            5.6    4.3  1.7    0.9
 Cheers                     7.3            4.9    5.0  3.8    2.1
 Family Feud                7.3            5.8    3.6  4.0    3.3
 Night Court                7.3            4.6    4.8  6.1    3.9
 Who's The Boss?            7.3            4.8    3.4  8.3    6.2
 Jeopardy Two               7.0            5.9    3.8  1.0    0.9
 Program                    TV households  Women  Men  Teens  Children
 ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Jeopardy Two               7.0            5.9    3.8  1.0    0.9
 Donahue                    6.7            5.2    2.5  0.9    0.4





                      Average Television Viewing Time
                      Nielsen Media Research, Feb. 1990
                         (hours: minutes, per week)


╓┌──────────────┌────────┌──────────────────────┌────────────────────────┌───
                         Mon.-Fri. 10am-4:30pm  Mon.-Fri. 4:30pm-7:30pm  Mon.-
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Total Persons  age 2+   4:29                   4:13                     8:47
 Total Women    age 18+  5:55                   4:44                     9:49
                18-24    4:55                   3:18                     6:43
                25-54    5:06                   3:52                     9:18
                         Mon.-Fri. 10am-4:30pm  Mon.-Fri. 4:30pm-7:30pm  Mon.-
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
               25-54    5:06                   3:52                     9:18
                55+      7:52                   6:55                     12:06
 Total Men      age 18+  3:31                   3:46                     9:05
                18-24    2:56                   2:35                     5:55
                25-54    2:56                   3:05                     8:46
                55+      5:37                   6:07                     11:46
 Female Teens   12-17    2:40                   3:30                     6:27
 Male Teens     12-17    2:20                   3:35                     7:16
 Children       2-5      6:30                   4:38                     6:04
 Children       6-11     2:34                   4:10                     6:32





                      All-time Top Television Programs
 A.C. Nielsen estimates, Jan. 30, 1960 through Apr. 17, 1990, excluding
 unsponsored or joint network telecasts or programs under 30 minutes long.
                   Ranked by percent of average audience.


╓┌───┌────────────────────────────┌─────────┌────────┌───────────────────────╖
     Program                      Date      Network  Households (000)
 ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 1   M*A*S*H Special              2/28/83   CBS      50,150
 2   Dallas                       11/21/80  CBS      41,470
 3   Roots Pt. VIII               1/30/77   ABC      36,380
 4   Super Bowl XVI               1/24/82   CBS      40,020
 5   Super Bowl XVII              1/30/83   NBC      40,480
 6   Super Bowl XX                1/26/86   NBC      41,490
 7   Gone With The Wind-Pt. 1     11/7/76   NBC      33,960
 8   Gone With The Wind-Pt. 2     11/8/76   NBC      33,750
 9   Super Bowl XII               1/15/78   CBS      34,410
 10  Super Bowl XIII              1/21/79   NBC      35,090
 11  Bob Hope Christmas Show      1/15/70   NBC      27,260
 12  Super Bowl XVIII             1/22/84   CBS      38,800
 12  Super Bowl XIX               1/20/85   ABC      39,390
 14  Super Bowl XIV               1/20/80   CBS      35,330
 15  ABC Theater (The Day After)  11/20/83  ABC      38,550
 16  Roots Pt. VI                 1/28/77   ABC      32,680
     Program                      Date      Network  Households (000)
 ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
16  Roots Pt. VI                 1/28/77   ABC      32,680
 16  The Fugitive                 8/29/67   ABC      25,700
 18  Super Bowl XXI               1/25/87   CBS      40,030
 19  Roots Pt. V                  1/27/77   ABC      32,540
 20  Ed Sullivan                  2/9/64    CBS      23,240
 21  Bob Hope Christmas Special   1/14/71   NBC      27,050
 22  Roots Pt. III                1/25/77   ABC      31,900
 23  Super Bowl XI                1/9/77    NBC      31,610
 23  Super Bowl XV                1/25/81   NBC      34,540
 25  Super Bowl VI                1/16/72   CBS      27,450
 26  Roots Pt. II                 1/24/77   ABC      31,400
 27  Beverly Hillbillies          1/8/64    CBS      22,570
 28  Roots Pt. IV                 1/26/77   ABC      31,190
 28  Ed Sullivan                  2/16/64   CBS      22,445
 30  Super Bowl XXIII             1/22/89   NBC      39,320





                       Top-Rated TV Shows of the Past
                                A.C. Nielsen


╓┌────────┌───────────────────────────┌────────┌─────────────────────────────╖
 Program  Program                     Network  Avg. rating over decade
 ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 1950s    1950s                       1950s    1950s
 1.       A. Godfrey's Talent Scouts  CBS      32.9
 2.       I Love Lucy                 CBS      31.6
 3.       You Bet Your Life           NBC      30.1
 4.       Dragnet                     NBC      24.6
 5.       The Jack Benny Show         CBS      22.3
 6.       A. Godfrey and Friends      CBS      19.5
 7.       Gunsmoke                    CBS      15.6
 8.       The Red Skelton Show        NBC      15.2
 9.       December Bride              CBS      13.8
 10.      I've Got a Secret           CBS      12.9
 11.      $64,000 Question            CBS      11.2
 12.      Disneyland                  ABC      10.8
 Program  Program                     Network  Avg. rating over decade
 ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
12.      Disneyland                  ABC      10.8
 13.      The Ed Sullivan Show        CBS      10.6
 14.      Have Gun--Will Travel       CBS      10.3
 15.      The Danny Thomas Show       CBS      9.9
 1960s    1960s                       1960s    1960s
 1.       Bonanza                     NBC      29.6
 2.       The Red Skelton Show        CBS      26.4
 3.       The Andy Griffith Show      CBS      22.4
 4.       The Beverly Hillbillies     CBS      21.9
 5.       The Ed Sullivan Show        CBS      21.7
 6.       The Lucy Show/Here's Lucy   CBS      21.3
 7.       The Jackie Gleason Show     CBS      16.5
 8.       Bewitched                   ABC      14.8
 9.       Gomer Pyle                  CBS      13.4
 10.      Candid Camera               CBS      11.2
 11.      The Dick Van Dyke Show      CBS      11.1
 12.      The Danny Thomas Show       CBS      10.7
 13.      Family Affair               CBS      9.8
 14.      Laugh-In                    NBC      7.9
 Program  Program                     Network  Avg. rating over decade
 ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
14.      Laugh-In                    NBC      7.9
 15.      Rawhide                     CBS      7.5
 1970s    1970s                       1970s    1970s
 1.       All in the Family           CBS      23.1
 2.       M*A*S*H                     CBS      17.6
 3.       Hawaii Five-O               CBS      16.5
 4.       Happy Days                  ABC      15.9
 5.       The Waltons                 CBS      14.0
 6.       The Mary Tyler Moore Show   CBS      13.7
 7.       Sanford & Son               NBC      13.4
 8.       One Day at a Time           CBS      11.4
 9.       Three's Company             ABC      10.8
 10.      60 Minutes                  CBS      10.0
 11.      Maude                       CBS      9.8
 12.      Gunsmoke                    CBS      9.7
 13.      Charlie's Angels            ABC      9.6
 14.      The Jeffersons              CBS      9.4
 15.      Laverne & Shirley           ABC      9.3






                 U.S. Television Sets and Stations Received


                                Set Ownership

                      (Nielsen est. as of Jan. 1, 1990)



╓┌─────────────────────────────────┌─────────────────────────────────┌───────╖
 ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Total TV Households               92,100,000

 (98% of U.S. households own at    (98% of U.S. households own at
 least one TV set)                 least one TV set)

 ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 Homes with:

 Color TV sets                     90,100,000                        98%

 B&W only                          2,000,000                         2%

 2 or more sets                    59,865,000                        65%

 One set                           32,235,000                        35%

 Cable (May 1990)                  53,970,600                        58.6%

 Total Persons 2+:                 235,230,000

 Total Women 18+:                  94,600,000

 Total Men 18+:                    85,570,000

 Total Teens 12-17:                19,570,000
 ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Total Teens 12-17:                19,570,000

 Total Children 2-11:              35,490,000







                             Stations Receivable

                          (Nielsen, September 1989)



╓┌───────────────────────────────────────┌───────────────────────────────────╖
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 % of TV homes receiving:
 1-6                                     8%
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
1-6                                     8%
 7-10                                    33%
 11-14                                   33%
 15-19                                   19%
 20-29                                   7%
 30+                                     IFR



 IFR = Less than 1%



                     100 Leading U.S. Advertisers, 1988
 Source: Advertising Age, Sept. 27, 1989 (C) Crain Communications Inc. 1989


╓┌─────┌───────────────────────────────┌─────────────────────────────────────╖
 Rank  Advertiser                      Ad spending (millions)
 ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Rank  Advertiser                      Ad spending (millions)
 ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 1     Philip Morris                   $2,058.2
 2     Procter & Gamble                1,506.9
 3     General Motors                  1,294.0
 4     Sears, Roebuck                  1,045.2
 5     RJR Nabisco                     814.5
 6     Grand Metropolitan              773.9
 7     Eastman Kodak                   735.9
 8     McDonald's                      728.3
 9     PepsiCo                         712.3
 10    Kellogg                         683.1
 11    Anheuser-Busch                  634.5
 12    K mart                          632.0
 13    Warner-Lambert                  609.2
 14    Unilever                        607.5
 15    Nestle                          573.8
 16    Ford Motor                      569.8
 17    American Telephone & Telegraph  547.5
 18    Chrysler                        474.0
 19    General Mills                   470.1
 Rank  Advertiser                      Ad spending (millions)
 ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
19    General Mills                   470.1
 20    Johnson & Johnson               468.8
 21    Bristol-Myers Squibb            430.7
 22    J.C. Penney                     426.6
 23    Quaker Oats                     423.4
 24    Ralston Purina                  421.0
 25    Time Warner                     409.7
 26    May Department Stores           399.7
 27    American Home Products          393.2
 28    Coca-Cola                       385.1
 29    H.J. Heinz                      340.1
 30    Mars                            339.7
 31    Sara Lee                        326.9
 32    Macy                            308.9
 33    Colgate-Palmolive               306.6
 34    Walt Disney                     300.6
 35    Hershey Foods                   298.6
 36    U.S. Government                 295.1
 37    General Electric                276.6
 Rank  Advertiser                      Ad spending (millions)
 ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
37    General Electric                276.6
 38    Toyota Motor                    272.9
 39    SmithKline Beecham              264.2
 40    Schering-Plough                 262.2
 41    Campeau                         260.5
 42    American Cyanamid               256.2
 43    American Stores                 250.5
 44    American Express                247.2
 45    Honda Motor                     243.3
 46    Tandy                           232.0
 47    Dayton Hudson                   230.2
 48    Pfizer                          230.1
 49    Nissan Motor                    224.9
 50    IBM                             214.4
 51    Hyundai                         204.5
 52    Campbell Soup                   202.5
 53    Adolph Coors                    200.8
 54    B.A.T.                          184.1
 55    BCI                             180.2
 Rank  Advertiser                      Ad spending (millions)
 ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
55    BCI                             180.2
 56    Revlon                          177.3
 57    American Brands                 168.7
 58    Hasbro                          164.5
 59    Gillette                        160.5
 60    Nynex                           160.4
 61    Carter Hawley Hale              159.8
 62    Dow Chemical                    156.7
 63    Mobil                           155.9
 64    Montgomery Ward & Co.           155.3
 65    MCA                             153.7
 66    Clorox                          148.3
 67    Mazda Motor                     146.7
 68    Philips                         144.3
 69    Kroger                          144.1
 70    Seagram                         143.1
 71    Volkswagen                      140.3
 72    Paramount                       139.2
 73    News                            139.1
 Rank  Advertiser                      Ad spending (millions)
 ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
73    News                            139.1
 74    CPC                             134.4
 75    Wm. Wrigley Jr.                 134.2
 76    Bayer                           132.2
 77    E.I. du Pont de Nemours         131.4
 78    Texas Air                       128.8
 79    Noxell                          126.7
 80    American Dairy Farmers          126.6
 81    Sony                            125.9
 82    Goodyear Tire & Rubber          124.6
 83    Loews                           123.8
 84    Levi Strauss                    123.1
 85    Columbia Pictures               122.4
 86    Dr Pepper/Seven-Up              121.9
 87    AMR                             120.7
 88    Marriott                        120.2
 89    UAL                             120.2
 90    Hallmark Cards                  119.8
 91    Citicorp                        118.4
 Rank  Advertiser                      Ad spending (millions)
 ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
91    Citicorp                        118.4
 92    ITT                             115.9
 93    Franklin Mint                   114.8
 94    Wendy's                         114.2
 95    Bell Atlantic                   113.2
 96    Delta Air Lines                 112.6
 97    Whitman                         111.7
 98    S.C. Johnson & Son              111.6
 99    Borden                          110.5
 100   Subaru                          108.0





                  Media Spending by 35 Leading Advertisers
 Advertising Age, Sept. 27, 1989; copyright (C) Crain Communications Inc.,
 1989
                               (In thousands)


╓┌─────┌─────┌───────────────────────────────┌──────────────┌────────────────
 Rank  Rank
 '88   '87   Advertiser                      '88-'87 % chg  Estimated unmeasur
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 1     1     Philip Morris                   7.2            $926,200
 2     2     Procter & Gamble                2.8            678,100
 3     3     General Motors                  34.0           345,105
 4     4     Sears, Roebuck                  4.4            627,100
 5     5     RJR Nabisco                     -3.4           356,100
 6     40    Grand Metropolitan              -2.0           410,800
 7     7     Eastman Kodak                   8.5            491,900
 8     8     McDonald's                      10.7           322,159
 9     6     PepsiCo                         1.4            252,900
 10    17    Kellogg                         21.8           281,200
 11    10    Anheuser-Busch                  4.4            222,100
 12    11    K mart                          0.0            422,050
 13    15    Warner-Lambert                  3.3            398,500
 14    12    Unilever                        -4.0           243,000
 15    28    Nestle                          12.4           269,600
 Rank  Rank
 '88   '87   Advertiser                      '88-'87 % chg  Estimated unmeasur
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
15    28    Nestle                          12.4           269,600
 16    9     Ford Motor                      3.0            132,800
 17    16    American Telephone & Telegraph  3.1            200,000
 18    14    Chrysler                        0.1            104,300
 19    13    General Mills                   3.0            110,000
 20    20    Johnson & Johnson               5.8            233,700
 21    26    Bristol-Myers Squibb            1.6            202,800
 22    18    J.C. Penney                     -5.5           273,000
 23    27    Quaker Oats                     12.6           204,300
 24    21    Ralston Purina                  -8.5           264,200
 25    NA    Time Warner                     17.1           152,400
 26    120   May Department Stores           -4.5           139,900
 27    23    American Home Products          -0.3           168,300
 28    25    Coca-Cola                       15.2           154,100
 29    38    H.J. Heinz                      22.1           190,000
 30    24    Mars                            -14.0          151,800
 31    31    Sara Lee                        19.6           170,500
 32    NA    Macy                            2.8            108,100
 Rank  Rank
 '88   '87   Advertiser                      '88-'87 % chg  Estimated unmeasur
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
32    NA    Macy                            2.8            108,100
 33    30    Colgate-Palmolive               4.9            194,100
 34    36    Walt Disney                     26.6           144,300
 35    69    Hershey Foods                   17.5           200,100






                         AWARDS -- MEDALS -- PRIZES


                     The Alfred B. Nobel Prize Winners

 Alfred B. Nobel, inventor of dynamite, bequeathed $9,000,000, the interest
 to be distributed yearly to those who had most benefited mankind in physics,
 chemistry, medicine-physiology, literature, and peace. The first Nobel
 Memorial Prize in Economics was awarded in 1969. No awards given for years
 omitted. In 1989, each prize was worth approximately $455,000 to $470,000.
 (For 1990, see Addenda.)

                                   Physics

 1989 Norman F. Ramsey, U.S.; Hans G. Dehmelt, German-U.S. & Wolfgang Paul,
 German

 1988 Leon M. Lederman, Melvin Schwartz, Jack Steinberger, all U.S.

 1987 K. Alex Muller, Swiss; J. Georg Bednorz, W. German

 1986 Ernest Ruska, German, Gerd Binnig, W. German, Heinrich Rohrer, Swiss

 1985 Klaus von Klitzing, W. German

 1984 Carlo Rubbia, Italian, Simon van der Meere, Dutch

 1983 Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, William A. Fowler, both U.S.

 1982 Kenneth G. Wilson, U.S.

 1981 Nicolass Bloembergen, Arthur Schaalow, both U.S.; Kai M. Siegbahn,
 Swedish

 1980 James W. Cronin, Val L. Fitch, U.S.

 1979 Steven Weinberg, Sheldon L. Glashow, both U.S.; Abdus Salam, Pakistani

 1978 Pyotr Kapitsa, USSR; Arno Penzias, Robert Wilson, both U.S.

 1977 John H. Van Vleck, Philip W. Anderson, both U.S.; Nevill F. Mott,
 British

 1976 Burton Richter, U.S. Samuel C.C. Ting, U.S.

 1975 James Rainwater, U.S. Ben Mottelson, U.S.-Danish, Aage Bohr, Danish

 1974 Martin Ryle, British Antony Hewish, British

 1973 Ivar Giaever, U.S. Leo Esaki, Japan Brian D. Josephson, British

 1972 John Bardeen, U.S. Leon N. Cooper, U.S. John R. Schrieffer, U.S.

 1971 Dennis Gabor, British

 1970 Louis Neel, French Hannes Alfven, Swedish

 1969 Murray Gell-Mann, U.S.

 1968 Luis W. Alvarez, U.S.

 1967 Hans A. Bethe, U.S.

 1966 Alfred Kastler, French

 1965 Richard P. Feynman, U.S. Julian S. Schwinger, U.S. Shinichiro Tomonaga,
 Japanese

 1964 Nikolai G. Basov, USSR Aleksander M. Prochorov, USSR Charles H. Townes,
 U.S.

 1963 Maria Goeppert-Mayer, U.S. J. Hans D. Jensen, German Eugene P. Wigner,
 U.S.

 1962 Lev. D. Landau, USSR

 1961 Robert Hofstadter, U.S. Rudolf L. Mossbauer, German

 1960 Donald A. Glaser, U.S.

 1959 Owen Chamberlain, U.S. Emilio G. Segre, U.S.

 1958 Pavel Cherenkov, Ilya Frank, Igor Y. Tamm, all USSR

 1957 Tsung-dao Lee, Chen Ning Yang, both U.S.

 1956 John Bardeen, U.S. Walter H. Brattain, U.S. William Shockley, U.S.

 1955 Polykarp Kusch, U.S. Willis E. Lamb, U.S.

 1954 Max Born, British Walter Bothe, German

 1953 Frits Zernike, Dutch

 1952 Felix Bloch, U.S. Edward M. Purcell, U.S.

 1951 Sir John D. Cockroft, British Ernest T. S. Walton, Irish

 1950 Cecil F. Powell, British

 1949 Hideki Yukawa, Japanese

 1948 Patrick M. S. Blackett, British

 1947 Sir Edward V. Appleton, British

 1946 Percy Williams Bridgman, U.S.

 1945 Wolfgang Pauli, U.S.

 1944 Isidor Isaac Rabi, U.S.

 1943 Otto Stern, U.S.

 1939 Ernest O. Lawrence, U.S.

 1938 Enrico Fermi, U.S.

 1937 Clinton J. Davisson, U.S. Sir George P. Thomson, British

 1936 Carl D. Anderson, U.S. Victor F. Hess, Austrian

 1935 Sir James Chadwick, British

 1933 Paul A. M. Dirac, British Erwin Schrodinger, Austrian

 1932 Werner Heisenberg, German

 1930 Sir Chandrasekhara V. Raman, Indian

 1929 Prince Louis-Victor de Broglie, French

 1928 Owen W. Richardson, British

 1927 Arthur H. Compton, U.S. Charles T. R. Wilson, British

 1926 Jean B. Perrin, French

 1925 James Franck, Gustav Hertz, both German

 1924 Karl M. G. Siegbahn, Swedish

 1923 Robert A. Millikan, U.S.

 1922 Niels Bohr, Danish

 1921 Albert Einstein, Ger.-U.S.

 1920 Charles E. Guillaume, French

 1919 Johannes Stark, German

 1918 Max K. E. L. Planck, German

 1917 Charles G. Barkla, British

 1915 Sir William H. Bragg, British Sir William L. Bragg, British

 1914 Max von Laue, German

 1913 Heike Kamerlingh-Onnes, Dutch

 1912 Nils G. Dalen, Swedish

 1911 Wilhelm Wien, German

 1910 Johannes D. van der Waals, Dutch

 1909 Carl F. Braun, German Guglielmo Marconi, Italian

 1908 Gabriel Lippmann, French

 1907 Albert A. Michelson, U.S.

 1906 Sir Joseph J. Thomson, British

 1905 Philipp E. A. von Lenard, Ger.

 1904 John W. Strutt, Lord Rayleigh, British

 1903 Antoine Henri Becquerel, French Marie Curie, Polish-French Pierre
 Curie, French

 1902 Hendrik A. Lorentz, Pieter Zeeman, both Dutch

 1901 Wilhelm C. Roentgen, German

                                  Chemistry

 1989 Thomas R. Cech, Sidney Altman, both U.S.

 1988 Johann Deisenhofer, Robert Huber, Hartmut Michel, all W. German

 1987 Donald J. Cram, Charles J. Pederson, both U.S.; Jean-Marie Lehn, French


 1986 Dudley Herschbach, Yuan T. Lee, both U.S.; John C. Polanyi, Canadian

 1985 Herbert A. Hauptman, Jerome Karle, both U.S.

 1984 Bruce Merrifield, U.S.

 1983 Henry Taube, Canadian

 1982 Aaron Klug, S. African

 1981 Kenichi Fukui, Japan., Roald Hoffmann, U.S.

 1980 Paul Berg., U.S.; Walter Gilbert, U.S., Frederick Sanger, U.K.

 1979 Herbert C. Brown, U.S. George Wittig, German

 1978 Peter Mitchell, British

 1977 Ilya Prigogine, Belgian

 1976 William N. Lipscomb, U.S.

 1975 John Cornforth, Austral.-Brit., Vladimir Prelog, Yugo.-Switz.

 1974 Paul J. Flory, U.S.

 1973 Ernst Otto Fischer, W. German Geoffrey Wilkinson, British

 1972 Christian B. Anfinsen, U.S. Stanford Moore, U.S. William H. Stein, U.S.


 1971 Gerhard Herzberg, Canadian

 1970 Luis F. Leloir, Arg.

 1969 Derek H. R. Barton, British Odd Hassel, Norwegian

 1968 Lars Onsager, U.S.

 1967 Manfred Eigen, German Ronald G. W. Norrish, British George Porter,
 British

 1966 Robert S. Mulliken, U.S.

 1965 Robert B. Woodward, U.S.

 1964 Dorothy C. Hodgkin, British

 1963 Giulio Natta, Italian Karl Ziegler, German

 1962 John C. Kendrew, British Max F. Perutz, British

 1961 Melvin Calvin, U.S.

 1960 Willard F. Libby, U.S.

 1959 Jaroslav Heyrovsky, Czech

 1958 Frederick Sanger, British

 1957 Sir Alexander R. Todd, British

 1956 Sir Cyril N. Hinshelwood, British Nikolai N. Semenov, USSR

 1955 Vincent du Vigneaud, U.S.

 1954 Linus C. Pauling, U.S.

 1953 Hermann Staudinger, German

 1952 Archer J. P. Martin, British Richard L. M. Synge, British

 1951 Edwin M. McMillan, U.S. Glenn T. Seaborg, U.S.

 1950 Kurt Alder, German Otto P. H. Diels, German

 1949 William F. Giauque, U.S.

 1948 Arne W. K. Tiselius, Swedish

 1947 Sir Robert Robinson, British

 1946 James B. Sumner, John H. Northrop, Wendell M. Stanley, U.S.

 1945 Artturi I. Virtanen, Finnish

 1944 Otto Hahn, German

 1943 Georg de Hevesy, Hungarian

 1939 Adolf F. J. Butenandt, German Leopold Ruzicka, Swiss

 1938 Richard Kuhn, German

 1937 Walter N. Haworth, British Paul Karrer, Swiss

 1936 Peter J. W. Debye, Dutch

 1935 Frederic Joliot-Curie, French Irene Joliot-Curie, French

 1934 Harold C. Urey, U.S.

 1932 Irving Langmuir, U.S.

 1931 Friedrich Bergius, German Karl Bosch, German

 1930 Hans Fischer, German

 1929 Sir Arthur Harden, British Hans von Euler-Chelpin, Swed.

 1928 Adolf O. R. Windaus, German

 1927 Heinrich O. Wieland, German

 1926 Theodor Svedberg, Swedish

 1925 Richard A. Zsigmondy, German

 1923 Fritz Pregl, Austrian

 1922 Francis W. Aston, British

 1921 Frederick Soddy, British

 1920 Walther H. Nernst, German

 1918 Fritz Haber, German

 1915 Richard M. Willstatter, German

 1914 Theodore W. Richards, U.S.

 1913 Alfred Werner, Swiss

 1912 Victor Grignard, French Paul Sabatier, French

 1911 Marie Curie, Polish-French

 1910 Otto Wallach, German

 1909 Wilhelm Ostwald, German

 1908 Ernest Rutherford, British

 1907 Eduard Buchner, German

 1906 Henri Moissan, French

 1905 Adolf von Baeyer, German

 1904 Sir William Ramsay, British

 1903 Svante A. Arrhenius, Swedish

 1902 Emil Fischer, German

 1901 Jacobus H. van't Hoff, Dutch

                           Physiology or Medicine

 1989 J. Michael Bishop, Harold E. Varmus, both U.S.

 1988 Gertrude B. Elion, George H. Hitchings, both U.S; Sir James Black,
 Brit.

 1987 Susumu Tonegawa, Japanese

 1986 Rita Levi-Montalcini, It.-U.S., Stanley Cohen, U.S.

 1985 Michael S. Brown, Joseph L. Goldstein, both U.S.

 1984 Cesar Milstein, Brit.-Argentina; Georges J. F. Koehler, German; Niels
 K. Jerne, Brit.-Danish

 1983 Barbara McClintock, U.S.

 1982 Sune Bergstrom, Bengt Samuelsson, both Swedish; John R. Vane, British.

 1981 Roger W. Sperry, David H. Hubel, Tosten N. Wiesel, all U.S.

 1980 Baruj Benacerraf, George Snell, both U.S.; Jean Dausset, France

 1979 Alian M. Cormack, U.S. Geoffrey N. Hounsfield, British

 1978 Daniel Nathans, Hamilton O. Smith, both U.S.; Werner Arber, Swiss

 1977 Rosalyn S. Yalow, Roger C.L. Guillemin, Andrew V. Schally, U.S.

 1976 Baruch S. Blumberg, U.S. Daniel Carleton Gajdusek, U.S.

 1975 David Baltimore, Howard Temin, both U.S.; Renato Dulbecco, Ital.-U.S.

 1974 Albert Claude, Lux.-U.S.; George Emil Palade, Rom.-U.S.; Christian Rene
 de Duve, Belg.

 1973 Karl von Frisch, Ger.; Konrad Lorenz, Ger.-Austrian; Nikolaas
 Tinbergen, Brit.

 1972 Gerald M. Edelman, U.S. Rodney R. Porter, British

 1971 Earl W. Sutherland Jr., U.S.

 1970 Julius Axelrod, U.S. Sir Bernard Katz, British Ulf von Euler, Swedish

 1969 Max Delbruck, Alfred D. Hershey, Salvador Luria, all U.S.

 1968 Robert W. Holley, H. Gobind Khorana, Marshall W. Nirenberg, all U.S.

 1967 Ragnar Granit, Swedish Haldan Keffer Hartline, U.S. George Wald, U.S.

 1966 Charles B. Huggins, Francis Peyton Rous, both U.S.

 1965 Francois Jacob, Andre Lwoff, Jacques Monod, all French

 1964 Konrad E. Bloch, U.S. Feodor Lynen, German

 1963 Sir John C. Eccles, Australian Alan L. Hodgkin, British Andrew F.
 Huxley, British

 1962 Francis H. C. Crick, British James D. Watson, U.S. Maurice H. F.
 Wilkins, British

 1961 Georg von Bekesy, U.S.

 1960 Sir F. MacFarlane Bumet, Australian Peter B. Medawar, British

 1959 Arthur Kornberg, U.S. Severo Ochoa, U.S.

 1958 George W. Beadle, U.S. Edward L. Tatum, U.S. Joshua Lederberg, U.S.

 1957 Daniel Bovet, Italian

 1956 Andre F. Cournand, U.S. Werner Forssmann, German Dickinson W. Richards,
 Jr., U.S.

 1955 Alex H. T. Theorell, Swedish

 1954 John F. Enders, Frederick C. Robbins, Thomas H. Weller, all U.S.

 1953 Hans A. Krebs, British Fritz A. Lipmann, U.S.

 1952 Selman A. Waksman, U.S.

 1951 Max Theiler, U.S.

 1950 Philip S. Hench, Edward C. Kendall, both U.S. Tadeus Reichstein, Swiss

 1949 Walter R. Hess, Swiss Antonio Moniz, Portuguese

 1948 Paul H. Muller, Swiss

 1947 Carl F. Cori, Gerty T. Cori, both U.S. Bernardo A. Houssay, Arg.

 1946 Hermann J. Muller, U.S.

 1945 Ernst B. Chain, British Sir Alexander Fleming, British Sir Howard W.
 Florey, British

 1944 Joseph Erlanger, U.S. Herbert S. Gasser, U.S.

 1943 Henrik C. P. Dam, Danish Edward A. Doisy, U.S.

 1939 Gerhard Domagk, German

 1938 Corneille J. F. Heymans, Belg.

 1937 Albert Szent-Gyorgyi, Hung.-U.S.

 1936 Sir Henry H. Dale, British Otto Loewi, U.S.

 1935 Hans Spemann, German

 1934 George R. Minot, Wm. P. Murphy, G. H. Whipple, all U.S.

 1933 Thomas H. Morgan, U.S.

 1932 Edgar D. Adrian, British Sir Charles S. Sherrington, Brit.

 1931 Otto H. Warburg, German

 1930 Karl Landsteiner, U.S.

 1929 Christiaan Eijkman, Dutch Sir Frederick G. Hopkins, British

 1928 Charles J. H. Nicolle, French

 1927 Julius Wagner-Jauregg, Aus.

 1926 Johannes A. G. Fibiger, Danish

 1924 Willem Einthoven, Dutch

 1923 Frederick G. Banting, Canadian John J. R. Macleod, Scottish

 1922 Archibald V. Hill, British Otto F. Meyerhof, German

 1920 Schack A. S. Krogh, Danish

 1919 Jules Bordet, Belgian

 1914 Robert Barany, Austrian

 1913 Charles R. Richet, French

 1912 Alexis Carrel, French

 1911 Allvar Gullstrand, Swedish

 1910 Albrecht Kossel, German

 1909 Emil T. Kocher, Swiss

 1908 Paul Ehrlich, German Elie Metchnikoff, French

 1907 Charles L. A. Laveran, French

 1906 Camillo Golgi, Italian Santiago Ramon y Cajal, Sp.

 1905 Robert Koch, German

 1904 Ivan P. Pavlov, Russian

 1903 Niels R. Finsen, Danish

 1902 Sir Ronald Ross, British

 1901 Emil A. von Behring, German

                                 Literature

 1989 Camilo Jose Cela, Spanish

 1988 Naguib Mahfouz, Egyptian

 1987 Joseph Brodsky, USSR-U.S.

 1986 Wole Soyinka, Nigerian

 1985 Claude Simon, French

 1984 Jaroslav Siefert, Czech.

 1983 William Golding, British

 1982 Gabriel Garcia Marquez, Colombian-Mex.

 1981 Elias Canetti, Bulgarian-British

 1980 Czeslaw Milosz, Polish-U.S.

 1979 Odysseus Elytis, Greek

 1978 Isaac Bashevis Singer, U.S. (Yiddish)

 1977 Vicente Aleixandre, Spanish

 1976 Saul Bellow, U.S.

 1975 Eugenio Montale, Ital.

 1974 Eyvind Johnson, Harry Edmund Martinson, both Swedish

 1973 Patrick White, Australian

 1972 Heinrich Boll, W. German

 1971 Pablo Neruda, Chilean

 1970 Aleksandr I. Solzhenitsyn, Russ.

 1969 Samuel Beckett, Irish

 1968 Yasunari Kawabata, Japanese

 1967 Miguel Angel Asturias, Guate.

 1966 Samuel Joseph Agnon, Israeli Nelly Sachs, Swedish

 1965 Mikhail Sholokhov, Russian

 1964 Jean Paul Sartre, French (Prize declined)

 1963 Giorgos Seferis, Greek

 1962 John Steinbeck, U.S.

 1961 Ivo Andric, Yugoslavian

 1960 Saint-John Perse, French

 1959 Salvatore Quasimodo, Italian

 1958 Boris L. Pasternak, Russian (Prize declined)

 1957 Albert Camus, French

 1956 Juan Ramon Jimenez, Span.

 1955 Halldor K. Laxness, Icelandic

 1954 Ernest Hemingway, U.S.

 1953 Sir Winston Churchill, British

 1952 Francois Mauriac, French

 1951 Par F. Lagerkvist, Swedish

 1950 Bertrand Russell, British

 1949 William Faulkner, U.S.

 1948 T.S. Eliot, British

 1947 Andre Gide, French

 1946 Hermann Hesse, Swiss

 1945 Gabriela Mistral, Chilean

 1944 Johannes V. Jensen, Danish

 1939 Frans E. Sillanpaa, Finnish

 1938 Pearl S. Buck, U.S.

 1937 Roger Martin du Gard, French

 1936 Eugene O'Neill, U.S.

 1934 Luigi Pirandello, Italian

 1933 Ivan A. Bunin, French

 1932 John Galsworthy, British

 1931 Erik A. Karlfeldt, Swedish

 1930 Sinclair Lewis, U.S.

 1929 Thomas Mann, German

 1928 Sigrid Undset, Norwegian

 1927 Henri Bergson, French

 1926 Grazia Deledda, Italian

 1925 George Bernard Shaw, British

 1924 Wladyslaw S. Reymont, Polish

 1923 William Butler Yeats, Irish

 1922 Jacinto Benavente, Spanish

 1921 Anatole France, French

 1920 Knut Hamsun, Norwegian

 1919 Carl F. G. Spitteler, Swiss

 1917 Karl A. Gjellerup, Danish Henrik Pontoppidan, Danish

 1916 Verner von Heidenstam, Swed.

 1915 Romain Rolland, French

 1913 Rabindranath Tagore, Indian

 1912 Gerhart Hauptmann, German

 1911 Maurice Maeterlinck, Belgian

 1910 Paul J. L. Heyse, German

 1909 Selma Lagerlof, Swedish

 1908 Rudolf C. Eucken, German

 1907 Rudyard Kipling, British

 1906 Giosue Carducci, Italian

 1905 Henryk Sienkiewicz, Polish

 1904 Frederic Mistral, French Jose Echegaray, Spanish

 1903 Bjornsterne Bjornson, Norw.

 1902 Theodor Mommsen, German

 1901 Rene F. A Sully Prudhomme, French

                      Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics

 1989 Trygve Haavelmo, Norwegian

 1988 Maurice Allais, French

 1987 Robert M. Solow, U.S.

 1986 James M. Buchanan, U.S.

 1985 Franco Modigliani, It.-U.S.

 1984 Richard Stone, British

 1983 Gerard Debreu, Fr.-U.S.

 1982 George J. Stigler, U.S.

 1981 James Tobin, U.S.

 1980 Lawrence R. Klein, U.S.

 1979 Theodore W. Schultz, U.S., Sir Arthur Lewis, British

 1978 Herbert A. Simon, U.S.

 1977 Bertil Ohlin, Swedish James E. Meade, British

 1976 Milton Friedman, U.S.

 1975 Tjalling Koopmans, Dutch-U.S., Leonid Kantorovich, USSR

 1974 Gunnar Myrdal, Swed., Friedrich A. von Hayek, Austrian

 1973 Wassily Leontief, U.S.

 1972 Kenneth J. Arrow, U.S. John R. Hicks, British

 1971 Simon Kuznets, U.S.

 1970 Paul A. Samuelson, U.S.

 1969 Ragnar Frisch, Norwegian Jan Tinbergen, Dutch

                                    Peace

 1989 Dalai Lama, Tibet

 1988 United Nations Peacekeeping Forces

 1987 Oscar Arias Sanchez, Costa Rican Elie Wiesel, Romania-U.S.

 1985 Intl. Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War, U.S.

 1984 Bishop Desmond Tutu, So. African

 1983 Lech Walesa, Polish

 1982 Alva Myrdal, Swedish; Alfonso Garcia Robles, Mexican

 1981 Office of U.N. High Commissioner for Refugees

 1980 Adolfo Perez Esquivel, Argentine

 1979 Mother Teresa of Calcutta, Albanian-Indian

 1978 Anwar Sadat, Egyptian Menachem Begin, Israeli

 1977 Amnesty International

 1976 Mairead Corrigan, Betty Williams, N. Irish

 1975 Andrei Sakharov, USSR

 1974 Eisaku Sato, Japanese, Sean MacBride, Irish

 1973 Henry Kissinger, U.S. Le Duc Tho, N. Vietnamese (Tho declined)

 1971 Willy Brandt, W. German

 1970 Norman E. Borlaug, U.S.

 1969 Intl. Labor Organization

 1968 Rene Cassin, French

 1965 U.N. Children's Fund (UNICEF)

 1964 Martin Luther King Jr., U.S.

 1963 International Red Cross, League of Red Cross Societies

 1962 Linus C. Pauling, U.S.

 1961 Dag Hammarskjold, Swedish

 1960 Albert J. Luthuli, South African

 1959 Philip J. Noel-Baker, British

 1958 Georges Pire, Belgian

 1957 Lester B. Pearson, Canadian

 1954 Office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees

 1953 George C. Marshall, U.S.

 1952 Albert Schweitzer, French

 1951 Leon Jouhaux, French

 1950 Ralph J. Bunche, U.S.

 1949 Lord John Boyd Orr of Brechin Mearns, British

 1947 Friends Service Council, Brit. Amer. Friends Service Com.

 1946 Emily G. Balch, John R. Mott, both U.S.

 1945 Cordell Hull, U.S.

 1944 International Red Cross

 1938 Nansen International Office for Refugees

 1937 Viscount Cecil of Chelwood, Brit.

 1936 Carlos de Saavedra Lamas, Arg.

 1935 Carl von Ossietzky, German

 1934 Arthur Henderson, British

 1933 Sir Norman Angell, British

 1931 Jane Addams, U.S. Nicholas Murray Butler, U.S.

 1930 Nathan Soderblom, Swedish

 1929 Frank B. Kellogg, U.S.

 1927 Ferdinand E. Buisson, French Ludwig Quidde, German

 1926 Aristide Briand, French Gustav Stresemann, German

 1925 Sir J. Austen Chamberlain, Brit.  Charles G. Dawes, U.S.

 1922 Fridtjof Nansen, Norwegian

 1921 Karl H. Branting, Swedish  Christian L. Lange, Norwegian

 1920 Leon V.A. Bourgeois, French

 1919 Woodrow Wilson, U.S.

 1917 International Red Cross

 1913 Henri La Fontaine, Belgian

 1912 Elihu Root, U.S.

 1911 Tobias M.C. Asser, Dutch  Alfred H. Fried, Austrian

 1910 Permanent Intl. Peace Bureau

 1909 Auguste M. F. Beernaert, Belg.  Paul H. B. B. d'Estournelles de
 Constant, French

 1908 Klas P. Arnoldson, Swedish  Fredrik Bajer, Danish

 1907 Ernesto T. Moneta, Italian  Louis Renault, French

 1906 Theodore Roosevelt, U.S.

 1905 Baroness Bertha von Suttner, Austrian

 1904 Institute of International Law

 1903 Sir William R. Cremer, British

 1902 Elie Ducommun,  Charles A. Gobat, both Swiss

 1901 Jean H. Dunant, Swiss  Frederic Passy, French


             Pulitzer Prizes in Journalism, Letters, and Music

 The Pulitzer Prizes were endowed by Joseph Pulitzer (1847-1911), publisher
 of The World, New York, N.Y., in a bequest to Columbia University, and are
 awarded annually by the president of the university on recommendation of the
 Pulitzer Prize Board for work done during the preceding year. The
 administrator is Robert C. Christopher of Columbia Univ. All prizes are
 $3,000 (originally $500) in each category, except Meritorious Public Service
 for which a gold medal is given.

                                 Journalism


                         Meritorious Public Service

 For distinguished and meritorious public service by a United States
 newspaper.

 1918 --New York Times. Also special award to Minna Lewinson and Henry Beetle
 Hough.

 1919 --Milwaukee Journal.

 1921 --Boston Post.

 1922 --New York World.

 1923 --Memphis (Tenn.) Commercial Appeal.

 1924 --New York World.

 1926 --Enquirer-Sun, Columbus, Ga.

 1927 --Canton (Oh.) Daily News.

 1928 --Indianapolis Times.

 1929 --Evening World, New York.

 1931 --Atlanta (Ga.) Constitution.

 1932 --Indianapolis (Ind.) News.

 1933 --New York World-Telegram.

 1934 --Medford (Ore.) Mail-Tribune.

 1935 --Sacramento (Cal.) Bee.

 1936 --Cedar Rapids (Ia.) Gazette.

 1937 --St.Louis Post-Dispatch.

 1938 --Bismarck (N.D.) Tribune.

 1939 --Miami (Fla.) Daily News.

 1940 --Waterbury (Conn.) Republican and American.

 1941 --St.Louis Post-Dispatch.

 1942 --Los Angeles Times.

 1943 --Omaha World Herald.

 1944 --New York Times.

 1945 --Detroit Free Press.

 1946 --Scranton (Pa.) Times.

 1947 --Baltimore Sun.

 1948 --St. Louis Post-Dispatch.

 1949 --Nebraska State Journal.

 1950 --Chicago Daily News; St. Louis Post-Dispatch.

 1951 --Miami (Fla.) Herald and Brooklyn Eagle.

 1952 --St. Louis Post-Dispatch.

 1953 --Whiteville (N.C.) News Reporter; Tabor City (N.C.) Tribune.

 1954 --Newsday (Long Island, N.Y.)

 1955 --Columbus (Ga.) Ledger and Sunday Ledger-Enquirer.

 1956 --Watsonville (Cal.) Register-Pajaronian.

 1957 --Chicago Daily News.

 1958 --Arkansas Gazette, Little Rock.

 1959 --Utica (N.Y.) Observer-Dispatch and Utica Daily Press.

 1960 --Los Angeles Times.

 1961 --Amarillo (Tex.) Globe-Times.

 1962 --Panama City (Fla.) News-Herald.

 1963 --Chicago Daily News.

 1964 --St.Petersburg (Fla.) Times.

 1965 --Hutchinson (Kan.) News.

 1966 --Boston Globe.

 1967 --The Louisville Courier-Journal; The Milwaukee Journal.

 1968 --Riverside (Cal.) Press-Enterprise.

 1969 --Los Angeles Times.

 1970 --Newsday (Long Island, N.Y.).

 1971 --Winston Salem (N.C.) Journal & Sentinel.

 1972 --New York Times.

 1973 --Washington Post.

 1974 --Newsday (Long Island, N.Y.).

 1975 --Boston Globe.

 1976 --Anchorage Daily News.

 1977 --Lufkin (Tex.) News.

 1978 --Philadelphia Inquirer.

 1979 --Point Reyes (Cal.) Light.

 1980 --Gannett News Service.

 1981 --Charlotte (N.C.) Observer.

 1982 --Detroit News.

 1983 --Jackson (Miss.) Clarion-Ledger.

 1984 --Los Angeles Times.

 1985 --Ft. Worth (Tex.) Star-Telegram.

 1986 --Denver Post.

 1987 --Pittsburgh Press.

 1988 --Charlotte Observer.

 1989 --Anchorage Daily News.

 1990 --The Philadelphia Inquirer for reporting by Gilbert M. Gaul;
 Washington (N.C.) Daily News.


                                 Reporting

        (1) General or Spot; (2) Special or Investigative

 This category originally embraced all fields, local, national, and
 international. Later separate categories were created for the different
 fields of reporting.

 1917 --Herbert Bayard Swope, New York World.

 1918 --Harold A. Littledale, New York Evening Post.

 1920 --John J. Leary, Jr., New York World.

 1921 --Louis Seibold, New York World.

 1922 --Kirke L. Simpson, Associated Press.

 1923 --Alva Johnston, New York Times.

 1924 --Magner White, San Diego Sun.

 1925 --James W. Mulroy and Alvin H. Goldstein, Chicago Daily News.

 1926 --William Burke Miller, Louisville Courier-Journal.

 1927 --John T. Rogers, St. Louis Post-Dispatch.

 1929 --Paul Y. Anderson, St. Louis Post-Dispatch.

 1930 --Russell D. Owens, New York Times. Also $500 to W.O. Dapping, Auburn
 (N.Y.) Citizen.

 1931 --A.B. MacDonald, Kansas City (Mo.) Star.

 1932 --W.C. Richards, D.D. Martin, J.S. Pooler, F.D. Webb, J.N.W. Sloan,
 Detroit Free Press.

 1933 --Francis A. Jamieson, Associated Press.

 1934 --Royce Brier, San Francisco Chronicle.

 1935 --William H.Taylor, New York Herald Tribune.

 1936 --Lauren D.Lyman, New York Times.

 1937 --John J. O'Neill, N.Y.Herald Tribune; William L. Laurence, N.Y Times;
 Howard W. Blakeslee, A.P.; Gobind Behari Lal, Universal Service;
 and David Dietz, Scripps-Howard Newspapers.

 1938 --Raymond Sprigle, Pittsburgh Post-Gazette.

 1939 --Thomas L. Stokes, Scripps-Howard Newspaper Alliance.

 1940 --S.Burton Heath, New York World-Telegram.

 1941 --Westbrook Pegler, New York World-Telegram.

 1942 --Stanton Delaplane, San Francisco Chronicle.

 1943 --George Weller, Chicago Daily News.

 1944 --Paul Schoenstein, New York Journal-American.

 1945 --Jack S. McDowell, San Francisco Call-Bulletin.

 1946 --William L. Laurence, New York Times.

 1947 --Frederick Woltman, New York World-Telegram.

 1948 --George E. Goodwin, Atlanta Journal.

 1949 --Malcolm Johnson, New York Sun.

 1950 --Meyer Berger, New York Times.

 1951 --Edward S. Montgomery, San Francisco Examiner.

 1952 --Geo. de Carvalho, San Francisco Chronicle.

 1953 --(1) Providence (R.I.) Journal and Evening Bulletin; (2) Edward J.
 Mowery, New York World-Telegram & Sun.

 1954 --(1) Vicksburg (Miss.) Sunday Post-Herald; (2) Alvin Scott McCoy,
 Kansas City (Mo.) Star.

 1955 --(1) Mrs. Caro Brown, Alice (Tex.) Daily Echo; (2) Roland K. Towery,
 Cuero (Tex.) Record.

 1956 --(1) Lee Hills, Detroit Free Press; (2) Arthur Daley, New York Times.

 1957 --(1) Salt Lake Tribune, Salt Lake City, Ut.; (2) Wallace Turner and
 William Lambert, Portland Oregonian.

 1958 --(1) Fargo, (N.D.) Forum; (2) George Beveridge, Evening Star,
 Washington, D.C.

 1959 --(1) Mary Lou Werner, Washington Evening Star; (2) John Harold
 Brislin, Scranton (Pa.) Tribune, and The Scrantonian.

 1960 --(1) Jack Nelson, Atlanta Constitution; (2) Miriam Ottenberg,
 Washington Evening Star.

 1961 --(1) Sanche de Gramont, New York Herald Tribune; (2) Edgar May,
 Buffalo Evening News.

 1962 --(1) Robert D.Mullins, Deseret News, Salt Lake City; (2) George Bliss,
 Chicago Tribune.

 1963 --(1) Shared by Sylvan Fox, William Longgood, and Anthony Shannon, New
 York World-Telegram & Sun; (2) Oscar Griffin, Jr., Pecos (Tex.) Independent
 and Enterprise.

 1964 --(1) Norman C.Miller, Wall Street Journal; (2) Shared by James V.
 Magee, Albert V. Gaudiosi, and Frederick A. Meyer, Philadelphia Bulletin.

 1965 --(1) Melvin H.Ruder, Hungry Horse News (Columbia Falls, Mon.); (2)
 Gene Goltz, Houston Post.

 1966 --(1) Los Angeles Times Staff; (2) John A. Frasca, Tampa (Fla.)
 Tribune.

 1967 --(1) Robert V.Cox, Chambersburg (Pa.) Public Opinion; (2) Gene Miller,
 Miami Herald.

 1968 --Detroit Free Press Staff; (2) J. Anthony Lukas, New York Times.

 1969 --(1) John Fetterman, Louisville Courier-Journal and Times; (2) Albert
 L.Delugach, St. Louis Globe Democrat, and Denny Walsh, Life.

 1970 --(1) Thomas Fitzpatrick, Chicago Sun-Times; (2) Harold Eugene Martin,
 Montgomery Advertiser & Alabama Journal.

 1971 --(1) Akron Beacon Journal Staff, (2) William Hugh Jones, Chicago
 Tribune.

 1972 --(1) Richard Cooper and John Machacek, Rochester Times-Union; (2)
 Timothy Leland, Gerard M. O'Neill, Stephen A. Kurkjian and Anne De Santis,
 Boston Globe.

 1973 --(1) Chicago Tribune; (2) Sun Newspapers of Omaha.

 1974 --(1) Hugh F. Hough, Arthur M. Petacque, Chicago Sun-Times; (2) William
 Sherman, New York Daily News.

 1975 --(1) Xenia (Oh.) Daily Gazette; (2) Indianapolis Star.

 1976 --(1) Gene Miller, Miami Herald; (2) Chicago Tribune.

 1977 --(1) Margo Huston, Milwaukee Journal; (2) Acel Moore, Wendell Rawls
 Jr., Philadelphia Inquirer.

 1978 --(1) Richard Whitt, Louisville Courier-Journal; (2) Anthony R. Dolan,
 Stamford (Conn.) Advocate.

 1979 --(1) San Diego (Cal.) Evening Tribune; (2) Gilbert M. Gaul, Elliot
 G.Jaspin, Pottsville (Pa.) Republican.

 1980 --(1) Philadelphia Inquirer; (2) Stephen A. Kurkjian, Alexander B.Hawes
 Jr., Nils Bruzelius, Joan Vennochi, Robert M. Porterfield, Boston Globe.

 1981 --(1) Longview (Wash.) Daily News staff; (2) Clark Hallas and Robert B.
 Lowe, Arizona Daily Star.

 1982 --(1) Kansas City Star, Kansas City Times; (2) Paul Henderson, Seattle
 Times.

 1983 --(1) Fort Wayne (Ind.) News-Sentinel; (2) Loretta Tofani, Washington
 Post.

 1984 --(1) Newsday (N.Y.); (2) Boston Globe.

 1985 --(1) Thomas Turcol, Virginian-Pilot and Ledger-Star, Norfolk, Va.; (2)
 William K.Marimow, Philadelphia Inquirer; Lucy Morgan & Jack Reed, St.
 Petersburg (Fla.) Times.

 1986 --(1) Edna Buchanan, Miami Herald; (2) Jeffrey A. Marx & Michael M.
 York, Lexington (Ky.) Herald-Leader.

 1987 --(1) Akron Beacon Journal; (2) Daniel R. Biddle, H.G. Bissinger,
 Fredric N. Tulsky, Philadelphia Inquirer; John Woestendiek, Philadelphia
 Inquirer.

 1988 --(1) Alabama Journal; Lawrence (Mass.) Eagle-Tribune; (2) Walt
 Bogdanich, Wall Street Journal.

 1989 --(1) Louisville Courier-Journal; (2) Bill Dedman, Atlanta Journal and
 Constitution.

 1990 --(1) San Jose Mercury News; (2) Lon Kilzer, Chris Ison, Star Tribune,
 Minneapolis-St. Paul.


                          Criticism or Commentary

                 (1) Criticism; (2) Commentary

 1970 --(1) Ada Louise Huxtable, New York Times; (2) Marquis W. Childs,
 St.Louis Post-Dispatch.

 1971 --(1) Harold C.Schonberg, New York Times; (2) William A. Caldwell, The
 Record, Hackensack, N.J.

 1972 --(1) Frank Peters Jr., St. Louis Post-Dispatch; (2) Mike Royko,
 Chicago Daily News.

 1973 --(1) Ronald Powers, Chicago Sun-Times; (2) David S. Broder, Washington
 Post.

 1974 --(1) Emily Genauer, Newsday, (N.Y.); (2) Edwin A. Roberts, Jr.,
 National Observer.

 1975 --(1) Roger Ebert, Chicago Sun Times; (2) Mary McGrory, Washington
 Star.

 1976 --(1) Alan M.Kriegsman, Washington Post; (2) Walter W. (Red) Smith, New
 York Times.

 1977 --(1) William McPherson, Washington Post; (2) George F. Will, Wash.
 Post Writers Group.

 1978 --(1) Walter Kerr, New York Times; (2) William Safire, New York Times.


 1979 --(1) Paul Gapp, Chicago Tribune; (2) Russell Baker, New York Times.

 1980 --(1) William A. Henry III, Boston Globe; (2) Ellen Goodman, Boston
 Globe.

 1981 --(1) Jonathan Yardley, Washington Star; (2) Dave Anderson, New York
 Times.

 1982 --(1) Martin Bernheimer, Los Angeles Times; (2) Art Buchwald, Los
 Angeles Times Syndicate.

 1983 --(1) Manuela Hoelterhoff, Wall St. Journal; (2) Claude Sitton, Raleigh
 (N.C.) News & Observer.

 1984 --Paul Goldberger, New York Times; (2) Vermont Royster, Wall St.
 Journal

 1985 --(1) Howard Rosenberg, Los Angeles Times; (2) Murray Kempton, Newsday
 (N.Y.).

 1986 --(1) Donal J. Henahan, New York Times; (2) Jimmy Breslin, New York
 Daily News.

 1987 --(1) Richard Eder, Los Angeles Times; (2) Charles Krauthammer,
 Washington Post.

 1988 --(1) Tom Shales, Washington Post; (2) Dave Barry, Miami Herald.

 1989 --(1) Michael Skube, News and Observer, Raleigh, N.C.; (2) Clarence
 Page, Chicago Tribune.

 1990 --(1) Allan Temko, San Francisco Chronicle; (2) Jim Murray, Los Angeles
 Times


                            National Reporting

 1942 --Louis Stark, New York Times.

 1944 --Dewey L. Fleming, Baltimore Sun.

 1945 --James B. Reston, New York Times.

 1946 --Edward A. Harris, St. Louis Post-Dispatch.

 1947 --Edward T. Folliard, Washington Post.

 1948 --Bert Andrews, New York Herald Tribune; Nat S. Finney, Minneapolis
 Tribune.

 1949 --Charles P. Trussell, New York Times.

 1950 --Edwin O. Guthman, Seattle Times.

 1952 --Anthony Leviero, New York Times.

 1953 --Don Whitehead, Associated Press.

 1954 --Richard Wilson, Des Moines Register.

 1955 --Anthony Lewis, Washington Daily News.

 1956 --Charles L. Bartlett, Chattanooga Times.

 1957 --James Reston, New York Times.

 1958 --Relman Morin, AP; Clark Mollenhoff, Des Moines Register & Tribune.

 1959 --Howard Van Smith, Miami (Fla.) News.

 1960 --Vance Trimble, Scripps-Howard, Washington, D.C.

 1961 --Edward R. Cony, Wall Street Journal.

 1962 --Nathan G. Caldwell and Gene S. Graham, Nashville Tennessean.

 1963 --Anthony Lewis, New York Times.

 1964 --Merriman Smith, UPI.

 1965 --Louis M. Kohlmeier, Wall Street Journal.

 1966 --Haynes Johnson, Washington Evening Star.

 1967 --Monroe Karmin and Stanley Penn, Wall Street Journal.

 1968 --Howard James, Christian Science Monitor; Nathan K. Kotz, Des Moines
 Register.

 1969 --Robert Cahn, Christian Science Monitor.

 1970 --William J. Eaton, Chicago Daily News.

 1971 --Lucinda Franks & Thomas Powers, UPI.

 1972 --Jack Anderson, United Feature Syndicate.

 1973 --Robert Boyd and Clark Hoyt, Knight Newspapers.

 1974 --James R. Polk, Washington Star-News; Jack White, Providence
 Journal-Bulletin.

 1975 --Donald L. Barlett and James B. Steele, Philadelphia Inquirer.

 1976 --James Risser, Des Moines Register.

 1977 --Walter Mears, Associated Press.

 1978 --Gaylord D. Shaw, Los Angeles Times.

 1979 --James Risser, Des Moines Register.

 1980 --Charles Stafford, Bette Swenson Orsini, St. Petersburg (Fla.) Times.

 1981 --John M. Crewdson, New York Times.

 1982 --Rick Atkinson, Kansas City Times.

 1983 --Boston Globe.

 1984 --John Noble Wilford, New York Times.

 1985 --Thomas J. Knudson, Des Moines (Ia.) Register.

 1986 --Craig Flournoy & George Rodrigue, Dallas Morning News; Arthur Howe,
 Philadelphia Inquirer.

 1987 --Miami Herald; and New York Times.

 1988 --Tim Weiner, Philadelphia Inquirer.

 1989 --Donald L. Barlett & James B. Steele, Philadelphia Inquirer.

 1990 --Ross Anderson, Bill Dietrich, Mary Ann Gwinn, Eric Nalder, The
 Seattle Times.


                          International Reporting

 1942 --Laurence Edmund Allen, Associated Press.

 1943 --Ira Wolfert, No. Am. Newspaper Alliance.

 1944 --Daniel DeLuce, Associated Press.

 1945 --Mark S. Watson, Baltimore Sun.

 1946 --Homer W. Bigart, New York Herald Tribune.

 1947 --Eddy Gilmore, Associated Press.

 1948 --Paul W. Ward, Baltimore Sun.

 1949 --Price Day, Baltimore Sun.

 1950 --Edmund Stevens, Christian Science Monitor.

 1951 --Keyes Beech and Fred Sparks, Chicago Daily News; Homer Bigart and
 Marguerite Higgins, New York Herald Tribune; Relman Morin and Don Whitehead,
 AP.

 1952 --John M. Hightower, Associated Press.

 1953 --Austin C. Wehrwein, Milwaukee Journal.

 1954 --Jim G. Lucas, Scripps-Howard Newspapers.

 1955 --Harrison Salisbury, New York Times.

 1956 --William Randolph Hearst, Jr., Frank Conniff, Hearst Newspapers;
 Kingsbury Smith, INS.

 1957 --Russell Jones, United Press.

 1958 --New York Times.

 1959 --Joseph Martin and Philip Santora, New York News.

 1960 --A.M. Rosenthal, New York Times.

 1961 --Lynn Heinzerling, Associated Press.

 1962 --Walter Lippmann, New York Herald Tribune Synd.

 1963 --Hal Hendrix, Miami (Fla.) News.

 1964 --Malcolm W. Browne, AP; David Halberstam, New York Times.

 1965 --J.A. Livingston, Philadelphia Bulletin.

 1966 --Peter Arnett, AP.

 1967 --R. John Hughes, Christian Science Monitor.

 1968 --Alfred Friendly, Washington Post.

 1969 --William Tuohy, Los Angeles Times.

 1970 --Seymour M. Hersh, Dispatch News Service.

 1971 --Jimmie Lee Hoagland, Washington Post.

 1972 --Peter R. Kann, Wall Street Journal.

 1973 --Max Frankel, New York Times.

 1974 --Hedrick Smith, New York Times.

 1975 --William Mullen and Ovie Carter, Chicago Tribune.

 1976 --Sydney H. Schanberg, New York Times.

 1978 --Henry Kamm, New York Times.

 1979 --Richard Ben Cramer, Philadelphia Inquirer.

 1980 --Joel Brinkley, Jay Mather, Louisville (Ky.) Courier-Journal.

 1981 --Shirley Christian, Miami Herald.

 1982 --John Darnton, New York Times.

 1983 --Thomas L. Friedman, New York Times; Loren Jenkins, Washington Post.

 1984 --Karen Elliot House, Wall St. Journal

 1985 --Josh Friedman, Dennis Bell, Ozler Muhammad, Newsday (N.Y.).

 1986 --Lewis M. Simons, Pete Carey, Katherine Ellison, San Jose (Calif.)
 Mercury News.

 1987 --Michael Parks, Los Angeles Times.

 1988 --Thomas L. Friedman, New York Times.

 1989 --Glenn Frankel, Washington Post; Bill Keller, New York Times.

 1990 --Nicholas D. Kirstof, Sheryl WuDunn, New York Times.


                               Correspondence

 For Washington or foreign correspondence. Category was merged with those in
 national and international reporting in 1948.

 1929 --Paul Scott Mowrer, Chicago Daily News.

 1930 --Leland Stowe, New York Herald Tribune.

 1931 --H.R. Knickerbocker, Philadelphia Public Ledger and New York Evening
 Post.

 1932 --Walter Duranty, New York Times, and Charles G. Ross, St. Louis
 Post-Dispatch.

 1933 --Edgar Ansel Mowrer, Chicago Daily News.

 1934 --Frederick T. Birchall, New York Times.

 1935 --Arthur Krock, New York Times.

 1936 --Wilfred C. Barber, Chicago Tribune.

 1937 --Anne O'Hare McCormick, New York Times.

 1938 --Arthur Krock, New York Times.

 1939 --Louis P. Lochner, Associated Press.

 1940 --Otto D. Tolischus, New York Times.

 1941 --Bronze plaque to commemorate work of American correspondents on war
 fronts.

 1942 --Carlos P. Romulo, Philippines Herald.

 1943 --Hanson W. Baldwin, New York Times.

 1944 --Ernest Taylor Pyle, Scripps-Howard Newspaper Alliance.

 1945 --Harold V. (Hal) Boyle, Associated Press.

 1946 --Arnaldo Cortesi, New York Times.

 1947 --Brooks Atkinson, New York Times.


                             Editorial Writing

 1917 --New York Tribune.

 1918 --Louisville (Ky.) Courier-Journal.

 1920 --Harvey E. Newbranch, Omaha Evening World-Herald.

 1922 --Frank M. O'Brien, New York Herald.

 1923 --William Allen White, Emporia Gazette.

 1924 --Frank Buxton, Boston Herald, Special Prize. Frank I. Cobb, New York
 World.

 1925 --Robert Lathan, Charleston (S.C.) News and Courier.

 1926 --Edward M. Kingsbury, New York Times.

 1927 --F. Lauriston Bullard, Boston Herald.

 1928 --Grover C. Hall, Montgomery Advertiser.

 1929 --Louis Isaac Jaffe, Norfolk Virginian-Pilot.

 1931 --Chas. Ryckman, Fremont (Neb.) Tribune.

 1933 --Kansas City (Mo.) Star.

 1934 --E. P. Chase, Atlantic (Ia.) News Telegraph.

 1936 --Felix Morley, Washington Post. George B. Parker, Scripps-Howard
 Newspapers.

 1937 --John W. Owens, Baltimore Sun.

 1938 --W.W. Waymack. Des Moines (Ia.) Register and Tribune.

 1939 --Ronald G. Callvert, Portland Oregonian.

 1940 --Bart Howard, St. Louis Post-Dispatch.

 1941 --Reuben Maury, Daily News, N.Y.

 1942 --Geoffrey Parsons, New York Herald Tribune.

 1943 --Forrest W. Seymour, Des Moines (Ia.) Register and Tribune.

 1944 --Henry J. Haskell, Kansas City (Mo.) Star.

 1945 --George W. Potter, Providence (R.I.) Journal-Bulletin.

 1946 --Hodding Carter, Greenville (Miss.) Delta Democrat-Times.

 1947 --William H. Grimes, Wall Street Journal.

 1948 --Virginius Dabney, Richmond (Va.) Times-Dispatch.

 1949 --John H. Crider, Boston (Mass.) Herald, Herbert Elliston, Washington
 Post.

 1950 --Carl M. Saunders, Jackson (Mich.) Citizen-Patriot.

 1951 --William H. Fitzpatrick, New Orleans States.

 1952 --Louis LaCoss, St. Louis Globe Democrat.

 1953 --Vermont C. Royster, Wall Street Journal.

 1954 --Don Murray, Boston Herald.

 1955 --Royce Howes, Detroit Free Press.

 1956 --Lauren K. Soth, Des Moines (Ia.) Register and Tribune.

 1957 --Buford Boone, Tuscaloosa (Ala.) News.

 1958 --Harry S. Ashmore, Arkansas Gazette.

 1959 --Ralph McGill, Atlanta Constitution.

 1960 --Lenoir Chambers, Norfolk Virginian-Pilot.

 1961 --William J. Dorvillier, San Juan (Puerto Rico) Star.

 1962 --Thomas M. Storke, Santa Barbara (Cal.) News-Press.

 1963 --Ira B. Harkey, Jr., Pascagoula (Miss.) Chronicle.

 1964 --Hazel Brannon Smith, Lexington (Miss.) Advertiser.

 1965 --John R. Harrison, The Gainesville (Fla.) Sun.

 1966 --Robert Lasch, St. Louis Post-Dispatch.

 1967 --Eugene C. Patterson, Atlanta Constitution.

 1968 --John S. Knight, Knight Newspapers.

 1969 --Paul Greenberg, Pine Bluff (Ark.) Commercial.

 1970 --Philip L. Geyelin, Washington Post.

 1971 --Horance G. Davis, Jr., Gainesville (Fla.) Sun.

 1972 --John Strohmeyer, Bethlehem (Pa.) Globe-Times.

 1973 --Roger B. Linscott, Berkshire Eagle, Pittsfield, Mass.

 1974 --F. Gilman Spencer, Trenton (N.J.) Trentonian.

 1975 --John D. Maurice, Charleston (W. Va.) Daily Mail.

 1976 --Philip Kerby, Los Angeles Times.

 1977 --Warren L. Lerude, Foster Church, and Norman F. Cardoza, Reno (Nev.)
 Evening Gazette and Nevada State Journal.

 1978 --Meg Greenfield, Washington Post.

 1979 --Edwin M. Yoder, Washington Star.

 1980 --Robert L. Bartley, Wall Street Journal.

 1982 --Jack Rosenthal, New York Times.

 1983 --Editorial board, Miami Herald.

 1984 --Albert Scardino, Georgia Gazette.

 1985 --Richard Aregood, Philadelphia Daily News.

 1986 --Jack Fuller, Chicago Tribune.

 1987 --Jonathan Freedman, The Tribune (San Diego).

 1988 --Jane Healy, Orlando Sentinel.

 1989 --Lois Wille, Chicago Tribune.

 1990 --Thomas J. Hylton, The Pottstown (Pa.) Mercury.


                           Editorial Cartooning

 1922 --Rollin Kirby, New York World.

 1924 --Jay N. Darling, Des Moines Register.

 1925 --Rollin Kirby, New York World.

 1926 --D. R. Fitzpatrick, St. Louis Post-Dispatch.

 1927 --Nelson Harding, Brooklyn Eagle.

 1928 --Nelson Harding, Brooklyn Eagle.

 1929 --Rollin Kirby, New York World.

 1930 --Charles Macauley, Brooklyn Eagle.

 1931 --Edmund Duffy, Baltimore Sun.

 1932 --John T. McCutcheon, Chicago Tribune.

 1933 --H. M. Talburt, Washington Daily News.

 1934 --Edmund Duffy, Baltimore Sun.

 1935 --Ross A. Lewis, Milwaukee Journal.

 1937 --C. D. Batchelor, New York Daily News.

 1938 --Vaughn Shoemaker, Chicago Daily News.

 1939 --Charles G. Werner, Daily Oklahoman.

 1940 --Edmund Duffy, Baltimore Sun.

 1941 --Jacob Burck, Chicago Times.

 1942 --Herbert L. Block, Newspaper Enterprise Assn.

 1943 --Jay N. Darling, Des Moines Register.

 1944 --Clifford K. Berryman, Washington Star.

 1945 --Bill Mauldin, United Feature Syndicate.

 1946 --Bruce Alexander Russell, Los Angeles Times.

 1947 --Vaughn Shoemaker, Chicago Daily News.

 1948 --Reuben L. (Rube) Goldberg, N. Y. Sun.

 1949 --Lute Pease, Newark (N.J.) Evening News.

 1950 --James T. Berryman, Washington Star.

 1951 --Reginald W. Manning, Arizona Republic.

 1952 --Fred L. Packer, New York Mirror.

 1953 --Edward D. Kuekes, Cleveland Plain Dealer.

 1954 --Herbert L. Block, Washington Post & Times-Herald.

 1955 --Daniel R. Fitzpatrick, St. Louis Post-Dispatch.

 1956 --Robert York, Louisville (Ky.) Times.

 1957 --Tom Little, Nashville Tennessean.

 1958 --Bruce M. Shanks, Buffalo Evening News.

 1959 --Bill Mauldin, St. Louis Post-Dispatch.

 1961 --Carey Orr, Chicago Tribune.

 1962 --Edmund S. Valtman, Hartford Times.

 1963 --Frank Miller, Des Moines Register.

 1964 --Paul Conrad, Denver Post.

 1966 --Don Wright, Miami News.

 1967 --Patrick B. Oliphant, Denver Post.

 1968 --Eugene Gray Payne, Charlotte Observer.

 1969 --John Fischetti, Chicago Daily News.

 1970 --Thomas F. Darcy, Newsday.

 1971 --Paul Conrad, L. A. Times.

 1972 --Jeffrey K. MacNelly, Richmond News-Leader.

 1974 --Paul Szep, Boston Globe.

 1975 --Garry Trudeau, Universal Press Syndicate.

 1976 --Tony Auth, Philadelphia Inquirer.

 1977 --Paul Szep, Boston Globe.

 1978 --Jeffrey K. MacNelly, Richmond News Leader.

 1979 --Herbert L. Block, Washington Post.

 1980 --Don Wright, Miami (Fla.) News.

 1981 --Mike Peters, Dayton (Oh.) Daily News.

 1982 --Ben Sargent, Austin American-Statesman.

 1983 --Richard Lochner, Chicago Tribune.

 1984 --Paul Conrad, Los Angeles Times.

 1985 --Jeffrey K. MacNelly, Chicago Tribune.

 1986 --Jules Feiffer, Village Voice (N.Y. City)

 1987 --Berke Breathed, Washington Post.

 1988 --Doug Marlette, Atlanta Constitution, Charlotte Observer.

 1989 --Jack Higgins, Chicago Sun-Times.

 1990 --Tom Toles, The Buffalo News.


                           Spot News Photography

 1942 --Milton Brooks, Detroit News.

 1943 --Frank Noel, Associated Press.

 1944 --Frank Filan, AP; Earl L. Bunker, Omaha World-Herald.

 1945 --Joe Rosenthal, Associated Press, for photograph of planting American
 flag on Iwo Jima.

 1947 --Arnold Hardy, amateur, Atlanta, Ga.

 1948 --Frank Cushing, Boston Traveler.

 1949 --Nathaniel Fein, New York Herald Tribune.

 1950 --Bill Crouch, Oakland (Cal.) Tribune.

 1951 --Max Desfor, Associated Press.

 1952 --John Robinson and Don Ultang, Des Moines Register and Tribune.

 1953 --William M. Gallagher, Flint (Mich.) Journal.

 1954 --Mrs. Walter M. Schau, amateur.

 1955 --John L. Gaunt, Jr., Los Angeles Times.

 1956 --New York Daily News.

 1957 --Harry A. Trask, Boston Traveler.

 1958 --William C. Beall, Washington Daily News.

 1959 --William Seaman, Minneapolis Star.

 1960 --Andrew Lopez, UPI.

 1961 --Yasushi Nagao, Mainichi Newspapers, Tokyo.

 1962 --Paul Vathis, Associated Press.

 1963 --Hector Rondon, La Republica, Caracas, Venezuela.

 1964 --Robert H. Jackson, Dallas Times-Herald.

 1965 --Horst Faas, Associated Press.

 1966 --Kyoichi Sawada, UPI.

 1967 --Jack R. Thornell, Associated Press.

 1968 --Rocco Morabito, Jacksonville Journal.

 1969 --Edward Adams, AP.

 1970 --Steve Starr, AP.

 1971 --John Paul Filo, Valley Daily News & Daily Dispatch of Tarentum & New
 Kensington, Pa.

 1972 --Horst Faas and Michel Laurent, AP.

 1973 --Huynh Cong Ut, AP.

 1974 --Anthony K. Roberts, AP.

 1975 --Gerald H. Gay, Seattle Times.

 1976 --Stanley Forman, Boston Herald American.

 1977 --Neal Ulevich, Associated Press; Stanley Forman, Boston Herald
 American.

 1978 --John H. Blair, UPI.

 1979 --Thomas J. Kelly III, Pottstown (Pa.) Mercury.

 1980 --UPI.

 1981 --Larry C. Price, Ft. Worth (Tex.) Star-Telegram.

 1982 --Ron Edmonds, Associated Press.

 1983 --Bill Foley, AP.

 1984 --Stan Grossfeld, Boston Globe.

 1985 --The Register, Santa Ana, Calif.

 1986 --Carol Guzy & Michel duCille, Miami Herald.

 1987 --Kim Komenich, San Francisco Examiner.

 1988 --Scott Shaw, Odessa (Tex.) American.

 1989 --Ron Olshwanger, St. Louis Post-Dispatch.

 1990 --The Oakland (Calif.) Tribune photo staff.


                            Feature Photography

 1968 --Toshio Sakai, UPI.

 1969 --Moneta Sleet Jr., Ebony.

 1970 --Dallas Kinney, Palm Beach Post.

 1971 --Jack Dykinga, Chicago Sun-Times.

 1972 --Dave Kennerly, UPI.

 1973 --Brian Lanker, Topeka Capitol-Journal.

 1974 --Slava Veder, AP.

 1975 --Matthew Lewis, Washington Post.

 1976 --Louisville Courier-Journal and Louisville Times.

 1977 --Robin Hood, Chattanooga News-Free Press.

 1978 --J. Ross Baughman, AP.

 1979 --Staff Photographers, Boston Herald American.

 1980 --Erwin H. Hagler, Dallas Times-Herald.

 1981 --Taro M. Yamasaki, Detroit Free Press.

 1982 --John H. White, Chicago Sun-Times.

 1983 --James B. Dickman, Dallas Times-Herald.

 1984 --Anthony Suad, Denver Post.

 1985 --Stan Grossfeld, Boston Globe; Larry C. Price, Philadelphia Inquirer.

 1986 --Tom Gralish, Philadelphia Inquirer.

 1987 --David Peterson, Des Moines Register.

 1988 --Michel duCille, Miami Herald.

 1989 --Manny Crisostomo, Detroit Free Press.

 1990 --David C. Turnley, Detroit Free Press.


                             Special Citation

 1938 --Edmonton (Alberta) Journal, bronze plaque.

 1941 --New York Times.

 1944 --Byron Price and Mrs. William Allen White. Also to Richard Rodgers and
 Oscar Hammerstein 2d, for musical, Oklahoma!

 1945 --Press cartographers for war maps.

 1947 --(Pulitzer centennial year.) Columbia Univ. and the Graduate School of
 Journalism, and St. Louis Post-Dispatch.

 1948 --Dr. Frank Diehl Fackenthal.

 1951 --Cyrus L. Sulzberger, New York Times.

 1952 --Max Kase, New York Journal-American, Kansas City Star.

 1953 --The New York Times; Lester Markel.

 1957 --Kenneth Roberts, for his historical novels.

 1958 --Walter Lippmann, New York Herald Tribune.

 1960 --Garrett Mattingly, for The Armada.

 1961 --American Heritage Picture History of the Civil War.

 1964 --The Gannett Newspapers.

 1973 --James T. Flexner, for biography of George Washington.

 1976 --John Hohenberg, for services to American journalism.

 1977 --Alex Haley, for Roots.

 1978 --Richard Lee Strout, Christian Science Monitor and New Republic. E.B.
 White.

 1984 --Theodore Geisel ("Dr. Seuss").

 1985 --William Schuman, composer, educational leader.

 1987 --Joseph Pulitzer Jr.


                              Feature Writing

 1979 --Jon D. Franklin, Baltimore Evening Sun.

 1980 --Madeleine Blais, Miami Herald Tropic Magazine. Janet Cooke,
 Washington Post.

 1981 --Teresa Carpenter, Village Voice, New York City.

 1982 --Saul Pett, Associated Press.

 1984 --Peter M. Rinearson, Seattle Times.

 1985 --Alice Steinbach, Baltimore Sun.

 1986 --John Camp, St. Paul Pioneer Press & Dispatch

 1987 --Steve Twomey, Philadephia Inquirer.

 1988 --Jacqui Banaszynski, St. Paul Pioneer Press Dispatch.

 1989 --David Zucchino, Philadelphia Inquirer.

 1990 --Dave Curtin, Colorado Springs Gazette Telegraph.


                           Explanatory Journalism

 1985 --Jon Franklin, Baltimore Evening Sun.

 1986 --New York Times Staff.

 1987 --Jeff Lyon & Peter Gorner, Chicago Tribune.

 1988 --Daniel Hertzberg, James B. Stewart, Wall Street Journal.

 1989 --David Hanners, William Snyder, Karen Blessen, Dallas Morning News.

 1990 --David A. Vise, Steve Coll, The Washington Post.


                           Specialized Reporting

 1985 --Randall Savage, Jackie Crosby, Macon (Ga.) Telegraph and News.

 1986 --Andrew Schneider & Mary Pat Flaherty, Pittsburgh Press.

 1987 --Alex S. Jones, New York Times.

 1988 --Dean Baquet, William Gaines, Ann Marie Lipinski, Chicago Tribune.

 1989 --Edward Humes, Orange County (Calif.) Register.

 1990 --Tamar Stieber, Albuquerque Journal.

                                  Letters


                                  Fiction

 For fiction in book form by an American author, preferably dealing with
 American life.

 1918 --Ernest Poole, His Family.

 1919 --Booth Tarkington, The Magnificent Ambersons.

 1921 --Edith Wharton, The Age of Innocence.

 1922 --Booth Tarkington, Alice Adams.

 1923 --Willa Cather, One of Ours.

 1924 --Margaret Wilson, The Able McLaughlins.

 1925 --Edna Ferber, So Big.

 1926 --Sinclair Lewis, Arrowsmith. (Refused prize.)

 1927 --Louis Bromfield, Early Autumn.

 1928 --Thornton Wilder, Bridge of San Luis Rey.

 1929 --Julia M. Peterkin, Scarlet Sister Mary.

 1930 --Oliver LaFarge, Laughing Boy.

 1931 --Margaret Ayer Barnes, Years of Grace.

 1932 --Pearl S. Buck, The Good Earth.

 1933 --T. S. Stribling, The Store.

 1934 --Caroline Miller, Lamb in His Bosom.

 1935 --Josephine W. Johnson, Now in November.

 1936 --Harold L. Davis, Honey in the Horn.

 1937 --Margaret Mitchell, Gone with the Wind.

 1938 --John P. Marquand, The Late George Apley.

 1939 --Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings, The Yearling.

 1940 --John Steinbeck, The Grapes of Wrath.

 1942 --Ellen Glasgow, In This Our Life.

 1943 --Upton Sinclair, Dragon's Teeth.

 1944 --Martin Flavin, Journey in the Dark.

 1945 --John Hersey, A Bell for Adano.

 1947 --Robert Penn Warren, All the King's Men.

 1948 --James A Michener, Tales of the South Pacific.

 1949 --James Gould Cozzens, Guard of Honor.

 1950 --A. B. Guthrie Jr., The Way West.

 1951 --Conrad Richter, The Town.

 1952 --Herman Wouk, The Caine Mutiny.

 1953 --Ernest Hemingway, The Old Man and the Sea.

 1955 --William Faulkner, A Fable.

 1956 --MacKinlay Kantor, Andersonville.

 1958 --James Agee, A Death in the Family.

 1959 --Robert Lewis Taylor, The Travels of Jaimie McPheeters.

 1960 --Allen Drury, Advise and Consent.

 1961 --Harper Lee, To Kill a Mockingbird.

 1962 --Edwin O'Connor, The Edge of Sadness.

 1963 --William Faulkner, The Reivers.

 1965 --Shirley Ann Grau, The Keepers of the House.

 1966 --Katherine Anne Porter, Collected Stories of Katherine Anne Porter.

 1967 --Bernard Malamud, The Fixer.

 1968 --William Styron, The Confessions of Nat Turner.

 1969 --N. Scott Momaday, House Made of Dawn.

 1970 --Jean Stafford, Collected Stories.

 1972 --Wallace Stegner, Angle of Repose.

 1973 --Eudora Welty, The Optimist's Daughter.

 1975 --Michael Shaara, The Killer Angels.

 1976 --Saul Bellow, Humboldt's Gift.

 1978 --James Alan McPherson, Elbow Room.

 1979 --John Cheever, The Stories of John Cheever.

 1980 --Norman Mailer, The Executioner's Song.

 1981 --John Kennedy Toole, A Confederacy of Dunces.

 1982 --John Updike, Rabbit is Rich.

 1983 --Alice Walker, The Color Purple.

 1984 --William Kennedy, Ironweed.

 1985 --Alison Lurie, Foreign Affairs.

 1986 --Larry McMurtry, Lonesome Dove.

 1987 --Peter Taylor, A Summons to Memphis.

 1988 --Toni Morrison, Beloved.

 1989 --Anne Tyler, Breathing Lessons.

 1990 --Oscar Hijuelos, The Mambo Kings Play Songs of Love.


                                   Drama

 For an American play, preferably original and dealing with American life.

 1918 --Jesse Lynch Williams, Why Marry?

 1920 --Eugene O'Neill, Beyond the Horizon.

 1921 --Zona Gale, Miss Lulu Bett.

 1922 --Eugene O'Neill, Anna Christie.

 1923 --Owen Davis, Icebound.

 1924 --Hatcher Hughes, Hell-Bent for Heaven.

 1925 --Sidney Howard, They Knew What They Wanted.

 1926 --George Kelly, Craig's Wife.

 1927 --Paul Green, In Abraham's Bosom.

 1928 --Eugene O'Neill, Strange Interlude.

 1929 --Elmer Rice, Street Scene.

 1930 --Marc Connelly, The Green Pastures.

 1931 --Susan Glaspell, Alison's House.

 1932 --George S. Kaufman, Morrie Ryskind and Ira Gershwin, Of Thee I Sing.


 1933 --Maxwell Anderson, Both Your Houses.

 1934 --Sidney Kingsley, Men in White.

 1935 --Zoe Akins, The Old Maid.

 1936 --Robert E. Sherwood, Idiot's Delight.

 1937 --George S. Kaufman and Moss Hart, You Can't Take It With You.

 1938 --Thornton Wilder, Our Town.

 1939 --Robert E. Sherwood, Abe Lincoln in Illinois.

 1940 --William Saroyan, The Time of Your Life.

 1941 --Robert E. Sherwood, There Shall Be No Night.

 1943 --Thornton Wilder, The Skin of Our Teeth.

 1945 --Mary Chase, Harvey.

 1946 --Russel Crouse and Howard Lindsay, State of the Union.

 1948 --Tennessee Williams, A Streetcar Named Desire.

 1949 --Arthur Miller, Death of a Salesman.

 1950 --Richard Rodgers, Oscar Hammerstein 2d, and Joshua Logan, South
 Pacific.

 1952 --Joseph Kramm, The Shrike.

 1953 --William Inge, Picnic.

 1954 --John Patrick, Teahouse of the August Moon.

 1955 --Tennessee Williams, Cat on a Hot Tin Roof.

 1956 --Frances Goodrich and Albert Hackett, The Diary of Anne Frank.

 1957 --Eugene O'Neill, Long Day's Journey Into Night.

 1958 --Ketti Frings, Look Homeward, Angel.

 1959 --Archibald MacLeish, J. B.

 1960 --George Abbott, Jerome Weidman, Sheldon Harnick and Jerry Bock,
 Fiorello.

 1961 --Tad Mosel, All the Way Home.

 1962 --Frank Loesser and Abe Burrows, How To Succeed In Business Without
 Really Trying.

 1965 --Frank D. Gilroy, The Subject Was Roses.

 1967 --Edward Albee, A Delicate Balance.

 1969 --Howard Sackler, The Great White Hope.

 1970 --Charles Gordone, No Place to Be Somebody.

 1971 --Paul Zindel, The Effect of Gamma Rays on Man-in-the-Moon Marigolds.


 1973 --Jason Miller, That Championship Season.

 1975 --Edward Albee, Seascape.

 1976 --Michael Bennett, James Kirkwood, Nicholas Dante, Marvin Hamlisch,
 Edward Kleban, A Chorus Line.

 1977 --Michael Cristofer, The Shadow Box.

 1978 --Donald L. Coburn, The Gin Game.

 1979 --Sam Shepard, Buried Child.

 1980 --Lanford Wilson, Talley's Folly.

 1981 --Beth Henley, Crimes of the Heart.

 1982 --Charles Fuller, A Soldier's Play.

 1983 --Marsha Norman, 'night, Mother.

 1984 --David Mamet, Glengarry Glen Ross.

 1985 --Stephen Sondheim, James Lapine, Sunday in the Park with George.

 1987 --August Wilson, Fences.

 1988 --Alfred Uhry, Driving Miss Daisy.

 1989 --Wendy Wasserstein, The Heidi Chronicles.

 1990 --August Wilson, The Piano Lesson.


                                  History

 For a book on the history of the United States.

 1917 --J. J. Jusserand, With Americans of Past and Present Days.

 1918 --James Ford Rhodes, History of the Civil War.

 1920 --Justin H. Smith, The War with Mexico.

 1921 --William Sowden Sims, The Victory at Sea.

 1922 --James Truslow Adams, The Founding of New England.

 1923 --Charles Warren, The Supreme Court in United States History.

 1924 --Charles Howard McIlwain, The American Revolution: A Constitutional
 Interpretation.

 1925 --Frederick L. Paxton, A History of the American Frontier.

 1926 --Edward Channing, A History of the U.S.

 1927 --Samuel Flagg Bemis, Pinckney's Treaty.

 1928 --Vernon Louis Parrington, Main Currents in American Thought.

 1929 --Fred A. Shannon, The Organization and Administration of the Union
 Army, 1861-65.

 1930 --Claude H. Van Tyne, The War of Independence.

 1931 --Bernadotte E. Schmitt, The Coming of the War, 1914.

 1932 --Gen. John J. Pershing, My Experiences in the World War.

 1933 --Frederick J. Turner, The Significance of Sections in American
 History.

 1934 --Herbert Agar, The People's Choice.

 1935 --Charles McLean Andrews, The Colonial Period of American History.

 1936 --Andrew C. McLaughlin, The Constitutional History of the United
 States.

 1937 --Van Wyck Brooks, The Flowering of New England.

 1938 --Paul Herman Buck, The Road to Reunion, 1865-1900.

 1939 --Frank Luther Mott, A History of American Magazines.

 1940 --Carl Sandburg, Abraham Lincoln: The War Years.

 1941 --Marcus Lee Hansen, The Atlantic Migration, 1607-1860.

 1942 --Margaret Leech, Reveille in Washington.

 1943 --Esther Forbes, Paul Revere and the World He Lived In.

 1944 --Merle Curti, The Growth of American Thought.

 1945 --Stephen Bonsal, Unfinished Business.

 1946 --Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr., The Age of Jackson.

 1947 --James Phinney Baxter 3d, Scientists Against Time.

 1948 --Bernard De Voto, Across the Wide Missouri.

 1949 --Roy F. Nichols, The Disruption of American Democracy.

 1950 --O. W. Larkin, Art and Life in America.

 1951 --R. Carlyle Buley, The Old Northwest: Pioneer Period 1815-1840.

 1952 --Oscar Handlin, The Uprooted.

 1953 --George Dangerfield, The Era of Good Feelings.

 1954 --Bruce Catton, A Stillness at Appomattox.

 1955 --Paul Horgan, Great River: The Rio Grande in North American History.

 1956 --Richard Hofstadter, The Age of Reform.

 1957 --George F. Kennan, Russia Leaves the War.

 1958 --Bray Hammond, Banks and Politics in America--From the Revolution to
 the Civil War.

 1959 --Leonard D. White and Jean Schneider, The Republican Era; 1869-1901.

 1960 --Margaret Leech, In the Days of McKinley.

 1961 --Herbert Feis, Between War and Peace: The Potsdam Conference.

 1962 --Lawrence H. Gibson, The Triumphant Empire: Thunderclouds Gather in
 the West.

 1963 --Constance McLaughlin Green, Washington: Village and Capital,
 1800-1878.

 1964 --Sumner Chilton Powell, Puritan Village: The Formation of A New
 England Town.

 1965 --Irwin Unger, The Greenback Era.

 1966 --Perry Miller, Life of the Mind in America.

 1967 --William H. Goetzmann, Exploration and Empire: the Explorer and
 Scientist in the Winning of the American West.

 1968 --Bernard Bailyn, The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution.

 1969 --Leonard W. Levy, Origin of the Fifth Amendment.

 1970 --Dean Acheson, Present at the Creation: My Years in the State
 Department.

 1971 --James McGregor Burns, Roosevelt: The Soldier of Freedom.

 1972 --Carl N. Degler, Neither Black Nor White.

 1973 --Michael Kammen, People of Paradox: An Inquiry Concerning the Origins
 of American Civilization.

 1974 --Daniel J. Boorstin, The Americans: The Democratic Experience.

 1975 --Dumas Malone, Jefferson and His Time.

 1976 --Paul Horgan, Lamy of Santa Fe.

 1977 --David M. Potter, The Impending Crisis.

 1978 --Alfred D. Chandler, Jr., The Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution
 in American Business.

 1979 --Don E. Fehrenbacher, The Dred Scott Case: Its Significance in
 American Law and Politics.

 1980 --Leon F. Litwack, Been in the Storm So Long.

 1981 --Lawrence A. Cremin, American Education: The National Experience,
 1783-1876.

 1982 --C. Vann Woodward, ed., Mary Chestnut's Civil War.

 1983 --Rhys L. Issac, The Transformation of Virginia, 1740-1790.

 1985 --Thomas K. McCraw, Prophets of Regulation.

 1986 --Walter A. McDougall,  . . .  The Heavens and the Earth.

 1987 --Bernard Bailyn, Voyagers to the West.

 1988 --Robert V. Bruce, The Launching of Modern American Science 1846-1876.

 1989 --Taylor Branch, Parting the Waters: America in the King Years,
 1954-63; and James M. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era.

 1990 --Stanley Karnow, In Our Image: America's Empire in the Philippines.


                         Biography or Autobiography

 For a distinguished biography or autobiography by an American author.

 1917 --Laura E. Richards and Maude Howe Elliott, assisted by Florence Howe
 Hall, Julia Ward Howe.

 1918 --William Cabell Bruce, Benjamin Franklin, Self-Revealed.

 1919 --Henry Adams, The Education of Henry Adams.

 1920 --Albert J. Beveridge, The Life of John Marshall.

 1921 --Edward Bok, The Americanization of Edward Bok.

 1922 --Hamlin Garland, A Daughter of the Middle Border.

 1923 --Burton J. Hendrick, The Life and Letters of Walter H. Page.

 1924 --Michael Pupin, From Immigrant to Inventor.

 1925 --M. A. DeWolfe Howe, Barrett Wendell and His Letters.

 1926 --Harvey Cushing, Life of Sir William Osler.

 1927 --Emory Holloway, Whitman: An Interpretation in Narrative.

 1928 --Charles Edward Russell, The American Orchestra and Theodore Thomas.


 1929 --Burton J. Hendrick, The Training of an American: The Earlier Life and
 Letters of Walter H. Page.

 1930 --Marquis James, The Raven (Sam Houston).

 1931 --Henry James, Charles W. Eliot.

 1932 --Henry F. Pringle, Theodore Roosevelt.

 1933 --Allan Nevins, Grover Cleveland.

 1934 --Tyler Dennett, John Hay.

 1935 --Douglas Southall Freeman, R. E. Lee

 1936 --Ralph Barton Perry, The Thought and Character of William James.

 1937 --Allan Nevins, Hamilton Fish: The Inner History of the Grant
 Administration.

 1938 --Divided between Odell Shepard, Pedlar's Progress; Marquis James,
 Andrew Jackson.

 1939 --Carl Van Doren, Benjamin Franklin.

 1940 --Ray Stannard Baker, Woodrow Wilson, Life and Letters.

 1941 --Ola Elizabeth Winslow, Jonathan Edwards.

 1942 --Forrest Wilson, Crusader in Crinoline.

 1943 --Samuel Eliot Morison, Admiral of the Ocean Sea (Columbus).

 1944 --Carleton Mabee, The American Leonardo: The Life of Samuel F. B.
 Morse.

 1945 --Russell Blaine Nye, George Bancroft; Brahmin Rebel.

 1946 --Linny Marsh Wolfe, Son of the Wilderness.

 1947 --William Allen White, The Autobiography of William Allen White.

 1948 --Margaret Clapp, Forgotten First Citizen: John Bigelow.

 1949 --Robert E. Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins.

 1950 --Samuel Flag Bemis, John Quincy Adams and the Foundations of American
 Foreign Policy.

 1951 --Margaret Louise Colt, John C. Calhoun: American Portrait.

 1952 --Merlo J. Pusey, Charles Evans Hughes.

 1953 --David J. Mays, Edmund Pendleton, 1721-1803.

 1954 --Charles A. Lindbergh, The Spirit of St. Louis.

 1955 --William S. White, The Taft Story.

 1956 --Talbot F. Hamlin, Benjamin Henry Latrobe.

 1957 --John F. Kennedy, Profiles in Courage.

 1958 --Douglas Southall Freeman (decd. 1953), George Washington, Vols. I-VI:
 John Alexander Carroll and Mary Wells Ashworth, Vol. VII.

 1959 --Arthur Walworth, Woodrow Wilson: American Prophet.

 1960 --Samuel Eliot Morison, John Paul Jones.

 1961 --David Donald, Charles Sumner and The Coming of the Civil War.

 1963 --Leon Edel, Henry James: Vol. II. The Conquest of London, 1870-1881;
 Vol. III, The Middle Years, 1881-1895.

 1964 --Walter Jackson Bate, John Keats.

 1965 --Ernest Samuels, Henry Adams.

 1966 --Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr., A Thousand Days.

 1967 --Justin Kaplan, Mr. Clemens and Mark Twain.

 1968 --George F. Kennan, Memoirs (1925-1950).

 1969 --B. L. Reid, The Man from New York: John Quinn and his Friends.

 1970 --T. Harry Williams, Huey Long.

 1971 --Lawrence Thompson, Robert Frost: The Years of Triumph, 1915-1938.

 1972 --Joseph P. Lash, Eleanor and Franklin.

 1973 --W. A. Swanberg, Luce and His Empire.

 1974 --Louis Sheaffer, O'Neill, Son and Artist.

 1975 --Robert A. Caro, The Power Broker: Robert Moses and the Fall of New
 York.

 1976 --R.W.B. Lewis, Edith Wharton: A Biography.

 1977 --John E. Mack, A Prince of Our Disorder, The Life of T.E. Lawrence.

 1978 --Walter Jackson Bate, Samuel Johnson.

 1979 --Leonard Baker, Days of Sorrow and Pain: Leo Baeck and the Berlin
 Jews.

 1980 --Edmund Morris, The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt.

 1981 --Robert K. Massie, Peter the Great: His Life and World.

 1982 --William S. McFeely, Grant: A Biography.

 1983 --Russell Baker, Growing Up.

 1984 --Louis R. Harlan, Booker T. Washington.

 1985 --Kenneth Silverman, The Life and Times of Cotton Mather.

 1986 --Elizabeth Frank, Louise Bogan: A Portrait.

 1987 --David J. Garrow, Bearing the Cross: Martin Luther King Jr. and the
 Southern Christian Leadership Conference.

 1988 --David Herbert Donald, Look Homeward: A Life of Thomas Wolfe.

 1989 --Richard Ellmann, Oscar Wilde.

 1990 --Sebastian de Grazia, Machiavelli in Hell.


                              American Poetry

 Before this prize was established in 1922, awards were made from gifts
 provided by the Poetry Society: 1918--Love Songs, by Sara Teasdale.1919--Old
 Road to Paradise, by Margaret Widemer; Corn Huskers, by Carl Sandburg.

 1922 --Edwin Arlington Robinson, Collected Poems.

 1923 --Edna St. Vincent Millay, The Ballad of the Harp-Weaver; A Few Figs
 from Thistles; Eight Sonnets in American Poetry, 1922; A Miscellany.

 1924 --Robert Frost, New Hampshire: A Poem with Notes and Grace Notes.

 1925 --Edwin Arlington Robinson, The Man Who Died Twice.

 1926 --Amy Lowell, What's O'Clock.

 1927 --Leonora Speyer, Fiddler's Farewell.

 1928 --Edwin Arlington Robinson, Tristram.

 1929 --Stephen Vincent Benet, John Brown's Body.

 1930 --Conrad Aiken, Selected Poems.

 1931 --Robert Frost, Collected Poems.

 1932 --George Dillon, The Flowering Stone.

 1933 --Archibald MacLeish, Conquistador.

 1934 --Robert Hillyer, Collected Verse.

 1935 --Audrey Wurdemann, Bright Ambush.

 1936 --Robert P. Tristram Coffin, Strange Holiness.

 1937 --Robert Frost, A Further Range.

 1938 --Marya Zaturenska, Cold Morning Sky.

 1939 --John Gould Fletcher, Selected Poems.

 1940 --Mark Van Doren, Collected Poems.

 1941 --Leonard Bacon, Sunderland Capture.

 1942 --William Rose Benet, The Dust Which Is God.

 1943 --Robert Frost, A Witness Tree.

 1944 --Stephen Vincent Benet, Western Star.

 1945 --Karl Shapiro, V-Letter and Other Poems.

 1947 --Robert Lowell, Lord Weary's Castle.

 1948 --W. H. Auden, The Age of Anxiety.

 1949 --Peter Viereck, Terror and Decorum.

 1950 --Gwendolyn Brooks, Annie Allen.

 1951 --Carl Sandburg, Complete Poems.

 1952 --Marianne Moore, Collected Poems.

 1953 --Archibald MacLeish, Collected Poems.

 1954 --Theodore Roethke, The Waking.

 1955 --Wallace Stevens, Collected Poems.

 1956 --Elizabeth Bishop, Poems, North and South.

 1957 --Richard Wilbur, Things of This World.

 1958 --Robert Penn Warren, Promises: Poems 1954-1956.

 1959 --Stanley Kunitz, Selected Poems 1928-1958.

 1960 --W. D. Snodgrass, Heart's Needle.

 1961 --Phyllis McGinley, Times Three: Selected Verse from Three Decades.

 1962 --Alan Dugan, Poems.

 1963 --William Carlos Williams, Pictures From Breughel.

 1964 --Louis Simpson, At the End of the Open Road.

 1965 --John Berryman, 77 Dream Songs.

 1966 --Richard Eberhart, Selected Poems.

 1967 --Anne Sexton, Live or Die.

 1968 --Anthony Hecht, The Hard Hours.

 1969 --George Oppen, Of Being Numerous.

 1970 --Richard Howard, Untitled Subjects.

 1971 --William S. Merwin, The Carrier of Ladders.

 1972 --James Wright, Collected Poems.

 1973 --Maxine Winokur Kumin, Up Country.

 1975 --Gary Snyder, Turtle Island.

 1976 --John Ashbery, Self-Portrait in a Convex Mirror.

 1977 --James Merrill, Divine Comedies.

 1978 --Howard Nemerov, Collected Poems.

 1979 --Robert Penn Warren, Now and Then: Poems 1976-1978.

 1980 --Donald Justice, Selected Poems.

 1981 --James Schuyler, The Morning of the Poem.

 1982 --Sylvia Plath, The Collected Poems.

 1983 --Galway Kinnell, Selected Poems.

 1984 --Mary Oliver, American Primitive.

 1985 --Carolyn Kizer, Yin.

 1986 --Henry Taylor, The Flying Change.

 1987 --Rita Dove, Thomas and Beulah.

 1988 --William Meredith, Partial Accounts: New and Selected Poems.

 1989 --Richard Wilbur, New and Collected Poems.

 1990 --Charles Simic, The World Doesn't End


                            General Non-Fiction

 1962 --Theodore H. White, The Making of the President 1960.

 1963 --Barbara W. Tuchman, The Guns of August.

 1964 --Richard Hofstadter, Anti-Intellectualism in American Life.

 1965 --Howard Mumford Jones, O Strange New World.

 1966 --Edwin Way Teale, Wandering Through Winter.

 1967 --David Brion Davis, The Problem of Slavery in Western Culture.

 1968 --Will and Ariel Durant, Rousseau and Revolution.

 1969 --Norman Mailer, The Armies of the Night; and Rene Jules Dubos, So
 Human an Animal: How We Are Shaped by Surroundings and Events.

 1970 --Eric H. Erikson, Gandhi's Truth.

 1971 --John Toland, The Rising Sun.

 1972 --Barbara W. Tuchman, Stilwell and the American Experience in China,
 1911-1945.

 1973 --Frances FitzGerald, Fire in the Lake: The Vietnamese and the
 Americans in Vietnam; Robert Coles, Children of Crisis, Volumes II & III.

 1974 --Ernest Becker, The Denial of Death.

 1975 --Annie Dillard, Pilgrim at Tinker Creek.

 1976 --Robert N. Butler, Why Survive? Being Old in America.

 1977 --William W. Warner, Beautiful Swimmers.

 1978 --Carl Sagan, The Dragons of Eden.

 1979 --Edward O. Wilson, On Human Nature.

 1980 --Douglas R. Hofstadter, Godel, Escher, Bach: An Eternal Golden Braid.


 1981 --Carl E. Schorske, Fin-de-Siecle Vienna: Politics and Culture.

 1982 --Tracy Kidder, The Soul of a New Machine.

 1983 --Susan Sheehan, Is There No Place on Earth for Me?

 1984 --Paul Starr, Social Transformation of American Medicine.

 1985 --Studs Terkel, The Good War.

 1986 --Joseph Lelyveld, Move Your Shadow; J. Anthony Lukas, Common Ground.

 1987 --David K. Shipler, Arab and Jew.

 1988 --Richard Rhodes, The Making of the Atomic Bomb.

 1989 --Neil Sheehan, A Bright Shining Lie: John Paul Vann and America in
 Vietnam.

 1990 --Dale Maharidge, Michael Williamson, And Their Children After Them.

                                   Music

 For composition by an American (before 1977, by a composer resident in the
 U.S.), in the larger forms of chamber, orchestra or choral music or for an
 operatic work including ballet. A special posthumous award was granted in
 1976 to Scott Joplin.

 1943 --William Schuman, Secular Cantata No. 2, A Free Song.

 1944 --Howard Hanson, Symphony No. 4, Op. 34.

 1945 --Aaron Copland, Appalachian Spring.

 1946 --Leo Sowerby, The Canticle of the Sun.

 1947 --Charles E. Ives, Symphony No. 3.

 1948 --Walter Piston, Symphony No. 3.

 1949 --Virgil Thomson, Louisiana Story.

 1950 --Gian-Carlo Menotti, The Consul.

 1951 --Douglas Moore, Giants in the Earth.

 1952 --Gail Kubik, Symphony Concertante.

 1954 --Quincy Porter, Concerto for Two Pianos and Orchestra.

 1955 --Gian-Carlo Menotti, The Saint of Bleecker Street.

 1956 --Ernest Toch, Symphony No. 3.

 1957 --Norman Dello Joio, Meditations on Ecclesiastes.

 1958 --Samuel Barber, Vanessa.

 1959 --John La Montaine, Concerto for Piano and Orchestra.

 1960 --Elliott Carter, Second String Quartet.

 1961 --Walter Piston, Symphony No. 7.

 1962 --Robert Ward, The Crucible.

 1963 --Samuel Barber, Piano Concerto No. 1.

 1966 --Leslie Bassett, Variations for Orchestra.

 1967 --Leon Kirchner, Quartet No. 3.

 1968 --George Crumb, Echoes of Time and The River.

 1969 --Karel Husa, String Quartet No. 3.

 1970 --Charles W. Wuorinen, Time's Encomium.

 1971 --Mario Davidovsky, Synchronisms No. 6.

 1972 --Jacob Druckman, Windows.

 1973 --Elliott Carter, String Quartet No. 3.

 1974 --Donald Martino, Notturno. (Special citation) Roger Sessions.

 1975 --Dominick Argento, From the Diary of Virginia Woolf.

 1976 --Ned Rorem, Air Music.

 1977 --Richard Wernick, Visions of Terror and Wonder.

 1978 --Michael Colgrass, Deja Vu for Percussion and Orchestra.

 1979 --Joseph Schwantner, Aftertones of Infinity.

 1980 --David Del Tredici, In Memory of a Summer Day.

 1982 --Roger Sessions, Concerto For Orchestra. (Special Citation) Milton
 Babbitt.

 1983 --Ellen T. Zwilich, Three Movements for Orchestra.

 1984 --Bernard Rands, Canti del Sole.

 1985 --Stephen Albert, Symphony, RiverRun.

 1986 --George Perle, Wind Quintet IV.

 1987 --John Harbison, The Flight Into Egypt.

 1988 --William Bolcom, 12 New Etudes for Piano.

 1989 --Roger Reynolds, Whispers Out of Time.

 1990 --Mel Powell, Duplicates: A Concerto For Two Pianos and Orchestra.


                               Special Awards

                          Awarded in 1989 or 1990

                             Books, Allied Arts

 Academy of American Poets Fellowship for Distinguished Achievement, $20,000:
 William Meredith.

 Booker Prize: The Remains of the Day, Kazuo Ishiguro.

 Boston Globe-Horn Book Awards for Excellence in Children's Literature, $500
 and engraved silver bowl: fiction: The Village by the Sea, Paula Fox;
 nonfiction: The Way Things Work, David Macaulay; picture book: Shy Charles,
 Rosemary Wells.

 Caldecott Medal, for distinguished American picture book for children: Lon
 Po Po: A Red-Riding Hood Story from China, Ed Young.

 Carey-Thomas Awards, by Publishers Weekly, for creative publishing: main
 prize: Thunder Mouth Press, alternative fiction and nonfiction; honor
 citations: Curbstone Press, for Latin American writers and issues & Seal
 Press, for feminist issues; special citation: Eridanos Press, for
 translations of 20th-century classics.

 Chicago Sun-Times Book of the Year Award: Noble Rot,Richard Stern.

 Golden Kite Awards, for children's books, by Society of Children's Book
 Writers: fiction: Jenny of the Tetons, Kristiana Gregory; nonfiction: Panama
 Canal: Gateway to the World, Judith St. George; picture book illustration:
 Tom Thumb, Richard Jesse Watson.

 National Arts Club Medal of Honor for Literature: Iris Murdoch.

 National Book Awards, by National Book Foundation, $10,000: fiction:
 Spartina, John Casey; nonfiction: From Beirut to Jerusalem, Thomas L.
 Friedman; distinguished contribution to American letters: Daniel J.
 Boorstin.

 National Book Critics Circle Awards: fiction: Billy Bathgate, E.L. Doctorow;
 general nonfiction: The Broken Cord, Michael Dorris;
 biography/autobiography: A First-Class Temperament: The Emergence of
 Franklin Roosevelt, Geoffrey C. Ward; poetry: Transparent Gestures, Rodney
 Jones; criticism: Not by Facts Alone: Essays on the Writing and Reading of
 History, John Clive; citation for excellence in book reviewing: Carol
 Anshaw, Voice Literary Supplement; contribution to book publishing: James
 Laughlin, New Directions.

 Newbery Medal, for children's literature: Number the Stars, Lois Lowry.

 O'Dell Award, for historical fiction, by Bulletin of the Center for
 Children's Books, $5,000: Shades of Gray, Carolyn Reeder.

 Whiting Foundation Writers' Awards, $25,000 each: Timberlake Wertenbaker,
 Ellen Atkins, Tobias Wolff, Mary Karr, C.D. Wright, Natalie Kusz, Russell
 Edson, Ian Frazier, Luc Sante.

                             Journalism Awards

 Bernstein Award for Excellence in Journalism, by New York Public Library,
 $15,000: Thomas L. Friedman, From Beirut to Jerusalem.

 Catholic Press Assn. Awards: general excellence, national: Our Sunday
 Visitor, Huntington, Ind.; diocesan, circulation to 17,000: The Florida
 Catholic, Venice, Fla.; 17,001-40,000:The Catholic Observer, Springfield,
 Mass.; from 40,001: The Catholic Sun, Syracuse, N.Y.

 Magazine Merit Awards, by Society of Children's Book Writers: fiction:
 Elaine Marie Alphin, Young and Alive; nonfiction: Elizabeth R. Hennefrund,
 Ranger Rick; illustrations: Bianca Lavies, Ranger Rick.

 National Journalism Awards, by Scripps Howard Foundation, $41,000: college
 cartoonist: Nick Anderson, Ohio State Lantern, Columbus; editorial writing:
 Ann Daly Goodwin, St. Paul (Minn.) Pioneer Press Dispatch; environmental
 journalism: Sam Atwood, The (San Bernardino, Calif.) Sun; The Boston Globe;
 commitment to literacy: WFSB-TV, Hartford, Conn.; The San Antonio Light;
 human interest writing: Rose Post, The Salisbury (N.C.) Post; broadcast
 journalism: KWTO-TV, Springfield, Mo.; WSM Radio, Nashville, Tenn.; KARK-TV,
 Little Rock, Ark.; WCBS-TV, New York; First Amendment service: The San
 Francisco Chronicle: public service: The Charleston (W.Va.) Gazette; The
 Fort Worth (Tex.) Star-Telegram.

 National Magazine Awards, by American Society of Magazine Editors, bronze
 plaque and reproduction of Calder stabile each: general excellence,
 circulation of 1 million or more: Sports Illustrated; 400,000 to 1 million:
 Metropolitan Home; 100,000-400,000: Texas Monthly; less than 100,000: 7
 Days; reporting: The New Yorker; fiction: The New Yorker: photography: Texas
 Monthly; essays and criticism: Vanity Fair; feature-writing: The
 Washingtonian; public interest: Southern Exposure; single-topic: National
 Geographic; personal service: Consumer Reports; special interests: Art &
 Antiques; design: Esquire.

 Polk Awards in Journalism, by Long Island University: career: Fred M.
 Hechinger, New York Times; foreign: Nicholas D. Kristof, Sheryl WuDunn, New
 York Times: international: Stephen Engelberg, Michael R. Gordon, New York
 Times; national: Rick Atkinson, Washington Post; political: Andrew
 Melnykovych, Casper (Wyo.) Star-Tribune; regional: Miranda Ewell, David
 Schrieberg, San Jose (Calif.) Mercury News; local: Hartford (Conn.) Courant;
 medical: John M. Crewdson, Chicago Tribune; network TV: CBS News; local TV:
 WCSC-TV, Charleston, S.C.; TV investigative: Jonathan Kwitny, "The Kwitny
 Report," WNYC-TV; radio: Robert Knight, "Undercurrents," WBAI-FM.

 Reuben Awards, by National Cartoonists Society: cartoonist of the year: Jim
 Davis, "Garfield," United Feature Syndicate; commercial: Roy Doty;
 electronic media: Chuck Jones; magazines and books: Sergio Aragones;
 editorial & sports: Pat Oliphant Universal Press Syndicate; strips & panels:
 Johnny Hart, "B.C.," Creators Syndicate.

                    Movie, Radio, TV, and Theater Awards

 Audelco Recognition Awards, for black theater: outstanding pioneer: Cynthia
 Belgrave; play: "The Talented Tenth," Richard Wesley; musical: "Song of
 Sheba," Clarice Laverne Thompson, Elmo Terry Morgan; playwright: Richard
 Wesley; director: M. Neema Barnette; musical director: Clarice Laverne
 Thompson; actor: Alili Prince, "The Forbidden City;" actress: Marie Thomas,
 "The Talented Tenth;" musical actor: Anthony Cooper, "Song of Sheba;"
 musical actress: Johanna Daughtery, "Song of Sheba."

 Directors Guild of America Awards: feature film director: Oliver Stone,
 "Born on the Fourth of July;" TV directors: comedy: Barnet Kellman, Murphy
 Brown; drama special: Dan Curtis, "War and Remembrance;" drama series: Eric
 Laneuville, L.A. Law; daytime drama series: Victoria Hochberg, Wonderworks;
 musical variety: Don Mischer, Great Performances; documentary: Peter Rosen,
 "The Eighth Van Cliburn Intl. Piano Competition;" sports: Bob Fishman, "U.S.
 Open Tennis Tournament;" commercial: David Cornell, A.T.&.T.'s "Small Town."

 du Pont-Columbia Univ. Awards, for broadcast journalism: gold baton:
 Frontline, PBS; silver batons: CBS News, CNN, ABC News & Koppel
 Communications; WETA, Washington, D.C.; radio silver baton: National Public
 Radio; independent TV production: Appalshop, Kentucky; silver batons, major
 market TV stations: WFAA-TV, Dallas, KCET, Los Angeles; medium-size-market:
 Maryland Public Television; small-market: WJXT, Jacksonville, Fla.; WBRZ,
 Baton Rouge, La.

 Emmy Awards, by Academy of Television Arts and Sciences, for nighttime
 programs, 1988-89: Dramatic series: L.A. Law, NBC; actress, Dana Delany,
 China Beach, ABC; actor: Carroll O'Connor, In the Heat of the Night, NBC;
 supporting actress: Melanie Mayron, thirtysomething, ABC; supporting actor:
 Larry Drake, L.A. Law, NBC. Comedy series: Cheers, NBC; actress: Candice
 Bergen, Murphy Brown, CBS; actor: Richard Mulligan, Empty Nest, NBC;
 supporting actress: Rhea Perlman, Cheers, NBC; supporting actor: Woody
 Harrelson, Cheers, NBC. Miniseries: War and Remembrance, ABC; actress: Holly
 Hunter, Roe vs. Wade, NBC; actor: James Woods, Hallmark Hall of Fame: My
 Name Is Bill W., ABC; supporting actress: Colleen Dewhurst, Those She Left
 Behind, NBC; supporting actor: Derek Jacobi, Hallmark Hall of Fame: The
 Tenth Man, CBS. Drama-Comedy Special: (tie) Day One, CBS; Roe vs. Wade, NBC.
 Variety, Music or Comedy Program: The Tracey Ullman Show, Fox. Performance
 in a Variety or Musical Program: Linda Ronstadt, Great Performances:
 Can-ciones de mi Padre, PBS. Children's Program: Free to Be . . . a Family,
 ABC. Classical Program in Performing Arts: Great Performances: Bernstein at
 70], PBS; Governor's Award: Lucille Ball. (For 1989-90, see Addenda.)

 Golden Globe Awards, by Hollywood Foreign Press Assn.: dramatic picture:
 "Born on the Fourth of July;" director: Oliver Stone, "Born on the Fourth of
 July;" actor: Tom Cruise, "Born on the Fourth of July;" actress: Michelle
 Pfeiffer, "The Fabulous Baker Boys;" musical or comic picture: "Driving Miss
 Daisy;" musical or comic actor: Morgan Freeman, "Driving Miss Daisy;"
 musical or comic actress: Jessica Tandy, "Driving Miss Daisy;" TV series,
 dramatic: China Beach, ABC; musical or comic: Murphy Brown, CBS; mini
 series: Lonesome Dove.

 Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts Awards, for lifetime achievement in
 the arts, gold medallions: Harry Belafonte, Claudette Colbert, Mary Martin,
 Alexandra Danilova, William Schuman.

 Kesserling Award for Playwrights, by National Arts Club, $10,000: Jo Carson,
 "Daytrips," Los Angeles Theater Center.

 New York Drama Critics Circle Awards: new play: "The Piano Lesson," August
 Wilson; new musical: "City of Angels," Larry Gelbart, Cy Coleman, David
 Zippel; new foreign play: "Privates on Parade," Peter Nichols.

 New York Film Critics Circle Awards: film: "My Left Foot;" actor: Daniel
 Day-Lewis, "My Left Foot;" actress: Michelle Pfeiffer, "The Fabulous Baker
 Boys;" director: Paul Mazursky, "Enemies, a Love Story;" supporting actor:
 Alan Alda, "Crimes and Misdemeanors;" supporting actress: Lena Olin,
 "Enemies, a Love Story;" foreign film: "Story of Women," Claude Chabrol;
 documentary: "Roger and Me," Michael Moore; new director: Kenneth Branagh,
 "Henry V;" cinematography: Ernest Dickerson, "Do the Right Thing;"
 screenplay: Daniel Yost, "Drugstore Cowboy."

 Tony (Antoinette Perry) Awards: play: "The Grapes of Wrath;" musical: "City
 of Angels;" revival: "Gypsy;" actor: Robert Morse, "Tru;" actress: Maggie
 Smith, "Lettice and Lovage;" actor, musical: James Naughton, "City of
 Angels;" actress, musical: Tyne Daly, "Gypsy;" featured actor: Charles
 Durning, "Cat on a Hot Tin Roof;" featured actress: Margaret Tyzack,
 "Lettice and Lovage;" featured actor, musical: Michael Jeter, "Grand Hotel;"
 featured actress, musical: Randy Graff, "City of Angels;" direction: Frank
 Galati, "The Grapes of Wrath;" direction, musical: Tommy Tune, "Grand
 Hotel;" book, musical: Larry Gelbert, "City of Angels;" original musical
 score: Cy Coleman, David Zippel, "City of Angels;" scenic design: Robin
 Wagner, "City of Angels;" lighting design: Jules Fisher, "Grand Hotel;"
 costume design: Santo Loquasto, "Grand Hotel;" choreography: Tommy Tune,
 "Grand Hotel."

                            Miscellaneous Awards

 American Choreographer Awards, by The National Corporate Fund for Dance and
 The General Electric Foundation, for talented emerging choreographers,
 $5,000 each: David Dorfman, Miriam Mahdaviani, Sara Pearson, Daniel Shapiro
 & Joanie Smith, Liz Lerman.

 American Composers Alliance Awards, for contribution to American music:
 Frank Wigglesworth.

 American Institute of Architects Gold Medal for Lifetime Achievement: Fay
 Jones.

 Bard Awards, by City Club of New York, for architecture and urban design:
 Central Park Zoo, Kevin Roche, John Dinkeloo & Associates; Brooklyn Borough
 Hall, Conklin Rossant Architects; special awards: John Lindsay, Paul A.
 Crotty, Abraham Biderman.

 Carnegie Hall International American Music Competition for Violinists,
 $10,000 cash award, $20,000 career grand, recital and concerto soloist
 appearances at Carnegie Hall, New World Records contract, music reference
 works: Michelle Makarski, Santa Barbara, Calif.

 Candace Awards, by National Coalition of 100 Black Women, for leadership and
 achievement: Euzhan Palcy, film director; Judith Jamison, artistic director
 of Alvin Ailey Dance Theater; Maya Angelou, writer; Barbara Lamont, owner of
 WWCL TV in New Orleans; Hazel N. Dukes, pres. of NAACP board of directors;
 Sara Lawrence Lightfoot, professor, Harvard Graduate School of Education;
 Clara Hale, founder of Hale House for drug-addicted babies; Gay J.
 McDougall, director of Southern Africa Project Lawyers' Committee for Civil
 Rights; Vivian W. Pinn-Wiggins, chairwoman of pathology at Howard Univ.
 College of Medicine; distinguished service: Derrick A. Bell Jr., Weld
 Professor of Law, Harvard Law School.

 Cleveland Prize, by Amer. Assn. for the Advancement of Science, $5,000 and
 bronze medal, to author of outstanding paper published in Science: William
 H. Landschulz, Peter F. Johnson, Steven L. McKnight, "The Leucine Zipper: A
 Hypothetical Structure Common to a New Class of DNA Binding Proteins," and
 "The DNA Binding Domain of the Rat Liver Nuclear Protein C/EBP Is
 Bipartite."

 Draper Prize, by National Academy of Engineering, $350,000: Jack S. Kilby
 and Robert N. Noyce, for coinventing the monolithic integrated circuit.

 Grawyemeyer Award, by University of Louisville, for original music
 composition, $150,000: "Silver Ladders," Joan Tower, Bard College,
 Annandale-on-Hudson, N.Y.

 International Ballet Competition: Grand Prix City of Jackson Award, $10,000:
 Jose Manuel Carreno; gold medal, $7,000, senior female: Martha Butler;
 silver medal, $5,000 each: Luis Ortigoza, Pierre Quinn; Simona Noja, bronze
 medals, $3,000 each: Toomas Edue, Irma Nioradze.

 Lasker Awards, for medical research, $15,000 each: Etienne-Emile Baulieu,
 for abortion drug, RU 486; Michael J. Berridge, Alfred G. Gilman, Edwin G.
 Krebs, Yasutomi Nishizuka, for research on how cells receive information
 from hormones, growth factors, and neurotransmitters; public service award:
 Lewis Thomas, Cornell Univ. Medical College, New York.

 National Spelling Bee (See Language)

 New York State Governor's Arts Awards, bronze sculptures: Vivienne Anderson,
 Agnes de Mille; Avery Fisher; Maria Irene Fornes; Kurt Vonnegut; Brooklyn
 Museum; New York Chinatown History Project; DeWitt Historical Society of
 Tompkins County; Jamaica Arts Center; M&T Bank of Buffalo; Rockland County
 and the Arts Council of Rockland, Visual AIDS.

 Praemium Imperiale Award, by Japan Art Association, for lifetime achievement
 in the arts, $100,000 and medal each: composer Leonard Bernstein; film maker
 Federico Fellini; sculptor Arnaldo Pomodoro; architect James Stirling;
 painter Antoni Tapies.

 Scripps American Dance Festival Award, for lifetime contribution by
 choreographer, $25,000: Twyla Tharp.

 Songwriters Hall of Fame: Smokey Robinson, Michel Legrand, Jim Croce.

 Tucker Award, by Richard Tucker Music Foundation, $25,000: Renee Fleming;
 career grants: Ruth Ann Swenson, Susan Graham, Emily Manhart, Alan J. Held;
 study grant: Camellia Johnson; Ruth Richards Grant for promising tenor: John
 T. Keys; Robert M. Jacobson Study Grants: Angela Randell, Denyce Graves,
 Mark Oswald.

 Westinghouse Science Talent Search winners: first prize, $20,000 college
 scholarship: Matthew Peter Headrick, Chicago; second prize, $15,000: David
 Ruchien Liu, Riverside, Calif.; third prize, $15,000: David Michael Shull,
 Tacoma, Washington; fourth prize, $10,000: Soojin Ryu, New York City; fifth
 prize, $10,000: Joshua B. Fischman, Bethesda, Md.; sixth prize, $10,000:
 Royce Yung-Tze Peng, Rancho Palos Verdes, Calif.; seventh prize: $7,500:
 Laura Andrea Ascenzi, New York City; eighth prize, $7,500: Andrew M. Lines,
 Arlington, Va.; ninth prize, $7,500: Mina Kim Yu, Fairfax, Va.; tenth prize,
 $7,500: Bianca Denise Santomasso, New York City.

                             The Spingarn Medal


╓┌────────────┌──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╖
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 1946         Dr. Percy L. Julian
 1947         Channing H. Tobias
 1948         Ralph J. Bunche
 1949         Charles Hamilton Houston
 1950         Mabel Keaton Staupers
 1951         Harry T. Moore
 1952         Paul R. Williams
 1953         Theodore K. Lawless
 1954         Carl Murphy
 1955         Jack Roosevelt Robinson
 1956         Martin Luther King Jr.
 1957         Mrs. Daisy Bates and the Little Rock Nine
 1958         Edward Kennedy (Duke) Ellington
 1959         Langston Hughes
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
1959         Langston Hughes
 1960         Kenneth B. Clark
 1961         Robert C. Weaver
 1962         Medgar Wiley Evers
 1963         Roy Wilkins
 1964         Leontyne Price
 1965         John H. Johnson
 1966         Edward W. Brooke
 1967         Sammy Davis Jr.
 1968         Clarence M. Mitchell Jr.
 1969         Jacob Lawrence
 1970         Leon Howard Sullivan
 1971         Gordon Parks
 1972         Wilson C. Riles
 1973         Damon Keith
 1974         Henry (Hank) Aaron
 1975         Alvin Ailey
 1976         Alex Haley
 1977         Andrew Young
 1978         Mrs. Rosa L. Parks
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
1978         Mrs. Rosa L. Parks
 1979         Dr. Rayford W. Logan
 1980         Coleman Young
 1981         Dr. Benjamin Elijah Mays
 1982         Lena Horne
 1983         Thomas Bradley
 1984         Bill Cosby
 1985         Dr. Benjamin L. Hooks
 1986         Percy E. Sutton
 1987         Frederick Douglass Patterson
 1988         Jesse Jackson
 1989         L. Douglas Wilder



 The Spingarn Medal has been awarded annually since 1914 by the National
 Association for the Advancement of Colored People for the highest
 achievement by a black American.



                            Miss America Winners


╓┌─────────────────────────────────┌─────────────────────────────────────────╖
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 1921                              Margaret Gorman, Washington, D.C.

 1922-23                           Mary Campbell, Columbus, Ohio

 1924                              Ruth Malcolmson, Philadelphia,
                                   Pennsylvania

 1925                              Fay Lamphier, Oakland, California

 1926                              Norma Smallwood, Tulsa, Oklahoma

 1927                              Lois Delaner, Joliet, Illinois

 1933                              Marion Bergeron, West Haven, Connecticut

 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 1935                              Henrietta Leaver, Pittsburgh,
                                   Pennsylvania

 1936                              Rose Coyle, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

 1937                              Bette Cooper, Bertrand Island, New
                                   Jersey

 1938                              Marilyn Meseke, Marion, Ohio

 1939                              Patricia Donnelly, Detroit, Michigan

 1940                              Frances Marie Burke, Philadelphia,
                                   Pennsylvania

 1941                              Rosemary LaPlanche, Los Angeles,
                                   California

 1942                              Jo-Caroll Dennison, Tyler, Texas
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
1942                              Jo-Caroll Dennison, Tyler, Texas

 1943                              Jean Bartel, Los Angeles, California

 1944                              Venus Ramey, Washington, D.C.

 1945                              Bess Myerson, New York City, N.Y.

 1946                              Marilyn Buferd, Los Angeles, California

 1947                              Barbara Walker, Memphis, Tennessee

 1948                              BeBe Shopp, Hopkins, Minnesota

 1949                              Jacque Mercer, Litchfield, Arizona

 1951                              Yolande Betbeze, Mobile, Alabama

 1952                              Coleen Kay Hutchins, Salt Lake City,
                                   Utah
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
                                  Utah

 1953                              Neva Jane Langley, Macon, Georgia

 1954                              Evelyn Margaret Ay, Ephrata,
                                   Pennsylvania

 1955                              Lee Meriwether, San Francisco,
                                   California

 1956                              Sharon Ritchie, Denver, Colorado

 1957                              Marian McKnight, Manning, South Carolina

 1958                              Marilyn Van Derbur, Denver, Colorado

 1959                              Mary Ann Mobley, Brandon, Mississippi

 1960                              Lynda Lee Mead, Natchez, Mississippi

 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 1961                              Nancy Fleming, Montague, Michigan

 1962                              Maria Fletcher, Asheville, North
                                   Carolina

 1963                              Jacquelyn Mayer, Sandusky, Ohio

 1964                              Donna Axum, El Dorado, Arkansas

 1965                              Vonda Kay Van Dyke, Phoenix, Arizona

 1966                              Deborah Irene Bryant, Overland Park,
                                   Kansas

 1967                              Jane Anne Jayroe, Laverne, Oklahoma

 1968                              Debra Dene Barnes, Moran, Kansas

 1969                              Judith Anne Ford, Belvidere, Illinois
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
1969                              Judith Anne Ford, Belvidere, Illinois

 1970                              Pamela Anne Eldred, Birmingham, Michigan

 1971                              Phyllis Ann George, Denton, Texas

 1972                              Laurie Lea Schaefer, Columbus, Ohio

 1973                              Terry Anne Meeuwsen, DePere, Wisconsin

 1974                              Rebecca Ann King, Denver, Colorado

 1975                              Shirley Cothran, Fort Worth, Texas

 1976                              Tawney Elaine Godin, Yonkers, N.Y.

 1977                              Dorothy Kathleen Benham, Edina,
                                   Minnesota

 1978                              Susan Perkins, Columbus, Ohio
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
1978                              Susan Perkins, Columbus, Ohio

 1979                              Kylene Barker, Galax, Virginia

 1980                              Cheryl Prewitt, Ackerman, Mississippi

 1981                              Susan Powell, Elk City, Oklahoma

 1982                              Elizabeth Ward, Russellville, Arkansas

 1983                              Debra Maffett, Anaheim, California

 1984                              Vanessa Williams, Milwood, New
                                   York*Suzette Charles, Mays Landing, New
                                   Jersey

 1985                              Sharlene Wells, Salt Lake City, Utah

 1986                              Susan Akin, Meridian, Mississippi

 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 1987                              Kellye Cash, Memphis, Tennessee

 1988                              Kaye Lani Rae Rafko, Monroe, Michigan

 1989                              Gretchen Carlson, Anoka, Minnesota

 1990                              Debbye Turner, Columbia, Missouri




 * Resigned July 23, 1984.




                   Motion Picture Academy Awards (Oscars)


                                   1927-28

 Actor: Emil Jannings, The Way of All Flesh.

 Actress: Janet Gaynor, Seventh Heaven.

 Director: Frank Borzage, Seventh Heaven; Lewis Milestone, Two Arabian
 Knights.

 Picture: Wings, Paramount.


                                   1928-29

 Actor: Warner Baxter, In Old Arizona.

 Actress: Mary Pickford, Coquette.

 Director: Frank Lloyd, The Divine Lady.

 Picture: Broadway Melody, MGM.


                                   1929-30

 Actor: George Arliss, Disraeli.

 Actress: Norma Shearer, The Divorcee.

 Director: Lewis Milestone, All Quiet on the Western Front.

 Picture: All Quiet on the Western Front, Univ.


                                   1930-31

 Actor: Lionel Barrymore, Free Soul.

 Actress: Marie Dressler, Min and Bill.

 Director: Norman Taurog, Skippy.

 Picture: Cimarron, RKO.


                                   1931-32

 Actor: Fredric March, Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde; Wallace Beery, The Champ
 (tie).

 Actress: Helen Hayes, Sin of Madelon Claudet.

 Director: Frank Borzage, Bad Girl.

 Picture: Grand Hotel, MGM.Special: Walt Disney, Mickey Mouse.


                                   1932-33

 Actor: Charles Laughton, Private Life of Henry VIII.

 Actress: Katharine Hepburn, Morning Glory.

 Director: Frank Lloyd, Cavalcade.

 Picture: Cavalcade, Fox.


                                    1934

 Actor: Clark Gable, It Happened One Night.

 Actress: Claudette Colbert, It Happened One Night.

 Director: Frank Capra, It Happened One Night.

 Picture: It Happened One Night, Columbia.


                                    1935

 Actor: Victor McLaglen, The Informer.

 Actress: Bette Davis, Dangerous.

 Director: John Ford, The Informer.

 Picture: Mutiny on the Bounty, MGM.


                                    1936

 Actor: Paul Muni, Story of Louis Pasteur.

 Actress: Luise Rainer, The Great Ziegfeld.

 Sup.Actor: Walter Brennan, Come and Get It.

 Sup.Actress: Gale Sondergaard, Anthony Adverse.

 Director: Frank Capra, Mr. Deeds Goes to Town.

 Picture: The Great Ziegfeld, MGM.


                                    1937

 Actor: Spencer Tracy, Captains Courageous.

 Actress: Luise Rainer, The Good Earth.

 Sup.Actor: Joseph Schildkraut, Life of Emile Zola.

 Sup.Actress: Alice Brady, In Old Chicago.

 Director: Leo McCarey, The Awful Truth.

 Picture: Life of Emile Zola, Warner.


                                    1938

 Actor: Spencer Tracy, Boys Town.

 Actress: Bette Davis, Jezebel.

 Sup.Actor: Walter Brennan, Kentucky.

 Sup.Actress: Fay Bainter, Jezebel.

 Director: Frank Capra, You Can't Take It With You.

 Picture: You Can't Take It With You, Columbia.


                                    1939

 Actor: Robert Donat, Goodbye Mr. Chips.

 Actress: Vivien Leigh, Gone With the Wind.

 Sup.Actor: Thomas Mitchell, Stage Coach.

 Sup.Actress: Hattie McDaniel, Gone With the Wind.

 Director: Victor Fleming, Gone With the Wind.

 Picture: Gone With the Wind, Selznick International.


                                    1940

 Actor: James Stewart, The Philadelphia Story.

 Actress: Ginger Rogers, Kitty Foyle.

 Sup.Actor: Walter Brennan, The Westerner.

 Sup.Actress: Jane Darwell, The Grapes of Wrath.

 Director: John Ford, The Grapes of Wrath.

 Picture: Rebecca, Selznick International.


                                    1941

 Actor: Gary Cooper, Sergeant York.

 Actress: Joan Fontaine, Suspicion.

 Sup.Actor: Donald Crisp, How Green Was My Valley.

 Sup.Actress: Mary Astor, The Great Lie.

 Director: John Ford, How Green Was My Valley.

 Picture: How Green Was My Valley, 20th Cent.-Fox.


                                    1942

 Actor: James Cagney, Yankee Doodle Dandy.

 Actress: Greer Garson, Mrs. Miniver.

 Sup.Actor: Van Heflin, Johnny Eager.

 Sup.Actress: Teresa Wright, Mrs. Miniver.

 Director: William Wyler, Mrs. Miniver.

 Picture: Mrs. Miniver, MGM.


                                    1943

 Actor: Paul Lukas, Watch on the Rhine.

 Actress: Jennifer Jones, The Song of Bernadette.

 Sup.Actor: Charles Coburn, The More the Merrier.

 Sup. Actress: Katina Paxinou, For Whom the Bell Tolls.

 Director: Michael Curtiz, Casablanca.

 Picture: Casablanca, Warner.


                                    1944

 Actor: Bing Crosby, Going My Way.

 Actress: Ingrid Bergman, Gaslight.

 Sup.Actor: Barry Fitzgerald, Going My Way.

 Sup. Actress: Ethel Barrymore, None But the Lonely Heart.

 Director: Leo McCarey, Going My Way.

 Picture: Going My Way, Paramount.


                                    1945

 Actor: Ray Milland, The Lost Weekend.

 Actress: Joan Crawford, Mildred Pierce.

 Sup.Actor: James Dunn, A Tree Grows in Brooklyn.

 Sup.Actress: Anne Revere, National Velvet.

 Director: Billy Wilder, The Lost Weekend.

 Picture: The Lost Weekend, Paramount.


                                    1946

 Actor: Fredric March, Best Years of Our Lives.

 Actress: Olivia de Havilland, To Each His Own.

 Sup.Actor: Harold Russell, The Best Years of Our Lives.

 Sup.Actress: Anne Baxter, The Razor's Edge.

 Director: William Wyler, The Best Years of Our Lives.

 Picture: The Best Years of Our Lives, Goldwyn, RKO.


                                    1947

 Actor: Ronald Colman, A Double Life.

 Actress: Loretta Young, The Farmer's Daughter.

 Sup.Actor: Edmund Gwenn, Miracle on 34th Street.

 Sup.Actress: Celeste Holm, Gentleman's Agreement.

 Director: Elia Kazan, Gentleman's Agreement.

 Picture: Gentleman's Agreement, 20th Cent.-Fox.


                                    1948

 Actor: Laurence Olivier, Hamlet.

 Actress: Jane Wyman, Johnny Belinda.

 Sup.Actor: Walter Huston, Treasure of Sierra Madre.

 Sup.Actress: Claire Trevor, Key Largo.

 Director: John Huston,  Treasure of Sierra Madre.

 Picture: Hamlet, Two Cities Film, Universal International.


                                    1949

 Actor: Broderick Crawford, All the King's Men.

 Actress: Olivia de Havilland, The Heiress.

 Sup.Actor: Dean Jagger, Twelve O'Clock High.

 Sup.Actress: Mercedes McCambridge, All the King's Men.

 Director: Joseph L. Mankiewicz, Letter to Three Wives.

 Picture: All the King's Men, Columbia.


                                    1950

 Actor: Jose Ferrer, Cyrano de Bergerac.

 Actress: Judy Holliday, Born Yesterday.

 Sup.Actor: George Sanders, All About Eve.

 Sup.Actress: Josephine Hull, Harvey.

 Director: Joseph L. Mankiewicz, All About Eve.

 Picture: All About Eve, 20th Century-Fox.


                                    1951

 Actor: Humphrey Bogart, The African Queen.

 Actress: Vivien Leigh, A Streetcar Named Desire.

 Sup.Actor: Karl Malden, A Streetcar Named Desire.

 Sup.Actress: Kim Hunter, A Streetcar Named Desire.

 Director: George Stevens, A Place in the Sun.

 Picture: An American in Paris, MGM.


                                    1952

 Actor: Gary Cooper, High Noon.

 Actress: Shirley Booth, Come Back, Little Sheba.

 Sup.Actor: Anthony Quinn, Viva Zapata!

 Sup.Actress: Gloria Grahame, The Bad and the Beautiful.

 Director: John Ford, The Quiet Man.

 Picture: Greatest Show on Earth, C.B. DeMille, Paramount.


                                    1953

 Actor: William Holden, Stalag 17.

 Actress: Audrey Hepburn, Roman Holiday.

 Sup.Actor: Frank Sinatra, From Here to Eternity.

 Sup.Actress: Donna Reed, From Here to Eternity.

 Director: Fred Zinnemann, From Here to Eternity.

 Picture: From Here to Eternity, Columbia.


                                    1954

 Actor: Marlon Brando, On the Waterfront.

 Actress: Grace Kelly, The Country Girl.

 Sup.Actor: Edmond 0'Brien, The Barefoot Contessa.

 Sup.Actress: Eva Marie Saint, On the Waterfront.

 Director: Elia Kazan, On the Waterfront.

 Picture: On the Waterfront, Horizon-American, Colum.


                                    1955

 Actor: Ernest Borgnine, Marty.

 Actress: Anna Magnani, The Rose Tattoo.

 Sup.Actor: Jack Lemmon, Mister Roberts.

 Sup.Actress: Jo Van Fleet, East of Eden.

 Director: Delbert Mann, Marty.

 Picture: Marty, Hecht and Lancaster's Steven Prods., U.A.


                                    1956

 Actor: Yul Brynner, The King and I.

 Actress: Ingrid Bergman, Anastasia.

 Sup.Actor: Anthony Quinn, Lust for Life.

 Sup.Actress: Dorothy Malone, Written on the Wind.

 Director: George Stevens, Giant.

 Picture: Around the World in 80 Days, Michael Todd, U.A.


                                    1957

 Actor: Alec Guinness, The Bridge on the River Kwai.

 Actress: Joanne Woodward, The Three Faces of Eve.

 Sup.Actor: Red Buttons, Sayonara.

 Sup.Actress: Miyoshi Umeki, Sayonara.

 Director: David Lean, The Bridge on the River Kwai.

 Picture: The Bridge on the River Kwai, Columbia.


                                    1958

 Actor: David Niven, Separate Tables.

 Actress: Susan Hayward, I Want to Live.

 Sup.Actor: Burl Ives, The Big Country.

 Sup.Actress: Wendy Hiller, Separate Tables.

 Director: Vincente Minnelli, Gigi.

 Picture: Gigi, Arthur Freed Production, MGM.


                                    1959

 Actor: Charlton Heston, Ben-Hur.

 Actress: Simone Signoret, Room at the Top.

 Sup.Actor: Hugh Griffith, Ben-Hur.

 Sup.Actress: Shelley Winters, Diary of Anne Frank.

 Director: William Wyler, Ben-Hur.

 Picture: Ben-Hur, MGM.


                                    1960

 Actor: Burt Lancaster, Elmer Gantry.

 Actress: Elizabeth Taylor, Butterfield 8.

 Sup.Actor: Peter Ustinov, Spartacus.

 Sup.Actress: Shirley Jones, Elmer Gantry.

 Director: Billy Wilder, The Apartment.

 Picture: The Apartment, Mirisch Co., U.A.


                                    1961

 Actor: Maximilian Schell, Judgment at Nuremberg.

 Actress: Sophia Loren, Two Women.

 Sup.Actor: George Chakiris, West Side Story.

 Sup.Actress: Rita Moreno, West Side Story.

 Director: Jerome Robbins, Robert Wise, West Side Story.

 Picture: West Side Story, United Artists.


                                    1962

 Actor: Gregory Peck, To Kill a Mockingbird.

 Actress: Anne Bancroft, The Miracle Worker.

 Sup.Actor: Ed Begley, Sweet Bird of Youth.

 Sup.Actress: Patty Duke, The Miracle Worker.

 Director: David Lean, Lawrence of Arabia.

 Picture: Lawrence of Arabia, Columbia.


                                    1963

 Actor: Sidney Poitier, Lilies of the Field.

 Actress: Patricia Neal, Hud.

 Sup.Actor: Melvyn Douglas, Hud.

 Sup.Actress: Margaret Rutherford, The V.I.P.s.

 Director: Tony Richardson, Tom Jones.

 Picture: Tom Jones, Woodfall Prod., UA-Lopert Pictures.


                                    1964

 Actor: Rex Harrison, My Fair Lady.

 Actress: Julie Andrews, Mary Poppins.

 Sup.Actor: Peter Ustinov, Topkapi.

 Sup.Actress: Lila Kedrova, Zorba the Greek.

 Director: George Cukor, My Fair Lady.

 Picture: My Fair Lady, Warner Bros.


                                    1965

 Actor: Lee Marvin, Cat Ballou.

 Actress: Julie Christie, Darling.

 Sup.Actor: Martin Balsam, A Thousand Clowns.

 Sup.Actress: Shelley Winters, A Patch of Blue.

 Director: Robert Wise, The Sound of Music.

 Picture: The Sound of Music, 20th Century-Fox.


                                    1966

 Actor: Paul Scofield, A Man for All Seasons.

 Actress: Elizabeth Taylor, Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?

 Sup.Actor: Walter Matthau, The Fortune Cookie.

 Sup.Actress: Sandy Dennis, Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?

 Director: Fred Zinnemann, A Man for All Seasons.

 Picture: A Man for All Seasons, Columbia.


                                    1967

 Actor: Rod Steiger, In the Heat of the Night.

 Actress: Katharine Hepburn, Guess Who's Coming to Dinner.

 Sup.Actor: George Kennedy, Cool Hand Luke.

 Sup.Actress: Estelle Parsons, Bonnie and Clyde.

 Director: Mike Nichols, The Graduate.

 Picture: In the Heat of the Night.


                                    1968

 Actor: Cliff Robertson, Charly.

 Actress: Katharine Hepburn, The Lion in Winter; Barbra Streisand, Funny Girl
 (tie).

 Sup.Actor: Jack Albertson, The Subject Was Roses.

 Sup.Actress: Ruth Gordon, Rosemary's Baby.

 Director: Sir Carol Reed, Oliver!

 Picture: Oliver!


                                    1969

 Actor: John Wayne, True Grit.

 Actress: Maggie Smith, The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie.

 Sup.Actor: Gig Young, They Shoot Horses, Don't They?

 Sup.Actress: Goldie Hawn, Cactus Flower.

 Director: John Schlesinger, Midnight Cowboy.

 Picture: Midnight Cowboy.


                                    1970

 Actor: George C. Scott, Patton (refused).

 Actress: Glenda Jackson, Women in Love.

 Sup.Actor: John Mills, Ryan's Daughter.

 Sup.Actress: Helen Hayes, Airport.

 Director: Franklin Schaffner, Patton.

 Picture: Patton.


                                    1971

 Actor: Gene Hackman, The French Connection.

 Actress: Jane Fonda, Klute.

 Sup.Actor: Ben Johnson, The Last Picture Show.

 Sup.Actress: Cloris Leachman, The Last Picture Show.

 Director: William Friedkin, The French Connection.

 Picture: The French Connection.


                                    1972

 Actor: Marlon Brando, The Godfather (refused).

 Actress: Liza Minnelli, Cabaret.

 Sup.Actor: Joel Grey, Cabaret.

 Sup.Actress: Eileen Heckart, Butterflies are Free.

 Director: Bob Fosse, Cabaret.

 Picture: The Godfather.


                                    1973

 Actor: Jack Lemmon, Save the Tiger.

 Actress: Glenda Jackson, A Touch of Class.

 Sup.Actor: John Houseman, The Paper Chase.

 Sup.Actress: Tatum O'Neal, Paper Moon.

 Director: George Roy Hill, The Sting.

 Picture: The Sting.


                                    1974

 Actor: Art Carney, Harry and Tonto.

 Actress: Ellen Burstyn, Alice Doesn't Live Here Anymore.

 Sup.Actor: Robert DeNiro, The Godfather, Part II.

 Sup.Actress: Ingrid Bergman, Murder on the Orient Express.

 Director: Francis Ford Coppola, The Godfather, Part II.

 Picture: The Godfather, Part II.


                                    1975

 Actor: Jack Nicholson, One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest.

 Actress: Louise Fletcher, One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest.

 Sup.Actor: George Burns, The Sunshine Boys.

 Sup.Actress: Lee Grant, Shampoo.

 Director: Milos Forman, One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest.

 Picture: One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest.


                                    1976

 Actor: Peter Finch, Network.

 Actress: Faye Dunaway, Network.

 Sup.Actor: Jason Robards, All the President's Men.

 Sup.Actress: Beatrice Straight, Network.

 Director: John G. Avildsen, Rocky.

 Picture: Rocky.


                                    1977

 Actor: Richard Dreyfuss, The Goodbye Girl.

 Actress: Diane Keaton, Annie Hall.

 Sup.Actor: Jason Robards, Julia.

 Sup.Actress: Vanessa Redgrave, Julia.

 Director: Woody Allen, Annie Hall.

 Picture: Annie Hall.


                                    1978

 Actor: Jon Voight, Coming Home.

 Actress: Jane Fonda, Coming Home.

 Sup.Actor: Christopher Walken, The Deer Hunter.

 Sup.Actress: Maggie Smith, California Suite.

 Director: Michael Cimino, The Deer Hunter.

 Picture: The Deer Hunter.


                                    1979

 Actor: Dustin Hoffman, Kramer vs. Kramer.

 Actress: Sally Field, Norma Rae.

 Sup.Actor: Melvyn Douglas, Being There.

 Sup.Actress: Meryl Streep, Kramer vs. Kramer.

 Director: Robert Benton, Kramer vs. Kramer.

 Picture: Kramer vs. Kramer.


                                    1980

 Actor: Robert DeNiro, Raging Bull.

 Actress: Sissy Spacek, Coal Miner's Daughter.

 Sup.Actor: Timothy Hutton, Ordinary People.

 Sup.Actress: Mary Steenburgen, Melvin & Howard.

 Director: Robert Redford, Ordinary People .

 Picture: Ordinary People.


                                    1981

 Actor: Henry Fonda, On Golden Pond.

 Actress: Katharine Hepburn, On Golden Pond.

 Sup.Actor: John Gielgud, Arthur.

 Sup.Actress: Maureen Stapleton, Reds.

 Director: Warren Beatty, Reds.

 Picture: Chariots of Fire.


                                    1982

 Actor: Ben Kingsley, Gandhi.

 Actress: Meryl Streep, Sophie's Choice.

 Sup.Actor: Louis Gossett, Jr., An Officer and a Gentleman.

 Sup.Actress: Jessica Lange, Tootsie.

 Director: Richard Attenborough, Gandhi.

 Picture: Gandhi.


                                    1983

 Actor: Robert Duvall, Tender Mercies.

 Actress: Shirley MacLaine, Terms of Endearment.

 Sup.Actor: Jack Nicholson, Terms of Endearment.

 Sup.Actress: Linda Hunt, The Year of Living Dangerously.

 Director: James L. Brooks, Terms of Endearment.

 Picture: Terms of Endearment.


                                    1984

 Actor: F. Murray Abraham, Amadeus.

 Actress: Sally Field, Places in the Heart.

 Sup.Actor: Haing S. Ngor, The Killing Fields.

 Sup.Actress: Peggy Ashcroft, A Passage to India.

 Director: Milos Forman, Amadeus.

 Picture: Amadeus.


                                    1985

 Actor: William Hurt, Kiss of the Spider Woman.

 Actress: Geraldine Page, The Trip to Bountiful.

 Sup.Actor: Don Ameche, Cocoon.

 Sup.Actress: Anjelica Huston, Prizzi's Honor.

 Director: Sydney Pollack, Out of Africa.

 Picture: Out of Africa.


                                    1986

 Actor: Paul Newman, The Color of Money.

 Actress: Marlee Matlin, Children of a Lesser God.

 Sup.Actor: Michael Caine, Hannah and Her Sisters.

 Sup.Actress: Dianne Wiest, Hannah and Her Sisters.

 Director: Oliver Stone, Platoon.

 Picture: Platoon.


                                    1987

 Actor: Michael Douglas, Wall Street.

 Actress: Cher, Moonstruck.

 Sup.Actor: Sean Connery, The Untouchables.

 Sup.Actress: Olympia Dukakis, Moonstruck.

 Director: Bernardo Bertolucci, The Last Emperor.

 Picture: The Last Emperor.


                                    1988

 Actor: Dustin Hoffman, Rain Man.

 Actress: Jodie Foster, The Accused.

 Sup.Actor: Kevin Kline, A Fish Called Wanda.

 Sup.Actress: Geena Davis, The Accidental Tourist.

 Director: Barry Levinson, Rain Man.

 Picture: Rain Man.


                                    1989

 Picture: Driving Miss Daisy.

 Actor: Daniel Day-Lewis, My Left Foot.

 Actress: Jessica Tandy, Driving Miss Daisy.

 Sup.Actor: Denzel Washington, Glory.

 Sup.Actress: Brenda Fricker, My Left Foot.

 Director: Oliver Stone, Born on the Fourth of July.

 Foreign-Language Film: Cinema Paradiso, Italy.

 Original Screenplay: Tom Schulman, Dead Poets Society.

 Screenplay Adaptation: Alfred Uhry, Driving Miss Daisy.

 Cinematography: Freddie Francis, Glory.

 Editing: David Brenner, Joe Hutshing, Born on the Fourth of July.

 Original Score: Alan Menken, The Little Mermaid.

 Original Song: Alan Menken and Howard Ashman, "Under the Sea," The Little
 Mermaid.

 Art Direction: Anton Furst and Peter Young, Batman.

 Costume Design: Phyllis Dalton, Henry V.

 Sound: Donald O. Mitchell, Gregg C. Rudloff, Elliot Tyson, Russell Williams
 2d, Glory.

 Sound Editing: Ben Burtt, Richard Hymns, Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade.

 Makeup: Manlio Rocchetti, Driving Miss Daisy.

 Visual Effects: John Bruno, Dennis Muren, Hoyt Yeatman, Dennis Skotak, The
 Abyss.

 Documentary Feature: Common Threads:] Stories from the Quilt.

 Documentary Short Subject: The Johnstown Flood.

 Short Film, Animated: Balance.

 Short Film, Live: Work Experience.

 Honorary Award, for lifetime achievement: Akira Kurosawa.

 Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award: Howard W. Koch.

 Gordon E. Sawyer Technical Award: Pierre Angenieux, for zoom lens invention.


                                Grammy Awards

                National Academy of Recording Arts & Sciences

                                    1958

 Record: Domenico Modugno, Nel Blu Dipinto Di Blu (Volare).

 Album: Henry Mancini, The Music from Peter Gunn.


                                    1959

 Record: Bobby Darin, Mack the Knife.

 Album: Frank Sinatra, Come Dance With Me.


                                    1960

 Record: Percy Faith, Theme From A Summer Place.

 Album: Bob Newhart, Button Down Mind.


                                    1961

 Record: Henry Mancini, Moon River.

 Album: Judy Garland, Judy At Carnegie Hall.


                                    1962

 Record: Tony Bennett, I Left My Heart in San Francisco.

 Album: Vaughn Meader, The First Family.


                                    1963

 Record: Henry Mancini, The Days of Wine and Roses.

 Album: The Barbra Streisand Album.


                                    1964

 Record: Stan Getz and Astrud Gilberto, The Girl From Ipanema.

 Album: Getz/Gilberto.


                                    1965

 Record: Herb Alpert, A Taste Of Honey.

 Album: Frank Sinatra, September of My Years.


                                    1966

 Record: Frank Sinatra, Strangers in the Night.

 Album: Frank Sinatra, A Man and His Music.


                                    1967

 Record: 5th Dimension, Up, Up and Away.

 Album: The Beatles, Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band.


                                    1968

 Record: Simon & Garfunkel, Mrs. Robinson.

 Album: Glen Campbell, By the Time I Get to Phoenix.


                                    1969

 Record: 5th Dimension, Aquarius/Let the Sunshine In.

 Album: Blood, Sweat and Tears.


                                    1970

 Record: Simon & Garfunkel, Bridge Over Troubled Water.

 Album: Bridge Over Troubled Water.


                                    1971

 Record: Carole King, It's Too Late.

 Album: Carole King, Tapestry.


                                    1972

 Record: Roberta Flack, The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face.

 Album: The Concert For Bangla Desh.


                                    1973

 Record: Roberta Flack, Killing Me Softly with His Song.

 Album: Stevie Wonder, Innervisions.


                                    1974

 Record: Olivia Newton-John, I Honestly Love You.

 Album: Stevie Wonder, Fulfullingness' First Finale.


                                    1975

 Record: Captain & Tennille, Love Will Keep Us Together.

 Album: Paul Simon, Still Crazy After All These Years.


                                    1976

 Record: George Benson, This Masquerade.

 Album: Stevie Wonder, Songs in the Key of Life.


                                    1977

 Record: Eagles, Hotel California.

 Album: Fleetwood Mac, Rumours.


                                    1978

 Record: Billy Joel, Just the Way You Are.

 Album: Bee Gees, Saturday Night Fever.


                                    1979

 Record: The Doobie Brothers, What a Fool Believes.

 Album: Billy Joel, 52nd Street.


                                    1980

 Record: Christopher Cross, Sailing.

 Album: Christopher Cross, Christopher Cross.


                                    1981

 Record: Kim Carnes, Bette Davis Eyes.

 Album: John Lennon, Yoko Ono, Double Fantasy.


                                    1982

 Record: Toto, Rosanna.

 Album: Toto, Toto IV.


                                    1983

 Record: Michael Jackson, Beat It.

 Album: Michael Jackson, Thriller.


                                    1984

 Record: Tina Turner, What's Love Got to Do With It.

 Album: Lionel Richie, Can't Slow Down.


                                    1985

 Record: USA for Africa, We Are the World.

 Album: Phil Collins, No Jacket Required.


                                    1986

 Record: Steve Winwood, Higher Love.

 Album: Paul Simon, Graceland.


                                    1987

 Record: Paul Simon, Graceland.

 Album: U2, The Joshua Tree.


                                    1988

 Record: Bobby McFerrin, Don't Worry, Be Happy.

 Album: George Michael, Faith.


                                    1989

 Record: Bette Midler, Wind Beneath My Wings.

 Album: Bonnie Raitt, Nick of Time.

 Male Pop Vocal: Michael Bolton, How Am I Supposed to Live Without You?

 Female Pop Vocal: Bonnie Raitt, Nick of Time.

 Duo or Group Pop Vocal: Linda Ronstadt and Aaron Neville, Don't Know Much.

 Pop Instrumental: Neville Brothers, Healing Chant.

 New Artist: Milli Vanilli.

 Male Rock Vocal: Don Henley, The End of the Innocence.

 Female Rock Vocal: Bonnie Raitt, Nick of Time.

 Duo or Group Rock Vocal: The Travling Wilburys, The Traveling Wilburys, Vol.
 1.

 Rock Instrumental: Jeff Beck's Guitar Shop with Terry Bozzio and Tony Humas.

 Rap: Young MC, Bust a Move.

 Male Country Vocal: Lyle Lovett, Lyle Lovett and His Large Band.

 Female Country Vocal: K.D. Laing, Absolute Torch and Twang.

 Duo or Group Country Vocal: Nitty Gritty Dirt Band, Will the Circle Be
 Unbroken? Vol. 2.

 Country Vocal Collaboration: Hank Williams Jr. and Hank Williams Sr.,
 There's a Tear in My Beer.

 Country Instrumental: Randy Scruggs, Amazing Grace.

 Bluegrass: Bruce Hornsby and the Nitty Gritty Dirt Band, The Valley Road.

 Male R&B Vocal: Bobby Brown, Every Little Step.

 Female R&B Vocal: Anita Baker, Giving You the Best That I Got.

 Duo or Group R&B: Soul II Soul, Back to Life.

 R&B Instrumental: Soul II Soul, African Dance.

 Male Jazz Vocal: Harry Connick Jr., When Harry Met Sally . . .

 Female Jazz Vocal: Ruth Brown, Blues on Broadway.

 Duo or Group Jazz Vocal: Dr. John and Rickie Lee Jones, Makin' Whoopee.

 Solo Jazz Instrumental: Miles Davis, Aura.

 Group Jazz Instrumental: Miles Davis, Aura.

 Big Band Jazz Instrumental: Chick Corea, Chick Corea Akoustic Band.

 New Age: Peter Gabriel, Passion--Music for the Last Temptation of Christ.

 Classical Album: Emerson String Quartet, Bartok: 6 String Quartets.

 Orchestral Recording: Leonard Bernstein, New York Philharmonic, Mahler:]
 Symphony No. 3 in D Minor.

 Chamber Music: Emerson String Quartet, Bartok: 6 String Quartets.

 Solo Classical Vocalist: Dawn Upshaw, Summer of 1915.

 Opera: James Levine, Metropolitan Opera Orchestra, Wagner:] Die Walkure.

 Musical Original Cast Album: Jerome Robbins' Broadway.

 Comedy: Prof. Peter Schickele, The Greater Hoople Area Off-Season
 Philharmonic, P.D.Q. Bach:] 1712 Overture and Other Musical Assaults.

 Non-Musical Spoken Word: Gilda Radner, It's Always Something.

 Children: Tanya Goodman, The Rock-a-Bye Collection, Vol. 1.


                             NOTED PERSONALITIES

                   Widely Known Americans of the Present
 Statesmen, authors of nonfiction, military men, and other prominent persons
 not listed in other categories; as of mid-1990.


╓┌────────────────────────────────────────────────────┌──────────────────────╖
 Name (Birthplace)                                    Birthdate
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Arledge, Roone (Forest Hills, N.Y.)                  7/8/31
 Name (Birthplace)                                    Birthdate
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Arledge, Roone (Forest Hills, N.Y.)                  7/8/31
 Anderson, Jack (Long Beach, Cal.)                    10/19/22
 Armstrong, Neil (Wapakoneta, Oh.)                    8/5/30
 Armstrong, William L. (Fremont, Neb.)                1937
 Ash, Mary Kay (Hot Wells, Tex.)                      --
 Aspin, Les (Milwaukee, Wis.)                         7/21/38
 Baker, James A. (Houston, Tex.)                      4/28/30
 Baker, Russell (Loudoun Co., Va.)                    8/14/25
 Barnes, Clive (London, England)                      5/13/27
 Barthelmy, Sidney K. (New Orleans, La.)              3/17/42
 Bennett, William J. (Salem, Oh.)                     5/4/44
 Bentsen, Lloyd (Mission, Tex.)                       2/11/21
 Biden, Joseph R. Jr. (Scranton, Pa.)                 11/20/42
 Blackmun, Harry (Nashville, Ill.)                    11/12/08
 Blass, Bill (Ft. Wayne, Ind.)                        6/22/22
 Bombeck, Erma (Dayton, Oh.)                          2/21/27
 Boorstin, Daniel (Atlanta, Ga.)                      10/1/14
 Bradlee, Ben (Boston, Mass.)                         8/26/21
 Bradley, Bill (Crystal City, Mo.)                    7/28/43
 Name (Birthplace)                                    Birthdate
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Bradley, Bill (Crystal City, Mo.)                    7/28/43
 Bradley, Ed (Philadelphia, Pa.)                      6/22/41
 Bradley, Thomas (Calvert, Tex.)                      12/29/17
 Brady, Nicholas (New York, N.Y.)                     4/11/30
 Brennan, William J. (Newark, N.J.)                   4/25/06
 Breslin, Jimmy (Jamaica, N.Y.)                       10/17/30
 Brinkley, David (Wilmington, N.C.)                   7/10/20
 Broder, David (Chicago Heights, Ill.)                9/11/29
 Brody, Jane (Brooklyn, N.Y.)                         5/19/41
 Brokaw, Tom (Webster, S. Dak.)                       2/6/40
 Brothers, Joyce (New York, N.Y.)                     9/20/28
 Brown, Helen Gurley (Green Forest, Ark.)             2/18/22
 Buchanan, Pat (Washington, D.C.)                     11/2/38
 Buchwald, Art (Mt. Vernon, N.Y.)                     10/20/25
 Buckley, William F. (New York, N.Y.)                 11/24/25
 Bumpers, Dale (Charleston, Ark.)                     8/12/25
 Buscaglia, Leo (Los Angeles, Cal.)                   3/31/24
 Bush, Barbara (Rye, N.Y.)                            6/8/25
 Byrd, Robert (N. Wilkesboro, N.C.)                   11/20/17
 Name (Birthplace)                                    Birthdate
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Byrd, Robert (N. Wilkesboro, N.C.)                   11/20/17
 Canby, Vincent (Chicago, Ill.)                       7/27/24
 Carter, Jimmy (Plains, Ga.)                          10/1/24
 Carter, Rosalynn (Plains, Ga.)                       8/18/27
 Chancellor, John (Chicago, Ill.)                     7/14/27
 Chavez, Cesar (Yuma, Ariz.)                          3/31/27
 Cheney, Richard B. (Lincoln, Neb.)                   1/30/41
 Child, Julia (Pasadena, Cal.)                        8/15/12
 Chisholm, Shirley (Brooklyn, N.Y.)                   11/30/24
 Chung, Connie (Washington, D.C.)                     8/20/46
 Claiborne, Craig (Sunflower, Miss.)                  9/4/20
 Clark, William (Dallas, Tex.)                        12/11/30
 Collins, Martha (Shelby Cty, Ky.)                    12/7/36
 Commager, Henry Steele (Pittsburgh, Pa.)             10/25/02
 Cooney, Joan Ganz (Phoenix, Ariz.)                   10/30/29
 Cosell, Howard (Winston-Salem, N.C.)                 3/25/20
 Cousins, Norman (Union Hill, N.J.)                   6/24/12
 Cranston, Alan (Palo Alto, Cal.)                     6/19/14
 Crist, Judith (New York, N.Y.)                       5/22/22
 Name (Birthplace)                                    Birthdate
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Crist, Judith (New York, N.Y.)                       5/22/22
 Cronkite, Walter (St. Joseph, Mo.)                   11/4/16
 Cuomo, Mario (Queens, N.Y.)                          6/15/32
 Daley, Richard M. (Chicago, Ill.)                    4/24/42
 Dellums, Ronald (Oakland, Cal.)                      11/24/35
 Dingell, John D. Jr. (Colorado Spngs., Col.)         7/8/26
 Dinkins, David (Trenton, N.J.)                       7/10/27
 Dodd, Christopher (Willimantic, Conn.)               5/27/44
 Dole, Elizabeth (Salisbury, N.C.)                    7/29/36
 Dole, Robert (Russell, Kan.)                         7/22/23
 Domenici, Pete (Albuquerque, N.M.)                   5/7/32
 Donaldson, Sam (El Paso, Tex.)                       3/11/34
 Drew, Elizabeth (Cincinnati, Oh.)                    11/16/35
 Dukakis, Michael S. (Boston, Mass.)                  11/3/33
 Dymally, Mervyn (Trinidad, W.I.)                     5/12/26
 Eisner, Michael (New York, N.Y.)                     3/7/42
 Ephron, Nora (New York, N.Y.)                        5/19/41
 Falwell, Jerry (Lynchburg, Va.)                      8/11/33
 Feinstein, Dianne (San Francisco, Cal.)              6/22/33
 Name (Birthplace)                                    Birthdate
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Feinstein, Dianne (San Francisco, Cal.)              6/22/33
 Feldstein, Martin (New York, N.Y.)                   11/25/39
 Ferraro, Geraldine (Newburgh, N.Y.)                  8/26/35
 Fitzwater, Marlin (Salina, Kan.)                     11/24/42
 Florio, James J. (New York, N.Y.)                    8/29/37
 Foley, Thomas S. (Spokane, Wash.)                    3/6/29
 Ford, Betty  (Chicago, Ill.)                         4/8/18
 Ford, Gerald R. (Omaha, Neb.)                        7/14/13
 Friedan, Betty (Peoria, Ill.)                        2/4/21
 Friedman, Milton (Brooklyn, N.Y.)                    7/31/12
 Galbraith, John Kenneth (Ontario, Can.)              10/15/08
 Gephardt, Richard (St. Louis, Mo.)                   1/31/41
 Gingrich, Newt (Harrisburg, Pa.)                     6/17/43
 Ginsberg, Allen (Paterson, N.J.)                     6/3/21
 Glenn, John (Cambridge, Oh.)                         7/18/21
 Goldwater, Barry M. (Phoenix, Ariz.)                 1/1/09
 Goodman, Ellen (Newton, Mass.)                       4/11/41
 Gore, Albert Jr. (Washington, D.C.)                  3/31/48
 Gottlieb, Robert A. (New York)                       4/9/31
 Name (Birthplace)                                    Birthdate
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Gottlieb, Robert A. (New York)                       4/9/31
 Gould, Stephen Jay (New York, N.Y.)                  9/10/41
 Graham, Billy (Charlotte, N.C.)                      11/7/18
 Graham, Katharine (New York, N.Y.)                   6/16/17
 Gramm, Phil (Ft. Bennington, Ga.)                    7/8/42
 Gray, William H. 3d (Baton Rouge, La.)               8/20/41
 Greenfield, Meg (Seattle, Wash.)                     12/27/30
 Greenspan, Alan (New York, N.Y.)                     3/6/26
 Gumble, Bryant (New Orleans, La.)                    9/29/48
 Halberstam, David (New York, N.Y.)                   4/10/34
 Hammer, Armand (New York, N.Y.)                      5/21/98
 Harvey, Paul (Tulsa, Okla.)                          9/4/18
 Hatch, Orrin (Homestead, Pa.)                        3/22/34
 Hatfield, Mark O. (Dallas, Ore.)                     7/12/22
 Heflin, Howell (Poulan, Ga.)                         6/19/21
 Hefner, Hugh (Chicago, Ill.)                         4/9/26
 Helms, Jesse (Monroe, N.C.)                          10/18/21
 Heloise (Waco, Tex.)                                 4/15/51
 Hills, Carla (Los Angeles, Cal.)                     1/3/34
 Name (Birthplace)                                    Birthdate
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Hills, Carla (Los Angeles, Cal.)                     1/3/34
 Hollings, Ernest (Charleston, S.C.)                  1/1/22
 Iacocca, Lee A. (Allentown, Pa.)                     10/15/24
 Icahn, Carl (New York, N.Y.)                         1936
 Inouye, Daniel K. (Honolulu, Ha.)                    9/7/24
 Jackson, Jesse (Greenville, S.C.)                    10/8/41
 Jennings, Peter (Toronto, Ont.)                      8/29/38
 Johnson, Lady Bird  (Karnack, Tex.)                  12/22/12
 Jordan, Barbara (Houston, Tex.)                      2/21/36
 Kael, Pauline (Petaluma, Calif.)                     6/19/19
 Karan, Donna (Forest Hills, N.Y.)                    10/2/48
 Kassebaum, Nancy (Topeka, Kan.)                      7/29/32
 Keillor, Garrison (Anoka, Minn.)                     8/7/42
 Kemp, Jack (Los Angeles, Cal.)                       7/13/35
 Kennedy, Anthony (Sacramento, Cal.)                  7/23/36
 Kennedy, Edward M. (Brookline, Mass.)                2/22/32
 Kennedy, Rose (Boston, Mass.)                        7/22/90
 Kerr, Walter (Evanston, Ill.)                        7/8/13
 King, Coretta Scott (Marion, Ala.)                   4/27/27
 Name (Birthplace)                                    Birthdate
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
King, Coretta Scott (Marion, Ala.)                   4/27/27
 King, Larry (Brooklyn, N.Y.)                         11/19/34
 Kirkland, Lane (Camden, S.C.)                        3/12/22
 Kirkpatrick, Jeane (Duncan, Okla.)                   11/19/26
 Kissinger, Henry (Fuerth, Germany)                   5/27/23
 Klein, Calvin (New York, N.Y.)                       11/19/42
 Koch, Edward I. (New York, N.Y.)                     12/12/24
 Koop, C. Everett (Brooklyn, N.Y.)                    10/14/16
 Koppel, Ted (Lancashire, Eng.)                       2/8/40
 Kuhn, Maggie (Buffalo, N.Y.)                         1905
 Kunstler, William (New York, N.Y.)                   7/7/19
 Landers, Ann (Sioux City, Ia.)                       7/4/18
 Lauder, Estee (New York, N.Y.)                       --
 Lauren, Ralph (Bronx, N.Y.)                          10/14/39
 Leahy, Patrick (Montpelier, Vt.)                     3/31/40
 Lear, Norman (New Haven, Conn.)                      7/27/22
 Lehrer, Jim (Wichita, Kan.)                          5/19/34
 Lindbergh, Anne Morrow (Englewood, N.J.)             1906
 Lorenzo, Frank (New York, N.Y.)                      5/19/40
 Name (Birthplace)                                    Birthdate
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Lorenzo, Frank (New York, N.Y.)                      5/19/40
 Lott, Trent (Grenada, Miss.)                         10/9/41
 Lugar, Richard G. (Indianapolis, Ind.)               4/4/32
 Lukas, J. Anthony (New York, N.Y.)                   4/25/33
 MacNeil, Robert (Montreal, Que.)                     1/19/31
 Marshall, Thurgood (Baltimore, Md.)                  7/2/08
 Martinez, Bob (Tampa, Fla.)                          12/25/34
 Metzenbaum, Howard (Cleveland, Oh.)                  6/4/17
 Michel, Robert H. (Peoria, Ill.)                     3/2/23
 Mikulski, Barbara (Baltimore, Md.)                   7/20/36
 Mitchell, George (Waterville, Me.)                   8/20/33
 Mondale, Walter (Ceylon, Minn.)                      1/5/28
 Mosbacher, Robert (Mt. Vernon, N.Y.)                 3/11/27
 Moyers, Bill (Hugo, Okla.)                           6/5/34
 Moynihan, Daniel P. (Tulsa, Okla.)                   3/16/27
 Mudd, Roger (Washington, D.C.)                       2/9/28
 Murdoch, Rupert (Melbourne, Austr.)                  5/11/31
 Nader, Ralph (Winsted, Conn.)                        2/27/34
 Nidetch, Jean (Brooklyn, N.Y.)                       10/12/23
 Name (Birthplace)                                    Birthdate
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Nidetch, Jean (Brooklyn, N.Y.)                       10/12/23
 Nixon, Pat (Ely, Nev.)                               3/16/12
 Nixon, Richard (Yorba Linda, Cal.)                   1/9/13
 North, Oliver (San Antonio, Tex.)                    10/7/43
 Norton, Eleanor Holmes (Washington, D.C.)            6/13/37
 Nunn, Sam (Perry, Ga.)                               9/8/38
 O'Connor, Cardinal John (Phila., Pa.)                1/15/20
 O'Connor, Sandra Day (nr. Duncan, Ariz.)             3/26/30
 Onassis, Jacqueline (Southampton, N.Y.)              7/28/29
 O'Neill, Thomas P. (Cambridge, Mass.)                12/9/12
 Packwood, Bob (Portland, Ore.)                       9/11/32
 Paley, William S. (Chicago, Ill.)                    9/28/01
 Pauley, Jane (Indianapolis, Ind.)                    10/31/50
 Pauling, Linus (Portland, Ore.)                      2/28/01
 Perot, H. Ross                                       1930
 Pickens, T. Boone (Holdenville, Okla.)               5/22/28
 Pickering, Thomas (Orange, N.J.)                     11/5/31
 Plimpton, George (New York, N.Y.)                    3/18/27
 Podhoretz, Norman (New York, N.Y.)                   1/16/30
 Name (Birthplace)                                    Birthdate
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Podhoretz, Norman (New York, N.Y.)                   1/16/30
 Porter, Sylvia (Patchogue, N.Y.)                     6/18/13
 Poussaint, Alvin F. (New York, N.Y.)                 5/15/34
 Powell, Colin (New York, N.Y.)                       4/5/37
 Quayle, Dan (Indianapolis, Ind.)                     2/4/47
 Quinn, Jane Bryant (Niagara Falls, N.Y.)             2/5/39
 Rangel, Charles (New York, N.Y.)                     6/11/30
 Rather, Dan (Wharton, Tex.)                          10/31/31
 Reagan, Nancy (New York, N.Y.)                       7/6/23
 Reagan, Ronald (Tampico, Ill.)                       2/6/11
 Reasoner, Harry (Dakota City, Ia.)                   4/17/23
 Rehnquist, William (Milwaukee, Wis.)                 10/1/24
 Rich, Frank (Washington, D.C.)                       6/2/49
 Ride, Sally K. (Encino, Calif.)                      1952
 Roberts, Oral (nr. Ada, Okla.)                       1/24/18
 Robertson, Pat (Lexington, Va.)                      3/22/30
 Rockefeller, David (New York, N.Y.)                  6/12/15
 Rockefeller, John D. 4th "Jay" (New York, N.Y.)      6/18/37
 Rockefeller, Laurance S. (New York, N.Y.)            5/26/10
 Name (Birthplace)                                    Birthdate
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Rockefeller, Laurance S. (New York, N.Y.)            5/26/10
 Roemer, Charles E. "Buddy" (Shreveport, La.)         10/4/43
 Rooney, Andy (Albany, N.Y.)                          1/14/19
 Rostenkowski, Dan (Chicago, Ill.)                    1/2/28
 Rozelle, Pete (S. Gate, Calif.)                      3/1/26
 Rukeyser, Louis (New York, N.Y.)                     1/30/33
 Safer, Morley (Toronto, Ontario)                     11/8/31
 Safire, William (New York, N.Y.)                     12/17/29
 Sagan, Carl (New York, N.Y.)                         11/9/34
 Salk, Jonas (New York, N.Y.)                         10/28/14
 Sawyer, Diane (Glasgow, Ky.)                         12/22/45
 Scalia, Antonin (Trenton, N.J.)                      3/11/36
 Schlesinger, Arthur Jr. (Columbus, Oh.)              10/15/17
 Schroeder, Patricia (Portland, Ore.)                 7/30/40
 Schuller, Robert (Alton, Ia.)                        9/16/26
 Scowcroft, Brent (Ogden, Ut.)                        3/19/25
 Sculley, John (New York, N.Y.)                       4/6/39
 Seaborg, Glenn T. (Ishpeming, Mich.)                 4/19/12
 Shanker, Albert (New York, N.Y.)                     9/14/28
 Name (Birthplace)                                    Birthdate
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Shanker, Albert (New York, N.Y.)                     9/14/28
 Shriver, Maria (Chicago, Ill.)                       11/6/55
 Shultz, George P. (New York, N.Y.)                   12/13/20
 Silverstein, Shel (Chicago, Ill.)                    1932
 Simmons, Richard (New Orleans, La.)                  7/12/48
 Simon, Paul (Eugene, Ore.)                           11/29/28
 Simpson, Alan K. (Cody, Wyo.)                        9/2/31
 Smith, Liz (Ft. Worth, Tex.)                         2/2/23
 Solarz, Stephen J. (New York, N.Y.)                  9/2/40
 Spock, Benjamin (New Haven, Conn.)                   5/2/03
 Stahl, Lesley (Lynn, Mass.)                          12/16/41
 Steinbrenner, George (Rocky River, Oh.)              7/4/30
 Steinem, Gloria (Toledo, Oh.)                        3/25/34
 Stern, David J. (New York, N.Y.)                     9/22/42
 Stevens, John Paul (Chicago, Ill.)                   4/20/20
 Sullivan, Louis (Atlanta, Ga.)                       11/3/33
 Sulzberger, Arthur Ochs (New York, N.Y.)             2/5/26
 Sununu, John H. (Havana, Cuba)                       7/2/39
 Terkel, Studs (New York, N.Y.)                       5/16/12
 Name (Birthplace)                                    Birthdate
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Terkel, Studs (New York, N.Y.)                       5/16/12
 Thornburgh, Dick (Pittsburgh, Pa.)                   7/16/32
 Thurmond, J. Strom (Edgefield, S.C.)                 12/5/02
 Tinker, Grant (Stamford, Conn.)                      1/11/26
 Tisch, Laurence (New York, N.Y.)                     3/15/23
 Toland, John (LaCrosse, Wis.)                        6/29/12
 Trillin, Calvin (Kansas City, Mo.)                   12/5/35
 Truman, Margaret (Independence, Mo.)                 2/17/24
 Trump, Donald (New York, N.Y.)                       1946
 Turner, Ted (Cincinnati, Oh.)                        1938
 Udall, Morris K. (St. Johns, Ariz.)                  6/15/22
 Ueberroth, Peter (Chicago, Ill.)                     9/2/37
 Van Buren, Abigail (Sioux City, Ia.)                 7/4/18
 Wallace, George (Clio, Ala.)                         8/25/19
 Wallace, Mike (Brookline, Mass.)                     5/9/18
 Walters, Barbara (Boston, Mass.)                     9/25/31
 Walton, Sam (Kingfisher, Okla.)                      1920
 Webster, William H. (St. Louis, Mo.)                 3/6/24
 Weicker, Lowell (Paris, France)                      5/16/31
 Name (Birthplace)                                    Birthdate
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Weicker, Lowell (Paris, France)                      5/16/31
 Wenner, Jann (New York, N.Y.)                        1/7/46
 Westheimer, Ruth (Germany)                           1928
 White, Bill (Lakewood, Fla.)                         1/28/34
 White, Byron (Ft. Collins, Col.)                     6/8/17
 Wicker, Tom (Hamlet, N.C.)                           6/18/26
 Wiesel, Elie (Sighet, Transyl.)                      9/30/28
 Wilder, L. Douglas (Richmond, Va.)                   1/17/31
 Will, George (Champaign, Ill.)                       1941
 Wright, James C. Jr. (Ft. Worth, Tex.)               12/22/22
 Yard, Molly (Shanghai, China)                        --
 Young, Andrew (New Orleans, La.)                     3/12/32
 Young, Coleman (Tuscaloosa, Ala.)                    5/24/18
 Ziegler, John (Grosse Point, Mich.)                  2/9/34






                           Noted Black Americans

 Names of black athletes and entertainers are not included here as they are
 listed elsewhere in The World Almanac.

 The Rev. Dr. Ralph David Abernathy , 1926-1990, organizer, 1957, and
 president, 1968, of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference.

 Crispus Attucks , c. 1723-1770, agitator who led group that precipitated the
 "Boston Massacre," Mar. 5, 1770.

 James Baldwin ,  1924-1987, author, playwright; The Fire Next Time, Blues
 for Mister Charlie, Just Above My Head.

 Benjamin Banneker , 1731-1806, inventor, astronomer, mathematician, and
 gazetteer; served on commission that surveyed and laid out Washington, D. C.


 Imamu Amiri Baraka , b. LeRoi Jones, 1934, poet, playwright.

 James P. Beckwourth , 1798-c. 1867, western fur-trader, scout, after whom
 Beckwourth Pass in northern California is named.

 Dr. Mary McCleod Bethune , 1875-1955, adviser to presidents Roosevelt,
 Truman; division administrator, Natl. Youth Administration, 1935; founder,
 pres. Bethune-Cookman College.

 Henry Blair , 19th century, obtained patents (believed the first issued to a
 black) for a corn-planter, 1834, and for a cotton-planter, 1836.

 Julian Bond , b. 1940, civil rights leader first elected to the Georgia
 state legislature, 1965; helped found Student Nonviolent Coordinating
 Committee.

 Edward Bouchet , 1852-1918, first black to earn a Ph.D., Yale, 1876, at a U.
 S. university; first black   elected to Phi Beta Kappa.

 Thomas Bradley , b. 1917, elected mayor of Los Angeles, 1973.

 Andrew F. Brimmer , b. 1926, first black member, 1966, Federal Reserve
 Board.

 Edward W. Brooke , b. 1919, attorney general, 1962, of Massachusetts; first
 black elected to U. S. Senate, 1967, since 19th century Reconstruction.

 Gwendolyn Brooks , b. 1917, poet, novelist; first black to win a Pulitzer
 Prize, 1950, for Annie Allen.

 Sterling A. Brown , 1901-1989, poet, literature professor; helped establish
 Afro-American literary criticism.

 William Wells Brown , 1815-1884, novelist, dramatist; first American black
 to publish a novel.

 Dr. Ralph Bunche , 1904-1971, first black to win the Nobel Peace Prize,
 1950; undersecretary of the UN, 1950.

 Sherian Grace Cadoria , b. 1940, brigadier general; highest ranking black
 woman in U.S. armed forces as of 1990.

 Alexa Canady , b. 1950, first black woman neurosurgeon in U.S.

 George E. Carruthers , b. 1940, physicist developed the Apollo 16 lunar
 surface ultraviolet camera/spectograph.

 George Washington Carver , 1861-1943, botanist, chemurgist, and educator;
 his extensive experiments in soil building and plant diseases revolutionized
 the economy of the South.

 Charles Waddell Chestnutt , 1858-1932, author known primarily for his short
 stories, including The Conjure Woman.

 Shirley Chisholm , b. 1924, first black woman elected to House of
 Representatives, Brooklyn, N. Y., 1968.

 Bishop Philip R. Cousin , b. 1933, Pres., Natl. Council of Churches of
 Christ in the USA, 1985-.

 Countee Cullen , 1903-1946, poet; won many  literary prizes.

 Lt. Gen. Benjamin O. Davis Jr. b. 1912, West Point, 1936, first black Air
 Force general, 1954.

 Brig. Gen. Benjamin O. Davis Sr. , 1877-1970, first black general, 1940, in
 U. S. Army.

 William L. Dawson , 1886-1970, Illinois congressman, first black chairman of
 a major House of Representatives committee.

 David Dinkins , b. 1927, first black mayor of New York City, 1990-.

 Isaiah Dorman , 19th century, U. S. Army interpreter, killed with Custer,
 1876, at Battle of the Little Big Horn.

 Aaron Douglas , 1900-1979, painter; called father of black American art.

 Frederick Douglass , 1817-1895, author, editor, orator, diplomat; edited the
 abolitionist weekly, The North Star, in Rochester, N. Y.; U.S. minister and
 consul general to Haiti.

 Dr. Charles Richard Drew , 1904-1950, pioneer in development of blood banks;
 director of American Red Cross blood donor project in World War II.

 William Edward Burghardt Du Bois , 1868-1963, historian, sociologist; a
 founder of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
 (NAACP), 1909, and founder of its magazine The Crisis; author, The Souls of
 Black Folk.

 Paul Laurence Dunbar , 1872-1906, poet, novelist; won fame with Lyrics of
 Lowly Life, 1896.

 Jean Baptiste Point du Sable , c. 1750-1818, pioneer trader and first
 settler of Chicago, 1779.

 Marian Wright Edelman , b. 1939, founder, pres. of Children's Defense Fund.

 Ralph Ellison , b. 1914, novelist, essayist, Invisible Man.

 James Farmer , b. 1920, a founder of the Congress of Racial Equality, 1942;
 asst. secretary, Dept. of HEW, 1969.

 Henry O. Flipper , 1856-1940, first black to graduate, 1877, from West
 Point.

 Charles Fuller , b. 1939, Pulitzer Prize-winning playwright; A Soldier's
 Play.

 Mary Hatwood Futrell , b. 1940, president, Natl. Education Assn., 1983-.

 Marcus Garvey , 1887-1940, founded Universal Negro Improvement Assn., 1911.

 Kenneth Gibson , b. 1932, Newark, N.J., mayor, 1970-1986.

 Charles Gordone , b. 1925, won 1970 Pulitzer Prize in Drama, with No Place
 to Be Somebody.

 Vice Adm. Samuel L. Gravely Jr. b. 1922, first black admiral, 1971, served
 in World War II, Korea, and Vietnam; commander, Third Fleet.

 William H. Gray 3d , b. 1941, U.S. representative from Pa., 1979--;
 chairman, Budget Committee, 1985-88; chairman, House Democratic Caucus,
 1988-89; majority whip, 1989-.

 Ewart Guinier , 1911-1990, trade unionist, first chairman of Harvard Univ.'s
 Department of Afro-American Studies.

 Alex Haley , b. 1921, Pulitzer Prize-winning author; Roots, The
 Autobiography of Malcolm X.

 Jupiter Hammon , c. 1720-1800, poet; the first black American to have his
 works published, 1761.

 Lorraine Hansberry , 1930-1965, playwright; won New York Drama Critics
 Circle Award, 1959, with Raisin in the Sun.

 Barbara Harris , b. 1931, first woman Episcopal bishop.

 Patricia Roberts Harris , 1924-1985, U. S. ambassador to Luxembourg,
 1965-67, secretary; Dept. of HUD, 1977-1979, Dept. of HHS, 1979-1981.

 William H. Hastie ,  1904-1976 first black federal judge, appointed 1937;
 governor of Virgin Islands, 1946-49; judge, U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals,
 1949.

 Chester Himes , 1909-1984, novelist, Cotton Comes to Harlem.

 Matthew A. Henson , 1866-1955, member of Peary's 1909 expedition to the
 North Pole; placed U.S. flag at the Pole.

 Dr. William A. Hinton , 1883-1959, developed the Hinton and Davies-Hinton
 tests for detection of syphilis; first black professor, 1949, at Harvard
 Medical School.

 Benjamin L. Hooks , b. 1925, first black member, 1972-1979, Federal
 Communications Comm.; exec. dir., NAACP, 1977--.

 Nathan I. Huggins , 1927-1989, historian, scholar; Harvard professor from
 1980, director of that university's Institute for Afro-American Research
 from 1981.

 Langston Hughes , 1902-1967, poet; story, song lyric author.

 Charlayne Hunter-Gault , b. 1942, first black woman admitted to Univ. of
 Ga., 1961; ran N.Y. Times Harlem Bureau, 1968-1977; broadcast journalist,
 1978--.

 The Rev. Jesse Jackson , b. 1941, national director, Operation Bread Basket;
 campaigned for Democratic presidential nomination, 1984, 1988.

 Maynard Jackson , b. 1938, elected mayor of Atlanta, 1973.

 Gen. Daniel James Jr. 1920-1978, first black 4-star general, 1975;
 Commander, North American Air Defense Command.

 Pvt. Henry Johnson , 1897-1929, the first American decorated by France in
 World War I with the Croix de Guerre.

 James Weldon Johnson , 1871-1938, poet, lyricist, novelist; first black
 admitted to Florida bar; U.S. consul in Venezuela and Nicaragua.

 John H. Johnson , b. 1918, publisher, editor of Ebony, Jet, Ebony Jr.
 magazines, from 1942.

 Barbara Jordan , b. 1936, former congresswoman from Texas; member, House
 Judiciary Committee.

 Vernon E. Jordan , b. 1935, exec. dir. Natl. Urban League, 1972.

 Ernest E. Just , 1883-1941, marine biologist, studied egg development;
 author, Biology of Cell Surfaces, 1941.

 Leontine T.C. Kelly , b. 1920, United Methodist bishop; first black woman
 bishop of a major American denomination, 1989.

 The Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. , 1929-1968, led 382-day Montgomery,
 Ala., boycott that brought 1956 U.S. Supreme Court decision holding
 segregation on buses unconstitutional; founder, president, Southern
 Christian Leadership Conference, 1957; won Nobel Peace Prize, 1964.

 Lewis H. Latimer , 1848-1928, associate of Edison; supervised installation
 of first electric street lighting in N.Y.C.

 Mickey Leland, 1944-1989 , U.S. representative from Texas, 1978 until death;
 chairman of Congressional Black Caucus; guiding force behind House Select
 Committee on Hunger, which he chaired from its 1984 founding.

 Malcolm X, 1925-1965 , leading spokesman for black pride, founded, 1963,
 Organization of Afro-American Unity.

 Thurgood Marshall , b. 1908, first black U.S. solicitor general 1965; first
 black justice of the U. S. Supreme Court, 1967; as a lawyer led the legal
 battery that won the historic decision from the Supreme Court declaring
 racial segregation of public schools unconstitutional, 1954.

 Jan Matzeliger , 1852-1889, invented lasting machine, patented 1883, which
 revolutionized the shoe industry.

 Benjamin Mays , 1895-1984, educator, civil rights leader; headed Morehouse
 College, 1940-1967.

 Wade H. McCree Jr. , 1920-1987, solicitor general of the U.S., 1977-1981.

 Donald E. McHenry , b. 1936, U.S. ambassador to the United Nations,
 1979-1981.

 Ronald McNair , 1950-1986, physicist, first black astronaut; killed in
 Challenger explosion.

 Dorie Miller , 1919-1943, Navy hero of Pearl Harbor attack; awarded the Navy
 Cross.

 Ernest N. Morial , b. 1929, elected first black mayor of New Orleans, 1977.

 Toni Morrison , novelist; Song of Solomon, Tar Baby; won 1988 Pulitzer prize
 for Beloved.

 Willard Motley , 1912-1965, novelist; Knock on Any Door.

 Elijah Muhammad , 1897-1975, founded      Black Muslims, 1931.

 Pedro Alonzo Nino , navigator of the Nina, one of Columbus' 3 ships on his
 first voyage of discovery to the New World, 1492.

 Rosa Parks , b. 1913, Montgomery Ala. Citizen arrested for refusing to move
 to the back of the bus, Dec. 1, 1955, bringing a 382-day bus boycott led by
 Martin Luther King Jr.

 Frederick D. Patterson , 1901-1988, founder of United Negro College Fund,
 1944; Tuskegee Institute's third pres., 1935-1953.

 Adam Clayton Powell , 1908-1972, early civil rights leader, congressman,
 1945-1969; chairman, House Committee on Education and Labor, 1960-1967.

 Colin Powell , b. 1937, first black Natl. Security Advisor, 1987-88; first
 black chairman of Joint Chiefs of Staff, 1989-.

 Joseph H. Rainey , 1832-1887, first black elected to House of
 Representatives, 1869, from South Carolina.

 A. Philip Randolph ,  1889-1979, organized the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car
 Porters, 1925; organizer of 1941 and 1963 March on Washington movements;
 vice president, AFL-CIO.

 Charles Rangel , b. 1930, congressman from N.Y.C. from 1970; member, Ways
 and Means Committee; chairman, Select Committee on Narcotics Abuse &
 Control.

 Hiram R. Revels , 1822-1901, first black U.S. senator, elected in
 Mississippi, served 1870-1871.

 Lloyd Richards , b. 1922(?), first black to direct a Broadway play, 1959;
 dean, Yale Univ. School of Drama & artistic director of Yale Repertory
 Theatre, 1979-1991.

 Wilson C. Riles , b. 1917, elected, 1970, California State Superintendent of
 Public Instruction.

 Norbert Rillieux , 1806-1894; invented a vacuum pan evaporator, 1846,
 revolutionizing the sugar-refining industry.

 Paul Robeson , 1898-1976, actor and concert singer, graduated 1st in class
 at Rutgers, 1918, Phi Beta Kappa; grad. Columbia Univ. law school, 1923;
 associated with communist causes.

 Max Robinson , 1939-1988, TV journalist, first black to anchor network news,
 1978.

 Carl T. Rowan , b. 1925, prize-winning journalist; director of the U.S.
 Information Agency, 1964, the first black to sit on the National Security
 Council; U. S. ambassador to Finland, 1963.

 John B. Russwurm , 1799-1851, with Samuel E. Cornish, 1793-1858, founded,
 1827, the nation's first black newspaper, Freedom's Journal, in N.Y.C.

 Bayard Rustin , 1910-1987, organizer of the 1963 March on Washington;
 executive director, A. Philip Randolph Institute.

 Peter Salem , at the Battle of Bunker Hill, June 17, 1775, shot and killed
 British commander Maj. John Pitcairn.

 Ntozake Shange , b. 1948, writer, For Colored Girls Who Have Considered
 Suicide/When the Rainbow is Enuf.

 Bishop Stephen Spottswood , 1897-1974, board chairman of NAACP, 1961-1974.

 The Rev. Leon H. Sullivan , b. 1922, economic development planner, first
 black on General Motors Bd. of Directors.

 Willard Townsend , 1895-1957, organized the United Transport Service
 Employees, 1935 (redcaps, etc.); vice pres. AFL-CIO.

 Sojourner Truth , 1797-1883, born Isabella Baumfree; preacher, abolitonist;
 raised funds for Union in Civil War; worked for black educational
 opportunities.

 Harriet Tubman , 1823-1913, Underground Railroad conductor served as nurse
 and spy for Union Army in the Civil War.

 Nat Turner , 1800-1831, led the most significant of over 200 slave revolts
 in U.S., in Southampton, Va.; hanged.

 Alice Walker , b. 1944, novelist, essayist, The Color Purple.

 Booker T. Washington , 1856-1915, founder, 1881, and first president of
 Tuskegee Institute; author, Up From Slavery.

 Harold Washington , 1922-1978, first black mayor of Chicago, from 1983 until
 death.

 Dr. Robert C. Weaver , b. 1907, first black member of the U.S. Cabinet,
 secretary, Dept. of HUD, 1966.

 Ida B. Wells (Barnett) , 1862-1931, journalist who waged anti-lynching
 crusade.

 Clifton R. Wharton Jr. , b. 1926, first black pres. of major U.S. univ.;
 chancellor, nation's largest univ. system, 8 yrs.; chairman & CEO, country's
 largest pension fund, 1987--.

 Phillis Wheatley , c. 1753-1784, poet; 2d American woman and first black
 woman to have her works published, 1770.

 Bill White , b. 1934, first black baseball league president; named Natl.
 League head, 1989.

 Walter White , 1893-1955, exec. secretary, NAACP, 1931-1955.

 L. Douglas Wilder , first black governor, elected Virginia chief executive
 1989.

 Roy Wilkins ,  1901-1981, exec. director, NAACP, 1955-1977.

 Dr. Daniel Hale Williams , 1858-1931, performed one of first 2 open-heart
 operations, 1893; founded Provident, Chicago's first Negro hospital; first
 black elected a fellow of the American College of Surgeons.

 August Wilson , b. 1945, playwright, won 1987 Pulitzer Prize for Fences,
 1990 Pultizer for The Piano Lesson.

 Granville T. Woods , 1856-1910, invented the third-rail system now used in
 subways, a complex railway telegraph device that helped reduce train
 accidents, and an automatic air brake.

 Dr. Carter G. Woodson , 1875-1950, historian; founded Assn. for the Study of
 Negro Life and History, 1915, and Journal of Negro History, 1916.

 Richard Wright , 1908-1960, novelist; Native Son, Black Boy.

 Frank Yerby , b. 1916, first best-selling American black novelist; The Foxes
 of Harrow, Vixen.

 Andrew Young , b. 1932, civil rights leader, congressman from Georgia, U.S.
 ambassador to the United Nations, 1977-79; mayor of Atlanta, 1982-.

 Whitney M. Young Jr. , 1921-1971, exec. director, 1961, National Urban
 League; author, lecturer, newspaper columnist.

 About 5,000 blacks served in the Continental Army during the American
 Revolution, mostly in integrated units, some in all-black combat units. Some
 200,000 blacks served in the Union Army during the Civil War; 38,000 gave
 their lives; 22 won the Medal of Honor, the nation's highest award. Of
 367,000 blacks in the armed forces during World War I, 100,000 served in
 France. More than 1,000,000 blacks served in the armed forces during World
 War II; all-black fighter and bomber AAF units and infantry divisions gave
 distinguished service. In 1954 the policy of all-black units was finally
 abolished. Of 274,937 blacks who served in the armed forces during the
 Vietnam War (1965-1974), 5,681 were killed in combat.

 As of Jan., 1989, there were 299 black mayors, 2,882 members of municipal
 governing boards, 416 state legislators, and 24 U.S. representatives. There
 were then 7,226 blacks holding elected office in the U.S. and Virgin
 Islands, an increase of 5.8% over the previous year, according to a survey
 by the Joint Center for Political Studies, Washington, D.C.

           Notable Living American Fiction Writers and Playwrights


╓┌──────────────────────────────────────────────────────┌────────────────────╖
 Name (Birthplace)                                      Birthdate
 Name (Birthplace)                                      Birthdate
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Adams, Alice (Fredericksburg, Va.)                     8/14/26
 Albee, Edward (Washington, D.C.)                       3/12/28
 Asimov, Isaac (Petrovichi, Russia)                     1/2/20
 Auchincloss, Louis (Lawrence, N.Y.)                    9/27/17
 Barth, John (Cambridge, Md.)                           5/27/30
 Beattie, Ann (Washington, D.C.)                        9/7/47
 Bellow, Saul (Quebec, Canada)                          7/10/15
 Benchley, Peter (New York, N.Y.)                       5/8/40
 Berger, Thomas (Cincinnati, Oh.)                       7/20/24
 Blume, Judy (Elizabeth, N.J.)                          2/12/38
 Bradbury, Ray (Waukegan, Ill.)                         8/22/20
 Brooks, Gwendolyn (Topeka, Kan.)                       6/7/17
 Calisher, Hortense (New York, N.Y.)                    12/20/11
 Clark, Mary Higgins (New York, N.Y.)                   12/24/31
 Clavell, James (England)                               10/10/24
 Cleary, Beverly (McMinnville, Ore.)                    1916
 Connell, Evan S. (Kansas City, Mo.)                    8/17/24
 Conroy, Pat (Atlanta, Ga.)                             10/26/45
 Crews, Harry (Alma, Ga.)                               6/6/35
 Name (Birthplace)                                      Birthdate
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Crews, Harry (Alma, Ga.)                               6/6/35
 Crichton, Michael (Chicago, Ill.)                      10/23/42
 Dailey, Janet (Storm Lake, Ia.)                        5/21/44
 De Vries, Peter (Chicago, Ill.)                        2/27/10
 Didion, Joan (Sacramento, Cal.)                        12/5/34
 Doctorow, E. L. (New York, N.Y.)                       1/6/31
 Dunne, John Gregory (Hartford, Conn.)                  5/25/32
 Elkin, Stanley (New York, N.Y.)                        5/11/30
 Ellison, Ralph (Oklahoma City, Okla.)                  3/1/14
 Fast, Howard (New York, N.Y.)                          11/11/14
 Fox, Paula (New York, N.Y.)                            4/22/23
 French, Marilyn (New York, N.Y.)                       11/21/29
 Fuller, Charles (Philadelphia, Pa.)                    3/5/39
 Gaddis, William (New York, N.Y.)                       1922
 Geisel, Theodore ("Dr. Seuss," Springfield, Mass.)     3/2/04
 Gilroy, Frank (New York, N.Y.)                         10/13/25
 Godwin, Gail (Birmingham, Ala.)                        6/18/37
 Gold, Herbert (Cleveland, Oh.)                         3/9/24
 Goldman, William (Chicago, Ill.)                       8/12/31
 Name (Birthplace)                                      Birthdate
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Goldman, William (Chicago, Ill.)                       8/12/31
 Gordon, Mary (Long Island, N.Y.)                       12/8/49
 Grau, Shirley Ann (New Orleans, La.)                   7/8/29
 Guare, John (New York, N.Y.)                           2/5/38
 Hailey, Arthur (Luton, England)                        4/5/20
 Haley, Alex (Ithaca, N.Y.)                             8/11/21
 Hawkes, John (Stamford, Conn.)                         8/17/25
 Heller, Joseph (Brooklyn, N.Y.)                        5/1/23
 Helprin, Mark (New York, N.Y.)                         6/28/47
 Hersey, John (Tientsin, China)                         6/17/14
 Hinton, S.E. (Tulsa, Okla.)                            1948
 Irving, John (Exeter, N.H.)                            3/2/42
 Jong, Erica (New York, N.Y.)                           3/26/42
 Kennedy, William (Albany, N.Y.)                        1/16/28
 Kerr, Jean (Scranton, Pa.)                             7/10/23
 King, Stephen (Portland, Me.)                          9/21/47
 Knowles, John (Fairmont, W. Va.)                       9/16/26
 Kosinski, Jerzy (Lodz, Poland)                         6/14/33
 Krantz, Judith (New York, N.Y.)                        1/9/28
 Name (Birthplace)                                      Birthdate
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Krantz, Judith (New York, N.Y.)                        1/9/28
 LeGuin, Ursula (Berkeley, Cal.)                        10/21/29
 L'Engle, Madeleine (New York, N.Y.)                    11/29/18
 Leonard, Elmore (New Orleans, La.)                     10/11/25
 Levin, Ira (New York, N.Y.)                            8/27/29
 Ludlum, Robert (New York, N.Y.)                        5/25/27
 Lurie, Alison (Chicago, Ill.)                          9/3/26
 Mailer, Norman (Long Branch, N.J.)                     1/31/23
 Mamet, David (Chicago, Ill.)                           11/30/47
 McGuane, Thomas (Wyandotte, Mich.)                     12/11/39
 McMurtry, Larry (Wichita Falls, Tex.)                  6/3/36
 Michener, James A. (New York, N.Y.)                    2/3/07
 Miller, Arthur (New York, N.Y.)                        10/17/15
 Morris, Wright (Central City, Neb.)                    1/6/10
 Morrison, Toni (Lorain, Oh.)                           --
 Oates, Joyce Carol (Lockport, N.Y.)                    6/16/38
 Ozick, Cynthia (New York, N.Y.)                        4/17/28
 Paley, Grace (New York, N.Y.)                          12/11/22
 Percy, Walker (Birmingham, Ala.)                       5/28/16
 Name (Birthplace)                                      Birthdate
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Percy, Walker (Birmingham, Ala.)                       5/28/16
 Piercy, Marge (Detroit, Mich.)                         3/31/36
 Potok, Chaim (New York, N.Y.)                          2/17/29
 Price, Reynolds (Macon, N.C.)                          2/1/33
 Puzo, Mario (New York, N.Y.)                           10/15/20
 Pynchon, Thomas (Glen Cove, N.Y.)                      5/8/37
 Rabe, David (Dubuque, Ia.)                             3/10/40
 Reed, Ishmael (Chattanooga, Tenn.)                     2/22/38
 Roth, Henry (Austria-Hungary)                          2/8/06
 Roth, Philip (Newark, N.J.)                            3/19/33
 Salinger, J. D. (New York, N.Y.)                       1/1/19
 Sanders, Lawrence (New York, N.Y.)                     1920
 Sendak, Maurice (New York, N.Y.)                       6/10/28
 Shepard, Sam (Ft. Sheridan, Ill.)                      11/5/43
 Simon, Neil (New York, N.Y.)                           7/4/27
 Singer, Isaac Bashevis (Radzymin, Poland)              7/14/04
 Spillane, Mickey (Brooklyn, N.Y.)                      3/9/18
 Stegner, Wallace (Lake Mills, Ia.)                     2/18/09
 Stern, Richard (New York, N.Y.)                        2/25/28
 Name (Birthplace)                                      Birthdate
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Stern, Richard (New York, N.Y.)                        2/25/28
 Stone, Irving (San Francisco, Cal.)                    7/14/03
 Stone, Robert (Brooklyn, N.Y.)                         8/21/37
 Taylor, Peter (Trenton, Tenn.)                         1/8/17
 Theroux, Paul (Medford, Mass.)                         4/10/41
 Tyler, Anne (Minneapolis, Minn.)                       10/25/41
 Updike, John (Shillington, Pa.)                        3/18/32
 Uris, Leon (Baltimore, Md.)                            8/3/24
 Vidal, Gore (West Point, N.Y.)                         10/3/25
 Vonnegut, Kurt Jr. (Indianapolis, Ind.)                11/11/22
 Walker, Alice (Eatonton, Ga.)                          1944
 Wambaugh, Joseph (East Pittsburgh, Pa.)                1/22/37
 Welty, Eudora (Jackson, Miss.)                         4/13/09
 Wilson, August (Pittsburgh, Pa.)                       4/27/45
 Wilson, Lanford (Lebanon, Mo.)                         4/13/37
 Wolfe, Tom (Richmond, Va.)                             3/2/31
 Wolff, Tobias (Birmingham, Ala.)                       6/19/45
 Wouk, Herman (New York, N.Y.)                          5/27/15






             American Architects and Some of Their Achievements

 Max Abramovitz, b. 1908, Avery Fisher Hall, Lincoln Center, N.Y.C.

 Henry Bacon, 1866-1924, Lincoln Memorial.

 Pietro Belluschi, b. 1899, Juilliard School of Music, Lincoln Center, N.Y.C.


 Marcel Breuer, 1902-1981, Whitney Museum of American Art, N.Y.C. (with
 Hamilton Smith).

 Charles Bulfinch, 1763-1844, State House, Boston;  Capitol, Wash. D.C.,
 (part).

 Gordon Bunshaft, b. 1909, Lever House, Park Ave, N.Y.C.;  Hirshhorn Museum,
 Wash., D.C.

 Daniel H. Burnham, 1846-1912, Union Station, Wash. D.C.;  Flatiron, N.Y.C.

 Irwin Chanin, 1892-1988, New York City theaters,  skyscrapers.

 Ralph Adams Cram, 1863-1942, Cathedral of St. John the  Divine, N.Y.C.; U.S.
 Military Academy (part).

 R. Buckminster Fuller, 1895-1983, U.S. Pavilion, Expo 67,  Montreal
 (geodesic domes).

 Cass Gilbert, 1859-1934, Custom House, Woolworth Bldg.,  N.Y.C.; Supreme
 Court bldg., Wash., D.C.

 Bertram G. Goodhue, 1869-1924, Capitol, Lincoln, Neb.;  St. Thomas, St.
 Bartholomew, N.Y.C.

 Walter Gropius, 1883-1969, Pan Am Building, N.Y.C. (with  Pietro Belluschi).


 Peter Harrison, 1716-1775, Touro Synagogue, Redwood  Library, Newport, R.I.

 Wallace K. Harrison, 1895-1981, Metropolitan Opera House,  Lincoln Center,
 N.Y.C.

 Thomas Hastings, 1860-1929, Public Library, Frick  Mansion, N.Y.C.

 James Hoban, 1762-1831, The White House.

 Raymond Hood, 1881-1934, Rockefeller Center, N.Y.C.  (part); Daily News,
 N.Y.C.; Tribune, Chicago.

 Richard M. Hunt, 1827-1895, Metropolitan Museum, N.Y.C.  (part); Natl.
 Observatory, Wash., D.C.

 William Le Baron Jenney, 1832-1907, Home Insurance,  Chicago (demolished
 1931).

 Philip C. Johnson, b. 1906, N.Y. State Theater, Lincoln  Center, N.Y.C.

 Albert Kahn, 1869-1942, Athletic Club Bldg., General  Motors Bldg., Detroit.


 Louis Kahn, 1901-1974, Salk Laboratory, La Jolla, Cal.;  Yale Art Gallery.

 Christopher Grant LaFarge, 1862-1938, Roman Catholic  Chapel, West Point.

 Benjamin H. Latrobe, 1764-1820, U.S. Capitol (part).

 William Lescaze, 1896-1969, Philadelphia Savings Fund  Society; Borg-Warner
 Bldg., Chicago.

 Bernard R. Maybeck, 1862-1957, Hearst Hall, Chick House,  Univ. of Cal.,
 First Church of Christ Scientist, Berkeley.

 Charles F. McKim, 1847-1909, Public Library, Boston,  Columbia Univ., N.Y.C.
 (part).

 Charles M. McKim, b. 1920, KUHT-TV Transmitter Building,  Houston; Lutheran
 Church of the Redeemer, Houston.

 Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, 1886-1969, Seagram Building,  N.Y.C. (with Philip
 C. Johnson); National Gallery, Berlin.

 Robert Mills, 1781-1855, Washington Monument.

 Richard J. Neutra, 1892-1970, Mathematics Park,  Princeton; Orange Co.
 Courthouse, Santa Ana, Cal.

 Gyo Obata, b. 1923, Natl. Air & Space Mus., Smithsonian  Institution;
 Dallas-Ft. Worth Airport.

 Frederick L. Olmsted, 1822-1903, Central Park,  N.Y.C.; Fairmount Park,
 Philadelphia.

 I(eoh) M(ing) Pei, b. 1917, National  Center for Atmospheric Research,
 Boulder, Col.; East Wing, Natl. Gallery of Art, Wash.,  D.C.; Pyramid, The
 Louvre, Paris.

 William Pereira, 1909-1985, Cape Canaveral; Transamerica  Bldg., San
 Francisco.

 John Russell Pope, 1874-1937, National Gallery.

 George Browne Post, 1837-1913, New York Stock Exchange,  Wisconsin state
 capitol.

 John Portman, b. 1924, Peachtree Center, Atlanta.

 James Renwick Jr., 1818-1895, Grace Church, St.  Patrick's Cathedral,
 N.Y.C.; Smithsonian, Corcoran Galleries,  Wash., D.C.

 Henry H. Richardson, 1838-1886, Trinity Church, Boston.

 Kevin Roche, b. 1922, Oakland Cal. Museum; Fine Arts  Center, U. of Mass.

 James Gamble Rogers, 1867-1947, Columbia-Presbyterian  Medical Center,
 N.Y.C.; Northwestern Univ., Chicago.

 John Wellborn Root, 1887-1963, Palmolive Building,  Chicago; Hotel Statler,
 Washington; Hotel Tamanaco, Caracas.

 Paul Rudolph, b. 1918, Jewitt Art Center, Wellesley  College; Art &
 Architecture Bldg., Yale.

 Charles M. Russell, 1866-1926, Western life.

 Eero Saarinen, 1910-1961, Gateway to the West Arch, St.  Louis; Trans World
 Flight Center, N.Y.C.

 Louis Skidmore, 1897-1962, AEC town site, Oak Ridge,  Tenn.; Terrace Plaza
 Hotel, Cincinnati.

 Clarence S. Stein, 1882-1975, Temple Emanu-El, N.Y.C.

 Edward Durell Stone, 1902-1978, U.S. Embassy, New  Delhi, India; (H.
 Hartford) Gallery of Modern Art, N.Y.C.

 Louis H. Sullivan, 1856-1924, Auditorium, Chicago.

 Richard Upjohn, 1802-1878, Trinity Church, N.Y.C.

 Ralph T. Walker, 1889-1973, N.Y. Telephone Hdqrs.,  N.Y.C.; IBM Research
 Lab., Poughkeepsie, N.Y.

 Roland A. Wank, 1898-1970, Cincinnati Union Terminal;  head architect TVA,
 1933-44.

 Stanford White, 1853-1906, Washington Arch; first  Madison Square Garden,
 N.Y.C.

 Frank Lloyd Wright, 1867 (or 1869)-1959, Imperial Hotel,  Tokyo; Guggenheim
 Museum, N.Y.C.; Unity Church, Oak Park, Ill; Robie  House, Chicago;
 Taliesin, Wis.

 William Wurster, 1895-1973, Ghirardelli Sq., San  Francisco; Cowell College,
 U. Cal., Berkeley.

 Minoru Yamasaki, 1912-1986, World Trade Center, N.Y.C.


                         Noted American Cartoonists

 Charles Addams, 1912-1988, macabre cartoons.

 Brad Anderson, b. 1924, Marmaduke.

 Peter Arno, 1904-1968, urban characterizations.

 Tex Avery, 1908-1980, Friz Freleng, b. 1905?, Chuck  Jones, b. 1912,
 animators of Bugs Bunny, Porky Pig, Daffy  Duck.

 George Baker, 1915-1975, The Sad Sack.

 C. C. Beck, b. 1910, Captain Marvel.

 Jim Berry, b. 1932, Berry's World.

 Herb Block (Herblock), b. 1909, leading political  cartoonist.

 George Booth, b. 1926, New Yorker cartoonist.

 Berke Breathed, b. 1957, Bloom County.

 Clare Briggs, 1875-1930, Mr. & Mrs.

 Dik Browne, 1917-1989, Hi & Lois, Hagar the Horrible.

 Ernie Bushmiller, 1905-1982, Nancy.

 Milton Caniff, 1907-1988, Terry & the Pirates; Steve  Canyon.

 Al Capp, 1909-1979, Li'l Abner.

 Paul Conrad, 1924, political cartoonist.

 Roy Crane, 1901-1977, Captain Easy; Buz Sawyer.

 Robert Crumb, b. 1943, "Underground" cartoonist.

 Jay N. Darling (Ding), 1876-1962, political cartoonist.

 Jim Davis, b. 1945, Garfield.

 Billy DeBeck, 1890-1942, Barney Google.

 Rudolph Dirks, 1877-1968, The Katzenjammer Kids.

 Walt Disney, 1901-1966, producer of animated cartoons; created Mickey Mouse
 & Donald Duck.

 Steve Ditko, b. 1927, Spider-Man.

 Mort Drucker, b. 1929, Mad magazine.

 Jules Feiffer, b. 1929, satirical Village Voice cartoonist.

 Bud Fisher, 1884-1954, Mutt & Jeff.

 Ham Fisher, 1900-1955, Joe Palooka.

 James Montgomery Flagg, 1877-1960, illustrator; created  the famous Uncle
 Sam recruiting poster during WWI.

 Max Fleischer, 1883-1972, creator of Betty Boop, Popeye cartoons.

 Hal Foster, 1892-1982, Tarzan; Prince Valiant.

 Fontaine Fox, 1884-1964, Toonerville Folks.

 Rube Goldberg, 1883-1970, Boob McNutt.

 Chester Gould, 1900-1985, Dick Tracy.

 Harold Gray, 1894-1968, Little Orphan Annie.

 Matt Groenig, b. 1954, Life is Hell, The Simpsons.

 Cathy Guisewite, b. 1950, Cathy.

 Bill Hanna, b. 1910, & Joe Barbera, b. 1911, animators of Tom & Jerry,
 Huckleberry Hound, Yogi Bear, Flintstones.

 Johnny Hart, b. 1931, BC, Wizard of Id.

 Jimmy Hatlo, 1898-1963, Little Iodine.

 John Held Jr., 1889-1958, "Jazz Age" cartoonist.

 George Herriman, 1881-1944, Krazy Kat.

 Harry Hershfield, 1885-1974, Abie the Agent.

 Al Hirschfeld, b. 1903, N.Y. Times theater caricaturist.

 Burne Hogarth, b. 1911, Tarzan.

 Helen Hokinson, 1900-1949, satirized clubwomen.

 Bil Keane, b. 1922, The Family Circus.

 Walt Kelly, 1913-1973, Pogo.

 Hank Ketcham, b. 1920, Dennis the Menace.

 Ted Key, b. 1912, Hazel.

 Frank King, 1883-1969, Gasoline Alley.

 Jack Kirby, b. 1917, Fantastic Four.

 Rollin Kirby, 1875-1952, political cartoonist.

 B(ernard) Kliban, b. 1935, cat books.

 Edward Koren, b. 1935, New Yorker woolly characters.

 Walter Lantz, b. 1900, Woody Woodpecker.

 Gary Larson, b. 1950, The Far Side.

 Mell Lazarus, b. 1929, Momma, Miss Peach.

 Stan Lee, b. 1922, Marvel Comics.

 Don Martin, b. 1931, Mad magazine.

 Bill Mauldin, b. 1921, depicted squalid life of the G.I. in WWII.

 Jeff MacNelly, b. 1947, political cartoonist, and strip Shoe.

 Winsor McCay, 1872-1934, Little Nemo.

 John T. McCutcheon, 1870-1949, midwestern rural life.

 George McManus, 1884-1954, Bringing Up Father.

 Dale Messick, b. 1906, Brenda Starr.

 Norman Mingo, 1896-1980, Alfred E. Neuman.

 Bob Montana, 1920-1975, Archie.

 Dick Moores, 1909-1986, Gasoline Alley.

 Willard Mullin, 1902-1978, sports cartoonist; created Dodgers "Bum" and Mets
 "Kid".

 Russell Myers, b. 1938, Broom Hilda.

 Thomas Nast, 1840-1902, political cartoonist; created the Democratic donkey
 and Republican elephant.

 Pat Oliphant, b. 1935, political cartoonist.

 Frederick Burr Opper, 1857-1937, Happy Hooligan.

 Richard Outcault, 1863-1928, Yellow Kid; Buster Brown.

 Mike Peters, b. 1943, editorial cartoons; Mother Goose & Grimm.

 George Price, b. 1901, New Yorker lower-class life.

 Alex Raymond, 1909-1956, Flash Gordon; Jungle Jim.

 Art Sansom, b. 1920, The Born Loser.

 Charles Schulz, b. 1922, Peanuts.

 Elzie C. Segar, 1894-1938, Popeye.

 Jerry Siegel, b. 1914, & Joe Shuster, b. 1914, Superman.

 Sydney Smith, 1887-1935, The Gumps.

 Otto Soglow, 1900-1975, Little King; Canyon Kiddies.

 William Steig, b. 1907, New Yorker cartoonist.

 James Swinnerton, 1875-1974, Little Jimmy.

 Paul Terry, 1887-1971, animator of Mighty Mouse.

 Bob Thaves, b. 1924, Frank and Ernest.

 James Thurber, 1894-1961, New Yorker cartoonist.

 Garry Trudeau, b. 1948, Doonesbury.

 Mort Walker, b. 1923, Beetle Bailey.

 Bill Watterson, b. 1958, Calvin and Hobbes.

 Russ Westover, 1887-1966, Tillie the Toiler.

 Frank Willard, 1893-1958, Moon Mullins.

 J. R. Williams, 1888-1957, The Willets Family; Out Our Way.

 Gahan Wilson, b. 1930, cartoonist of the macabre.

 Tom Wilson, b. 1931, Ziggy.

 Art Young, 1866-1943, political radical and satirist.

 Chic Young, 1901-1973, Blondie.


                    Noted Political Leaders of the Past

 (U.S. presidents and most vice presidents, Supreme Court justices, signers
 of Declaration of Independence, listed elsewhere.)

 Abu Bakr, 573-634, Mohammedan leader, first caliph, chosen successor to
 Mohammed.

 Dean Acheson, 1893-1971, (U.S.) secretary of state, chief architect of cold
 war foreign policy.

 Samuel Adams, 1722-1803, (U.S.) patriot, Boston Tea Party firebrand.

 Konrad Adenauer, 1876-1967, (G.) West German chancellor.

 Emilio Aguinaldo, 1869-1964, (Philip.) revolutionary, fought against Spain
 and the U.S.

 Akbar, 1542-1605, greatest Mogul emperor of India.

 Salvador Allende Gossens, 1908-1973, (Chil.) president, advocate of
 democratic socialism.

 Herbert H. Asquith, 1852-1928, (Br.) Liberal prime minister, instituted an
 advanced program of social reform.

 Atahualpa, ?-1533, Inca (ruling chief) of Peru.

 Kemal Ataturk, 1881-1938, (Turk.) founded modern Turkey.

 Clement Attlee, 1883-1967, (Br.) Labour party leader, prime minister,
 enacted national health, nationalized many industries.

 Stephen F. Austin, 1793-1836, (U.S.) led Texas colonization.

 Mikhail Bakunin, 1814-1876, (R.) revolutionary, leading exponent of
 anarchism.

 Arthur J. Balfour, 1848-1930, (Br.) as foreign secretary  under Lloyd George
 issued Balfour Declaration expressing  official British approval of Zionism.


 Bernard M. Baruch, 1870-1965, (U.S.) financier, gvt.  adviser.

 Fulgencio Batista y Zaldivar, 1901-1973, (Cub.)  ruler overthrown by Castro.


 Lord Beaverbrook, 1879-1964, (Br.) financier, statesman,  newspaper owner.

 Eduard Benes, 1884-1948, (Czech.) president during  interwar and post-WW II
 eras.

 David Ben-Gurion, 1886-1973, (Isr.) first premier of  Israel.

 Thomas Hart Benton, 1782-1858, (U.S.) Missouri senator,  championed agrarian
 interests and westward expansion.

 Lavrenti Beria, 1899-1953, (USSR) Communist leader  prominent in political
 purges under Stalin.

 Aneurin Bevan, 1897-1960, (Br.) Labour party leader.

 Ernest Bevin, 1881-1951, (Br.) Labour party leader,  foreign minister,
 helped lay foundation for NATO.

 Otto von Bismarck, 1815-1898, (G.) statesman known as  the Iron Chancellor,
 uniter of Germany, 1870.

 James G. Blaine, 1830-1893, (U.S.) Republican  politician, diplomat,
 influential in launching Pan-American  movement.

 Leon Blum, 1872-1950, (F.) socialist leader, writer,  headed first Popular
 Front government.

 Simon Bolivar, 1783-1830, (Venez.) South  American revolutionary who
 liberated much of the continent from  Spanish rule.

 William E. Borah, 1865-1940, (U.S.) isolationist  senator, instrumental in
 blocking U.S. membership in League of  Nations and the World Court.

 Cesare Borgia, 1476-1507, (It.) soldier, politician, an  outstanding figure
 of the Italian Renaissance.

 Leonid Brezhnev, 1906-1982, (USSR) leader of the Soviet Union,  1964-82.

 Aristide Briand, 1862-1932, (F.) foreign minister, chief  architect of
 Locarno Pact and anti-war Kellogg-Briand Pact.

 William Jennings Bryan, 1860-1925, (U.S.) Democratic,  populist leader,
 orator, 3 times lost race for presidency.

 Nikolai Bukharin, 1888-1938, (USSR) communist leader.

 William C. Bullitt, 1891-1967, (U.S.) diplomat, first  ambassador to USSR,
 ambassador to France.

 Ralph Bunche, 1904-1971, (U.S.) a founder and key  diplomat of United
 Nations for more than 20 years.

 John C. Calhoun, 1782-1850, (U.S.) political leader,  champion of states'
 rights and a symbol of the Old South.

 Robert Castlereagh, 1769-1822, (Br.) foreign secy, guided Grand  Alliance
 against Napoleon.

 Camillo Benso Cavour, 1810-1861, (It.) statesman,  largely responsible for
 uniting Italy under the House of Savoy.

 Nicolae Ceausescu, 1918-1989, Rumanian Communist leader, head  of state from
 1967-1989.

 Austen Chamberlain, 1863-1937, (Br.)  Conservative party  leader, largely
 responsible for Locarno Pact of 1925.

 Neville Chamberlain, 1869-1940, (Br.) Conservative prime  minister whose
 appeasement of Hitler led to Munich Pact.

 Salmon P. Chase, 1808-1873, (U.S.) public official,  abolitionist, jurist,
 6th Supreme Court chief justice.

 Chiang Kai-shek, 1887-1975, (Chin.) Nationalist Chinese  president whose
 govt. was driven from mainland to Taiwan.

 Chou En-lai, 1898-1976, (Chin.) diplomat, prime  minister, a leading figure
 of the Chinese Communist party.

 Winston Churchill, 1874-1965, (Br.) prime minister,  soldier, author, guided
 Britain through WW II.

 Galeazzo Ciano, 1903-1944, (It.) fascist foreign  minister, helped create
 Rome-Berlin Axis, executed by Mussolini.

 Henry Clay, 1777-1852, (U.S.) "The Great  Compromiser," one of most
 influential pre-Civil War  political leaders.

 Georges Clemenceau, 1841-1929, (F.) twice premier,  Wilson's chief
 antagonist at Paris Peace Conference after WW I.

 DeWitt Clinton, 1769-1828, (U.S.) political leader,  responsible for
 promoting idea of the Erie Canal.

 Robert Clive, 1725-1774, (Br.) first administrator of  Bengal, laid
 foundation for British Empire in India.

 Jean Baptiste Colbert, 1619-1683, (F.) statesman,  influential under Louis
 XIV, created the French navy.

 Oliver Cromwell, 1599-1658, (Br.) Lord Protector of  England, led
 parliamentary forces during Civil War.

 Curzon of Kedleston, 1859-1925, (Br.) viceroy of India,  foreign secretary,
 major force in dealing with post-WW I  problems in Europe and Far East.

 Edouard Daladier, 1884-1970, (F.) radical socialist  politician, arrested by
 Vichy, interned by Germans until  liberation in 1945.

 Georges Danton, 1759-1794, (F.) a leading figure in the  French Revolution.

 Jefferson Davis, 1808-1889, (U.S.) president of the  Confederate States of
 America.

 Charles G. Dawes, 1865-1951, (U.S.) statesman, banker,  advanced Dawes Plan
 to stabilize post-WW I German finances.

 Alcide De Gasperi, 1881-1954, (It.) premier, founder of  the Christian
 Democratic party.

 Charles DeGaulle, 1890-1970, (F.) general, statesman,  and first president
 of the Fifth Republic.

 Eamon De Valera, 1882-1975, (Ir.-U.S.) statesman, led  fight for Irish
 independence.

 Thomas E. Dewey, 1902-1971, (U.S.) New York governor,  twice loser in try
 for presidency.

 Ngo Dinh Diem, 1901-1963, (Viet.) South Vietnamese  president, assassinated
 in government take-over.

 Everett M. Dirksen, 1896-1969, (U.S.) Senate Republican  minority leader,
 orator.

 Benjamin Disraeli, 1804-1881, (Br.) prime minister,  considered founder of
 modern Conservative party.

 Engelbert Dollfuss, 1892-1934, (Aus.) chancellor,  assassinated by Austrian
 Nazis.

 Andrea Doria, 1466-1560, (It.) Genoese admiral,  statesman, called "Father
 of Peace" and "Liberator of  Genoa."

 Stephen A. Douglas, 1813-1861, (U.S.) Democratic  leader, orator, opposed
 Lincoln for the presidency.

 John Foster Dulles, 1888-1959, (U.S.) secretary of state  under Eisenhower,
 cold war policy maker.

 Friedrich Ebert, 1871-1925, (G.) Social Democratic  movement leader,
 instrumental in bringing about Weimar  constitution.

 Sir Anthony Eden, 1897-1977, (Br.) foreign secretary,  prime minister during
 Suez invasion of 1956.

 Ludwig Erhard, 1897-1977, (G.) economist, West German  chancellor, led
 nation's economic rise after WW II.

 Hamilton Fish, 1808-1893, (U.S.) secretary of state,  successfully mediated
 disputes with Great Britain, Latin  America.

 James V. Forrestal, 1892-1949, (U.S.) secretary of navy,  first secretary of
 defense.

 Francisco Franco, 1892-1975, (Sp.) leader of rebel  forces during Spanish
 Civil War and dictator of Spain.

 Benjamin Franklin, 1706-1790, (U.S.) printer, publisher,  author, inventor,
 scientist, diplomat.

 Louis de Frontenac, 1620-1698, (F.) governor of New  France (Canada);
 encouraged explorations, fought Iroquois.

 Hugh Gaitskell, 1906-1963, (Br.) Labour party leader,  major force in
 reversing its stand for unilateral disarmament.

 Albert Gallatin, 1761-1849, (U.S.) secretary of  treasury who was
 instrumental in negotiating end of War of 1812.

 Leon Gambetta, 1838-1882, (F.) statesman,  politician, one of the founders
 of the Third Republic.

 Indira Gandhi, 1917-1984, (Ind.) succeeded father, Jawaharlal  Nehru, as
 prime minister, assassinated.

 Mohandas K. Gandhi, 1869-1948, (Ind.) political leader,  ascetic, led
 nationalist movement against British rule.

 Giuseppe Garibaldi, 1807-1882, (It.) patriot, soldier, a  leading figure in
 the Risorgimento, the Italian unification  movement.

 Genghis Khan, c. 1167-1227, brilliant Mongol conqueror,  ruler of vast Asian
 empire.

 William E. Gladstone, 1809-1898, (Br.) prime minister 4  times, dominant
 force of Liberal party from 1868 to 1894.

 Paul Joseph Goebbels, 1897-1945, (G.) Nazi propagandist,  master of mass
 psychology.

 Klement Gottwald, 1896-1953, (Czech.) communist leader  ushered communism
 into his country.

 Che (Ernesto) Guevara, 1928-1967, (Arg.) guerilla  leader, prominent in
 Cuban revolution, killed in Bolivia.

 Haile Selassie, 1891-1975, (Eth.) emperor, maintained  monarchy through
 invasion, occupation, internal resistance.

 Alexander Hamilton, 1755-1804, (U.S.) first treasury  secretary, champion of
 strong central government.

 Dag Hammarskjold, 1905-1961, (Swed.) statesman, UN  secretary general.

 John Hancock, 1737-1793, (U.S.) revolutionary leader,  first signer of
 Declaration of Independence.

 John Hay, 1838-1905, (U.S.) secretary of state,  primarily associated with
 Open Door Policy toward China.

 Patrick Henry, 1736-1799, (U.S.) major revolutionary  figure, remarkable
 orator.

 Edouard Herriot, 1872-1957, (F.) Radical Socialist  leader, twice premier,
 president of National Assembly.

 Theodor Herzl, 1860-1904, (Aus.) founder of modern  Zionism.

 Heinrich Himmler, 1900-1945, (G.) chief of Nazi SS and  Gestapo, primarily
 responsible for the Holocaust.

 Paul von Hindenburg, 1847-1934, (G.) field marshal,  president.

 Hirohito, 1902-1989; emperor of Japan from 1926.

 Adolf Hitler, 1889-1945, (G.) dictator, founder of  National Socialism.

 Ho Chi Minh, 1890-1969, (Viet.) North Vietnamese  president, Vietnamese
 Communist leader, national hero.

 Harry L. Hopkins, 1890-1946, (U.S.) New Deal  administrator, closest adviser
 to FDR during WW II.

 Edward M. House, 1858-1938, (U.S.) diplomat,  confidential adviser to
 Woodrow Wilson.

 Samuel Houston, 1793-1863, (U.S.) leader of struggle to  win control of
 Texas from Mexico.

 Cordell Hull, 1871-1955, (U.S.) secretary of state,  initiated reciprocal
 trade to lower tariffs, helped organize UN.

 Hubert H. Humphrey, 1911-1978, (U.S.) Minnesota  Democrat, senator, vice
 president, spent 32 years in public  service.

 Ibn Saud, c. 1888-1953, (S. Arab.) founder of Saudi  Arabia and its first
 king.

 Jacob Javits, 1904-1986 (U.S.) U.S. senator from New York for  24 years.

 Jinnah, Muhammed Ali, 1876-1948, (Pak.) founder, first  governor-general of
 Pakistan.

 Benito Juarez, 1806-1872, (Mex.) rallied  countrymen against foreign
 threats, sought to create democratic,  federal republic.

 Kamehameha I, c. 1758-1819, (Haw.) founder, first monarch of  unified
 Hawaii.

 Frank B. Kellogg, 1856-1937, (U.S.) secretary of state,  negotiated
 Kellogg-Briand Pact to outlaw war.

 Robert F. Kennedy, 1925-1968, (U.S.) attorney general,  senator,
 assassinated while seeking presidential nomination.

 Aleksandr Kerensky, 1881-1970, (R.) revolutionary,  served as premier after
 Feb. 1917 revolution until Bolshevik  overthrow.

 Ruhollah Khomeini, 1900-1989, (Iran), religious leader with  Islamic title
 "ayatollah," directed overthrow of shah, 1979,  became source of political
 authority in succeeding governments.

 Nikita Khrushchev, 1894-1971, (USSR) premier, first secretary  of Communist
 party, initiated de-Stalinization.

 Lajos Kossuth, 1802-1894, (Hung.) principal figure in  1848 Hungarian
 revolution.

 Pyotr Kropotkin, 1842-1921, (R.) anarchist, championed  the peasants but
 opposed Bolshevism.

 Kublai Khan, c. 1215-1294, Mongol emperor, founder of  Yuan dynasty in
 China.

 Bela Kun, 1886-c.1939, (Hung.) communist,  member of 3d International, tried
 to foment worldwide  revolution.

 Robert M. LaFollette, 1855-1925, (U.S.) Wisconsin public  official, leader
 of progressive movement.

 Pierre Laval, 1883-1945, (F.) politician, Vichy foreign  minister, executed
 for treason.

 Andrew Bonar Law, 1858-1923, (Br.) Conservative party  politician, led
 opposition to Irish home rule.

 Vladimir Ilyich Lenin (Ulyanov), 1870-1924, (USSR)  revolutionary, founder
 of Bolshevism, Soviet leader 1917-1924.

 Ferdinand de Lesseps, 1805-1894, (F.) diplomat, engineer,  conceived idea of
 Suez Canal.

 Rene Levesque, 1922-1987 (Can.) Premier of Quebec, 1976-85; led
 unsuccessful fight to separate from Canada.

 Liu Shao-ch'i, c.1898-1974, (Chin.) communist leader, fell  from grace
 during "cultural revolution."

 Maxim Litvinov, 1876-1951, (USSR) revolutionary, commissar of  foreign
 affairs, favored cooperation with Western powers.

 David Lloyd George, 1863-1945, (Br.) Liberal party prime  minister, laid
 foundations for modern welfare state.

 Henry Cabot Lodge, 1850-1924, (U.S.) Republican senator, led  opposition to
 participation in League of Nations.

 Huey P. Long, 1893-1935, (U.S.) Louisiana political demagogue,  governor,
 assassinated.

 Rosa Luxemburg, 1871-1919, (G.) revolutionary, leader of the  German Social
 Democratic party and Spartacus party.

 J. Ramsay MacDonald, 1866-1937, (Br.) first Labour party prime  minister of
 Great Britain.

 Harold Macmillan, 1895-1987 (Br.) prime minister of Great  Britain, 1957-63.


 Joseph R. McCarthy, 1908-1957, (U.S.) senator notorious for his  witch hunt
 for communists in the government.

 Makarios III, 1913-1977, (Cypr.) Greek Orthodox archbishop,  first president
 of Cyprus.

 Malcolm X (Malcolm Little), 1925-1965, (U.S.) black separatist  leader,
 assassinated.

 Mao Tse-tung, 1893-1976, (Chin.) chief Chinese Marxist  theorist, soldier,
 led Chinese revolution establishing his nation as an  important communist
 state.

 Jean Paul Marat, 1743-1793, (F.) revolutionary, politician,  identified with
 radical Jacobins, assassinated.

 Jose Marti, 1853-1895, (Cub.) patriot, poet, leader  of Cuban struggle for
 independence.

 Jan Masaryk, 1886-1948, (Czech.) foreign minister, died by  mysterious
 suicide following communist coup.

 Thomas G. Masaryk, 1850-1937, (Czech.) statesman, philosopher,  first
 president of Czechoslovak Republic.

 Jules Mazarin, 1602-1661, (F.) cardinal, statesman, prime  minister under
 Louis XIII and queen regent Anne of Austria.

 Giussepe Mazzini, 1805-1872, (It.), reformer dedicated to the  Risorgimento,
 19th-century movement for the political and social  renewal of Italy.

 Tom Mboya, 1930-1969, (Kenyan) political leader, instrumental in securing
 independence for his country.

 Cosimo I de' Medici, 1519-1574, (It.) Duke of Florence,  grand duke of
 Tuscany.

 Lorenzo de' Medici, the Magnificent, 1449-1492, (It.) merchant prince, a
 towering figure in Italian Renaissance.

 Catherine de Medicis, 1519-1589, (F.) queen consort of Henry  II, regent of
 France, influential in Catholic-Huguenot wars.

 Golda Meir, 1898-1979, (Isr.) prime minister, 1969-74.

 Klemens W.N.L. Metternich, 1773-1859, (Aus.) statesman, arbiter  of
 post-Napoleonic Europe.

 Anastas Mikoyan, 1895-1978, (USSR) prominent Soviet leader from  1917;
 president 1964-65.

 Guy Mollet, 1905-1975, (F.) social politician, resistance  leader.

 Henry Morgenthau Jr., 1891-1967, (U.S.) secretary of treasury,  raised funds
 to finance New Deal and U.S. WW II activities.

 Gouverneur Morris, 1752-1816, (U.S.) statesman, diplomat,  financial expert
 who helped plan decimal coinage system.

 Wayne Morse, 1900-1974, (U.S.) senator, long-time critic of  Vietnam War.

 Muhammad Ali, 1769?-1849, (Egypt), pasha, founder of dynasty  that
 encouraged emergence of modern Egyptian state.

 Benito Mussolini, 1883-1945, (It.) dictator and leader of the  Italian
 fascist state.

 Imre Nagy, c. 1895-1958, (Hung.) communist premier, assassinated after
 Soviets crushed 1956 uprising.

 Gamal Abdel Nasser, 1918-1970, (Egypt.) leader of Arab  unification, second
 Egyptian president.

 Jawaharlal Nehru, 1889-1964, (Ind.) prime minister, guided  India through
 its early years of independence.

 Kwame Nkrumah, 1909-1972, (Ghan.) dictatorial prime minister,  deposed in
 1966.

 Frederick North, 1732-1792, (Br.) prime minister, his inept  policies led to
 loss of American colonies.

 Daniel O'Connell, 1775-1847, (Ir.) political leader, known as  The
 Liberator.

 Omar, c.581-644, Mohammedan leader, 2d caliph, led Islam to  become an
 imperial power.

 Ignace Paderewski, 1860-1941, (Pol.) statesman, pianist,  composer, briefly
 prime minister, an ardent patriot.

 Viscount Palmerston, 1784-1865, (Br.) Whig-Liberal prime  minister, foreign
 minister, embodied British nationalism.

 George Papandreou, 1888-1968, (Gk.) Republican politician,  served three
 times as prime minister.

 Franz von Papen, 1879-1969, (G.) politician, played major role  in overthrow
 of Weimar Republic and rise of Hitler.

 Charles Stewart Parnell, 1846-1891, (Ir.) nationalist leader,  "uncrowned
 king of Ireland."

 Lester Pearson, 1897-1972, (Can.) diplomat, Liberal party  leader, prime
 minister.

 Robert Peel, 1788-1850, (Br.) reformist prime minister, founder  of
 Conservative party.

 Juan Peron, 1895-1974, (Arg.) president, dictator.

 Joseph Pilsudski, 1867-1935, (Pol.) statesman, instrumental in
 re-establishing Polish state in the 20th century.

 Charles Pinckney, 1757-1824, (U.S.) founding father, his Pinckney plan was
 largely incorporated into constitution.

 William Pitt, the Elder, 1708-1778, (Br.) statesman, called the  "Great
 Commoner," transformed Britain into imperial power.

 William Pitt, the Younger, 1759-1806, (Br.) prime minister  during French
 Revolutionary wars.

 Georgi Plekhanov, 1857-1918, (R.) revolutionary, social  philosopher, called
 "father of Russian Marxism."

 Raymond Poincare, 1860-1934, (F.) 9th president of the  Republic, advocated
 harsh punishment of Germany after WW I.

 Georges Pompidou, 1911-1974, (F.) Gaullist political leader,  president from
 1969 to 1974.

 Grigori Potemkin, 1739-1791, (R.) field marshal, favorite of  Catherine II.

 Edmund Randolph, 1753-1813, (U.S.) attorney, prominent in  drafting,
 ratification of constitution.

 John Randolph, 1773-1833, (U.S.) southern planter, strong  advocate of
 states' rights.

 Jeannette Rankin, 1880-1973, (U.S.) pacifist, first woman  member of U.S.
 Congress.

 Walter Rathenau, 1867-1922, (G.) industrialist, social  theorist, statesman.


 Sam Rayburn, 1882-1961, (U.S.) Democratic leader,  representative for 47
 years, House speaker for 17.

 Paul Reynaud, 1878-1966, (F.) statesman, premier in 1940 at the  time of
 France's defeat by Germany.

 Syngman Rhee, 1875-1965, (Kor.) first president of the  Republic of Korea.

 Cecil Rhodes, 1853-1902, (Br.) imperialist, industrial magnate,  established
 Rhodes scholarships in his will.

 Cardinal de Richelieu, 1585-1642, (F.) statesman, known as " red eminence,"
 chief minister to Louis XIII.

 Maximilien Robespierre, 1758-1794, (F.) leading figure of  French
 Revolution, responsible for much of Reign of Terror.

 Nelson Rockefeller, 1908-1979, (U.S.) Republican gov. of N.Y.,  1959-73;
 U.S. vice president, 1974-77.

 Eleanor Roosevelt, 1884-1962, (U.S.) humanitarian, United  Nations diplomat.


 Elihu Root, 1845-1937, (U.S.) lawyer, statesman, diplomat,  leading
 Republican supporter of the League of Nations.

 John Russell, 1792-1878, (Br.) Liberal prime minister during  the Irish
 potato famine.

 Anwar el-Sadat, 1918-1981, (Egypt) president, 1970-1981,  promoted peace
 with Israel.

 Antonio de O. Salazar, 1899-1970, (Port.) statesman,  long-time dictator.

 Jose de San Martin, 1778-1850, South American  revolutionary, protector of
 Peru.

 Eisaku Sato, 1901-1975, (Jap.) prime minister, presided over  Japan's
 post-WW II emergence as major world power.

 Philipp Scheidemann, 1865-1939, (G.) Social Democratic leader,  first
 chancellor of the German republic.

 Robert Schuman, 1886-1963, (F.) statesman, founded European  Coal and Steel
 Community.

 Carl Schurz, 1829-1906, (U.S.) German-American political  leader,
 journalist, orator, dedicated reformer.

 Kurt Schuschnigg, 1897-1977, (Aus.) chancellor, unsuccessful in  stopping
 his country's annexation by Germany.

 William H. Seward, 1801-1872, (U.S.) anti-slavery activist, as  Lincoln's
 secretary of state purchased Alaska.

 Carlo Sforza, 1872-1952, (It.) foreign minister, anti-fascist.

 Alfred E. Smith, 1873-1944, (U.S.) New York Democratic  governor, first
 Roman Catholic to run for presidency.

 Jan C. Smuts, 1870-1950, (S.Af.) statesman, philosopher,  soldier, prime
 minister.

 Paul Henri Spaak, 1899-1972, (Belg.) statesman, socialist  leader.

 Joseph Stalin, 1879-1953, (USSR) Soviet dictator,  1924-53.

 Edwin M. Stanton, 1814-1869, (U.S.) Lincoln's secretary of  war during the
 Civil War.

 Edward R. Stettinius Jr., 1900-1949, (U.S.) industrialist,  secretary of
 state who coordinated aid to WW II allies.

 Adlai E. Stevenson, 1900-1965, (U.S.) Democratic leader,  diplomat, Illinois
 governor, presidential candidate.

 Henry L. Stimson, 1867-1950, (U.S.) statesman, served in 5  administrations,
 influenced foreign policy in 1930s and 1940s.

 Gustav Stresemann, 1878-1929, (G.) chancellor, foreign  minister, dedicated
 to regaining friendship for post-WW I Germany.

 Sukarno, 1901-1970, (Indon.) dictatorial first president of the  Indonesian
 republic.

 Sun Yat-sen, 1866-1925, (Chin.) revolutionary, leader of  Kuomintang,
 regarded as the father of modern China.

 Robert A. Taft, 1889-1953, (U.S.) conservative Senate leader,  called "Mr.
 Republican."

 Charles de Talleyrand, 1754-1838, (F.) statesman, diplomat, the  major force
 of the Congress of Vienna of 1814-15.

 U Thant, 1909-1974 (Bur.) statesman, UN secretary-general.

 Norman M. Thomas, 1884-1968, (U.S.) social reformer, 6 times  unsuccessful
 Socialist party presidential candidate.

 Josip Broz Tito, 1892-1980, (Yug.) president of Yugoslavia from  1953, World
 War II guerrilla chief, postwar rival of Stalin, leader of  3d world
 movement.

 Palmiro Togliatti, 1893-1964, (It.) major leader of Italian  Communist
 party.

 Hideki Tojo, 1885-1948, (Jap.) statesman, soldier, prime  minister during
 most of WW II.

 Francois Toussaint L'Ouverture, c. 1744-1803, (Hait.)  patriot, martyr,
 thwarted French colonial aims.

 Leon Trotsky, 1879-1940, (USSR) revolutionary, founded Red  Army, expelled
 from party in conflict with Stalin.

 Rafael L. Trujillo Molina, 1891-1961, (Dom.) absolute dictator,
 assassinated.

 Moise K. Tshombe, 1919-1969, (Cong.) politician, president of  secessionist
 Katanga, premier of Republic of Congo (Zaire).

 William M. Tweed, 1823-1878, (U.S.) politician, absolute leader  of Tammany
 Hall, NYC's Democratic political machine.

 Walter Ulbricht, 1893-1973, (G.) communist leader of German  Democratic
 Republic.

 Arthur H. Vandenberg, 1884-1951, (U.S.) senator, proponent of
 anti-communist bipartisan foreign policy after WW II.

 Eleutherios Venizelos, 1864-1936, (Gk.) most prominent Greek  statesman in
 early 20th century; expanded territory.

 Hendrik F. Verwoerd, 1901-1966, (S.Af.) prime minister,  rigorously applied
 apartheid policy despite protest.

 Robert Walpole, 1676-1745, (Br.) statesman, generally  considered Britain's
 first prime minister.

 Daniel Webster, 1782-1852, (U.S.) orator, politician,  advocate of business
 interests during Jacksonian agrarianism.

 Chaim Weizmann, 1874-1952, Zionist leader, scientist, first  Israeli
 president.

 Wendell L. Willkie, 1892-1944, (U.S.) Republican who tried to  unseat FDR
 when he ran for his 3d term.

 Emiliano Zapata, c. 1879-1919, (Mex.) revolutionary, major  influence on
 modern Mexico.


               Notable Military and Naval Leaders of the Past

 Creighton Abrams, 1914-1974, (U.S.) commanded forces in Vietnam, 1968-72.

 Harold Alexander, 1891-1969, (Br.) led Allied invasion  of Italy, 1943.

 Ethan Allen, 1738-1789, (U.S.) headed Green Mountain  Boys; captured Ft.
 Ticonderoga, 1775.

 Edmund Allenby, 1861-1936, (Br.) in Boer War, WW1; led  Egyptian
 expeditionary force, 1917-18.

 Benedict Arnold, 1741-1801, (U.S.) victorious at  Saratoga; tried to betray
 West Point to British.

 Henry "Hap" Arnold, 1886-1950, (U.S.) commanded  Army Air Force in WW2.

 Petr Bagration, 1765-1812, (R.) hero of Napoleonic wars.

 John Barry, 1745-1803, (U.S.) won numerous sea battles  during revolution.

 Pierre Beauregard, 1818-1893, (U.S.) Confederate general  ordered
 bombardment of Ft. Sumter that began the Civil War.

 Gebhard v. Blucher, 1742-1819, (G.) helped defeat  Napoleon at Waterloo.

 Napoleon Bonaparte, 1769-1821, (F.) defeated Russia and

 Austria at Austerlitz, 1805; invaded Russia, 1812; defeated at  Waterloo,
 1815.

 Edward Braddock, 1695-1755, (Br.) commanded forces in  French and Indian
 War.

 Omar N. Bradley, 1893-1981, (U.S.) headed U.S. ground  troops in Normandy
 invasion, 1944.

 John Burgoyne, 1722-1792, (Br.) defeated at Saratoga.

 Claire Chennault, 1890-1958, (U.S.) headed Flying Tigers  in WW2.

 Mark Clark, 1896-1984, (U.S.) led forces in WW2 and Korean  War.

 Karl v. Clausewitz, 1780-1831, (G.) wrote books on  military theory.

 Henry Clinton, 1738-1795, (Br.) commander of forces in  America, 1778-81.

 Lucius D. Clay, 1897-1978, (U.S.) led Berlin airlift,  1948-49.

 Charles Cornwallis, 1738-1805, (Br.) victorious at  Brandywine, 1777;
 surrendered at Yorktown.

 Crazy Horse, 1849-1877, (U.S.) Sioux war chief  victorious at Little Big
 Horn.

 George A. Custer, 1839-1876, (U.S.) defeated and killed  at Little Big Horn.


 Moshe Dayan, 1915-1981, (Isr.) directed campaigns in the  1967, 1973 wars.

 Stephen Decatur, 1779-1820, (U.S.) naval hero of Barbary  wars, War of 1812.


 Anton Denikin, 1872-1947, (R.) led White forces in  Russian civil war.

 George Dewey, 1837-1917, (U.S.) destroyed Spanish fleet  at Manila, 1898.

 Hugh C. Dowding, 1883-1970, (Br.) headed RAF, 1936-40.

 Jubal Early, 1816-1894, (U.S.) Confederate general led  raid on Washington,
 1864.

 Dwight D. Eisenhower, 1890-1969, (U.S.) commanded Allied  forces in Europe,
 WW2.

 David Farragut, 1801-1870, (U.S.) Union admiral captured  New Orleans,
 Mobile Bay.

 Ferdinand Foch, 1851-1929, (F.) headed victorious Allied  armies, 1918.

 Nathan Bedford Forrest, 1821-1877, (U.S.) Confederate  general led cavalry
 raids against Union supply lines.

 Frederick the Great, 1712-1786, (G.) led Prussia in The  Seven Years War.

 Nathanael Greene, 1742-1786, (U.S.) defeated British in  Southern campaign,
 1780-81.

 Charles G. Gordon, 1833-1885, (Br.) led forces in China;  killed at
 Khartoum.

 Horatio Gates, 1728-1806, (U.S.) commanded army at  Saratoga.

 Ulysses S. Grant, 1822-1885, (U.S.) headed Union army,  1864-65; forced
 Lee's surrender, 1865.

 Heinz Guderian, 1888-1953, (G.) tank theorist led panzer  forces in Poland,
 France, Russia.

 Douglas Haig, 1861-1928, (Br.) led British armies in  France, 1915-18.

 William F. Halsey, 1882-1959, (U.S.) defeated Japanese  fleet at Leyte Gulf,
 1944.

 Sir Arthur Travers Harris, 1895-1984, (Br.) led Britain's  WWII bomber
 command.

 Richard Howe, 1726-1799, (Br.) commanded navy in  America, 1776-78; first of
 June victory against French, 1794.

 William Howe, 1729-1814, (Br.) commanded forces in  America, 1776-78.

 Isaac Hull, 1773-1843, (U.S.) sunk British frigate  Guerriere, 1812.

 Thomas (Stonewall) Jackson, 1824-1863, (U.S.)  Confederate general led
 forces in the Shenandoah Valley  campaign.

 Joseph Joffre, 1852-1931, (F.) headed Allied armies, won  Battle of the
 Marne, 1914.

 John Paul Jones, 1747-1792, (U.S.) raided British coast;  commanded Bonhomme
 Richard in victory over Serapis, 1779.

 Stephen Kearny, 1794-1848, (U.S.) headed Army of the  West in Mexican War.

 Ernest J. King, 1878-1956, (U.S.) chief naval strategist  in WW2.

 Horatio H. Kitchener, 1850-1916, (Br.) led forces in  Boer War; victorious
 at Khartoum; organized army in WW1.

 Lavrenti Kornilov, 1870-1918, (R.) Commander-in-Chief,  1917; led
 counter-revolutionary march on Petrograd.

 Thaddeus Kosciusko, 1746-1817, (P.) aided American cause  in revolution.

 Mikhail Kutuzov, 1745-1813, (R.) fought French at  Borodino, 1812; abandoned
 Moscow; forced French retreat.

 Marquis de Lafayette, 1757-1834, (F.) aided American  cause in the
 revolution.

 Thomas E. Lawrence (of Arabia), 1888-1935, (Br.) organ-  ized revolt of
 Arabs against Turks in WW1.

 Henry (Light-Horse Harry) Lee, 1756-1818, (U.S.) cavalry  officer in
 revolution.

 Robert E. Lee, 1807-1870, (U.S.) Confederate general  defeated at
 Gettysburg; surrendered to Grant, 1865.

 Lyman Lemnitzer, 1899-1988, (U.S.) WWII hero, later  general, chairman of
 Joint Chiefs of Staff.

 James Longstreet, 1821-1904, (U.S.) aided Lee at  Gettysburg.

 Douglas MacArthur, 1880-1964, (U.S.) commanded forces in  SW Pacific in WW2;
 headed occupation forces in Japan, 1945-51;  UN commander in Korean War.

 Francis Marion, 1733-1795, (U.S.) led guerrilla actions  in S.C. during
 revolution.

 Duke of Marlborough, 1650-1722, (Br.) led forces against  Louis XIV in War
 of the Spanish Sucession.

 George C. Marshall, 1880-1959, (U.S.) chief of staff in  WW2; authored
 Marshall Plan.

 George B. McClellan, 1826-1885, (U.S.) Union general  commanded Army of the
 Potomac, 1861-62.

 George Meade, 1815-1872; (U.S.) commanded Union forces  at Gettysburg.

 Billy Mitchell, 1879-1936, (U.S.) air-power advocate;  court-martialed for
 insubordination, later vindicated.

 Helmuth v. Moltke, 1800-1891; (G.) victorious in  Austro-Prussian,
 Franco-Prussian wars.

 Louis de Montcalm, 1712-1759, (F.) headed troops in  Canada; defeated at
 Quebec, 1759.

 Bernard Law Montgomery, 1887-1976, (Br.) stopped German  offensive at
 Alamein, 1942; helped plan Normandy invasion.

 Daniel Morgan, 1736-1802, (U.S.) victorious at Cowpens,  1781.

 Louis Mountbatten, 1900-1979, (Br.) Supreme Allied  Commander of SE Asia,
 1943-46.

 Joachim Murat, 1767-1815, (F.) leader of cavalry at  Marengo, 1800;
 Austerlitz, 1805; and Jena, 1806.

 Horatio Nelson, 1758-1805, (Br.) naval commander  destroyed French fleet at
 Trafalgar.

 Michel Ney, 1769-1815, (F.) commanded forces in  Switzerland, Austria,
 Russia; defeated at Waterloo.

 Chester Nimitz, 1885-1966, (U.S.) commander of naval  forces in Pacific in
 WW2.

 George S. Patton, 1885-1945, (U.S.) led assault on  Sicily, 1943; headed 3d
 Army invasion of German-occupied Europe.

 Oliver Perry, 1785-1819, (U.S.) won Battle of Lake Erie  in War of 1812.

 John Pershing, 1860-1948, (U.S.) commanded Mexican  border campaign, 1916;
 American expeditionary forces in WW1.

 Henri Philippe Petain, 1856-1951, (F.) defended  Verdun, 1916; headed Vichy
 government in WW2.

 George E. Pickett, 1825-1875, (U.S.) Confederate general  famed for "charge"
 at Gettysburg.

 Hyman Rickover, 1900-1986 (U.S.) father of the nuclear navy.

 Erwin Rommel, 1891-1944, (G.) headed Afrika Korps.

 Karl v. Rundstedt, 1875-1953, (G.) supreme commander in  West, 1943-45.

 Aleksandr Samsonov, 1859-1914, (R.) led invasion of E.  Prussia, defeated at
 Tannenberg, 1914.

 Winfield Scott, 1786-1866, (U.S.) hero of War of 1812;  headed forces in
 Mexican war, took Mexico City.

 Philip Sheridan, 1831-1888, (U.S.) Union cavalry officer  headed Army of the
 Shenandoah, 1864-65.

 William T. Sherman, 1820-1891, (U.S.) Union general  sacked Atlanta during
 "march to the sea," 1864.

 Carl Spaatz, 1891-1974, (U.S.) directed strategic  bombing against Germany,
 later Japan, in WW2.

 Raymond Spruance, 1886-1969, (U.S.) victorious at Midway  Island, 1942.

 Joseph W. Stilwell, 1883-1946, (U.S.) headed forces in  the China, Burma,
 India theater in WW2.

 J.E.B. Stuart, 1833-1864, (U.S.) Confederate cavalry  commander.

 George H. Thomas, 1816-1870, (U.S.) saved Union army at  Chattanooga, 1863;
 victorious at Nashville, 1864.

 Semyon Timoshenko, 1895-1970, (USSR) defended Moscow,  Stalingrad; led
 winter offensive, 1942-43.

 Alfred v. Tirpitz, 1849-1930, (G.) responsible for  submarine blockade in
 WW1.

 Jonathan M. Wainwright, 1883-1953, (U.S.) forced to  surrender on
 Corregidor, 1942.

 George Washington, 1732-1799, (U.S.) led Continental  army, 1775-83.

 Archibald Wavell, 1883-1950, (Br.) commanded forces in  N. and E. Africa,
 and SE Asia in WW2.

 Anthony Wayne, 1745-1796, (U.S.) captured Stony Point,  1779; defeated
 Indians at Fallen Timbers, 1794.

 Duke of Wellington, 1769-1852, (Br.) defeated Napoleon  at Waterloo.

 James Wolfe, 1727-1759, (Br.) captured Quebec from  French, 1759.

 Georgi Zhukov, 1895-1974, (USSR) defended Moscow, 1941;  led assault on
 Berlin.


                         Poets Laureate of England

 There is no authentic record of the origin of the office of Poet Laureate of
 England. According to Warton, there was a Versificator Regis, or King's
 Poet, in the reign of Henry III (1216-1272), and he was paid 100 shillings a
 year. Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400) assumed the title of Poet Laureate, and
 in 1389 got a royal grant of a yearly allowance of wine. In the reign of
 Edward IV (1461-1483), John Kay held the post. Under Henry VII (1485-1509),
 Andrew Bernard was the Poet Laureate, and was succeeded under Henry VIII
 (1509-1547) by John Skelton. Next came Edmund Spenser, who died in 1599;
 then Samuel Daniel, appointed 1599, and then Ben Jonson, 1619. Sir William
 D'Avenant was appointed in 1637. He was a godson of William Shakespeare.

 Others were John Dryden, 1670; Thomas Shadwell, 1688; Nahum Tate, 1692;
 Nicholas Rowe, 1715; the Rev. Laurence Eusden, 1718; Colley Cibber, 1730;
 William Whitehead, 1757, on the refusal of Gray; Rev. Thomas Warton, 1785,
 on the refusal of Mason; Henry J. Pye, 1790; Robert Southey, 1813, on the
 refusal of Sir Walter Scott; William Wordsworth, 1843; Alfred, Lord
 Tennyson, 1850; Alfred Austin, 1896; Robert Bridges, 1913; John Masefield,
 1930; Cecil Day Lewis, 1967; Sir John Betjeman, 1972; Ted Hughes, 1984.


                             U.S. Poet Laureate

 Robert Penn Warren, the poet, novelist, and essayist, was named the
 country's first official Poet Laureate on Feb. 26, 1986. The only writer to
 have won the Pulitzer Prize for fiction and poetry (twice), Warren was
 chosen by Daniel J. Boorstin, the Librarian of Congress. The appointment
 began in September, 1986. On April 17, 1987, Richard Wilbur was named the
 second Poet Laureate. In May 1988, Howard Nemerov was named the third, and
 in May 1990 Mark Strand was named the fourth.


                         Noted Writers of the Past

 Henry Adams, 1838-1918, (U.S.) historian, philosopher.  The Education of
 Henry Adams.

 George Ade, 1866-1944, (U.S.) humorist. Fables in  Slang.

 Conrad Aiken, 1889-1973, (U.S.) poet, critic.

 Louisa May Alcott, 1832-1888, (U.S.) novelist.  Little Women.

 Sholom Aleichem, 1859-1916. (R.) Yiddish writer.  Tevye's Daughter, The
 Great Fair.

 Vicente Aleixandre, 1898-1984, (Sp.) poet. 1977 Nobel Prize  winner.

 Horatio Alger, 1832-1899, (U.S.) "rags-to-riches"  books.

 Hans Christian Andersen, 1805-1875, (Den.) author of  fairy tales. The
 Princess and the Pea, The Ugly Duckling.

 Maxwell Anderson, 1888-1959, (U.S.) playwright. What  Price Glory?, High
 Tor, Winterset, Key Largo.

 Sherwood Anderson, 1876-1941, (U.S.) author. Winesburg, Ohio.

 Matthew Arnold, 1822-1888, (Br.) poet, critic. " Thrysis," "Dover Beach,"
 "The Gypsy Scholar."

 Jane Austen, 1775-1817, (Br.) novelist. Pride and  Prejudice, Sense and
 Sensibility, Emma, Mansfield Park,  Persuasion.

 Isaac Babel, 1894-1941, (R.) short-story writer,  playwright. Odessa Tales,
 Red Cavalry.

 James M. Barrie, 1860-1937, (Br.) playwright, novelist.  Peter Pan, Dear
 Brutus, What Every Woman Knows.

 Honore de Balzac, 1799-1850, (Fr.) novelist. Le Pere Goriot, Cousine Bette,
 Eugenie Grandet, The Human Comedy.

 Charles Baudelaire, 1821-1867, (Fr.) symbolist poet. Les Fleurs du Mal.

 L. Frank Baum, 1856-1919, (U.S.) children's author.  Wizard of Oz series.

 Simone de Beauvoir, 1908-1986, (Fr.) novelist,  essayist. The Second Sex.

 Samuel Beckett, 1906-1989, (Ir.) novelist, playwright, in  French and
 English. Waiting for Godot, Endgame (plays); Murphy, Watt, Molloy (novels).

 Brendan Behan, 1923-1964, (Ir.) playwright. The  Quare Fellow, The Hostage,
 Borstal Boy.

 Robert Benchley, 1889-1945, (U.S.) humorist. From  Bed to Worse, My Ten
 Years in a Quandary.

 Stephen Vincent Benet, 1898-1943, (U.S.) poet,  novelist. John Brown's Body.


 John Berryman, 1914-1972, (U.S.) poet. Homage to  Mistress Bradstreet.

 Ambrose Bierce, 1842-1914, (U.S.) short-story writer,  journalist. In the
 Midst of Life, The Devil's Dictionary.

 William Blake, 1757-1827, (Br.) poet, artist.  Songs of Innocence, Songs of
 Experience.

 Giovanni Boccaccio, 1313-1375, (It.) poet, storyteller.  Decameron,
 Filostrato.

 Jorge Luis Borges, 1900-1986 (Arg.) short-story writer, poet,  essayist,
 Labyrinths.

 James Boswell, 1740-1795, (Sc.) author. The Life of  Samuel Johnson.

 Anne Bradstreet, c. 1612-1672, (U.S.) poet. The  Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up
 in America.

 Bertolt Brecht, 1898-1956, (G.) dramatist, poet. The  Threepenny Opera,
 Mother Courage and Her Children.

 Charlotte Bronte, 1816-1855, (Br.) novelist. Jane Eyre.

 Emily Bronte, 1818-1848, (Br.) novelist. Wuthering Heights.

 Elizabeth Barrett Browning, 1806-1861, (Br.) poet.  Sonnets from the
 Portuguese, Aurora Leigh.

 Robert Browning, 1812-1889, (Br.) poet. "My Last  Duchess," "Fra Lippo
 Lippi," The Ring and The Book.

 Pearl Buck, 1892-1973, (U.S.) novelist. The Good  Earth.

 Mikhail Bulgakov, 1891-1940, (R.) novelist, playwright.  The Heart of a Dog,
 The Master and Margarita.

 John Bunyan, 1628-1688, (Br.) writer. Pilgrim's  Progress.

 Robert Burns, 1759-1796, (Sc.) poet. "Flow Gently,  Sweet Afton," "My
 Heart's in the Highlands," " Auld Lang Syne."

 Edgar Rice Burroughs, 1875-1950, (U.S.) novelist.  Tarzan of the Apes.

 George Gordon Lord Byron, 1788-1824, (Br.) poet. Don  Juan, Childe Harold.

 Italo Calvino, 1923-1985 (It.) novelist, short story  writer. If on a
 Winter's Night a Traveler  . . .

 Albert Camus, 1913-1960, (F.) novelist. The Plague,  The Stranger, Caligula,
 The Fall.

 Lewis Carroll, 1832-1898, (Br.) writer, mathematician.  Alice's Adventures
 in Wonderland, Through the Looking  Glass.

 Karel Capek, 1890-1938, (Czech.) playwright, novelist,  essayist. R.U.R.
 (Rossum's Universal Robots).

 Giacomo Casanova, 1725-1798, (It.) Venetian adventurer,  author, world
 famous for his memoirs.

 Willa Cather, 1876-1947, (U.S.) novelist, essayist.  O Pioneers!, My
 Antonia.

 Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra, 1547-1616, (Sp.) novelist,  dramatist, poet.
 Don Quixote de la Mancha.

 Raymond Chandler, 1888-1959, (U.S.) writer of detective  fiction. Philip
 Marlowe series.

 Geoffrey Chaucer, c. 1340-1400, (Br.) poet. The  Canterbury Tales.

 John Cheever, 1912-1982, (U.S.) short story writer,  novelist. The Wapshot
 Scandal, "The Country  Husband."

 Anton Chekhov, 1860-1904, (R.) short-story writer,  dramatist. Uncle Vanya,
 The Cherry Orchard, The Three  Sisters.

 G.K. Chesterton, 1874-1936, (Br.) author, Fr. Brown  series.

 Agatha Christie, 1891-1976, (Br.) mystery writer.  And Then There Were None,
 Murder on the Orient Express.

 Jean Cocteau, 1889-1963, (F.) writer, visual artist,  filmmaker. The Beauty
 and the Beast, Enfants Terribles.

 Samuel Taylor Coleridge, 1772-1834, (Br.) poet, man of  letters. "Kubla
 Khan," "The Rime of the Ancient  Mariner."

 (Sidonie) Colette, 1873-1954, (F.) novelist. Claudine, Gigi.

 Joseph Conrad, 1857-1924, (Br.) novelist. Lord Jim,  Heart of Darkness, The
 Nigger of the Narcissus.

 James Fenimore Cooper, 1789-1851, (U.S.) novelist.  Leather-Stocking Tales.

 Pierre Corneille, 1606-1684, (F.) Dramatist.  Medee, Le Cid, Horace, Cinna,
 Polyeucte.

 Hart Crane, 1899-1932, (U.S.) poet. "The Bridge."

 Stephen Crane, 1871-1900, (U.S.) novelist. The Red  Badge of Courage.

 e.e. cummings, 1894-1962, (U.S.) poet. Tulips and  Chimneys.

 Gabriele D'Annunzio, 1863-1938, (It.) poet, novelist,  dramatist. The Child
 of Pleasure, The Intruder, The Victim.

 Dante Alighieri, 1265-1321, (It.) poet. The Divine  Comedy.

 Daniel Defoe, 1660-1731, (Br.) writer. Robinson  Crusoe, Moll Flanders,
 Journal of the Plague Year.

 Charles Dickens, 1812-1870, (Br.) novelist. David  Copperfield, Oliver
 Twist, Great Expectations, The Pickwick  Papers.

 Emily Dickinson, 1830-1886, (U.S.) poet.

 Isak Dinesen (Karen Blixen), 1885-1962, (Dan.) author.  Out of Africa, Seven
 Gothic Tales, Winter's Tales.

 John Donne, 1573-1631, (Br.) poet. Songs and  Sonnets, Holy Sonnets, "Death
 Be Not Proud."

 John Dos Passos, 1896-1970, (U.S.) author. U.S.A.

 Fyodor Dostoyevsky, 1821-1881, (R.) author. Crime  and Punishment, The
 Brothers Karamazov, The Possessed.

 Arthur Conan Doyle, 1859-1930, (Br.) author, created  Sherlock Holmes.

 Theodore Dreiser, 1871-1945, (U.S.) novelist. An  American Tragedy, Sister
 Carrie.

 John Dryden, 1631-1700, (Br.) poet, dramatist, critic.  Fables, Ancient and
 Modern.

 Alexandre Dumas, 1802-1870, (F.) novelist, dramatist.  The Three Musketeers,
 The Count of Monte Cristo.

 Alexandre Dumas (fils), 1824-1895, (F.) dramatist,  novelist. La Dame aux
 camelias, Le Demi-Monde.

 Ilya G. Ehrenburg, 1891-1967, (R.) novelist, journalist.  The Thaw.

 George Eliot, 1819-1880, (Br.) novelist. Adam Bede,  Silas Marner, The Mill
 on the Floss, Middlemarch.

 T.S. Eliot, 1888-1965, (Br.) poet, critic. The Waste  Land, "The Love Song
 of J. Alfred Prufrock,"  Murder in the Cathedral.

 Ralph Waldo Emerson, 1803-1882, (U.S.) poet, essayist.  "The Concord Hymn,"
 "Brahma," Nature.

 James T. Farrell, 1904-1979, (U.S.) novelist. Studs  Lonigan trilogy.

 William Faulkner, 1897-1962, (U.S.) novelist.  Sanctuary, Light in August,
 The Sound and the Fury, Absalom,  Absalom!

 Edna Ferber, 1885-1968, (U.S.) novelist, dramatist.  Show Boat, Saratoga
 Trunk, Giant, Dinner at Eight.

 Henry Fielding, 1707-1754, (Br.) novelist. Tom  Jones.

 F. Scott Fitzgerald, 1896-1940, (U.S.) short-story  writer, novelist. The
 Great Gatsby, Tender is the Night.

 Gustave Flaubert, 1821-1880, (F.) novelist. Madame  Bovary.

 C.S. Forester, 1899-1966, (Br.) novelist. Horatio  Hornblower series.

 E.M. Forster, 1879-1970, (Br.) novelist. A Passage  to India.

 Anatole France, 1844-1924. (F.) writer. Penguin  Island, My Friend's Book,
 Le Crime de Sylvestre Bonnard.

 Robert Frost, 1874-1963, (U.S.) poet. " Birches," "Fire and Ice," "Stopping
 by Woods on  a Snowy Evening."

 John Galsworthy, 1867-1933, (Br.) novelist, dramatist.  The Forsyte Saga, A
 Modern Comedy.

 Erle Stanley Gardner, 1889-1970, (U.S.) author, lawyer.  Perry Mason series.


 Jean Genet, 1911-1986, (Fr.) playwright, novelist. "The  Blacks."

 Andre Gide, 1869-1951, (F.) writer, The  Immoralist, The Pastoral Symphony,
 Strait is the Gate.

 Jean Giraudoux, 1882-1944, (F.) novelist, dramatist.  Electra, The Madwoman
 of Chaillot, Ondine, Tiger at the Gate.

 Johann W. von Goethe, 1749-1832, (G.) poet, dramatist,  novelist. Faust.

 Nikolai Gogol, 1809-1852, (R.) short-story writer,  dramatist, novelist.
 Dead Souls, The Inspector General.

 Oliver Goldsmith, 1730?-1774, (Br.-Ir.) writer.  The Vicar of Wakefield, She
 Stoops to Conquer.

 Maxim Gorky, 1868-1936, (R.) writer, founder of Soviet  realism. Mother, The
 Lower Depths.

 Robert Graves, 1895-1985, (Br.) poet, classical scholar,  novelist. The
 White Goddess.

 Thomas Gray, 1716-1771, (Br.) poet. "Elegy Written in  a Country
 Churchyard."

 Zane Grey, 1875-1939, (U.S.) writer of western stories.

 Jakob Grimm, 1785-1863, (G.) philologist, folklorist.  German Methodology,
 Grimm's Fairy Tales.

 Wilhelm Grimm, 1786-1859, (G.) philologist, folklorist.  Grimm's Fairy
 Tales.

 Edgar A. Guest, 1881-1959, (U.S.) poet. A Heap of  Livin!

 Dashiell Hammett, 1894-1961, (U.S.) writer of detective  fiction, created
 Sam Spade.

 Knute Hamsun, 1859-1952 (Nor.) novelist. Hunger.

 Thomas Hardy, 1840-1928, (Br.) novelist, poet. The  Return of the Native,
 Tess of the D'Urbervilles, Jude the  Obscure.

 Joel Chandler Harris, 1848-1908, (U.S.) short-story  writer. Uncle Remus
 series.

 Moss Hart, 1904-1961, (U.S.) playwright. Once in a  Lifetime, You Can't Take
 It With You, The Man Who Came to Dinner.

 Bret Harte, 1836-1902, (U.S.) short-story writer, poet.  The Luck of Roaring
 Camp.

 Jaroslav Hasek, 1883-1923, (Czech.) writer. The Good  Soldier Schweik.

 Nathaniel Hawthorne, 1804-1864, (U.S.) novelist, short  story writer. The
 Scarlet Letter, The House of the Seven  Gables.

 Heinrich Heine, 1797-1856, (G.) poet. Book of Songs.

 Lillian Hellman, 1905-1984, (U.S.) playwright, author of  memoirs, "The
 Little Foxes," An Unfinished Woman,  Pentimento.

 Ernest Hemingway, 1899-1961, (U.S.) novelist,  short-story writer. A
 Farewell to Arms, For Whom the Bell  Tolls.

 O. Henry (W.S. Porter), 1862-1910, (U.S.) short-story  writer. "The Gift of
 the Magi."

 Hermann Hesse, 1877-1962, (G.) novelist, poet. Death  and the Lover,
 Steppenwolf, Siddhartha.

 Oliver Wendell Holmes, 1809-1894, (U.S.) poet, novelist.  The Autocrat of
 the Breakfast-Table.

 Alfred E. Housman, 1859-1936, (Br.) poet. A  Shropshire Lad.

 William Dean Howells, 1837-1920, (U.S.) novelist,  critic, dean of late 19th
 century American letters.

 Langston Hughes, 1902-1967, (U.S.) poet, playwright.  The Weary Blues,
 One-Way Ticket, Shakespeare in Harlem.

 Victor Hugo, 1802-1885, (F.) poet, dramatist, novelist.  Notre Dame de
 Paris, Les Miserables.

 Aldous Huxley 1894-1963, (Br.) author. Point Counter  Point, Brave New
 World.

 Henrik Ibsen, 1828-1906, (Nor.) dramatist, poet. A  Doll's House, Ghosts,
 The Wild Duck, Hedda Gabler.

 William Inge, 1913-1973, (U.S.) playwright. Come  Back Little Sheba, Bus
 Stop, The Dark at the Top of the Stairs,  Picnic.

 Washington Irving, 1783-1859, (U.S.) essayist, author.  "Rip Van Winkle,"
 "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow."

 Shirley Jackson, 1919-1965, (U.S.) writer. "The  Lottery."

 Henry James, 1843-1916, (U.S.) novelist, critic.  Washington Square,
 Portrait of a Lady, The American, Daisy Miller.

 Robinson Jeffers, 1887-1962, (U.S.) poet, dramatist.  Tamar and Other Poems,
 Medea.

 Samuel Johnson, 1709-1784, (Br.) author, scholar,  critic. Dictionary of the
 English Language.

 Ben Jonson, 1572-1637, (Br.) dramatist, poet.  Volpone.

 James Joyce, 1882-1941, (Ir.) novelist. Ulysses, A  Portrait of the Artist
 as a Young Man, Finnegans Wake.

 Franz Kafka, 1883-1924, (G.) novelist, short-story  writer. The Trial,
 Amerika, The Castle, The Metamorphosis.

 George S. Kaufman, 1889-1961, (U.S.) playwright. The  Man Who Came to
 Dinner, You Can't Take It With You, Stage  Door.

 Nikos Kazantzakis, 1883?-1957, (Gk.) novelist.  Zorba the Greek, A Greek
 Passion.

 John Keats, 1795-1821, (Br.) poet. On a Grecian Urn,  La Belle Dame Sans
 Merci.

 Joyce Kilmer, 1886-1918, (U.S.) poet, "Trees."

 Rudyard Kipling, 1865-1936, (Br.) author, poet. "The White Man's Burden,"
 "Gunga Din," The Jungle Book.

 Jean de la Fontaine, 1621-1695, (F.) poet. Fables  choisies.

 Par Lagerkvist, 1891-1974, (Swed.) poet, dramatist,  novelist. Barabbas, The
 Sybil.

 Selma Lagerlof, 1858-1940, (Swed.) novelist.  Jerusalem, The Ring of the
 Lowenskolds.

 Alphonse de Lamartine, 1790-1869, (F.) poet, novelist,  statesman.
 Meditations poetiques.

 Charles Lamb, 1775-1834, (Br.) essayist. Specimens  of English Dramatic
 Poets, Essays of Elia.

 Giuseppe di Lampedusa, 1896-1957, (It.) novelist.  The Leopard.

 Ring Lardner, 1885-1933, (U.S.) short story writer,  humorist. You Know Me,
 Al.

 D. H. Lawrence, 1885-1930, (Br.) novelist.  Sons and Lovers, Women in  Love,
 Lady Chatterley's Lover.

 Mikhail Lermontov, 1814-1841, (R.) novelist, poet. " Demon," Hero of Our
 Time.

 Alain-Rene Lesage, 1668-1747, (F.) novelist.  Gil Blas de Santillane.

 Gotthold Lessing, 1729-1781, (G.) dramatist,  philosopher, critic. Miss Sara
 Sampson, Minna von Barnhelm.

 Sinclair Lewis, 1885-1951, (U.S.) novelist, playwright.  Babbitt,
 Arrowsmith, Dodsworth, Main Street.

 Vachel Lindsay, 1879-1931, (U.S.) poet. General  William Booth Enters into
 Heaven, The Congo.

 Hugh Lofting, 1886-1947, (Br.) Dr. Doolittle series.

 Jack London, 1876-1916, (U.S.) novelist, journalist.  Call of the Wild, The
 Sea-Wolf.

 Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, 1807-1882, (U.S.) poet.  Evangeline, The Song of
 Hiawatha.

 Amy Lowell, 1874-1925, (U.S.) poet, critic. "Lilacs."

 James Russell Lowell, 1819-1891, (U.S.) poet, editor.  Poems, The Bigelow
 Papers.

 Robert Lowell, 1917-1977, (U.S.) poet. "Lord Weary' s Castle," "For the
 Union Dead."

 Emil Ludwig, 1881-1948, (G.) biographer. Goethe,  Beethoven, Napoleon,
 Bismarck.

 Niccolo Machiavelli, 1469-1527, (It.) author,  statesman. The Prince,
 Discourses on Livy.

 Bernard Malamud, 1914-1986, (U.S.) short story writer,  novelist. "The Magic
 Barrel," The Assistant, The Fixer.

 Stephane Mallarme, 1842-1898, (F.) poet. The  Afternoon of a Faun.

 Thomas Malory, ?-1471, (Br.) writer. Morte d' Arthur.

 Andre Malraux, 1901-1976, (F.) novelist. Man's  Fate.

 Osip Mandelstam, 1891-1938, (R.) Acmeist poet.

 Thomas Mann, 1875-1955, (G.) novelist, essayist.  Buddenbrooks, Death in
 Venice, The Magic Mountain.

 Katherine Mansfield, 1888-1923, (Br.) short story  writer. "Bliss," "The
 Garden Party."

 Christopher Marlowe, 1564-1593, (Br.) dramatist, poet.  Tamburlaine the
 Great, Dr. Faustus, The Jew of Malta.

 John Masefield, 1878-1967, (Br.) poet. "Sea Fever," "Cargoes," Salt Water
 Ballads.

 Edgar Lee Masters, 1869-1950, (U.S.) poet, biographer.  Spoon River
 Anthology.

 W. Somerset Maugham, 1874-1965, (Br.) author. Of  Human Bondage, The Razor's
 Edge, The Moon and Sixpence.

 Guy de Maupassant, 1850-1893, (F.) novelist, short-story  writer. "A Life,"
 "Bel-Ami," "The Necklace."

 Francois Mauriac, 1885-1970, (F.) novelist,  dramatist. Viper's Tangle, The
 Kiss to the Leper.

 Vladimir Mayakovsky, 1893-1930, (R.) poet, dramatist.  The Cloud in
 Trousers.

 Mary McCarthy, 1912-1989, (U.S.) critic, novelist. Memories  of a Catholic
 Girlhood.

 Carson McCullers, 1917-1967, (U.S.) novelist. The  Heart is a Lonely Hunter,
 Member of the Wedding.

 Herman Melville, 1819-1891, (U.S.) novelist, poet.  Moby Dick, Typee, Billy
 Budd, Omoo.

 H.L. Mencken, 1880-1956, (U.S.) author, critic, editor.  Prejudices, The
 American Language.

 George Meredith, 1828-1909, (Br.) novelist, poet.  The Ordeal of Richard
 Feverel, The Egoist.

 Prosper Merimee, 1803-1870, (F.) author.  Carmen.

 Edna St. Vincent Millay, 1892-1950, (U.S.) poet. The  Harp Weaver and Other
 Poems, A Few Figs from Thistles.

 A.A. Milne, 1882-1956, (Br.) author. Winnie-the-Pooh.

 John Milton, 1608-1674, (Br.) poet. Paradise Lost.

 Gabriela Mistral, 1889-1957, (Chil.) poet. Sonnets  of Death, Desolacion,
 Tala, Lagar.

 Margaret Mitchell, 1900-1949, (U.S.) novelist. Gone  With the Wind.

 Jean Baptiste Moliere, 1622-1673, (F.) dramatist.  Le Tartuffe, Le
 Misanthrope, Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme.

 Ferenc Molnar, 1878-1952, (Hung.) dramatist,  novelist. Liliom, The
 Guardsman, The Swan.

 Michel de Montaigne, 1533-1592, (F.) essayist.  Essais.

 Eugenio Montale, 1896-1981, (It.) poet.

 Clement C. Moore, 1779-1863, (U.S.) poet, educator. " A Visit from Saint
 Nicholas."

 Marianne Moore, 1887-1972, (U.S.) poet.  O to Be a  Dragon.

 Thomas More, 1478-1535, (Br.) author. Utopia.

 H.H. Munro (Saki), 1870-1916, (Br.) author.  Reginald, The Chronicles of
 Clovis, Beasts and Super-Beasts.

 Alfred de Musset, 1810-1857, (F.) poet, dramatist.  Confession d'un enfant
 du siecle.

 Vladimir Nabokov, 1899-1977, (Rus.-U.S.) author. Lolita.

 Ogden Nash, 1902-1971, (U.S.) poet. Hard Lines, I' m a Stranger Here Myself,
 The Private Dining Room.

 Pablo Neruda, 1904-1973, (Chil.) poet. Twenty Love  Poems and One Song of
 Despair, Toward the Splendid City.

 Sean O'Casey, 1884-1964, (Ir.) dramatist. Juno and  the Paycock, The Plough
 and the Stars.

 Flannery O'Connor, 1925-1964, (U.S.) novelist, short  story writer. Wise
 Blood, "A Good Man Is Hard to  Find."

 Clifford Odets, 1906-1963, (U.S.) playwright.  Waiting for Lefty, Awake and
 Sing, Golden Boy, The Country Girl.

 John O'Hara, 1905-1970, (U.S.) novelist.  From the Terrace, Appointment in
 Samarra.

 Omar Khayyam, c. 1028-1122, (Per.) poet. Rubaiyat.

 Eugene O'Neill, 1888-1953, (U.S.) playwright.  Emperor Jones, Anna Christie,
 Long Day's Journey into Night.

 George Orwell, 1903-1950, (Br.) novelist, essayist.  Animal Farm, Nineteen
 Eighty-Four.

 Thomas (Tom) Paine, 1737-1809, (U.S.) author, political  theorist. Common
 Sense.

 Dorothy Parker, 1893-1967, (U.S.) poet, short-story  writer. Enough Rope,
 Laments for the Living.

 Boris Pasternak, 1890-1960, (R.) poet, novelist.  Doctor Zhivago, My Sister,
 Life.

 Samuel Pepys, 1633-1703, (Br.) public official, author  of the greatest
 diary in the English language.

 S. J. Perelman, 1904-1979, (U.S.) humorist. The Road  to Miltown, Under the
 Spreading Atrophy.

 Francesco Petrarca, 1304-1374, (It.) poet, humanist.  Africa, Trionfi,
 Canzoniere, On Solitude.

 Luigi Pirandello, 1867-1936, (It.) novelist, dramatist.  Six Characters in
 Search of an Author.

 Edgar Allan Poe, 1809-1849, (U.S.) poet, short-story  writer, critic.
 "Annabel Lee," "The Raven," " The Purloined Letter."

 Alexander Pope, 1688-1744, (Br.) poet. The Rape of  the Lock, An Essay on
 Man.

 Katherine Anne Porter, 1890-1980, (U.S.) novelist, short  story writer. Ship
 of Fools.

 Ezra Pound, 1885-1972, (U.S.) poet. Cantos.

 Marcel Proust, 1871-1922, (F.) novelist. A la  recherche du temps perdu
 (Remembrance of Things Past).

 Aleksandr Pushkin, 1799-1837, (R.) poet, prose writer.  Boris Godunov,
 Eugene Onegin, The Bronze Horseman.

 Francois Rabelais, 1495-1553, (F.) writer,  physician. Gargantua,
 Pantagruel.

 Jean Racine, 1639-1699, (F.) dramatist. Andromaque,  Phedre, Berenice,
 Britannicus.

 Ayn Rand, 1905-1982 (Rus.-U.S.) novelist, philosopher. The  Fountainhead,
 Atlas Shrugged.

 Erich Maria Remarque, 1898-1970, (Ger.-U.S.) novelist.  All Quiet on the
 Western Front.

 Samuel Richardson, 1689-1761, (Br.) novelist.  Clarissa Harlowe, Pamela; or,
 Virtue Rewarded.

 James Whitcomb Riley, 1849-1916, (U.S.) poet. "When  the Frost is on the
 Pumpkin," "Little Orphant Annie."

 Rainer Maria Rilke, 1875-1926, (G.) poet. Life and  Songs, Divine Elegies,
 Sonnets to Orpheus.

 Arthur Rimbaud, 1854-1891, (F.) A Season in Hell.

 Edwin Arlington Robinson, 1869-1935, (U.S.) poet. "

 Richard Cory," "Miniver Cheevy."

 Theodore Roethke, 1908-1963, (U.S.) poet. Open  House, The Waking, The Far
 Field.

 Romain Rolland, 1866-1944, (F.) novelist, biographer.  Jean-Christophe.

 Pierre de Ronsard, 1524-1585, (F.) poet. Sonnets  pour Helene.

 Edmond Rostand, 1868-1918, (F.) poet, dramatist.  Cyrano de Bergerac.

 Damon Runyon, 1880-1946, (U.S.) short-story writer,  journalist. Guys and
 Dolls, Blue Plate Special.

 John Ruskin, 1819-1900, (Br.) critic, social theorist.  Modern Painters, The
 Seven Lamps of Architecture.

 Antoine de Saint-Exupery, 1900-1944, (F.) writer,  aviator. Wind, Sand and
 Stars, Le Petit Prince.

 George Sand, 1804-1876, (F.) novelist. Consuelo, The  Haunted Pool, Les
 Maitres sonneurs.

 Carl Sandburg, 1878-1967, (U.S.) poet. Chicago  Poems, Smoke and Steel,
 Harvest Poems.

 George Santayana, 1863-1952, (U.S.) poet, essayist,  philosopher. The Sense
 of Beauty, The Realms of Being.

 William Saroyan, 1908-1981, (U.S.) playwright, novelist.  The Time of Your
 Life, The Human Comedy.

 Jean-Paul Sartre, 1905-1980, (Fr.) philosopher, novelist,  playwright,
 Nausea, No Exit.

 Friedrich von Schiller, 1759-1805, (G.) dramatist, poet,  historian. Don
 Carlos, Maria Stuart, Wilhelm Tell.

 Sir Walter Scott, 1771-1832, (Sc.) novelist, poet.  Ivanhoe, Rob Roy, The
 Bride of Lammermoor.

 Jaroslav Seifert, 1902-1986, (Cz.) poet.

 William Shakespeare, 1564-1616, (Br.) dramatist, poet.  Romeo and Juliet,
 Hamlet, King Lear, The Merchant of Venice.

 George Bernard Shaw, 1856-1950, (Ir.) playwright,  critic. St. Joan,
 Pygmalion, Major Barbara, Man and  Superman.

 Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley, 1797-1851, (Br.) author.  Frankenstein.

 Percy Bysshe Shelley, 1792-1822, (Br.) poet.  Prometheus Unbound, Adonais,
 "Ode to the West Wind,"  "To a Skylark."

 Richard B. Sheridan, 1751-1816, (Br.) dramatist. The  Rivals, School for
 Scandal.

 Robert Sherwood, 1896-1955, (U.S.) playwright. The  Petrified Forest, Abe
 Lincoln in Illinois, Reunion in Vienna.

 Mikhail Sholokhov, 1906-1984 (U.S.S.R.) author, 1965 Nobel  laureate. And
 Quiet Flows the Don.

 Upton Sinclair, 1878-1968, (U.S.) novelist. The  Jungle.

 Edmund Spenser, 1552-1599, (Br.) poet. The Faerie  Queen.

 Christina Stead, 1903-1983 (Austral.) novelist, short-story  writer. The Man
 Who Loved Children.

 Richard Steele, 1672-1729, (Br.) essayist, playwright,  began the Tatler and
 Spectator. The Conscious Lovers.

 Lincoln Steffens, 1866-1936, (U.S.) editor, author.  The Shame of the
 Cities.

 Gertrude Stein, 1874-1946, (U.S.) author. Three  Lives.

 John Steinbeck, 1902-1968, (U.S.) novelist. Grapes  of Wrath, Of Mice and
 Men, Winter of Our Discontent.

 Stendhal(Marie Henri Beyle), 1783-1842, (F.) poet,  novelist. The Red and
 the Black, The Charterhouse of Parma.

 Laurence Sterne, 1713-1768, (Br.) novelist. Tristram  Shandy.

 Wallace Stevens, 1879-1955, (U.S.) poet. Harmonium,  The Man With the Blue
 Guitar, Transport to Summer.

 Robert Louis Stevenson, 1850-1894, (Br.) novelist, poet,  essayist. Treasure
 Island, A Child's Garden of Verses.

 Rex Stout, 1886-1975, (U.S.) novelist, created Nero  Wolfe.

 Harriet Beecher Stowe, 1811-1896, (U.S.) novelist.  Uncle Tom's Cabin.

 Lytton Strachey, 1880-1932, (Br.) biographer, critic.  Eminent Victorians,
 Queen Victoria, Elizabeth and Essex.

 August Strindberg, 1849-1912, (Swed.) dramatist,  novelist. The Father, Miss
 Julie, The Creditors.

 Jonathan Swift, 1667-1745, (Br.) author. Gulliver' s Travels.

 Algernon C. Swinburne, 1837-1909, (Br.) poet, critic.  Songs Before Sunrise.


 John M. Synge, 1871-1909, (Ir.) poet, dramatist.  Riders to the Sea, The
 Playboy of the Western World.

 Rabindranath Tagore, 1861-1941, (Ind.), author, poet.  Sadhana, The
 Realization of Life, Gitanjali.

 Booth Tarkington, 1869-1946, (U.S.) novelist.  Seventeen, Alice Adams,
 Penrod.

 Sara Teasdale, 1884-1933, (U.S.) poet. Helen of Troy  and Other Poems,
 Rivers to the Sea, Flame and Shadow.

 Alfred Lord Tennyson, 1809-1892, (Br.) poet. Idylls  of the King, In
 Memoriam, "The Charge of the Light  Brigade."

 William Makepeace Thackeray, 1811-1863, (Br.) novelist.  Vanity Fair.

 Dylan Thomas, 1914-1953, (Welsh) poet. Under Milk  Wood, A Child's Christmas
 in Wales.

 Henry David Thoreau, 1817-1862, (U.S.) transcendentalist  thinker, writer.
 Walden.

 James Thurber, 1894-1961, (U.S.) humorist, artist.  The New Yorker, The Owl
 in the Attic, Thurber Carnival.

 J.R.R. Tolkien, 1892-1973, (Br.) author. The Hobbit,  Lord of the Rings.

 Leo Tolstoy, 1828-1910, (R.) novelist. War and  Peace, Anna Karenina.

 Anthony Trollope, 1815-1882, (Br.) novelist. The  Warden, Barchester Towers,
 The Palliser novels.

 Ivan Turgenev, 1818-1883, (R.) novelist, short-story  writer. Fathers and
 Sons, First Love, A Month in the  Country.

 Mark Twain (Samuel Clemens), 1835-1910, (U.S.) novelist,  humorist. The
 Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Tom Sawyer.

 Sigrid Undset, 1881-1949, (Nor.) novelist, poet.  Kristin Lavransdatter.

 Paul Valery, 1871-1945, (F.) poet, critic. La  Jeune Parque, The Graveyard
 by the Sea.

 Jules Verne, 1828-1905, (F.) novelist, originator of  modern science
 fiction. Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the  Sea.

 Francois Villon, 1431-1463?, (F.) poet. Le  petit et le Grand, Testament.

 Evelyn Waugh, 1903-1966, (Br.) satirist.  The Loved  One.

 H.G. Wells, 1866-1946, (Br.) author. The Time  Machine, The Invisible Man,
 The War of the Worlds.

 Rebecca West, 1893-1983 (Br.) author. Black Lamb and Grey  Falcon.

 Edith Wharton, 1862-1937, (U.S.) novelist. The Age  of Innocence, The House
 of Mirth.

 E.B. White, 1899-1985 (U.S.), essayist, children's book  author. Here is New
 York, Charlotte's Web, Stuart Little.

 T.H. White, 1906-1964, (Br.) author. The Once and  Future King.

 Walt Whitman, 1819-1892, (U.S.) poet. Leaves of  Grass.

 John Greenleaf Whittier, 1807-1892, (U.S.) poet,  journalist. Snow-bound.

 Oscar Wilde, 1854-1900, (Ir.) author, wit. The  Picture of Dorian Gray, The
 Importance of Being Earnest.

 Laura Ingalls Wilder, 1867-1957, (U.S.) children's books.  Little House on
 the Prairie.

 Thornton Wilder, 1897-1975, (U.S.) playwright. Our  Town, The Skin of Our
 Teeth, The Matchmaker.

 Tennessee Williams, 1912-1983 (U.S.) playwright. A  Streetcar Named Desire,
 Cat on a Hot Tin Roof, The Glass Menagerie.

 William Carlos Williams, 1883-1963, (U.S.) poet,  physician. Tempers, Al Que
 Quiere!, Paterson.

 Edmund Wilson, 1895-1972, (U.S.) author, literary and  social critic. Axel's
 Castle, To the Finland Station.

 P.G. Wodehouse, 1881-1975, (U.S.) poet, dramatist. The  "Jeeves" novels,
 Anything Goes.

 Thomas Wolfe, 1900-1938, (U.S.) novelist. Look  Homeward, Angel, You Can't
 Go Home Again, Of Time and the  River.

 Virginia Woolf, 1882-1941, (Br.) novelist, essayist.  Mrs. Dalloway, To the
 Lighthouse, The Waves.

 William Wordsworth, 1770-1850, (Br.) poet. "Tintern  Abbey," "Ode:
 Intimations of Immortality."

 William Butler Yeats, 1865-1939, (Ir.) poet, playwright.  The Wild Swans at
 Coole, The Tower, Last Poems.

 Emile Zola, 1840-1902, (F.) novelist. Nana, The  Dram Shop.


                  Noted Artists and Sculptors of the Past

              Artists are painters unless otherwise indicated.

 Washington Allston, 1779-1843, (U.S.) landscapist. Belshazzar's Feast.

 Albrecht Altdorfer, 1480-1538, (Ger.) landscapist. Battle of  Alexander.

 Andrea del Sarto, 1486-1530, frescoes. Madonna of the  Harpies.

 Fra Angelico, c. 1400-1455, (It.) Renaissance muralist.  Madonna of the
 Linen Drapers' Guild.

 Alexsandr Archipenko, 1887-1964, (U.S.) sculptor. Boxing Match,  Medranos.

 John James Audubon, 1785-1851, (U.S.) Birds of America.

 Hans Baldung Grien, 1484-1545, (Ger.) Todentanz.

 Ernst Barlach, 1870-1938, (Ger.) Expressionist sculptor. Man  Drawing a
 Sword.

 Frederic-Auguste Bartholdi, 1834-1904, (Fr.) Liberty  Enlightening the
 World, Lion of Belfort.

 Fra Bartolommeo, 1472-1517, (It.) Vision of St. Bernard.

 Aubrey Beardsley, 1872-1898, (Br.) illustrator. Salome,  Lysistrata.

 Max Beckmann, 1884-1950, (Ger.) Expressionist. The Descent from  the Cross.

 Gentile Bellini, 1426-1507, (It.) Renaissance. Procession in  St. Mark's
 Square.

 Giovanni Bellini, 1428-1516, (It.) St. Francis in Ecstasy.

 Jacopo Bellini, 1400-1470, (It.) Crucifixion.

 George Wesley Bellows, 1882-1925, (U.S.) sports artist. Stag at  Sharkey's.

 Thomas Hart Benton, 1889-1975, (U.S.) American regionalist.  Threshing
 Wheat, Arts of the West.

 Gianlorenzo Bernini, 1598-1680, (It.) Baroque sculpture. The  Assumption.

 Albert Bierstadt, 1830-1902, (U.S.) landscapist. The Rocky  Mountains, Mount
 Corcoran.

 George Caleb Bingham, 1811-1879, (U.S.) Fur Traders Descending  the
 Missouri.

 William Blake, 1752-1827, (Br.) engraver. Book of Job, Songs  of Innocence,
 Songs of Experience.

 Rosa Bonheur, 1822-1899, (Fr.) The Horse Fair.

 Pierre Bonnard, 1867-1947, (Fr.) Intimist. The Breakfast Room.

 Gutzon Borglum, 1871-1941, (U.S.) sculptor. Mt. Rushmore  Memorial.

 Hieronymus Bosch, 1450-1516, (Flem.) religious allegories. The  Crowning
 with Thorns.

 Sandro Botticelli, 1444-1510, (It.) Renaissance. Birth of  Venus.

 Constantin Brancusi, 1876-1957, (Rum.) Nonobjective sculptor.  Flying
 Turtle, The Kiss.

 Georges Braque, 1882-1963, (Fr.) Cubist. Violin and Palette.

 Pieter Bruegel the Elder, c. 1525-1569, (Flem.) The Peasant  Dance.

 Pieter Bruegel the Younger, 1564-1638, (Flem.) Village Fair, The
 Crucifixion.

 Edward Burne-Jones, 1833-1898, (Br.) Pre-Raphaelite  artist-craftsman. The
 Mirror of Venus.

 Alexander Calder, 1898-1976, (U.S.) sculptor. Lobster Trap and  Fish Tail.

 Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio, 1573-1610, (It.) Baroque.  The Supper at
 Emmaus.

 Emily Carr, 1871-1945, (Can.) landscapist. Blunden Harbour, Big  Raven.

 Carlo Carra, 1881-1966, (It.) Metaphysical school. Lot's  Daughters.

 Mary Cassatt, 1845-1926, (U.S.) Impressionist. Woman Bathing.

 George Catlin, 1796-1872, (U.S.) American Indian life. Gallery  of Indians.

 Benvenuto Cellini, 1500-1571, (It.) Mannerist sculptor,  goldsmith. Perseus.


 Paul Cezanne, 1839-1906, (Fr.) Card Players,  Mont-Sainte-Victoire with
 Large Pine Trees.

 Marc Chagall, 1887-1985, (Rus.) Jewish life and folklore. I and  the
 Village.

 Jean Simeon Chardin, 1699-1779, (Fr.) still lifes. The Kiss,  The Grace.

 Frederic Church, 1826-1900, (U.S.) Hudson River school.  Niagara, Andes of
 Ecuador.

 Giovanni Cimabue, 1240-1302, (It.) Byzantine mosaicist. Madonna  Enthroned
 with St. Francis.

 Claude Lorrain, 1600-1682, (Fr.) ideal-landscapist. The  Enchanted Castle.

 Thomas Cole, 1801-1848, (U.S.) Hudson River school. The Ox-Bow.

 John Constable, 1776-1837, (Br.) landscapist. Salisbury  Cathedral from the
 Bishop's Grounds.

 John Singleton Copley, 1738-1815, (U.S.) portraitist. Samuel  Adams, Watson
 and the Shark.

 Lovis Corinth, 1858-1925, (Ger.)  Expressionist. Apocalypse.

 Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot, 1796-1875, (Fr.) landscapist.  Souvenir de
 Mortefontaine, Pastorale.

 Correggio, 1494-1534, (It.) Renaissance muralist. Mystic  Marriages of St.
 Catherine.

 Gustave Courbet, 1819-1877, (Fr.) Realist. The Artist's Studio.

 Lucas Cranach the Elder, 1472-1553, (Ger.) Protestant  Reformation
 portraitist. Luther.

 Nathaniel Currier, 1813-1888, and James M. Ives,  1824-1895, (both U.S.)
 lithographers. A Midnight Race on the  Mississippi.

 John Steuart Curry, 1897-1946, (U.S.) Americana,  murals. Baptism in Kansas.


 Salvador Dali, 1904-1989, (Sp.) Surrealist. Persistence  of Memory.

 Honore Daumier, 1808-1879, (Fr.) caricaturist. The Third-Class  Carriage.

 Jacques-Louis David, 1748-1825, (Fr.) Neoclassicist. The Oath  of the
 Horatii.

 Arthur Davies, 1862-1928, (U.S.) Romantic landscapist.  Unicorns.

 Edgar Degas, 1834-1917, (Fr.) The Ballet Class.

 Eugene Delacroix, 1789-1863, (Fr.)  Romantic. Massacre at  Chios.

 Paul Delaroche, 1797-1856, (Fr.) historical themes. Children  of Edward IV.

 Luca Della Robbia, 1400-1482, (It.) Renaissance terracotta  artist. Cantoria
 (singing gallery), Florence cathedral.

  Donatello, 1386-1466, (It.) Renaissance sculptor. David,  Gattamelata.

 Jean Dubuffet, 1902-1985, (Fr.) painter, sculptor,  printmaker. Group  of
 Four Trees.

 Marcel Duchamp, 1887-1968, (Fr.) Nude Descending a Staircase.

 Raoul Dufy, 1877-1953, (Fr.) Fauvist. Chateau and Horses.

 Asher Brown Durand, 1796-1886, (U.S.) Hudson River school.  Kindred Spirits.


 Albrecht Durer, 1471-1528, (Ger.) Renaissance engraver, woodcuts. St. Jerome
 in His Study, Melancholia I, Apocalypse.

 Anthony van Dyck, 1599-1641, (Flem.) Baroque portraitist.  Portrait of
 Charles I Hunting.

 Thomas Eakins, 1844-1916, (U.S.) Realist. The Gross Clinic.

 Jacob Epstein, 1880-1959, (Br.) religious and allegorical  sculptor.
 Genesis, Ecce Homo.

 Jan van Eyck, 1380-1441, (Flem.) naturalistic panels. Adoration  of the
 Lamb.

 Anselm Feuerbach, 1829-1880, (Ger.) Romantic Classicism.  Judgement of
 Paris, Iphigenia.

 John Bernard Flannagan, 1895-1942, (U.S.) animal sculptor.  Triumph of the
 Egg.

 Jean-Honore Fragonard, 1732-1806, (Fr.) Rococo. The Swing.

 Daniel Chester French, 1850-1931, (U.S.) The Minute Man of  Concord; seated
 Lincoln, Lincoln Memorial, Washington, D.C.

 Caspar David Friedrich, 1774-1840, (Ger.) Romantic landscapes.  Man and
 Woman Gazing at the Moon.

 Thomas Gainsborough, 1727-1788, (Br.) portraitist. The Blue  Boy.

 Paul Gauguin, 1848-1903, (Fr.) Post-impressionist. The  Tahitians.

 Lorenzo Ghiberti, 1378-1455, (It.) Renaissance sculptor. Gates  of Paradise
 baptistry doors, Florence.

 Alberto Giacometti, 1901-1966, (It.) attenuated sculptures of  solitary
 figures. Man Pointing.

 Giorgione, c. 1477-1510, (It.) Renaissance. The Tempest.

 Giotto di Bondone, 1267-1337, (It.) Renaissance. Presentation  of Christ in
 the Temple.

 Francois Girardon, 1628-1715, (Fr.) Baroque sculptor of  classical themes.
 Apollo Tended by the Nymphs.

 Vincent van Gogh, 1853-1890, (Dutch) The Starry Night, L' Arlesienne.

 Arshile Gorky, 1905-1948, (U.S.) Surrealist. The Liver Is the  Cock's Comb.

 Francisco de Goya y Lucientes, 1746-1828, (Sp.) The Naked  Maja, The
 Disasters of War (etchings).

 El Greco, 1541-1614, View of Toledo.

 Horatio Greenough, 1805-1852, (U.S.) Neo-classical sculptor.  George
 Washington.

 Matthias Grunewald, 1480-1528, (Ger.) mystical religious  themes. The
 Resurrection.

 Frans Hals, c. 1580-1666, (Dutch) portraitist. Laughing  Cavalier, Gypsy
 Girl.

 Childe Hassam, 1859-1935, (U.S.) Impressionist. Southwest Wind.

 Edward Hicks, 1780-1849, (U.S.) folk painter. The Peaceable  Kingdom.

 Hans Hofmann, 1880-1966, (U.S.) early Abstract Expressionist.  Spring. The
 Gate.

 William Hogarth, 1697-1764, (Br.) caricaturist. The Rake's  Progress.

 Katsushika Hokusai, 1760-1849, (Jap.) printmaker. Crabs.

 Hans Holbein the Elder, 1460-1524, (Ger.) late Gothic.  Presentation of
 Christ in the Temple.

 Hans Holbein the Younger, 1497-1543, (Ger.) portraitist. Henry  VIII.

 Winslow Homer, 1836-1910, (U.S.) marine themes. Marine Coast,  High Cliff.

 Edward Hopper, 1882-1967, (U.S.) realistic urban scenes.  Sunlight in a
 Cafeteria.

 Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres, 1780-1867, (Fr.) Classicist.  Valpincon
 Bather.

 George Inness, 1825-1894, (U.S.) luminous landscapist. Delaware  Water Gap.

 Vasily Kandinsky, 1866-1944, (Rus.) Abstractionist. Capricious  Forms.

 Paul Klee, 1879-1940, (Swiss) Abstractionist. Twittering  Machine.

 Oscar Kokoschka, 1886-1980, (Aus.) Expressionist. View of  Prague.

 Kathe Kollwitz, 1867-1945, (Ger.) printmaker, social justice  themes. The
 Peasant War.

 Gaston Lachaise, 1882-1935, (U.S.) figurative sculptor.  Standing Woman.

 John La Farge, 1835-1910, (U.S.) muralist. Red and White  Peonies.

 Fernand Leger, 1881-1955, (Fr.) machine art. The Cyclists.

 Leonardo da Vinci, 1452-1519, (It.) Mona Lisa, Last Supper,  The
 Annunciation.

 Emanuel Leutze, 1816-1868, (U.S.) historical themes. Washington  Crossing
 the Delaware.

 Jacques Lipchitz, 1891-1973, (Fr.) Cubist sculptor. Harpist.

 Filippino Lippi, 1457-1504, (It.) Renaissance. The Vision of  St. Bernard.

 Fra Filippo Lippi, 1406-1469, (It.) Renaissance. Coronation of  the Virgin.

 Morris Louis, 1912-1962, (U.S.) Abstract Expressionist. Signa,  Stripes.

 Aristide Maillol, 1861-1944, (Fr.) sculptor. The  Mediterranean.

 Edouard Manet, 1832-1883, (Fr.) forerunner of Impressionism.  Luncheon on
 the Grass, Olympia.

 Andrea Mantegna, 1431-1506, (It.) Renaissance frescoes.  Triumph of Caesar.

 Franz Marc, 1880-1916, (Ger.) Expressionist. Blue Horses.

 John Marin, 1870-1953, (U.S.) expressionist seascapes. Maine  Island.

 Reginald Marsh, 1898-1954, (U.S.) satirical artist. Tattoo and  Haircut.

  Masaccio, 1401-1428, (It.) Renaissance. The Tribute Money.

 Henri Matisse, 1869-1954, (Fr.) Fauvist. Woman with the Hat.

 Michelangelo Buonarroti, 1475-1564, (It.) Pieta, David, Moses,  The Last
 Judgment, Sistine Ceiling.

 Jean-Francois Millet, 1814-1875, (Fr.) painter of peasant  subjects. The
 Gleaners, The Man with a Hoe.

 Joan Mir, 1893-1983, (Sp.) Exuberant colors, playful  images. Catalan
 landscape, Dutch Interior.

 Amedeo Modigliani, 1884-1920, (It.) Reclining Nude.

 Piet Mondrian, 1872-1944, (Dutch) Abstractionist. Composition.

 Claude Monet, 1840-1926, (Fr.) Impressionist. The Bridge at  Argenteuil,
 Haystacks.

 Henry Moore, 1898-1986, (Br.) sculptor of large-scale,  abstract works.
 Reclining Figure (several).

 Gustave Moreau, 1826-1898, (Fr.) Symbolist. The Apparition,  Dance of
 Salome.

 James Wilson Morrice, 1865-1924, (Can.) landscapist. The Ferry,  Quebec,
 Venice, Looking Over the Lagoon.

 Grandma Moses, 1860-1961, (U.S.) folk painter. Out for the  Christmas Trees.


 Edvard Munch, 1863-1944, (Nor.) Expressionist. The Cry.

 Bartolome Murillo, 1618-1682, (Sp.) Baroque religious artist.  Vision of St.
 Anthony. The Two Trinities.

 Barnett Newman, 1905-1970, (U.S.) Abstract Expressionist.  Stations of the
 Cross.

 Isamu Noguchi, 1904-1988, (U.S.) trad. Japanese art,  modern techniques.

 Georgia O'Keeffe, 1887-1986, (U.S.) Southwest  motifs. Cow's Skull.

 Jose Clemente Orozco, 1883-1949, (Mex.) frescoes. House of  Tears.

 Charles Willson Peale, 1741-1827, (U.S.) American Revolutionary
 portraitist. Washington, Franklin, Jefferson, John Adams.

 Rembrandt Peale, 1778-1860, (U.S.) portraitist. Thomas  Jefferson.

 Pietro Perugino, 1446-1523, (It.) Renaissance. Delivery of the  Keys to St.
 Peter.

 Pablo Picasso, 1881-1973, (Sp.) Guernica, Dove, Head of a  Woman.

 Piero della Francesca, c. 1415-1492, (It.) Renaissance. Duke  of Urbino,
 Flagellation of Christ.

 Camille Pissarro, 1830-1903, (Fr.) Impressionist. Morning  Sunlight.

 Jackson Pollock, 1912-1956, (U.S.) Abstract Expressionist.  Autumn Rhythm.

 Nicolas Poussin, 1594-1665, (Fr.) Baroque pictorial  classicism. St. John on
 Patmos.

 Maurice B. Prendergast, c. 1860-1924, (U.S.) Post-impressionist  water
 colorist. Umbrellas in the Rain.

 Pierre-Paul Prud'hon, 1758-1823, (Fr.) Romanticist. Crime  pursued by
 Vengeance and Justice.

 Pierre Cecile Puvis de Chavannes, 1824-1898, (Fr.) muralist.  The Poor
 Fisherman.

 Raphael Sanzio, 1483-1520, (It.) Renaissance. Disputa, School  of Athens,
 Sistine Madonna.

 Man Ray, 1890-1976, (U.S.) Dadaist. Observing Time, The Lovers.

 Odilon Redon, 1840-1916, (Fr.) Symbolist lithographer. In the  Dream.

 Rembrandt van Rijn, 1606-1669, (Dutch) The Bridal Couple, The  Night Watch.

 Frederic Remington, 1861-1909, (U.S.) painter, sculptor,  portrayer of the
 American West. Bronco Buster.

 Pierre-Auguste Renoir, 1841-1919, (Fr.) Impressionist. The  Luncheon of the
 Boating Party.

 Joshua Reynolds, 1723-1792, (Br.) portraitist. Mrs. Siddons as  the Tragic
 Muse.

 Diego Rivera, 1886-1957, (Mex.) frescoes. The Fecund Earth.

 Norman Rockwell, 1894-1978, (U.S.) illustrator. Saturday  Evening Post
 covers.

 Auguste Rodin, 1840-1917, (Fr.) sculptor. The Thinker, The  Burghers of
 Calais.

 Mark Rothko, 1903-1970, (U.S.) Abstract Expressionist. Light,  Earth and
 Blue.

 Georges Rouault, 1871-1958, (Fr.) Expressionist. The Old King.

 Henri Rousseau, 1844-1910, (Fr.) primitive exotic themes. The  Snake
 Charmer.

 Theodore Rousseau, 1812-1867, (Swiss-Fr.) landscapist. Under the Birches,
 Evening.

 Peter Paul Rubens, 1577-1640, (Flem.) Baroque. Mystic Marriage  of St.
 Catherine.

 Jacob van Ruisdael, c. 1628-1682, (Dutch) landscapist. Jewish  Cemetery.

 Salomon van Ruysdael, c. 1600-1670, (Dutch) landscapist. River  with
 Ferry-Boat.

 Albert Pinkham Ryder, 1847-1917, (U.S.) seascapes and  allegories. Toilers
 of the Sea.

 Augustus Saint-Gaudens, 1848-1907, (U.S.) memorial statues.  Farragut, Mrs.
 Henry Adams (Grief).

 Andrea Sansovino, 1460-1529, (It.) Renaissance sculptor.  Baptism of Christ.


 Jacopo Sansovino, 1486-1570, (It.) Renaissance sculptor. St.  John the
 Baptist.

 John Singer Sargent, 1856-1925, (U.S.) Edwardian society  portraitist. The
 Wyndham Sisters, Madam X.

 Georges Seurat, 1859-1891, (Fr.) Pointillist. Sunday Afternoon  on the
 Island of Grande Jatte.

 Gino Severini, 1883-1966, (It.) Futurist and Cubist. Dynamic  Hieroglyph of
 the Bal Tabarin.

 Ben Shahn, 1898-1969, (U.S.) social and political themes. Sacco  and
 Vanzetti series, Seurat's Lunch, Handball.

 Charles Sheeler, 1883-1965, (U.S.) Abstractionist. Upper Deck.

 David Alfaro Siqueiros, 1896-1974, (Mex.) political muralist.  March of
 Humanity.

 John F. Sloan, 1871-1951, (U.S.) depictions of New York City.  Wake of the
 Ferry.

 David Smith, 1906-1965, (U.S.) welded metal sculpture. Hudson  River
 Landscape, Zig, Cubi series.

 Gilbert Stuart, 1755-1828, (U.S.) portraitist. George  Washington.

 Thomas Sully, 1783-1872, (U.S.) portraitist. Col. Thomas  Handasyd Perkins,
 The Passage of the Delaware.

 Yves Tanguy, 1900-1955, (Fr.) Surrealist. Rose of the Four  Winds.

 Giovanni Battista Tiepolo, 1696-1770, (It.) Rococo frescoes.  The
 Crucifixion.

 Jacopo Tintoretto, 1518-1594, (It.) Mannerist. The Last  Supper.

 Titian, c. 1485-1576, (It.) Renaissance. Venus and the Lute  Player, The
 Bacchanal.

 Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, 1864-1901, (Fr.) At the Moulin  Rouge.

 John Trumbull, 1756-1843, (U.S.) historical themes. The  Declaration of
 Independence.

 J(oseph) M(allord) W(illiam) Turner, 1775-1851, (Br.) Romantic  landscapist.
 Snow Storm.

 Paolo Uccello, 1397-1475, (It.) Gothic-Renaissance. The Rout  of San Romano.


 Maurice Utrillo, 1883-1955, (Fr.) Impressionist. Sacre-Coeur  de Montmartre.


 John Vanderlyn, 1775-1852, (U.S.) Neo-classicist. Ariadne  Asleep on the
 Island of Naxos.

 Diego Velazquez, 1599-1660, (Sp.) Baroque. Las Meninas,  Portrait of Juan de
 Pareja.

 Jan Vermeer, 1632-1675, (Dutch) interior genre subjects. Young  Woman with a
 Water Jug.

 Paolo Veronese, 1528-1588, (It.) devotional themes, vastly  peopled
 canvases. The Temptation of St. Anthony.

 Andrea del Verrocchio, 1435-1488, (It.) Florentine sculptor.  Colleoni.

 Maurice de Vlaminck, 1876-1958, (Fr.) Fauvist landscapist. The  Storm.

 Andy Warhol, 1928-1987 (U.S.) Pop Art, Campbell's Soup Cans.

 Antoine Watteau, 1684-1721, (Fr.) Rococo painter of "scenes  of gallantry".
 The Embarkation for Cythera.

 George Frederic Watts, 1817-1904, (Br.) painter and sculptor  of grandiose
 allegorical themes. Hope, Physical Energy.

 Benjamin West, 1738-1820, realistic historical themes.  Death of General
 Wolfe.

 James Abbott McNeill Whistler, 1834-1903, (U.S.) Arrangement in  Grey and
 Black, No. 1: The Artist's Mother.

 Archibald M. Willard, 1836-1918, (U.S.) The Spirit of '76.

 Grant Wood, 1891-1942, (U.S.) Midwestern regionalist. American  Gothic,
 Daughters of Revolution.

 Ossip Zadkine, 1890-1967, (Rus.) School of Paris sculptor. The  Destroyed
 City, Musicians, Christ.


              Noted Philosophers and Religionists of the Past

 Lyman Abbott, 1835-1922, (U.S.) clergyman, reformer; advocate of Christian
 Socialism.

 Pierre Abelard, 1079-1142, (F.) philosopher, theologian, and teacher, used
 dialectic method to support Christian dogma.

 Felix Adler, 1851-1933, (U.S.) German-born founder of the Ethical Culture
 Society.

 St. Augustine, 354-430, Latin bishop considered the founder of formalized
 Christian theology.

 Averroes, 1126-1198, (Sp.) Islamic philosopher.

 Roger Bacon, c.1214-1294, (Br.) philosopher and scientist.

 Karl Barth, 1886-1968, (Sw.) theologian, a leading force in 20th-century
 Protestantism.

 St. Benedict, c.480-547, (It.) founded the Benedictines.

 Jeremy Bentham, 1748-1832, (Br.) philosopher, reformer, founder of
 Utilitarianism.

 Henri Bergson, 1859-1941, (F.) philosopher of evolution.

 George Berkeley, 1685-1753, (Ir.) philosopher, churchman.

 John Biddle, 1615-1662, (Br.) founder of English Unitarianism.

 Jakob Boehme, 1575-1624, (G.) theosophist and mystic.

 William Brewster, 1567-1644, (Br.) headed Pilgrims, signed Mayflower
 Compact.

 Emil Brunner, 1889-1966, (Sw.) theologian.

 Giordano Bruno, 1548-1600, (It.) philosopher.

 Martin Buber, 1878-1965, (G.) Jewish philosopher, theologian, wrote I and
 Thou.

 Buddha (Siddhartha Gautama), c.563-c.483 BC, (Ind.) philosopher, founded
 Buddhism.

 John Calvin, 1509-1564, (F.) theologian, a key figure in the Protestant
 Reformation.

 Rudolph Carnap, 1891-1970, (U.S.) German-born philosopher, a founder of
 logical positivism.

 William Ellery Channing, 1780-1842, (U.S.) clergyman, early spokesman for
 Unitarianism.

 Auguste Comte, 1798-1857, (F.) philosopher, the founder of positivism.

 Confucius, 551-479 BC, (Chin.) founder of Confucianism.

 John Cotton, 1584-1652, (Br.) Puritan theologian.

 Thomas Cranmer, 1489-1556, (Br.) churchman, wrote much of Book of Common
 Prayer; promoter of English Reformation.

 Rene Descartes, 1596-1650, (F.) philosopher, mathematician.

 John Dewey, 1859-1952, (U.S.) philosopher, educator;  helped inaugurate the
 progressive education movement.

 Denis Diderot, 1713-1784, (F.) philosopher, creator of  first modern
 encyclopedia.

 Mary Baker Eddy, 1821-1910, (U.S.) founder of Christian Science.

 Jonathan Edwards, 1703-1758, (U.S.) preacher, theologian.

 (Desiderius) Erasmus, c.1466-1536, (Du.) Renaissance humanist.

 Johann Fichte, 1762-1814, (G.) philosopher, the first of the Transcendental
 Idealists.

 George Fox, 1624-1691, (Br.) founder of Society of  Friends.

 St. Francis of Assisi, 1182-1226, (It.) founded Franciscans.

 al Ghazali, 1058-1111, Islamic philosopher.

 Georg W. Hegel, 1770-1831, (G.) Idealist philosopher.

 Martin Heidegger, 1889-1976, (G.) existentialist  philosopher, affected
 fields ranging from physics to literary  criticism.

 Johann G. Herder, 1744-1803, (G.) philosopher, cultural  historian; a
 founder of German Romanticism.

 David Hume, 1711-1776, (Sc.) philosopher, historian.

 Jan Hus, 1369-1415, (Czech.) religious reformer.

 Edmund Husserl, 1859-1938, (G.) philosopher, founded the  Phenomenological
 movement.

 Thomas Huxley, 1825-1895, (Br.) philosopher, educator.

 Ignatius of Loyola, 1491-1556, (Sp.) founder of the  Jesuits.

 William Inge, 1860-1954, (Br.) theologian, explored the  mystic aspects of
 Christianity.

 William James, 1842-1910, (U.S.) philosopher,  psychologist; advanced theory
 of the pragmatic nature of truth.

 Karl Jaspers, 1883-1969, (G.) existentialist  philosopher.

 Immanuel Kant, 1724-1804, (G.) metaphysician, preeminent  founder of modern
 critical philosophy.

 Soren Kierkegaard, 1813-1855, (Den.) philosopher,  considered the father of
 Existentialism.

 John Knox, 1505-1572, (Sc.) leader of the Protestant  Reformation in
 Scotland.

 Lao-Tzu, 604-531 BC, (Chin.) philosopher, considered the  founder of the
 Taoist religion.

 Gottfried von Leibniz, 1646-1716, (G.) philosopher,  mathematician.

 Martin Luther, 1483-1546, (G.) leader of the Protestant  Re-formation,
 founded Lutheran church.

 Maimonides, 1135-1204, (Sp.) Jewish philosopher.

 Jacques Maritain, 1882-1973, (F.) Neo-Thomist  philosopher.

 Cotton Mather, 1663-1728, (U.S.) defender of orthodox  Puritanism; founded
 Yale, 1701.

 Philipp Melanchthon, 1497-1560, (G.) theologian,  humanist; an important
 voice in the Reformation.

 Thomas Merton, 1915-1968, (U.S.) Trappist monk,  spiritual writer.

 Mohammed, c.570-632, Arab prophet of the religion of  Islam.

 Dwight Moody, 1837-1899, (U.S.) evangelist.

 George E. Moore, 1873-1958, (Br.) ethical theorist.

 Elijah Muhammad, 1897-1975, (U.S.) leader of the Black  Muslim sect.

 Heinrich Muhlenberg, 1711-1787, (G.) organized the  Lutheran Church in
 America.

 John H. Newman, 1801-1890, (Br.) Roman Catholic  cardinal, led Oxford
 Movement.

 Reinhold Niebuhr, 1892-1971, (U.S.) Protestant  theologian, social and
 political critic.

 Friedrich Nietzsche, 1844-1900, (G.) moral philosopher.

 Blaise Pascal, 1623-1662, (F.) philosopher and  mathematician.

 St. Patrick, c.389-c.461, brought Christianity to  Ireland.

 St. Paul, ?-c.67, a founder of the Christian  religion.

 Charles S. Peirce, 1839-1914, (U.S.) philosopher,  logician; originated
 concept of Pragmatism, 1878.

 Josiah Royce 1855-1916, (U.S.) Idealist philosopher.

 Charles T. Russell, 1852-1916, (U.S.) founder of  Jehovah's Witnesses.

 Fredrich von Schelling, 1775-1854, (G.) philosopher.

 Friedrich Schleiermacher, 1768-1834, (G.) theologian, a  founder of modern
 Protestant theology.

 Arthur Schopenhauer, 1788-1860, (G.) philosopher.

 Joseph Smith, 1805-1844, (U.S.) founded Latter Day  Saints (Mormon)
 movement, 1830.

 Herbert Spencer, 1820-1903, (Br.) philosopher of  evolution.

 Baruch Spinoza, 1632-1677, (Du.) rationalist  philosopher.

 Billy Sunday, 1862-1935, (U.S.) evangelist.

 Daisetz Teitaro Suzuki, 1870-1966, (Jap.) Buddhist  scholar.

 Emanuel Swedenborg, 1688-1722, (Swed.) philosopher, mystic.

 Thomas a Becket, 1118-1170, (Br.) archbishop of  Canterbury, opposed Henry
 II.

 Thomas a Kempis, c.1380-1471, (G.) theologian  probably wrote Imitation of
 Christ.

 Thomas Aquinas, 1225-1274, (It.) theologian, philosopher.

 Paul Tillich, 1886-1965, (U.S.) German-born philosopher  and theologian.

 John Wesley, 1703-1791, (Br.) theologian, evangelist;  founded Methodism.

 Alfred North Whitehead, 1861-1947, (Br.) philosopher,  mathematician.

 William of Occam, c.1285-c.1349 (Br.) philosopher.

 Roger Williams, c.1603-1683, (U.S.) clergyman,  championed religious freedom
 and separation of church and state.

 Ludwig Wittgenstein, 1889-1951, (Aus.) philosopher.

 John Wycliffe, 1320-1384, (Br.) theologian, reformer.

 Brigham Young, 1801-1877, (U.S.) Mormon leader,  colonized Utah.

 Huldrych Zwingli, 1484-1531, (Sw.) theologian, led Swiss Protestant
 Reformation.


              Noted Social Reformers and Educators of the Past

 Jane Addams, 1860-1935, (U.S.) co-founder of Hull House; won Nobel Peace
 Prize, 1931.

 Susan B. Anthony, 1820-1906, (U.S.) a leader in temperance, anti-slavery,
 and women's suffrage movements.

 Henry Barnard, 1811-1900, (U.S.) public school reformer.

 Thomas Barnardo, 1845-1905, (Br.) social reformer, pioneered in the care of
 destitute children.

 Clara Barton, 1821-1912, (U.S.) organizer of the American Red Cross.

 Henry Ward Beecher, 1813-1887, (U.S.) clergyman, abolitionist.

 Sarah G. Blanding, 1899-1985, (U.S.), head of Vassar College, 1946-64.

 Amelia Bloomer, 1818-1894, (U.S.) social reformer, women's rights advocate.

 William Booth, 1829-1912, (Br.) founded the Salvation Army.

 Nicholas Murray Butler, 1862-1947, (U.S.) educator headed Columbia Univ.,
 1902-45; won Nobel Peace Prize, 1931.

 Frances X. (Mother) Cabrini, 1850-1917, (U.S.)  Italian-born nun founded
 charitable institutions;  first American canonized.

 Carrie Chapman Catt, 1859-1947, (U.S.) suffragette,  helped win passage of
 the 19th amendment.

 Dorothy Day, 1897-1980, (U.S.) founder of Catholic  Worker Movement.

 Eugene V. Debs, 1855-1926, (U.S.) labor leader, led

 Pullman strike, 1894; 4-time Socialist presidential candidate.

 Melvil Dewey, 1851-1931, (U.S.) devised decimal system  of library-book
 classification.

 Dorothea Dix, 1802-1887, (U.S.) crusader for humane care  of mentally ill.

 Frederick Douglass, 1817-1895, (U.S.) abolitionist.

 W.E.B. DuBois, 1868-1963, (U.S.) Negro-rights leader,  educator, and writer.


 William Lloyd Garrison, 1805-1879, (U.S.) abolitionist,  reformer.

 Giovanni Gentile, 1875-1944, (It.) philosopher,  educator; reformed Italian
 educational system.

 Samuel Gompers, 1850-1924, (U.S.) labor leader; a  founder and president of
 AFL.

 William Green, 1873-1952, (U.S.) president of AFL,  1924-52.

 Michael Harrington, 1928-1989, (U.S.) revealed poverty in  affluent U.S. in
 The Other America, 1963.

 Sidney Hillman, 1887-1946, (U.S.) labor leader, helped  organize CIO.

 John Holt, 1924-1985, (U.S.) educator and author, How  Children Fail.

 Samuel G. Howe, 1801-1876, (U.S.) social reformer,  changed public attitudes
 toward the handicapped.

 Helen Keller, 1880-1968, (U.S.) crusader for better  treatment for the
 handicapped.

 Martin Luther King Jr., 1929-1968, (U.S.) civil rights  leader; won Nobel
 Peace Prize, 1964.

 John L. Lewis, 1880-1969, (U.S.) labor leader, headed  United Mine Workers,
 1920-60.

 Horace Mann, 1796-1859, (U.S.) pioneered modern public  school system.

 William H. McGuffey, 1800-1873, (U.S.) author of Reader, the mainstay of
 19th century U.S. public education.

 Alexander Meiklejohn, 1872-1964, (U.S.) British-born educator, championed
 academic freedom and experimental curricula.

 Lucretia Mott, 1793-1880, (U.S.) reformer, pioneer feminist.

 Philip Murray, 1886-1952, (U.S.) Scotch-born labor leader.

 Florence Nightingale, 1820-1910, (Br.) founder of modern  nursing.

 Emmeline Pankhurst, 1858-1928, (Br.) woman suffragist.

 Elizabeth P. Peabody, 1804-1894, (U.S.) education  pioneer, founded 1st
 kindergarten in U.S., 1860.

 Walter Reuther, 1907-1970, (U.S.) labor leader, headed  UAW.

 Jacob Riis, 1849-1914, (U.S.) crusader for urban  reforms.

 Margaret Sanger, 1883-1966, (U.S.) social reformer,  pioneered the birth
 control movement.

 Elizabeth Seton, 1774-1821, (U.S.) established parochial  school education
 in U.S.

 Earl of Shaftesbury (A.A. Cooper), 1801-1885, (Br.)  social reformer.

 Elizabeth Cady Stanton, 1815-1902, (U.S.) women's  suffrage pioneer.

 Lucy Stone, 1818-1893, (U.S.) feminist, abolitionist.

 Harriet Tubman, c.1820-1913, (U.S.) abolitionist, ran  Underground Railroad.


 Booker T. Washington, 1856-1915, (U.S.) educator,  reformer; championed
 vocational training for blacks.

 Walter F. White, 1893-1955, (U.S.) headed NAACP,  1931-55.

 William Wilberforce, 1759-1833, (Br.) social reformer,  prominent in
 struggle to abolish the slave trade.

 Emma Hart Willard, 1787-1870, (U.S.) pioneered higher  education for women.

 Frances E. Willard, 1839-1898, (U.S.) temperance,  woman's rights leader.

 Whitney M. Young Jr., 1921-1971, (U.S.) civil rights  leader, headed
 National Urban League, 1961-71.


      Noted Historians, Economists, and Social Scientists of the Past

 Brooks Adams, 1848-1927, (U.S.) historian, political theoretician.

 Francis Bacon, 1561-1626, (Br.) philosopher, essayist, and statesman.

 George Bancroft, 1800-1891, (U.S.) historian, wrote  10-volume History of
 the United States.

 Charles A. Beard, 1874-1948, (U.S.) historian, attacked  motives of the
 Founding Fathers.

 Bede (the Venerable), c.673-735, (Br.) scholar,  historian.

 Ruth Benedict, 1887-1948, (U.S.) anthropologist, studied  Indian tribes of
 the Southwest.

 Bruno Bettleheim, 1903-1990, (Aust.-U.S.) psychoanalyst  specializing in
 autistic children; The Uses of Enchantment.

 Louis Blanc, 1811-1882, (F.) Socialist leader and  historian whose ideas
 were a link between utopian and Marxist  socialism.

 Leonard Bloomfield, 1887-1949, (U.S.) linguist. Language.

 Franz Boas, 1858-1942, (U.S.) German-born  anthropologist, studied American
 Indians.

 Van Wyck Brooks, 1886-1963, (U.S.) cultural historian,  critic.

 Edmund Burke, 1729-1797, (Ir.) British parliamentarian  and political
 philosopher; influenced many Federalists.

 Joseph Campbell, 1904-1987, (U.S.) authored books on  mythology, folklore.

 Thomas Carlyle, 1795-1881, (Sc.) philosopher, historian,  and critic.

 Edward Channing, 1856-1931, (U.S.) historian, wrote  6-volume A History of
 the United States.

 John R. Commons, 1862-1945, (U.S.) economist, labor historian.

 Benedetto Croce, 1866-1952, (It.) philosopher,  statesman, and historian.

 Bernard A. De Voto, 1897-1955, (U.S.) historian, won  Pulitzer prize in 1948
 for Across the Wide Missouri.

 Ariel Durant, 1898-1981, (U.S.) historian, collaborated  with husband on
 11-volume The Story of Civilization.

 Will Durant, 1885-1981, (U.S.) historian. The Story  of Civilization, The
 Story of Philosophy.

 Emile Durkheim, 1858-1917, (F.) a founder of modern  sociology.

 Friedrich Engels, 1820-1895, (G.) political writer, with  Marx wrote the
 Communist Manifesto.

 Irving Fisher, 1867-1947, (U.S.) economist, contributed  to the development
 of modern monetary theory.

 John Fiske, 1842-1901, (U.S.) historian and lecturer,  popularized Darwinian
 theory of evolution.

 Charles Fourier, 1772-1837, (F.) utopian socialist.

 Henry George, 1839-1897, (U.S.) economist, reformer, led  single-tax
 movement.

 Edward Gibbon, 1737-1794, (Br.) historian, wrote The  History of the Decline
 and Fall of the Roman Empire.

 Francesco Guicciardini, 1483-1540, (It.) historian,  wrote Storia d'Italia,
 principal historical work of the  16th-century.

 Alvin Hansen, 1887-1975, (U.S.) economist.

 Thomas Hobbes, 1588-1679, (Br.) social philosopher.

 Richard Hofstadter, 1916-1970, (U.S.) historian, wrote  The Age of Reform.

 John Maynard Keynes, 1883-1946, (Br.) economist,  principal advocate of
 deficit spending.

 Alfred L. Kroeber, 1876-1960, (U.S.) cultural  anthropologist, studied
 Indians of North and South America.

 James L. Laughlin, 1850-1933, (U.S.) economist, helped  establish Federal
 Reserve System.

 Lucien Levy-Bruhl, 1857-1939, (F.) philosopher,  studied the psychology of
 primitive societies.

 Kurt Lewin, 1890-1947, (U.S.) German-born psychologist,  studied human
 motivation and group dynamics.

 John Locke, 1632-1704, (Br.) political philosopher.

 Konrad Lorenz, 1904-1989, (Aus.) ethologist, pioneer in  study of animal
 behavior.

 Thomas B. Macauley, 1800-1859, (Br.) historian,  statesman.

 Bronislaw Malinowski, 1884-1942, (Pol.) anthropologist,  considered the
 father of social anthropology.

 Thomas R. Malthus, 1766-1834, (Br.) economist, famed for  Essay on the
 Principle of Population.

 Karl Mannheim, 1893-1947, (Hung.) sociologist,  historian.

 Karl Marx, 1818-1883, (G.) political philosopher,  proponent of modern
 communism.

 Giuseppe Mazzini, 1805-1872, (It.) political  philosopher.

 George H. Mead, 1863-1931, (U.S.) philosopher and social  psychologist.

 Margaret Mead, 1901-1978, (U.S.) cultural  anthropologist, popularized
 field.

 James Mill, 1773-1836, (Sc.) philosopher, historian, and  economist; a
 proponent of Utilitarianism.

 John Stuart Mill, 1806-1873, (Br.) philosopher,  political economist.

 Perry G. Miller, 1905-1963, (U.S.) historian,  interpreted 17th-century New
 England.

 Theodor Mommsen, 1817-1903, (G.) historian, wrote  The History of Rome.

 Charles-Louis Montesquieu, 1689-1755, (F.) social  philosopher.

 Samuel Eliot Morison, 1887-1976, (U.S.) historian,  chronicled voyages of
 early explorers.

 Lewis Mumford, 1895-1990, (U.S.) sociologist, critic, The  Culture of
 Cities.

 Gunnar Myrdal, 1898-1987 (Swe.) economist, social  scientist.

 Allan Nevins, 1890-1971, (U.S.) historian, biographer;  twice won Pulitzer
 prize.

 Jose Ortega y Gasset, 1883-1955, (Sp.) philosopher and  humanist; advocated
 control by an elite.

 Robert Owen, 1771-1858, (Br.) political philosopher,  reformer.

 Vilfredo Pareto, 1848-1923, (It.) economist,  sociologist.

 Francis Parkman, 1823-1893, (U.S.) historian, wrote  8-volume France and
 England in North America, 1851-92.

 Marco Polo, c.1254-1324, (It.) narrated an account of  his travels to China.


 William Prescott, 1796-1859, (U.S.) early American  historian.

 Pierre Joseph Proudhon, 1809-1865, (F.) social theorist,  regarded as the
 father of anarchism.

 Francois Quesnay, 1694-1774, (F.) economic theorist,  demonstrated circular
 flow of economic activity through society.

 David Ricardo, 1772-1823, (Br.) economic theorist,  advocated free
 international trade.

 James H. Robinson, 1863-1936, (U.S.) historian,  educator.

 Carl Rogers, 1902-1987, (U.S.) psychotherapist, author.

 Jean-Jacques Rousseau, 1712-1778, (F.) social  philosopher, author.

 Edward Sapir, 1884-1939 (Ger.-U.S.) anthropologist, studied  ethnology and
 linguistics of some U.S. Indian groups.

 Ferdinand de Saussure, 1857-1913, (Swiss) a founder of modern  lingustics.

 Hjalmar Schacht, 1877-1970, (G.) economist.

 Joseph Schumpeter, 1883-1950, (U.S.) Czech.-born  economist, championed big
 business, capitalism.

 Albert Schweitzer, 1875-1965, (Alsatian) social  philosopher, theologian,
 and humanitarian.

 George Simmel, 1858-1918, (G.) sociologist, philosopher.

 Adam Smith, 1723-1790, (Br.) economist, advocated  laissez-faire economy and
 free trade.

 Jared Sparks, 1789-1866, (U.S.) historian, among first  to do research from
 original documents.

 Oswald Spengler, 1880-1936, (G.) philosopher and  historian, wrote The
 Decline of the West.

 William G. Sumner, 1840-1910, (U.S.) social scientist,  economist;
 championed laissez-faire economy, Social Darwinism.

 Hippolyte Taine, 1828-1893, (F.) historian.

 Frank W. Taussig, 1859-1940, (U.S.) economist, educator.

 Nikolaas Tinbergen, 1907-1988, (Dutch-Br.) ethologist,  pioneer in study of
 animal behavior.

 Alexis de Tocqueville, 1805-1859, (F.) political  scientist, historian.

 Francis E. Townsend, 1867-1960, (U.S.) author of old-age  pension plan.

 Arnold Toynbee, 1889-1975, (Br.) historian, wrote  10-volume A Study of
 History.

 Heinrich von Treitschke, 1834-1896, (G.) historian,  political writer.

 George Trevelyan, 1838-1928, (Br.) historian, statesman.

 Barbara Tuchman, 1912-1989, (U.S.) author of Pulitzer  Prize-winning history
 books, The Guns of August.

 Frederick J. Turner, 1861-1932, (U.S.) historian,  educator.

 Thorstein B. Veblen, 1857-1929, (U.S.) economist, social  philosopher.

 Giovanni Vico, 1668-1744, (It.) historian, philosopher.

 Voltaire (F.M. Arouet), 1694-1778, (F.) philosopher,  historian, and poet.

 Izaak Walton, 1593-1683, (Br.) author, wrote first  biographical works in
 English literature.

 Sidney J., 1859-1947, and wife Beatrice, 1858-1943, Webb (Br.) leading
 figures in Fabian Society  and British Labour Party.

 Walter P. Webb, 1888-1963, (U.S.) historian of the West.

 Max Weber, 1864-1920, (G.) sociologist. The Protestant  Ethic and the Spirit
 of Capitalism.


                        Noted Scientists of the Past

 Howard H. Aiken, 1900-1973, (U.S.) mathematician,  credited with designing
 forerunner of digital computer.

 Albertus Magnus, 1193-1280, (G.) theologian,  philosopher, scientist,
 established medieval Christian study of  natural science.

 Andre-Marie Ampere, 1775-1836, (F.) scientist known  for contributions to
 electrodynamics.

 Amedeo Avogadro, 1776-1856, (It.) chemist, physicist,  advanced important
 theories on properties of gases.

 A.C. Becquerel, 1788-1878, (F.) physicist, pioneer in  electrochemical
 science.

 A.H. Becquerel, 1852-1908, (F.) physicist, discovered  radioactivity in
 uranium.

 Alexander Graham Bell, 1847-1922, (U.S.) inventor, first  to patent and
 commercially exploit the telephone, 1876.

 Daniel Bernoulli, 1700-1782, (Swiss) mathematician,  advanced kinetic theory
 of gases and fluids.

 Jons Jakob Berzelius, 1779-1848, (Swed.) chemist,  developed modern chemical
 symbols and formulas.

 Henry Bessemer, 1813-1898, (Br.) engineer, invented  Bessemer steel-making
 process.

 Louis Bleriot, 1872-1936, (F.) engineer, pioneer  aviator, invented and
 constructed monoplanes.

 Niels Bohr, 1885-1962, (Dan.) physicist, leading figure  in the development
 of quantum theory.

 Max Born, 1882-1970, (G.) physicist known for research  in quantum
 mechanics.

 Satyendranath Bose, 1894-1974, (In.) physicist, chemist,  mathematician
 known for Bose statistics, forerunner of modern quantum  theory.

 Walter Brattain, 1902-1987, (U.S.) inventor, worked on  invention of
 transistor.

 Louis de Broglie, 1893-1987, (F.) physicist, best known  for  wave theory.

 Robert Bunsen, 1811-1899, (G.) chemist, invented Bunsen  burner.

 Luther Burbank, 1849-1926, (U.S.) plant breeder whose  work developed plant
 breeding into a modern science.

 Vannevar Bush, 1890-1974, (U.S.) electrical engineer,  developed
 differential analyzer, first electronic analogue  computer.

 Alexis Carrel, 1873-1944, (F.) surgeon, biologist,  developed methods of
 suturing blood vessels and transplanting  organs.

 George Washington Carver, 1860?-1943, (U.S.)  agricultural chemist,
 experimenter, benefactor of South, a black  hero.

 Henry Cavendish, 1731-1810, (Br.) chemist, physicist,  discovered hydrogen.

 James Chadwick, 1891-1974, (Br.) physicist, discovered  the neutron.

 Jean M. Charcot, 1825-1893, (F.) neurologist known for  work on hysteria,
 hypnotism, sclerosis.

 Albert Claude, 1899-1983, (Belg.) a founder of modern cell  biology.

 John D. Cockcroft, 1897-1967, (Br.) nuclear physicist,  constructed first
 atomic particle accelerator with E.T.S.  Walton.

 William Crookes, 1832-1919, (Br.) physicist, chemist,  discovered thallium,
 invented a cathode-ray tube, radiometer.

 Marie Curie, 1867-1934, (Pol.-F.) physical chemist known  for work on radium
 and its compounds.

 Pierre Curie, 1859-1906, (F.) physical chemist known for  work with his wife
 on radioactivity.

 Gottlieb Daimler, 1834-1900, (G.) engineer, inventor,  pioneer automobile
 manufacturer.

 John Dalton, 1766-1844, (Br.) chemist, physicist,  formulated atomic theory,
 made first table of atomic weights.

 Charles Darwin, 1809-1882, (Br.) naturalist, established  theory of organic
 evolution.

 Humphry Davy, 1778-1829, (Br.) chemist, research in  electrochemistry led to
 isolation of potassium, sodium, calcium,  barium, boron, magnesium, and
 strontium.

 Lee De Forest, 1873-1961, (U.S.) inventor, pioneer in  development of
 wireless telegraphy, sound pictures, television.

 Max Delbruck, 1907-1981, (U.S.) pioneer in modern  molecular genetics.

 Rudolf Diesel, 1858-1913, (G.) mechanical engineer,  patented Diesel engine.


 Thomas Dooley, 1927-1961, (U.S.) "jungle doctor," noted for efforts to
 supply medical aid to underdeveloped  countries.

 Christian Doppler, 1803-1853, (Aus.) physicist,  demonstrated Doppler effect
 (change in energy wavelengths caused  by motion).

 Thomas A. Edison, 1847-1931, (U.S.) inventor, held over  1,000 patents,
 including incandescent electric lamp, phonograph.

 Paul Ehrlich, 1854-1915, (G.) bacteriologist, pioneer in  modern immunology
 and bacteriology.

 Albert Einstein, 1879-1955, (Ger.-U.S.) theoretical  physicist, known for
 formulation of relativity theory.

 John F. Enders, 1897-1985, (U.S.) virologist who helped  discover vaccines
 against polio, measles, and mumps.

 Leonhard Euler, 1707-1783, (Swiss), mathematician,  physicist, authored
 first calculus book.

 Gabriel Fahrenheit, 1686-1736, (G.) physicist,  introduced Fahrenheit scale
 for thermometers.

 Michael Faraday, 1791-1867, (Br.) chemist, physicist,  known for work in
 field of electricity.

 Pierre de Fermat, 1601-1665, (F.) mathematician,  discovered analytic
 geometry, founded modern theory of numbers  and calculus of probabilities.

 Enrico Fermi, 1901-1954, (It.) physicist, one of chief  architects of the
 nuclear age.

 Galileo Ferraris, 1847-1897, (It.) physicist, electrical  engineer,
 discovered principle of rotary magnetic field.

 Richard Feynman, 1918-1988, (U.S.) a leading theoretical  physicist of the
 postwar generation.

 Camille Flammarion, 1842-1925, (F.) astronomer,  popularized study of
 astronomy.

 Alexander Fleming, 1881-1955, (Br.) bacteriologist,  discovered penicillin.

 Jean B.J. Fourier, 1768-1830, (F.) mathematician,  discovered theorem
 governing periodic oscillation.

 James Franck, 1882-1964, (G.) physicist, proved value of  quantum theory.

 Sigmund Freud, 1856-1939, (Aus.) psychiatrist, founder  of psychoanalysis.

 Galileo Galilei, 1564-1642, (It.) astronomer, physicist,  a founder of the
 experimental method.

 Luigi Galvani, 1737-1798, (It.) physician, physicist,  known as founder of
 galvanism.

 Carl Friedrich Gauss, 1777-1855, (G.) mathematician,  astronomer, physicist,
 made important contributions to almost every field of physical science,
 founded a number of new fields.

 Joseph Gay-Lussac, 1778-1850, (F.) chemist, physicist,  investigated
 behavior of gases, discovered law of combining  volumes.

 Josiah W. Gibbs, 1839-1903, (U.S.) theoretical  physicist, chemist, founded
 chemical thermodynamics.

 Robert H. Goddard, 1882-1945 (U.S.) physicist, father of modern  rocketry.

 George W. Goethals, 1858-1928, (U.S.) army engineer,  built the Panama
 Canal.

 William C. Gorgas, 1854-1920, (U.S.) sanitarian, U.S.  army surgeon-general,
 his work to prevent yellow fever, malaria  helped insure construction of
 Panama Canal.

 Ernest Haeckel, 1834-1919, (G.) zoologist, evolutionist,  a strong proponent
 of Darwin.

 Otto Hahn, 1879-1968, (G.) chemist, worked on atomic  fission.

 J.B.S. Haldane, 1892-1964, (Sc.) scientist, known for  work as geneticist
 and application of mathematics to science.

 James Hall, 1761-1832, (Br.) geologist, chemist, founded  experimental
 geology, geochemistry.

 Edmund Halley, 1656-1742, (Br.) astronomer, calculated  the orbits of many
 planets.

 William Harvey, 1578-1657, (Br.) physician, anatomist,  discovered
 circulation of the blood.

 Hermann v. Helmholtz, 1821-1894, (G.) physicist,  anatomist, physiologist,
 made fundamental contributions to  physiology, optics, electrodynamics,
 mathematics, meteorology,

 William Herschel, 1738-1822, (Br.) astronomer,  discovered Uranus.

 Heinrich Hertz, 1857-1894, (G.) physicist, his  discoveries led to wireless
 telegraphy.

 David Hilbert, 1862-1943, (G.) mathematician, formulated  first satisfactory
 set of axioms for modern Euclidean geometry.

 Edwin P. Hubble, 1889-1953, (U.S.) astronomer, produced  first observational
 evidence of expanding universe.

 Alexander v. Humboldt, 1769-1859, (G.) explorer,  naturalist, propagator of
 earth sciences, originated ecology,  geophysics.

 Julian Huxley, 1887-1975, (Br.) biologist, a gifted  exponent and
 philosopher of science.

 Edward Jenner, 1749-1823, (Br.) physician, discovered  vaccination.

 William Jenner, 1815-1898, (Br.) physician, pathological  anatomist.

 Frederic Joliot-Curie, 1900-1958, (F.) physicist, with  his wife continued
 work of Curies on radioactivity.

 Irene Joliot-Curie, 1897-1956, (F.) physicist, continued  work of Curies in
 radioactivity.

 James P. Joule, 1818-1889, (Br.) physicist, determined  relationship between
 heat and mechanical energy (conservation of  energy).

 Carl Jung, 1875-1961, (Sw.) psychiatrist, founder of  analytical psychology.


 Wm. Thomson Kelvin, 1824-1907, (Br.) mathematician,  physicist, known for
 work on heat and electricity.

 Sister Elizabeth Kenny, 1886-1952, (Austral.) nurse,  developed method of
 treatment for polio.

 Johannes Kepler, 1571-1630, (G.) astronomer, discovered  important laws of
 planetary motion.

 Joseph Lagrange, 1736-1813, (F.) geometer, astronomer,  worked in all fields
 of analysis, and number theory, and  analytical and celestial mechanics.

 Jean B. Lamarck, 1744-1829, (F.) naturalist, forerunner  of Darwin in
 evolutionary theory.

 Irving Langmuir, 1881-1957, (U.S.) physical chemist, his  studies of
 molecular films on solid and liquid surfaces opened  new fields in colloid
 research and biochemistry.

 Pierre S. Laplace, 1749-1827, (F.) astronomer,  physicist, put forth nebular
 hypothesis of origin of solar  system.

 Antoine Lavoisier, 1743-1794, (F.) chemist, founder of  modern chemistry.

 Ernest O. Lawrence, 1901-1958, (U.S.) physicist,  invented the cyclotron.

 Louis Leakey, 1903-1972, (Br.) anthropologist,  discovered important
 fossils, remains of early hominids.

 Anton van Leeuwenhoek, 1632-1723, (Du.) microscopist,  father of
 microbiology.

 Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, 1646-1716, (G.)  mathematician, developed
 theories of differential and integral  calculus.

 Justus von Liebig, 1803-1873, (G.) chemist, established  quantitative
 organic chemical analysis.

 Joseph Lister, 1827-1912, (Br.) pioneer of antiseptic  surgery.

 Percival Lowell, 1855-1916, (U.S.) astronomer, predicted  the existence of
 Pluto.

 Guglielmo Marconi, 1874-1937, (It.) physicist, known for  his development of
 wireless telegraphy.

 James Clerk Maxwell, 1831-1879, (Sc.) physicist, known  especially for his
 work in electricity and magnetism.

 Maria Goeppert Mayer, 1906-1972, (G.-U.S.) physicist,  independently
 developed theory of structure of atomic nuclei.

 Lise Meitner, 1878-1968, (Aus.) physicist whose work  contributed to the
 development of the atomic bomb.

 Gregor J. Mendel, 1822-1884, (Aus.) botanist, known for  his experimental
 work on heredity.

 Franz Mesmer, 1734-1815, (G.) physician, developed  theory of animal
 magnetism.

 Albert A. Michelson, 1852-1931, (U.S.) physicist,  established speed of
 light as a fundamental constant.

 Robert A. Millikan, 1868-1953, (U.S.) physicist, noted  for study of
 elementary electronic charge and photoelectric  effect.

 Thomas Hunt Morgan, 1866-1945, (U.S.) geneticist,  embryologist, established
 chromosome theory of heredity.

 Isaac Newton, 1642-1727, (Br.) natural philosopher,  mathematician,
 discovered law of gravitation, laws of motion.

 J. Robert Oppenheimer, 1904-1967, (U.S.) physicist,  director of Los Alamos
 during development of the atomic bomb.

 Wilhelm Ostwald, 1853-1932, (G.) physical chemist,  philosopher, chief
 founder of physical chemistry.

 Louis Pasteur, 1822-1895, (F.) chemist, originated  process of
 pasteurization.

 Max Planck, 1858-1947, (G.) physicist, originated and  developed quantum
 theory.

 Henri Poincare, 1854-1912, (F.) mathematician,  physicist, influenced
 cosmology, relativity, and topology.

 Joseph Priestley, 1733-1804, (Br.) chemist, one of the  discoverers of
 oxygen.

 Rabi, Isidor Isaac, 1899-1988 (U.S.) physicist, pioneered atom  exploration.


 Walter S. Reed, 1851-1902, (U.S.) army pathologist,  bacteriologist, proved
 mosquitos transmit yellow fever.

 Bernhard Riemann, 1826-1866, (G.) mathematician,  contributed to development
 of calculus, complex variable theory,  and mathematical physics.

 Wilhelm Roentgen, 1845-1923, (G.) physicist, discovered  X-rays.

 Bertrand Russell, 1872-1970, (Br.) logician,  philosopher, one of the
 founders of modern logic, wrote  Principia Mathematica.

 Ernest Rutherford, 1871-1937, (Br.) physicist,  discovered the atomic
 nucleus.

 Giovanni Schiaparelli, 1835-1910, (It.) astronomer,  hypothesized canals on
 the surface of Mars.

 Angelo Secchi, 1818-1878, (It.) astronomer, pioneer in  classifying stars by
 their spectra.

 Harlow Shapley, 1885-1972, (U.S.) astronomer, noted for  his studies of the
 galaxy.

 Charles P. Steinmetz, 1865-1923, (G.-U.S.) electrical  engineer, developed
 basic ideas on alternating current systems.

 Leo Szilard, 1898-1964, (Hung.-U.S.) physicist, helped create  first
 sustained nuclear reaction.

 Nikola Tesla, 1856-1943, (Croatia-U.S.) electrical engineer,  contributed to
 most developments in electronics.

 Rudolf Virchow, 1821-1902, (G.) pathologist, a founder  of cellular
 pathology.

 Alessandro Volta, 1745-1827, (It.) physicist, pioneer in  electricity.

 Alfred Russell Wallace, 1823-1913, (Br.) naturalist,  proposed concept of
 evolution similar to Darwin.

 August v. Wasserman, 1866-1925, (G.) bacteriologist,  discovered reaction
 used as test for syphilis.

 James E. Watt, 1736-1819, (Sc.) mechanical engineer,  inventor, invented
 modern steam condensing engine.

 Alfred L. Wegener, 1880-1930, (G.) meteorologist,  geophysicist, postulated
 theory of continental drift.

 Norbert Wiener, 1894-1964, (U.S.) mathematician, founder  of the science of
 cybernetics.

 Sewall Wright, 1890-1988 (U.S.) a leading evolutionary  theorist.

 Ferdinand v. Zeppelin, 1838-1917 (G.) soldier, aeronaut,  airship designer.


   Noted Business Leaders, Industrialists, and Philanthropistsof the Past

 Elizabeth Arden (F.N. Graham), 1884-1966, (U.S.)  Canadian-born
 businesswoman founded and headed cosmetics empire.

 Philip D. Armour, 1832-1901, (U.S.) industrialist,  streamlined meat
 packing.

 John Jacob Astor, 1763-1848, (U.S.) German-born fur  trader, banker, real
 estate magnate; at death, richest in U.S.

 Francis W. Ayer, 1848-1923, (U.S.) ad industry pioneer.

 August Belmont, 1816-1890, (U.S.) German-born financier.

 James B. (Diamond Jim) Brady, 1856-1917, (U.S.)  financier, philanthropist,
 legendary bon vivant.

 Adolphus Busch, 1839-1913, (U.S.) German-born  businessman, established
 brewery empire.

 Asa Candler, 1851-1929, (U.S.) founded Coca-Cola Co.

 Andrew Carnegie, 1835-1919, (U.S.) Scots-born  industrialist, founded U.S.
 Steel; financed over 2,800  libraries.

 William Colgate, 1783-1857, (U.S.) British-born  businessman,
 philanthropist; founded soap-making empire.

 Jay Cooke, 1821-1905, (U.S.) financier, sold $1  billion in Union bonds
 during Civil War.

 Peter Cooper, 1791-1883, (U.S.) industrialist, inventor,  philanthropist.

 Ezra Cornell, 1807-1874, (U.S.) businessman,  philanthropist; headed Western
 Union, established univ.

 Erastus Corning, 1794-1872, (U.S.) financier, headed  N.Y. Central.

 Charles Crocker, 1822-1888, (U.S.) railroad builder,  financier.

 Samuel Cunard, 1787-1865, (Can.) pioneered  trans-Atlantic steam navigation.


 Marcus Daly, 1841-1900, (U.S.) Irish-born copper  magnate.

 Walt Disney, 1901-1966, (U.S.) pioneer in cinema  animation, built
 entertainment empire.

 Herbert H. Dow, 1866-1930, (U.S.) Canadian-born founder  of chemical co.

 James Duke, 1856-1925, (U.S.) founded American Tobacco,  Duke Univ.

 Eleuthere I. du Pont, 1771-1834, (U.S.) French-born  gunpowder manufacturer;
 founded one of world's largest  business empires.

 Thomas C. Durant, 1820-1885, (U.S.) railroad official,  financier.

 William C. Durant, 1861-1947, (U.S.) industrialist,  formed General Motors.

 George Eastman, 1854-1932, (U.S.) inventor, manufacturer  of photographic
 equipment.

 Marshall Field, 1834-1906, (U.S.) merchant, founded  Chicago's largest
 department store.

 Harvey Firestone, 1868-1938, (U.S.) industrialist,  founded tire co.

 Henry M. Flagler, 1830-1913, (U.S.) financier, helped  form Standard Oil;
 developed Florida as resort state.

 Malcolm Forbes, 1919-1990, (U.S.) publisher of Fortune  magazine.

 Henry Ford, 1863-1947, (U.S.) auto maker, developed  first popular
 low-priced car.

 Henry Ford 2d, 1917-1987, (U.S.) headed auto company founded by
 grandfather.

 Henry C. Frick, 1849-1919, (U.S.) industrialist, helped  organize U.S.
 Steel.

 Jakob Fugger (Jakob the Rich), 1459-1525, (G.) headed leading banking house,
 trading concern, in 16th-century Europe.

 Alfred C. Fuller, 1885-1973, (U.S.) Canadian-born  businessman, founded
 brush co.

 Elbert H. Gary, 1846-1927, (U.S.) U.S. Steel head,  1903-27.

 Amadeo P. Giannini, 1870-1949, (U.S.) founded Bank of  America.

 Stephen Girard, 1750-1831, (U.S.) French-born financier,  philanthropist;
 richest man in U.S. at his death.

 Jean Paul Getty, 1892-1976, (U.S.) founded oil empire.

 Jay Gould, 1836-1892, (U.S.) railroad magnate,  financier, speculator.

 Hetty Green, 1834-1916, (U.S.) financier, the "witch  of Wall St."; richest
 woman in U.S in her day.

 William Gregg, 1800-1867, (U.S.) launched textile  industry in the South.

 Meyer Guggenheim, 1828-1905, (U.S.) Swiss-born merchant,  philanthropist;
 built merchandising, mining empires.

 Edward H. Harriman, 1848-1909, (U.S.) railroad  financier, administrator;
 headed Union Pacific.

 William Randolph Hearst, 1863-1951, (U.S.) a dominant  figure in American
 journalism; built vast publishing empire.

 Henry J. Heinz, 1844-1919, (U.S.) founded food empire.

 James J. Hill, 1838-1916, (U.S.) Canadian-born railroad  magnate, financier;
 founded Great Northern Railway.

 Conrad N. Hilton, 1888-1979, (U.S.) intl. hotel chain  founder.

 Howard Hughes, 1905-1976, (U.S.) industrialist,  financier, movie maker.

 H.L. Hunt, 1889-1974, (U.S.) oil magnate.

 Collis P. Huntington, 1821-1900, (U.S.) railroad  magnate.

 Henry E. Huntington, 1850-1927, (U.S.) railroad builder,  philanthropist.

 Walter L. Jacobs, 1898-1985, (U.S.) founder of the first rental  car agency,
 which later became Hertz.

 Howard Johnson, 1896-1972, (U.S.) founded restaurant  chain.

 Henry J. Kaiser, 1882-1967, (U.S.) industrialist, built  empire in steel,
 aluminum.

 Minor C. Keith, 1848-1929, (U.S.) railroad magnate;  founded United Fruit
 Co.

 Will K. Kellogg, 1860-1951, (U.S.) businessman,  philanthropist, founded
 breakfast food co.

 Richard King, 1825-1885, (U.S.) cattleman, founded  half-million acre King
 Ranch in Texas.

 William S. Knudsen, 1879-1948, (U.S.) Danish-born auto  industry executive.

 Samuel H. Kress, 1863-1955, (U.S.) businessman, art  collector,
 philanthropist; founded "dime store" chain.

 Ray A. Kroc, 1902-1984, (U.S.) builder of McDonald's fast  food empire;
 owner, San Diego Padres baseball team.

 Alfred Krupp, 1812-1887, (G.) armaments magnate.

 Albert Lasker, 1880-1952, (U.S.) businessman,  philanthropist.

 Thomas Lipton, 1850-1931, (Scot.) merchant, built tea  empire.

 James McGill, 1744-1813, (Can.) Scots-born fur trader,  founded univ.

 Andrew W. Mellon, 1855-1937, (U.S.) financier,  industrialist; benefactor of
 National Gallery of Art.

 Charles E. Merrill, 1885-1956, (U.S.) financier,  developed firm of Merrill
 Lynch.

 John Pierpont Morgan, 1837-1913, (U.S.) most powerful  figure in finance and
 industry at the turn-of-the-century.

 Malcolm Muir, 1885-1979, (U.S.) created Business  Week magazine; headed
 Newsweek, 1937-61.

 Samuel Newhouse, 1895-1979, (U.S.) publishing and  broadcasting magnate,
 built communications empire.

 Aristotle Onassis, 1900-1975, (Gr.) shipping magnate.  George Peabody,

 1795-1869, (U.S.) merchant, financier, philanthropist.

 James C. Penney, 1875-1971, (U.S.) businessman,  developed department store
 chain.

 William C. Procter, 1862-1934, (U.S.) headed soap co.

 John D. Rockefeller, 1839-1937, (U.S.) industrialist,  established Standard
 Oil; became world's wealthiest person.

 John D. Rockefeller Jr., 1874-1960, (U.S.)  philanthropist, established
 foundation; provided land for United  Nations.

 Meyer A. Rothschild, 1743-1812, (G.) founded  international banking house.

 Thomas Fortune Ryan, 1851-1928, (U.S.) financier,  dominated N.Y. City
 public transportation; helped found American  Tobacco.

 Russell Sage, 1816-1906, (U.S.) financier.

 David Sarnoff, 1891-1971, (U.S.) broadcasting pioneer,  established first
 radio network, NBC.

 Richard W. Sears, 1863-1914, (U.S.) founded mail-order  co.

 (Ernst) Werner von Siemens, 1816-1892, (G.)  industrialist, inventor.

 Alfred P. Sloan, 1875-1966, (U.S.) industrialist,  philanthropist; headed
 General Motors.

 A. Leland Stanford, 1824-1893, (U.S.) railroad official,  philanthropist;
 founded univ.

 Nathan Strauss, 1848-1931, (U.S.) German-born merchant,  philanthropist;
 headed Macy's.

 Levi Strauss, c.1829-1902, (U.S.) pants manufacturer.

 Clement Studebaker, 1831-1901, (U.S.) wagon, carriage  manufacturer.

 Gustavus Swift, 1839-1903, (U.S.) pioneer meat-packer;  promoted
 refrigerated railroad cars.

 Gerard Swope, 1872-1957, (U.S.) industrialist,  economist; headed General
 Electric.

 James Walter Thompson, 1847-1928, (U.S.) ad executive.

 Theodore N. Vail, 1845-1920, (U.S.) organized Bell  Telephone system, headed
 ATT.

 Cornelius Vanderbilt, 1794-1877, (U.S.) financier,  established steamship,
 railroad empires.

 Henry Villard, 1835-1900, (U.S.) German-born railroad  executive, financier.


 Charles R. Walgreen, 1873-1939, (U.S.) founded drugstore  chain.

 DeWitt Wallace, 1890-1981, (U.S.) and Lila Wallace,  1890-1984, (U.S.)
 co-founders of Reader's Digest magazine,  philanthropists.

 John Wanamaker, 1838-1922, (U.S.) pioneered  department-store merchandising.


 Aaron Montgomery Ward, 1843-1913, (U.S.) established  first mail-order firm.


 Thomas J. Watson, 1874-1956, (U.S.) headed IBM, 1924-49.

 John Hay Whitney, 1905-1982, (U.S.) publisher,  sportsman, philanthropist.

 Charles E. Wilson, 1890-1961, (U.S.) auto industry  executive; public
 official.

 Frank W. Woolworth, 1852-1919, (U.S.) created 5 & 10  chain.

 William Wrigley Jr., 1861-1932, (U.S.) founded chewing gum co.


                       Composers of the Western World

 Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach, 1714-1788, (G.) Prussian and  Wurtembergian
 Sonatas.

 Johann Christian Bach, 1735-1782, (G.) Concertos;  sonatas.

 Johann Sebastian Bach, 1685-1750, (G.) St. Matthew  Passion, The
 Well-Tempered Clavichord.

 Samuel Barber, 1910-1981, (U.S.) Adagio for Strings,  Vanessa.

 Bela Bartok, 1881-1945, (Hung.) Concerto for Orchestra,  The Miraculous
 Mandarin.

 Ludwig Van Beethoven, 1770-1827, (G.) Concertos  (Emperor); sonatas
 (Moonlight, Pastorale, Pathetique);  symphonies (Eroica).

 Vincenzo Bellini, 1801-1835, (It.) La Sonnambula, Norma,  I Puritani.

 Alban Berg, 1885-1935, (Aus.) Wozzeck, Lulu.

 Hector Berlioz, 1803-1869, (F.) Damnation of Faust,  Symphonie Fantastique,
 Requiem.

 Leonard Bernstein, b. 1918, (U.S.) Jeremiah, West Side  Story.

 Georges Bizet, 1838-1875, (F.) Carmen, Pearl Fishers.

 Ernest Bloch, 1880-1959, (Swiss) Schelomo, Voice in the  Wilderness, Sacred
 Service.

 Luigi Boccherini, 1743-1805, (It.) Cello Concerto in B  Flat, Symphony in C.


 Alexander Borodin, 1833-1887, (R.) Prince Igor, In the  Steppes of Central
 Asia.

 Johannes Brahms, 1833-1897, (G.) Liebeslieder Waltzes,  Rhapsody in E Flat
 Major, Opus 119 for Piano, Academic Festival  Overture; symphonies;
 quartets.

 Benjamin Britten, 1913-1976, (Br.) Peter Grimes, Turn of  the Screw,
 Ceremony of Carols, War Requiem.

 Anton Bruckner, 1824-1896, (Aus.) Symphonies (Romantic),  Intermezzo for
 String Quintet.

 Ferruccio Busoni, 1866-1924, (It.) Doctor Faust, Comedy  Overture.

 Dietrich Buxtehude, 1637-1707, (D.) Cantatas, trio  sonatas.

 William Byrd, 1543-1623, (Br.) Masses, sacred songs.

 (Alexis-) Emmanuel Chabrier, 1841-1894, (Fr.) Le Roi Malgre  Lui, Espana.

 Gustave Charpentier, 1860-1956, (F.) Louise.

 Frederic Chopin, 1810-1849, (P.) Polonaises, mazurkas, waltzes,  etudes,
 nocturnes. Polonaise No. 6 in A Flat Major (Heroic); sonatas.

 Aaron Copland, b. 1900, (U.S.) Appalachian Spring.

 (Achille-) Claude Debussy, 1862-1918, (F.) Pelleas et  Melisande, La Mer,
 Prelude to the Afternoon of a Faun.

 C.P. Leo Delibes, 1836-1891, (F.) Lakme, Coppelia,  Sylvia.

 Norman Dello Joio, b. 1913, (U.S.), Triumph of St. Joan,  Psalm of David.

 Gaetano Donizetti, 1797-1848, (It.) Elixir of Love,

 Lucia Di Lammermoor, Daughter of the Regiment.

 Paul Dukas, 1865-1935, (Fr.) Sorcerer's Apprentice.

 Antonin Dvorak, 1841-1904, (C.) Symphony in E Minor  (From the New World).

 Edward Elgar, 1857-1934, (Br.) Pomp and Circumstance.

 Manuel de Falla, 1876-1946, (Sp.) La Vide Breve, El Amor  Brujo.

 Gabriel Faure, 1845-1924, (Fr.) Requiem, Ballade.

 Friedrich von Flotow, 1812-1883, (G.) Martha.

 Cesar Franck, 1822-1890, (Belg.) D Minor Symphony.

 George Gershwin, 1898-1937, (U.S.) Rhapsody in Blue,  American in Paris,
 Porgy and Bess.

 Umberto Giordano, 1867-1948, (It.) Andrea Chenier.

 Alexander K. Glazunoff, 1865-1936, (R.) Symphonies, Stenka  Razin.

 Mikhail Glinka, 1804-1857, (R.) Ruslan and Ludmilla.

 Christoph W. Gluck, 1714-1787, (G.) Alceste, Iphigenie  en Tauride.

 Charles Gounod, 1818-1893, (F.) Faust, Romeo and Juliet.

 Edvard Grieg, 1843-1907, (Nor.) Peer Gynt Suite,  Concerto in A Minor.

 George Frederick Handel, 1685-1759, (G., Br.) Messiah,  Xerxes, Berenice.

 Howard Hanson, 1896-1981, (U.S.) Symphonies No. 1  (Nordic) and 2
 (Romantic).

 Roy Harris, 1898-1979, (U.S.) Symphonies, Amer.  Portraits.

 Joseph Haydn, 1732-1809, (Aus.) Symphonies (Clock);  oratorios; chamber
 music.

 Paul Hindemith, 1895-1963, (U.S.) Mathis Der Maler.

 Gustav Holst, 1874-1934, (Br.) The Planets.

 Arthur Honegger, 1892-1955, (Swiss) Judith, Le Roi  David, Pacific 231.

 Alan Hovhaness, b. 1911, (U.S.) Symphonies, Magnificat.

 Engelbert Humperdinck, 1854-1921, (G.) Hansel and  Gretel.

 Charles Ives, 1874-1954, (U.S.) Third Symphony.

 Aram Khachaturian, 1903-1978, (Armen.) Gayane (ballet),  symphonies.

 Zoltan Kodaly, 1882-1967, (Hung.) Hary Janos, Psalmus  Hungaricus.

 Fritz Kreisler, 1875-1962, (Aus.) Caprice Viennois,  Tambourin Chinois.

 Rodolphe Kreutzer, 1766-1831, (F.) 40 etudes for violin.

 Edouard V.A. Lalo, 1823-1892, (F.) Symphonie Espagnole.

 Ruggiero Leoncavallo, 1857-1919, (It.) Pagliacci.

 Franz Liszt, 1811-1886, (Hung.) 20 Hungarian rhapsodies;  symphonic poems.

 Edward MacDowell, 1861-1908, (U.S.) To a Wild Rose.

 Gustav Mahler, 1860-1911, (Aus.) Lied von der Erde.

 Pietro Mascagni, 1863-1945, (It.) Cavalleria Rusticana.

 Jules Massenet, 1842-1912, (F.) Manon, Le Cid, Thais.

 Felix Mendelssohn, 1809-1847, (G.) Midsummer  Night's Dream, Songs Without
 Words.

 Gian-Carlo Menotti, b. 1911, (It.-U.S.) The Medium, The  Consul, Amahl and
 the Night Visitors.

 Giacomo Meyerbeer, 1791-1864, (G.) Robert le Diable, Les  Huguenots.

 Claudio Monteverdi, 1567-1643, (It.) Opera; masses;  madrigals.

 Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, 1756-1791, (Aus.) Magic Flute,  Marriage of Figaro;
 concertos; symphonies, etc.

 Modest Moussorgsky, 1835-1881, (R.) Boris Godunov,  Pictures at an
 Exhibition.

 Jacques Offenbach, 1819-1880, (F.) Tales of Hoffmann.

 Carl Orff, 1895-1982, (G.) Carmina Burana.

 Ignace Paderewski, 1860-1941, (P.) Minuet in G.

 Giovanni P. da Palestrina, c. 1525-1594, (It.) Masses;  madrigals.

 Amilcare Ponchielli, 1834-1886, (It.) La Gioconda.

 Francis Poulenc, 1899-1963, (F.) Dialogues des  Carmelites.

 Serge Prokofiev, 1891-1953, (R.) Love for Three Oranges,  Lt. Kije, Peter
 and the Wolf.

 Giacomo Puccini, 1858-1924, (It.) La Boheme, Manon  Lescaut, Tosca, Madame
 Butterfly.

 Sergei Rachmaninov, 1873-1943, (R.) 24 preludes, E concerti, 4  symphonies.
 Prelude in C Sharp Minor.

 Maurice Ravel, 1875-1937, (Fr.) Bolero, Daphnis et  Chloe, Rapsodie
 Espagnole.

 Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov, 1844-1908, (R.) Golden  Cockerel, Capriccio
 Espagnol, Scheherazade, Russian Easter  Overture.

 Gioacchino Rossini, 1792-1868, (It.) Barber of Seville,  Semiramide, William
 Tell.

 Chas. Camille Saint-Saens, 1835-1921, (F.) Samson and  Delilah, Danse
 Macabre.

 Alessandro Scarlatti, 1660-1725, (It.) Cantatas;  concertos.

 Domenico Scarlatti, 1685-1757, (It.) Harpsichord  sonatas.

 Arnold Schoenberg, 1874-1951, (Aus.) Pelleas and  Melisande, Transfigured
 Night, De Profundis.

 Franz Schubert, 1797-1828, (A.) Lieder; symphonies  (Unfinished); overtures
 (Rosamunde).

 William Schuman, b. 1910, (U.S.) Credendum, New England  Triptych.

 Robert Schumann, 1810-1856, (G.) Symphonies, songs.

 Aleksandr Scriabin, 1872-1915, (R.) Prometheus.

 Dimitri Shostakovich, 1906-1975, (R.) Symphonies, Lady  Macbeth of Mzensk,
 The Nose.

 Jean Sibelius, 1865-1957, (Finn.) Finlandia, Karelia.

 Bedrich Smetana, 1824-1884, (Cz.). The Bartered Bride.

 Karlheinz Stockhausen, b. 1928, (G.) Kontrapunkte,  Kontakte.

 Richard Strauss, 1864-1949, (G.) Salome, Elektra, Der  Rosenkavalier, Thus
 Spake Zarathustra.

 Igor F. Stravinsky, 1882-1971, (R.-U.S.) Oedipus Rex, Le  Sacre du
 Printemps, Petrushka.

 Peter I. Tchaikovsky, 1840-1893, (R.) Nutcracker Suite,  Swan Lake, Eugene
 Onegin.

 Ambroise Thomas, 1811-1896, (F.) Mignon.

 Virgil Thomson, b. 1896, (U.S.) Opera, ballet; Four  Saints in Three Acts.

 Ralph Vaughan Williams, 1872-1958, (Br.) Job, London  Symphony, Symphony No.
 7 (Antartica).

 Giuseppe Verdi, 1813-1901, (It.) Aida, Rigoletto, Don Carlo, II Trovatore,
 La Traviata, Falstaff, Macbeth.

 Heitor Villa-Lobos, 1887-1959, (Brazil) Choros.

 Antonio Vivaldi, 1678-1741, (It.) Concerti, The Four  Seasons.

 Richard Wagner, 1813-1883, (G.) Rienzi, Tannhauser,  Lohengrin, Tristan und
 Isolde.

 Carl Maria von Weber, 1786-1826, (G.) Der Freischutz.


            Composers of Operettas, Musicals, and Popular Music

 Richard Adler, b. 1921, (U.S.) Pajama Game; Damn  Yankees.

 Milton Ager, 1893-1979, (U.S.) I Wonder What's Become  of Sally; Hard
 Hearted Hannah; Ain't She Sweet?

 Leroy Anderson, 1908-1975, (U.S.) Syncopated Clock.

 Paul Anka, b. 1941, (Can.) My Way; She's a Lady; Tonight Show  theme.

 Harold Arlen, 1905-1986, (U.S.) Stormy Weather; Over the  Rainbow; Blues in
 the Night; That Old Black Magic.

 Burt Bacharach, b. 1928, (U.S.) Raindrops Keep Fallin' on My Head; Walk on
 By; What the World Needs Now is Love.

 Ernest Ball, 1878-1927, (U.S.) Mother Machree; When  Irish Eyes Are Smiling.


 Irving Berlin, 1888-1989 (U.S.) This is the Army;  Annie Get Your Gun; Call
 Me Madam; God Bless America; White  Christmas.

 Leonard Bernstein, b. 1918, (U.S.) On the Town; Wonderful  Town; Candide;
 West Side Story.

 Eubie Blake, 1883-1983, (U.S.) Shuffle Along; I'm  Just Wild about Harry.

 Jerry Bock, b. 1928, (U.S.) Mr. Wonderful; Fiorello;  Fiddler on the Roof;
 The Rothschilds.

 Carrie Jacobs Bond, 1862-1946, (U.S.) I Love You Truly.  Nacio Herb Brown,
 1896-1964, (U.S.) Singing in the Rain;  You Were Meant for Me; All I Do Is
 Dream of You.

 Hoagy Carmichael, 1899-1981, (U.S.) Stardust; Georgia  on My Mind; Old
 Buttermilk Sky.

 George M. Cohan, 1878-1942, (U.S.) Give My Regards to  Broadway; You're A
 Grand Old Flag; Over There.

 Cy Coleman, b. 1929, (U.S.) Sweet Charity; Witchcraft.

 Noel Coward, 1899-1973 (Br.) Bitter Sweet; Mad  Dogs and Englishmen; Mad
 About the Boy.

 Walter Donaldson, 1893-1947, (U.S.) My Buddy; Carolina  in the Morning;
 You're Driving Me Crazy; Makin' Whoopee.

 Neil Diamond, b. 1941, (U.S.) I'm a Believer; Sweet Caroline.

 Vernon Duke, 1903-1969, (U.S.) April in Paris.

 Bob Dylan, b. 1941, (U.S.) Blowin' in the Wind.

 Gus Edwards, 1879-1945, (U.S.) School Days; By the Light  of the Silvery
 Moon; In My Merry Oldsmobile.

 Sherman Edwards, 1919-1981, (U.S.) See You in September;  Wonderful!
 Wonderful!

 Duke Ellington, 1899-1974, (U.S.) Sophisticated Lady;  Satin  Doll; It Don't
 Mean a Thing; Solitude.

 Sammy Fain, b. 1902, I'll Be Seeing You; Love Is a  Many-Splendored Thing.

 Fred Fisher, 1875-1942, (U.S.) Peg O' My Heart;  Chicago.

 Stephen Collins Foster, 1826-1864, (U.S.) My Old  Kentucky Home; Old Folks
 At Home.

 Rudolf Friml, 1879-1972, (naturalized U.S.) The Firefly; Rose Marie;
 Vagabond King; Bird of Paradise.

 John Gay, 1685-1732, (Br.) The Beggar's Opera.

 George Gershwin, 1898-1937, (U.S.) Someone to Watch Over Me;  I've Got a
 Crush on You; Embraceable You.

 Ferde Grofe, 1892-1972, (U.S.) Grand Canyon Suite.

 Marvin Hamlisch, b. 1944, (U.S.) The Way We Were, Nobody Does  It Better, A
 Chorus Line.

 W. C. Handy, 1873-1958, (U.S.) St. Louis Blues.

 Ray Henderson, 1896-1970, (U.S.) George White's  Scandals; That Old Gang of
 Mine; Five Foot Two, Eyes of  Blue.

 Victor Herbert, 1859-1924, (Ir.-U.S.) Mlle. Modiste;  Babes in Toyland; The
 Red Mill; Naughty Marietta; Sweethearts.

 Jerry Herman, b. 1932, (U.S.) Hello Dolly; Mame.

 Brian Holland, b. 1941, Lamont Dozier, b. 1941, Eddie Holland, b. 1939, (all
 U.S.) Heat Wave; Stop! In the Name of Love; Baby, I Need Your Loving.

 Scott Joplin, 1868-1917, (U.S.) Treemonisha.

 John Kander, b. 1927, (U.S.) Cabaret; Chicago; Funny  Lady.

 Jerome Kern, 1885-1945, (U.S.) Sally; Sunny; Show  Boat.

 Carole King, b. 1942, (U.S.) Will You Love Me Tomorrow?;  Natural Woman; One
 Fine Day; Up on the Roof.

 Burton Lane, b. 1912, (U.S.) Finian's Rainbow.

 Franz Lehar, 1870-1948, (Hung.) Merry Widow.

 Jerry Leiber, & Mike Stoller, both b. 1933,  (both U.S.) Hound Dog;
 Searchin'; Yakety Yak; Love Me Tender.

 Mitch Leigh, b. 1928, (U.S.) Man of La Mancha.

 John Lennon, 1940-1980, & Paul McCartney, b. 1942, (both Br.)  I Want to
 Hold Your Hand; She Loves You; Hard Day's Night; Can't Buy  Me Love; And I
 Love Her.

 Frank Loesser, 1910-1969, (U.S.) Guys and Dolls; Where's Charley?; The Most
 Happy Fella; How to Succeed  . . .

 Frederick Loewe, 1901-1988, (Aust.-U.S.) The Day  Before Spring; Brigadoon;
 Paint Your Wagon; My Fair Lady;  Camelot.

 Henry Mancini, b. 1924, (U.S.) Moon River; Days of Wine  and Roses; Pink
 Panther Theme.

 Barry Mann, b. 1939, & Cynthia Weil, b. 1937, (both  U.S.) You've Lost That
 Loving Feeling, Saturday Night at the Movies.

 Jimmy McHugh, 1894-1969 (U.S.) Don't Blame Me; I'm in the Mood  for Love; I
 Feel a Song Coming On.

 Joseph Meyer, 1894-1987, (U.S.) If You Knew Susie;  California, Here I Come;
 Crazy Rhythm.

 Chauncey Olcott, 1860-1932, (U.S.) Mother Machree.

 Cole Porter, 1893-1964, (U.S.) Anything Goes;  Kiss Me Kate; Can Can; Silk
 Stockings.

 Richard Rodgers, 1902-1979, (U.S.) Connecticut Yankee;  Oklahoma!; Carousel;
 South Pacific; The King and I; The Sound of Music.

 Smokey Robinson, b. 1940, (U.S.) Shop Around; My Guy; My  Girl; Get Ready.

 Sigmund Romberg, 1887-1951, (Hung.) Maytime; The  Student Prince; Desert
 Song; Blossom Time.

 Harold Rome, b. 1908, (U.S.) Pins and Needles; Call  Me Mister; Wish You
 Were Here; Fanny; Destry Rides Again.

 Vincent Rose, b. 1880-1944, (U.S.) Avalon; Whispering;  Blueberry Hill.

 Harry Ruby, 1895-1974, (U.S.) Three Little Words; Who's Sorry Now?

 Arthur Schwartz, 1900-1984, (U.S.) The Band Wagon;  Dancing in the Dark; By
 Myself; That's Entertainment.

 Neil Sedaka, b. 1939, (U.S.) Breaking Up Is Hard to Do.

 Paul Simon, b. 1942, (U.S.) Sounds of Silence; I Am a Rock;  Mrs. Robinson;
 Bridge Over Troubled Waters.

 Stephen Sondheim, b. 1930, (U.S.) A Little Night  Music; Company; Sweeney
 Todd; Sunday in the Park with George.

 John Philip Sousa. 1854-1932, (U.S.) El Capitan;  Stars and Stripes Forever.


 Oskar Straus, 1870-1954, (Aus.) Chocolate Soldier.

 Johann Strauss, 1825-1899, (Aus.) Gypsy Baron; Die  Fledermaus; waltzes:
 Blue Danube, Artist's Life.

 Charles Strouse, b. 1928, (U.S.) Bye Bye, Birdie;  Annie.

 Jule Styne, b. 1905, (b. Br.-U.S.) Gentlemen  Prefer Blondes; Bells Are
 Ringing; Gypsy; Funny Girl.

 Arthur S. Sullivan, 1842-1900, (Br.) H.M.S.  Pinafore, Pirates of Penzance;
 The Mikado.

 Deems Taylor, 1885-1966, (U.S.) Peter Ibbetson.

 Egbert van Alstyne, 1882-1951, (U.S.) In the Shade of  the Old Apple Tree;
 Memories; Pretty Baby.

 Jimmy Van Heusen, 1913-1990, (U.S.) Moonlight Becomes You;  Swinging on a
 Star; All the Way; Love and Marriage.

 Albert von Tilzer, 1878-1956, (U.S.) I'll Be With You  in Apple Blossom
 Time; Take Me Out to the Ball Game.

 Harry von Tilzer, 1872-1946, (U.S.) Only a Bird in a  Gilded Cage; On a
 Sunday Afternoon.

 Fats Waller, 1904-1943, (U.S.) Honeysuckle Rose; Ain't  Misbehavin'.

 Harry Warren, 1893-1981, (U.S.) You're My Everything;  We're in the Money; I
 Only Have Eyes for You.

 Jimmy Webb, b. 1946, (U.S.) Up, Up and Away; By the Time I Get  to Phoenix;
 Didn't We?; Wichita Lineman.

 Andrew Lloyd Webber, b. 1948, (Br.) Jesus Christ  Superstar, Evita, Cats,
 The Phantom of the Opera.

 Kurt Weill, 1900-1950, (G.-U.S.) Threepenny Opera;  Lady in the Dark;
 Knickerbocker Holiday; One Touch of Venus.

 Percy Wenrich, 1887-1952, (U.S.) When You Wore a Tulip;  Moonlight Bay; Put
 On Your Old Gray Bonnet.

 Richard A. Whiting, 1891-1938, (U.S.) Till We Meet  Again; Sleepytime Gal;
 Beyond the Blue Horizon; My Ideal.

 John Williams, b. 1932, (U.S.) Jaws, E.T., Star Wars  series, Raiders of the
 Lost Ark series.

 Meredith Willson, 1902-1984, (U.S.) The Music Man.

 Stevie Wonder, b. 1950, (U.S.) You Are the Sunshine of My  Life; Signed,
 Sealed, Delivered, I'm Yours.

 Vincent Youmans, 1898-1946, (U.S.) Two Little Girls  in Blue; Wildflower;
 No, No, Nanette; Hit the Deck; Rainbow;  Smiles.


                                 Lyricists

 Johnny Burke, 1908-1984, (U.S.) What's New?; Misty;  Imagination; Polka Dots
 and Moonbeams.

 Sammy Cahn, b. 1913, (U.S.) High Hopes; Love and  Marriage; The Second Time
 Around; It's Magic.

 Betty Comden, b. 1919 (U.S.) and Adolph Green,  b. 1915 (U.S.) The Party's
 Over; Just in Time; New York, New  York.

 Hal David, b. 1921 (U.S.) What the World Needs Now Is  Love; Close to You.

 Buddy De Sylva, 1895-1950, (U.S.) When Day is Done;  Look for the Silver
 Lining; April Showers.

 Howard Dietz, 1896-1983, (U.S.) Dancing in the Dark; You  and the Night and
 the Music; That's Entertainment.

 Al Dubin, 1891-1945, (U.S.) Tiptoe Through the Tulips;  Anniversary Waltz;
 Lullaby of Broadway.

 Fred Ebb, b. 1936 (U.S.) Cabaret, Zorba, Woman of the Year.

 Dorothy Fields, 1905-1974, (U.S.) On the Sunny Side of  the Street; Don't
 Blame Me; The Way You Look Tonight.

 Ira Gershwin, 1896-1983, (U.S.) The Man I Love;  Fascinating Rhythm;
 S'Wonderful; Embraceable You.

 William S. Gilbert, 1836-1911, (Br.) The Mikado; H.M.S.  Pinafore, Pirates
 of Penzance.

 Gerry Goffin, b. 1939, (U.S.) Will You Love Me Tomorrow, Take  Good Care of
 My Baby, Up on the Roof, One Fine Day.

 Mack Gordon, 1905-1959, (Pol.-U.S.) You'll Never Know; The  More I See You;
 Chattanooga Choo-Choo; You Make Me Feel So  Young.

 Oscar Hammerstein II, 1895-1960, (U.S.) Ol' Man  River; Oklahoma; Carousel.

 E. Y. (Yip) Harburg, 1898-1981, (U.S.) Brother, Can You  Spare a Dime; April
 in Paris; Over the Rainbow.

 Lorenz Hart, 1895-1943, (U.S.) Isn't It  Romantic; Blue Moon; Lover;
 Manhattan; My Funny Valentine; Mountain  Greenery.

 DuBose Heyward, 1885-1940, (U.S.) Summertime; A Woman Is  A Sometime Thing.

 Gus Kahn, 1886-1941, (U.S.) Memories; Ain't We Got  Fun.

 Alan J. Lerner, 1918-1986, (U.S.) Brigadoon; My Fair Lady;  Camelot; Gigi.;
 On a Clear Day You Can See Forever.

 Johnny Mercer, 1909-1976, (U.S.) Blues in the Night;  Come Rain or Come
 Shine; Laura; That Old Black Magic.

 Bob Merrill, b. 1921, (U.S.) People; Don't Rain on My Parade.

 Jack Norworth, 1879-1959, (U.S.) Take Me Out to the Ball  Game; Shine On
 Harvest Moon.

 Mitchell Parish, b. 1901, (U.S.) Stairway to the Stars;  Stardust.

 Andy Razaf, 1895-1973, (U.S.) Honeysuckle Rose, Ain't  Misbehavin',
 S'posin'.

 Leo Robin, 1900-1984, (U.S.) Thanks for the Memory;  Hooray for Love;
 Diamonds are a Girl's Best Friend.

 Paul Francis Webster, b. 1907, (U.S.) I Got It Bad and That  Ain't Good,
 Secret Love, The Shadow of Your Smile, Love Is a  Many-Splendored Thing.

 Jack Yellen, b. 1892, (U.S.) Down by the O-Hi-O; Ain't  She Sweet; Happy
 Days Are Here Again.


                            Noted Jazz Artists

 Jazz has been called America's only completely unique  contribution to
 Western culture. The following individuals have  made major contributions in
 this field:

 Julian "Cannonball" Adderley, 1928-1975: alto  sax.

 Louis "Satchmo" Armstrong, 1900-1971: trumpet,  singer; originated the
 "scat" vocal.

 Mildred Bailey, 1907-1951: blues singer.

 Chet Baker, 1929-1988: trumpet.

 Count Basie, 1904-1984: orchestra leader, piano.

 Sidney Bechet, 1897-1959: early innovator, soprano  sax.

 Bix Beiderbecke, 1903-1931: cornet, piano, composer.

 Bunny Berrigan, 1909-1942: trumpet, singer.

 Barney Bigard, 1906-1980: clarinet.

 Art Blakey, b. 1919: drums, leader.

 Jimmy Blanton, 1921-1942: bass.

 Charles "Buddy" Bolden, 1868-1931: cornet;  formed the first jazz band in
 the 1890s.

 Big Bill Broonzy, 1893-1958: blues singer, guitar.

 Clifford Brown, 1930-1956: trumpet.

 Ray Brown, b. 1926: bass.

 Dave Brubeck, b. 1920: piano, combo leader.

 Don Byas, 1912-1972: tenor sax.

 Harry Carney, 1910-1974: baritone sax.

 Benny Carter, b. 1907: alto sax, trumpet, clarinet.

 Ron Carter, b. 1937: bass, cello.

 Sidney Catlett, 1910-1951: drums.

 Charlie Christian, 1919-1942: guitar.

 Kenny Clarke, 1914-1985: pioneer of modern drums.

 Buck Clayton, b. 1911: trumpet, arranger.

 Al Cohn, 1925-1988: tenor sax, composer.

 Cozy Cole, 1909-1981: drums.

 Ornette Coleman, b. 1930: saxophone; unorthodox style.

 John Coltrane, 1926-1967: tenor sax innovator.

 Eddie Condon, 1904-1973: guitar, band leader; promoter of Dixieland.

 Chick Corea, b. 1941: pianist, composer.

 Tadd Dameron, 1917-1965: piano, composer.

 Eddie "Lockjaw" Davis, 1921-1986: tenor sax.

 Miles Davis, b. 1926: trumpet; pioneer of cool jazz.

 Wild Bill Davison, b. 1906: cornet, leader; prominent in early Chicago jazz.


 Buddy De Franco, b. 1933: clarinet.

 Paul Desmond, 1924-1977: alto sax.

 Vic Dickenson, 1906-1984: trombone, composer.

 Warren "Baby" Dodds, 1898-1959: Dixieland drummer.

 Johnny Dodds, 1892-1940: clarinet.

 Eric Dolphy, 1928-1964: alto sax, composer.

 Jimmy Dorsey, 1904-1957: clarinet, alto sax; band leader.

 Tommy Dorsey, 1905-1956: trombone; band leader.

 Roy Eldridge, 1911-1989: trumpet, drums, singer.

 Duke Ellington, 1899-1974: piano, band leader, composer.

 Bill Evans, 1929-1980: piano.

 Gil Evans, 1912-1988: composer, arranger, piano.

 Ella Fitzgerald, b. 1918: singer.

 "Red" Garland, 1923-1984; piano.

 Erroll Garner, 1921-1977: piano, composer, "Misty."

 Stan Getz, b. 1927: tenor sax.

 Dizzy Gillespie, b. 1917: trumpet, composer; bop developer.

 Benny Goodman, 1909-1986: clarinet, band and combo leader.

 Dexter Gordon, 1923-1990: tenor sax; bop-derived style.

 Stephane Grappelli, b. 1908: violin.

 Bobby Hackett, 1915-1976: trumpet, cornet.

 Lionel Hampton, b. 1913: vibes, drums, piano, combo leader.

 Herbie Hancock, b. 1940: piano, composer.

 W. C. Handy, 1873-1958: composer, "St. Louis Blues."

 Coleman Hawkins, 1904-1969: tenor sax; 1939 recording of "Body and Soul", a
 classic.

 Roy Haynes, b. 1926: drums.

 Fletcher Henderson, 1898-1952: orchestra leader, arranger; pioneered jazz
 and dance bands of the 30s.

 Woody Herman, 1913-87: clarinet, alto sax, band leader.

 Jay C. Higginbotham, 1906-1973: trombone.

 Earl "Fatha" Hines, 1905-1983: piano, songwriter.

 Johnny Hodges, 1906-1971: alto sax.

 Billie Holiday, 1915-1959: blues singer, "Strange Fruit."

 Sam "Lightnin'" Hopkins, 1912-1982: blues singer, guitar.

 Mahalia Jackson, 1911-1972: gospel singer.

 Milt Jackson, b. 1923: vibes, piano, guitar.

 Illinois Jacquet, b. 1922: tenor sax.

 Keith Jarrett, b. 1945: technically phenomenal pianist.

 Blind Lemon Jefferson, 1897-1930: blues singer, guitar.

 Bunk Johnson, 1879-1949: cornet, trumpet.

 James P. Johnson, 1891-1955: piano, composer.

 J. J. Johnson, b. 1924: trombone, composer.

 Elvin Jones, b. 1927: drums.

 Jo Jones, 1911-1985: drums.

 Philly Joe Jones, 1923-1985: drums.

 Quincy Jones, b. 1933: arranger.

 Thad Jones, 1923-1986: trumpet, cornet.

 Scott Joplin, 1868-1917: composer; "Maple Leaf Rag."

 Stan Kenton, 1912-1979: orchestra leader, composer, piano.

 Barney Kessel, b. 1923: guitar.

 Lee Konitz, b. 1927: alto sax.

 Gene Krupa, 1909-1973: drums, band and combo leader.

 Scott LaFaro, 1936-1961: bass.

 Huddie Ledbetter (Leadbelly), 1888-1949: blues singer, guitar.

 John Lewis, b. 1920: composer, piano, combo leader.

 Mel Lewis, b. 1929: drummer, orchestra leader.

 Jimmie Lunceford, 1902-1947: band leader, sax.

 Herbie Mann, b. 1930: flute.

 Wynton Marsalis, b. 1961: trumpet.

 Jimmy McPartland, b. 1907: trumpet.

 Marian McPartland, b. 1920: piano.

 Glenn Miller, 1904-1944: trombone, dance band leader.

 Charles Mingus, 1922-1979: bass, composer, combo leader.

 Thelonious Monk, 1920-1982: piano, composer, combo leader; a developer of
 bop.

 Wes Montgomery, 1925-1968: guitar.

 "Jelly Roll" Morton, 1885-1941: composer, piano, singer.

 Bennie Moten, 1894-1935: piano; an early organizer of large jazz orchestras.


 Gerry Mulligan, b. 1927: baritone sax, arranger, leader.

 Turk Murphy, 1915-1987: trombone, band leader.

 Theodore "Fats" Navarro, 1923-1950: trumpet.

 Red Nichols, 1905-1965: cornet, combo leader.

 Red Norvo, b. 1908: vibes, band leader.

 Anita O'Day, b. 1919: singer.

 King Oliver, 1885-1938: cornet, band leader; teacher of Louis Armstrong.

 Kid Ory, 1886-1973: trombone, "Muskrat Ramble".

 Charlie "Bird" Parker, 1920-1955: alto sax, composer; rated by many as the
 greatest jazz improviser.

 Art Pepper, 1925-1982: alto sax.

 Oscar Peterson, b. 1925: piano, composer, combo leader.

 Oscar Pettiford, 1922-1960: a leading bassist in the bop era.

 Bud Powell, 1924-1966: piano; modern jazz pioneer.

 Tito Puente, b. 1923: band leader.

 Sun Ra, b. 1915?: big band leader, pianist, composer.

 Gertrude "Ma" Rainey, 1886-1939: blues singer.

 Don Redman, 1900-1964: composer, arranger; pioneer in the evolution of the
 large orchestra.

 Django Reinhardt, 1910-1953: guitar; Belgian gypsy, first European to
 influence American jazz.

 Buddy Rich, 1917-1987: drums, band leader.

 Max Roach, b. 1925: drums.

 Sonny Rollins, b. 1929: tenor sax.

 Frank Rosollino, 1926-1978: trombone.

 Jimmy Rushing, 1903-1972: blues singer.

 George Russell, b. 1923: composer, piano.

 Pee Wee Russell, 1906-1969: clarinet.

 Artie Shaw, b. 1910: clarinet, combo leader.

 George Shearing, b. 1919: piano, composer, "Lullaby of Birdland."

 Horace Silver, b. 1928: piano, combo leader.

 Zoot Sims, 1925-1985: tenor, alto sax; clarinet.

 Zutty Singleton, 1898-1975: Dixieland drummer.

 Bessie Smith, 1894-1937: blues singer.

 Clarence "Pinetop" Smith, 1904-1929: piano, singer; pioneer of boogie
 woogie.

 Willie "The Lion" Smith, 1897-1973: stride style pianist.

 Muggsy Spanier, 1906-1967: cornet, band leader.

 Billy Strayhorn, 1915-67: composer, piano.

 Sonny Stitt, 1924-1982: alto, tenor sax.

 Art Tatum, 1910-1956: piano; technical virtuoso.

 Billy Taylor, b. 1921: piano, composer.

 Cecil Taylor, b. 1933: piano, composer.

 Jack Teagarden, 1905-1964: trombone, singer.

 Dave Tough, 1908-1948: drums.

 Lennie Tristano, 1919-1978: piano, composer.

 Joe Turner, 1911-1985: blues singer.

 McCoy Tyner, b. 1938: piano, composer.

 Sarah Vaughan, 1924-1990: singer.

 Joe Venuti, 1904-1978: first great jazz violinist.

 Thomas "Fats" Waller, 1904-1943: piano, singer, composer. "Ain't
 Misbehavin'".

 Dinah Washington, 1924-1963: singer.

 Chick Webb, 1902-1939: band leader, drums.

 Ben Webster, 1909-1973: tenor sax.

 Paul Whiteman, 1890-1967: orchestra leader; a major figure in the
 introduction of jazz to a large audience.

 Charles "Cootie" Williams, 1908-1985: trumpet, band leader.

 Mary Lou Williams, 1914-1981: piano, composer.

 Teddy Wilson, 1912-1986: piano, composer.

 Kai Winding, 1922-1983: trombone, composer.

 Jimmy Yancey, 1894-1951: piano.

 Lester "Pres" Young, 1909-1959: tenor sax, composer: a bop pioneer.


                            Rock & Roll Notables

 For more than a quarter of a century, rock & roll has been an important
 force in American popular culture. The following individuals or groups have
 made a significant impact. Next to each is an associated single record or
 record album.

 The Allman Brothers Band: "Ramblin' Man"

 The Animals: "House of the Rising Sun"

 Paul Anka: "Lonely Boy"

 The Association: "Cherish"

 Frankie Avalon: "Venus"

 The Band: "The Weight"

 The Beach Boys: "Surfin' U.S.A."

 The Beastie Boys: "(You've Got to) Fight for Your Right to Party"

 The Beatles: "Hey Jude"

 The Bee Gees: "Stayin' Alive"

 Pat Benatar: "Hit Me With Your Best Shot"

 Chuck Berry: "Johnny B. Goode"

 The Big Bopper: "Chantilly Lace"

 Black Sabbath: "Paranoid"

 Blind Faith: "Can't Find My Way Home"

 Blondie: "Heart of Glass"

 Blood, Sweat and Tears: "Spinning Wheel"

 Bon Jovi: Slippery When Wet

 Gary "U.S." Bonds: "Quarter to Three"

 Booker T. and the MGs: "Green Onions"

 Earl Bostic: "Flamingo"

 David Bowie: "Let's Dance"

 James Brown: "Papa's Got a Brand New Bag"

 Jackson Browne: "Doctor My Eyes"

 Buffalo Springfield: "For What It's Worth"

 The Byrds: "Turn! Turn! Turn!"

 Canned Heat: "Going Up the Country"

 The Cars: "Shake It Up"

 Ray Charles: "Georgia on My Mind"

 Chubby Checker: "The Twist"

 Chicago: "Hard Habit to Break"

 Eric Clapton: "Layla"

 The Coasters: "Yakety Yak"

 Eddie Cochran: "Summertime Blues"

 Phil Collins: "Against All Odds"

 Sam Cooke: "You Send Me"

 Alice Cooper: "School's Out"

 Elvis Costello: "Allison"

 Cream: "Sunshine of Your Love"

 Credence Clearwater Revival: "Proud Mary"

 Crosby, Stills, Nash and Young: "Suite: Judy Blue Eyes"

 The Crystals: "Da Doo Ron Ron"

 Danny and the Juniors: "At the Hop"

 Bobby Darin: "Splish Splash"

 Spencer Davis Group: "Gimme Some Lovin'"

 Bo Diddley: "Who Do You Love?"

 Dion and the Belmonts: "A Teenager in Love"

 Dire Straits: Brothers in Arms

 Fats Domino: "Blueberry Hill"

 The Doobie Brothers: "What a Fool Believes"

 The Doors: "Light My Fire"

 The Drifters: "Save the Last Dance for Me"

 Duran Duran: "Hungry Like the Wolf"

 Bob Dylan: "Like a Rolling Stone"

 The Eagles: "Hotel California"

 Earth, Wind and Fire: "Shining Star"

 Emerson, Lake and Palmer: "From the Beginning"

 The Eurythmics: "Sweet Dreams (Are Made of This)"

 Everly Brothers: "Wake Up Little Susie"

 Jose Feliciano: "Light My Fire"

 The Five Satins: "In the Still of the Night"

 Fleetwood Mac: Rumours

 Dan Fogelberg: "Missing You"

 The Four Seasons: "Sherry"

 The Four Tops: "I Can't Help Myself"

 Aretha Franklin: "Respect"

 Marvin Gaye: "I Heard It through the Grapevine"

 Genesis: "Land of Confusion"

 The J. Geils Band: Freeze-Frame

 Grand Funk Railroad: "We're an American Band"

 The Grateful Dead: "Truckin'"

 Bill Haley and the Comets: "Rock Around the Clock"

 Hall and Oates: "Rich Girl"

 Jimi Hendrix: Are You Experienced?

 Buddy Holly and the Crickets: "That'll Be the Day"

 Whitney Houston: "The Greatest Love"

 Janis Ian: "At Seventeen"

 The Isley Brothers: "It's Your Thing"

 The Jackson 5/The Jacksons: "ABC"

 Janet Jackson: "Control"

 Michael Jackson: "Beat It"

 Jay and the Americans: "This Magic Moment"

 The Jefferson Airplane/Jefferson Starship: "White Rabbit"

 Jethro Tull: Aqualung

 Joan Jett: "I Love Rock' n' Roll"

 Billy Joel: "Uptown Girl"

 Elton John: "Sad Songs"

 Janis Joplin: "Me and Bobby McGee"

 Chaka Khan: "I Feel for You"

 B.B. King: "The Thrill Is Gone"

 Carole King: Tapestry

 The Kinks: "You Really Got Me"

 Kiss: "Rock' n' Roll All Night"

 Gladys Knight and the Pips: "Midnight Train to Georgia"

 Cyndi Lauper: "Girls Just Want to Have Fun"

 Led Zeppelin: "Stairway to Heaven"

 Brenda Lee: "I'm Sorry"

 Huey Lewis and the News: Sports

 Jerry Lee Lewis: "Whole Lotta Shakin' Going On"

 Little Anthony and the Imperials: "Tears on My Pillow"

 Little Richard: "Tutti Frutti"

 Lovin Spoonful: "Do You Believe in Magic?"

 Frankie Lymon: "Why Do Fools Fall in Love?"

 Lynyrd Skynyrd: "Freebird"

 Madonna: "Material Girl"

 The Mamas and the Papas: "Monday, Monday"

 Bob Marley: "Jamming"

 Martha and the Vandellas: "Dancin' in the Streets"

 The Marvelettes: "Please Mr. Postman"

 Clyde McPhatter: "Money Honey"

 John Cougar Mellencamp: "Hurt So Good"

 George Michael: "I Want Your Sex"

 Steve Miller Band: "Abracadabra"

 Joni Mitchell: "Big Yellow Taxi"

 The Monkees: "I'm a Believer"

 Moody Blues: "Nights in White Satin"

 Rick Nelson: "Hello Mary Lou"

 Roy Orbison: "Oh Pretty Woman"

 Ozzy Osbourne: "You Can't Kill Rock 'n' Roll"

 Carl Perkins: "Blue Suede Shoes"

 Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers: "Refugee"

 Pink Floyd: Dark Side of the Moon

 Poco: Deliverin'

 The Police: "Every Breath You Take"

 Iggy Pop: "Lust for Life"

 Elvis Presley: "Love Me Tender"

 The Pretenders: Learning to Crawl

 Lloyd Price: "Stagger Lee"

 Prince: "Purple Rain"

 Procul Harum: "A Whiter Shade of Pale"

 Gary Puckett and the Union Gap: "Young Girl"

 Queen: "Bohemian Rhapsody"

 The Rascals: "Good Lovin'"

 Otis Redding: "The Dock of the Bay"

 Lou Reed: "Walk on the Wild Side"

 REO Speedwagon: "Keep on Lovin' You"

 Righteous Brothers: "You've Lost that Lovin' Feeling"

 Johnny Rivers: "Poor Side of Town"

 Smokey Robinson and the Miracles: "Ooh Baby Baby"

 The Rolling Stones: "Satisfaction"

 The Ronettes: "Be My Baby"

 Linda Ronstadt: "You're No Good"

 Run D.M.C.: "Raisin' Hell"

 Sam and Dave: "Soul Man"

 Santana: "Black Magic Woman"

 Neil Sedaka: "Breaking Up is Hard to Do"

 Bob Seger: "Old Time Rock and Roll"

 Del Shannon: "Runaway"

 The Shirelles: "Soldier Boy"

 Simon and Garfunkel: "Bridge Over Troubled Water"

 Carly Simon: "You're So Vain"

 Sly and the Family Stone: "Everyday People"

 Patti Smith: "Because the Night"

 Southside Johnny and the Asbury Jukes: This Time

 Dusty Springfield: "You Don't Have to Say You Love Me"

 Bruce Springsteen: "Born in the U.S.A."

 Steely Dan: "Rikki Don't Lose That Number"

 Steppenwolf: "Born to Be Wild"

 Cat Stevens: "Wild World"

 Rod Stewart: "Maggie Mae"

 Sting: "If You Love Somebody, Set Them Free"

 Donna Summer: "Bad Girls"

 The Supremes: "Stop! In the Name of Love"

 Talking Heads: "Wild Wild Life"

 James Taylor: "You've Got a Friend"

 The Temptations: "My Girl"

 Three Dog Night: "Joy to the World"

 Traffic: "Feelin' Alright"

 Big Joe Turner: "Shake, Rattle & Roll"

 Tina Turner: "What's Love Got to Do with It?"

 U2: "With or Without You"

 Van Halen: "Jump"

 Dionne Warwick: "I'll Never Fall in Love Again"

 Muddy Waters: "Rollin' Stone'"

 Mary Wells: "My Guy"

 The Who: "My Generation"

 Jackie Wilson: "That's Why"

 Stevie Wonder: "You Are the Sunshine of My Life"

 The Yardbirds: "For Your Love"

 Yes: "Owner of a Lonely Heart"

 Frank Zappa/Mothers of Invention: Sheik Yerbouti

             Entertainment Personalities -- Where and When Born
 Actors, Actresses, Dancers, Musicians, Producers, Radio-TV Performers,
 Singers
                             (As of July, 1990)


╓┌────────────────────────────┌───────────────────────────┌──────────────────╖
 Name                         Birthplace                  Born
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Abbado, Claudio              Milan, Italy                6/26/33
 Abbott, George               Forestville, N.Y.           6/25/87
 Abraham, F. Murray           Pittsburgh, Pa.             10/24/39
 Acuff, Roy                   Maynardville, Tenn.         9/15/03
 Adams, Don                   New York, N.Y.              4/19/26
 Adams, Edie                  Kingston, Pa.               4/16/29
 Adams, Joey                  New York, N.Y.              1/6/11
 Adams, Mason                 New York, N.Y.              2/26/19
 Adams, Maud                  Lulea, Sweden               2/12/45
 Adjani, Isabelle             W. Germany                  6/27/55
 Adler, Larry                 Baltimore, Md.              2/10/14
 Agutter, Jenny               London, England             12/20/52
 Aiello, Danny                New York, N.Y.              6/20/33
 Name                         Birthplace                  Born
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Aiello, Danny                New York, N.Y.              6/20/33
 Aimee, Anouk                 Paris, France               4/27/32
 Akins, Claude                Nelson, Ga.                 5/25/18
 Albanese, Licia              Bari, Italy                 7/22/13
 Alberghetti, Anna Maria      Pesaro, Italy               5/15/36
 Albert, Eddie                Rock Island, Ill.           4/22/08
 Albert, Edward               Los Angeles, Cal.           2/20/51
 Albright, Lola               Akron, Oh.                  7/20/24
 Alda, Alan                   New York, N.Y.              1/28/36
 Alexander, Jane              Boston, Mass.               10/28/39
 Allen, Debbie                Houston, Tex.               1/16/51
 Allen, Karen                 Carrollton, Ill.            10/5/51
 Allen, Mel                   Birmingham, Ala.            2/14/13
 Allen, Nancy                 New York, N.Y.              6/24/50
 Allen, Peter                 Tenderfield, Australia      2/10/44
 Allen, Steve                 New York, N.Y.              12/26/21
 Allen, Woody                 Brooklyn, N.Y.              12/1/35
 Alley, Kirstie               Wichita, Kan.               1/12/55
 Allman, Gregg                Nashville, Tenn.            12/7/47
 Name                         Birthplace                  Born
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Allman, Gregg                Nashville, Tenn.            12/7/47
 Allyson, June                New York, N.Y.              10/7/17
 Alonso, Maria Conchita       Cuba                        1957
 Alpert, Herb                 Los Angeles, Cal.           3/31/35
 Altman, Robert               Kansas City, Mo.            2/20/25
 Ameche, Don                  Kenosha, Wis.               5/31/08
 Ames, Ed                     Boston, Mass.               7/9/27
 Ames, Leon                   Portland, Ind.              1/20/03
 Amos, John                   Newark, N.J.                12/27/41
 Amsterdam, Morey             Chicago, Ill.               12/14/14
 Anderson, Harry              Newport, R.I.               10/14/52
 Anderson, Ian                Dunfermline, Scotland       8/10/47
 Anderson, Judith             Adelaide, Australia         2/10/98
 Anderson, Loni               St. Paul, Minn.             8/5/46
 Anderson, Lynn               Grand Forks, N.D.           9/26/47
 Anderson, Marian             Philadelphia, Pa.           2/17/02
 Anderson, Melissa Sue        Berkeley, Cal.              9/26/62
 Anderson, Richard            Long Branch, N.J.           8/8/26
 Anderson, Richard Dean       Minneapolis, Minn.          1/23/53
 Name                         Birthplace                  Born
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Anderson, Richard Dean       Minneapolis, Minn.          1/23/53
 Andersson, Bibi              Stockholm, Sweden           11/11/35
 Andress, Ursula              Bern, Switzerland           3/19/36
 Andrews, Anthony             London, England             1948
 Andrews, Dana                Collins, Miss.              1/1/09
 Andrews, Julie               Walton, England             10/1/35
 Andrews, Maxene              Minneapolis, Minn.          1/3/18
 Andrews, Patty               Minneapolis, Minn.          2/16/20
 Anka, Paul                   Ottawa, Ont.                7/30/41
 Ann-Margret                  Stockholm, Sweden           4/28/41
 Anspach, Susan               New York, N.Y.              11/23/39
 Ant, Adam                    London, England             11/3/54
 Archer, Anne                 Los Angeles, Cal.           8/25/50
 Arden, Eve                   Mill Valley, Cal.           4/30/12
 Arkin, Alan                  New York, N.Y.              3/26/34
 Arnaz, Desi Jr.              Los Angeles, Cal.           1/19/53
 Arnaz, Lucie                 Hollywood, Cal.             7/17/51
 Arness, James                Minneapolis, Minn.          5/26/23
 Arnold, Eddy                 Henderson, Tenn.            5/15/18
 Name                         Birthplace                  Born
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Arnold, Eddy                 Henderson, Tenn.            5/15/18
 Arquette, Rosanna            New York, N.Y.              8/10/59
 Arrau, Claudio               Chillau, Chile              2/6/03
 Arroyo, Martina              New York, N.Y.              2/2/37
 Arthur, Beatrice             New York, N.Y.              5/13/26
 Arthur, Jean                 New York, N.Y.              10/17/05
 Ashcroft, Peggy              Croyden, England            12/22/07
 Ashley, Elizabeth            Ocala, Fla.                 8/30/41
 Asner, Ed                    Kansas City, Mo.            11/15/29
 Assante, Armand              New York, N.Y.              10/4/49
 Astin, John                  Baltimore, Md.              3/30/30
 Atherton, William            New Haven, Conn.            7/30/47
 Atkins, Chet                 Luttrell, Tenn.             6/20/24
 Attenborough, Richard        Cambridge, England          8/29/23
 Auberjonois, Rene            New York, N.Y.              6/1/40
 Aumont, Jean-Pierre          Paris, France               1/5/09
 Austin, Patti                New York, N.Y.              1948
 Autry, Gene                  Tioga, Tex.                 9/29/07
 Avalon, Frankie              Philadelphia, Pa.           9/18/40
 Name                         Birthplace                  Born
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Avalon, Frankie              Philadelphia, Pa.           9/18/40
 Ax, Emmanuel                 Lvov, USSR                  6/8/49
 Aykroyd, Dan                 Ottawa, Ont.                7/1/52
 Ayres, Lew                   Minneapolis, Minn.          12/28/08
 Aznavour, Charles            Paris, France               5/22/24
 Bacall, Lauren               New York, N.Y.              9/16/24
 Bacon, Kevin                 Philadelphia, Pa.           7/8/58
 Baez, Joan                   Staten Island, N.Y.         1/9/41
 Bailey, Pearl                Newport News, Va.           3/29/18
 Bain, Conrad                 Lethbridge, Alta.           2/4/23
 Baio, Scott                  Brooklyn, N.Y.              9/22/61
 Baker, Anita                 Toledo, Oh.                 1/26/58
 Baker, Carroll               Johnstown, Pa.              5/28/31
 Baker, Joe Don               Groesbeck, Tex.             2/12/36
 Baldwin, Alec                Massapequa, N.Y             4/3/58
 Ballard, Kaye                Cleveland, Oh.              11/20/26
 Balsam, Martin               New York, N.Y.              11/4/19
 Bancroft, Anne               New York, N.Y.              9/17/31
 Banks, Jonathan              Washington, D.C.            1/31/46
 Name                         Birthplace                  Born
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Banks, Jonathan              Washington, D.C.            1/31/46
 Barber, Red                  Columbus, Miss.             2/17/08
 Bardot, Brigitte             Paris, France               9/28/34
 Barker, Bob                  Darrington, Wash.           12/12/23
 Barkin, Ellen                New York, N.Y.              4/16/54
 Barnes, Priscilla            Ft. Dix, N.J.               12/7/56
 Barr, Roseanne               Salt Lake City, Ut.         11/3/52
 Barrault, Jean-Louis         Vesinet, France             9/8/10
 Barrie, Barbara              Chicago, Ill.               5/23/31
 Barrie, Mona                 London, England             12/18/09
 Barry, Gene                  New York, N.Y.              6/14/19
 Bartholomew, Freddie         London, England             3/28/24
 Barty, Billy                 Millsboro, Pa.              10/25/24
 Baryshnikov, Mikhail         Riga, Latvia                1/28/48
 Basinger, Kim                Athens, Ga.                 12/8/53
 Bassey, Shirley              Cardiff, Wales              1/8/37
 Bateman, Jason               Rye, N.Y.                   1/14/69
 Bateman, Justine             Rye, N.Y.                   2/19/66
 Bates, Alan                  Allestree, England          2/17/34
 Name                         Birthplace                  Born
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Bates, Alan                  Allestree, England          2/17/34
 Baxter-Birney, Meredith      Los Angeles, Cal.           6/21/47
 Beal, John                   Joplin, Mo.                 8/13/09
 Bean, Orson                  Burlington, Vt.             7/22/28
 Beasley, Allyce              New York, N.Y.              7/6/54
 Beatty, Ned                  Louisville, Ky.             7/6/37
 Beatty, Warren               Richmond, Va.               3/30/37
 Beck, John                   Chicago, Ill.               1/28/43
 Bedelia, Bonnie              New York, N.Y.              3/25/48
 Bee Gees
 Gibb, Barry                  Isle of Man, England        9/1/46
 Gibb, Robin                  " "                         12/22/49
 Gibb, Maurice                " "                         12/22/49
 Beery, Noah Jr.              New York, N.Y.              8/10/13
 Begley, Ed Jr.               Los Angeles, Cal.           9/16/49
 Belafonte, Harry             New York, N.Y.              3/1/27
 Belafonte-Harper, Shari      New York, N.Y.              9/22/54
 Bel Geddes, Barbara          New York, N.Y.              10/31/22
 Bellamy, Ralph               Chicago, Ill.               6/17/04
 Name                         Birthplace                  Born
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Bellamy, Ralph               Chicago, Ill.               6/17/04
 Belmondo, Jean-Paul          Neuilly-sur-Seine, France   4/9/33
 Belushi, Jim                 Chicago, Ill.               6/15/54
 Benatar, Pat                 Brooklyn, N.Y.              1/10/53
 Benedict, Dirk               Helena, Mont.               3/1/45
 Benjamin, Richard            New York, N.Y.              5/22/38
 Bennett, Joan                Palisades, N.J.             2/27/10
 Bennett, Tony                New York, N.Y.              8/3/26
 Benson, George               Pittsburgh, Pa.             3/22/43
 Benson, Robby                Dallas, Tex.                1/21/55
 Beradino, John               Los Angeles, Cal.           5/1/17
 Berenger, Tom                Chicago, Ill.               5/31/50
 Bergen, Candice              Beverly Hills, Cal.         5/9/46
 Bergen, Polly                Knoxville, Tenn.            7/14/30
 Bergerac, Jacques            Biarritz, France            5/26/27
 Bergman, Ingmar              Uppsala, Sweden             7/14/18
 Berle, Milton                New York, N.Y.              7/12/08
 Berlinger, Warren            Brooklyn, N.Y.              8/31/37
 Berman, Lazar                Leningrad, USSR             2/26/30
 Name                         Birthplace                  Born
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Berman, Lazar                Leningrad, USSR             2/26/30
 Berman, Shelley              Chicago, Ill.               2/3/26
 Bernsen, Corbin              No. Hollywood, Cal.         9/7/54
 Bernstein, Leonard           Lawrence, Mass.             8/25/18
 Berry, Chuck                 St. Louis, Mo.              10/18/26
 Berry, Ken                   Moline, Ill.                11/3/33
 Bertinelli, Valerie          Wilmington, Del.            4/23/60
 Bikel, Theodore              Vienna, Austria             5/2/24
 Birney, David                Washington, D.C.            4/23/39
 Bishop, Joey                 Bronx, N.Y.                 2/3/18
 Bisoglio, Val                New York, N.Y.              5/7/26
 Bisset, Jacqueline           Weybridge, England          9/13/44
 Bixby, Bill                  San Francisco, Cal.         1/22/34
 Black, Karen                 Park Ridge, Ill.            7/1/42
 Blackstone Jr., Harry        Three Rivers, Mich.         6/30/34
 Blades, Ruben                Panama                      1948
 Blaine, Vivian               Newark, N.J.                11/21/21
 Blair, Linda                 St. Louis, Mo.              1/22/59
 Blake, Robert                Nutley, N.J.                9/18/33
 Name                         Birthplace                  Born
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Blake, Robert                Nutley, N.J.                9/18/33
 Bledsoe, Tempestt            Chicago, Ill.               8/1/73
 Bloom, Claire                London, England             2/15/31
 Blyth, Ann                   Mt. Kisco, N.Y.             8/16/28
 Bochco, Steven               New York, N.Y.              12/16/43
 Bogarde, Dirk                London, England             3/28/20
 Bogdanovich, Peter           Kingston, N.Y.              7/30/39
 Bonet, Lisa                  San Francisco, Cal.         11/16/67
 Bonham-Carter, Helena        England                     1967
 Bon Jovi, Jon                Sayreville, N.J.            3/2/61
 Bono, Sonny                  Detroit, Mich.              2/16/35
 Booke, Sorrell               Buffalo, N.Y.               1/4/30
 Boone, Debby                 Hackensack, N.J.            9/22/56
 Boone, Pat                   Jacksonville, Fla.          6/1/34
 Booth, Shirley               New York, N.Y.              8/30/07
 Borge, Victor                Copenhagen, Denmark         1/3/09
 Borgnine, Ernest             Hamden, Conn.               1/24/17
 Bosco, Philip                Jersey City, N.J.           9/26/30
 Bosley, Tom                  Chicago, Ill.               10/1/27
 Name                         Birthplace                  Born
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Bosley, Tom                  Chicago, Ill.               10/1/27
 Bosson, Barbara              Charleroi, Pa.              11/1/39
 Bostwick, Barry              San Mateo, Cal.             2/24/46
 Bottoms, Joseph              Santa Barbara, Cal.         4/22/54
 Bottoms, Timothy             Santa Barbara, Cal.         8/30/51
 Bowie, David                 London, England             1/8/47
 Boxleitner, Bruce            Elgin, Ill.                 5/12/50
 Boy George                   London, England             6/14/61
 Boyle, Peter                 Philadelphia, Pa.           10/18/33
 Bracco, Lorraine             New York, N.Y.              1955
 Bracken, Eddie               New York, N.Y.              2/7/20
 Branagh, Kenneth             Belfast, No. Ireland        1961
 Brand, Neville               Kewanee, Ill.               8/13/21
 Brando, Marlon               Omaha, Neb.                 4/3/24
 Brazzi, Rossano              Bologna, Italy              9/18/16
 Brendel, Alfred              Wiesenberg, Austria         1/5/31
 Brennan, Eileen              Los Angeles, Cal.           9/3/35
 Brenner, David               Philadelphia, Pa.           2/4/45
 Brewer, Teresa               Toledo, Oh.                 5/7/31
 Name                         Birthplace                  Born
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Brewer, Teresa               Toledo, Oh.                 5/7/31
 Brian, David                 New York, N.Y.              8/5/14
 Bridges, Beau                Hollywood, Cal.             12/9/41
 Bridges, Jeff                Los Angeles, Cal.           12/4/49
 Bridges, Lloyd               San Leandro, Cal.           1/15/13
 Brimley, Wilford             Salt Lake City, Ut.         9/27/34
 Broderick, Matthew           New York, N.Y.              3/21/62
 Brolin, James                Los Angeles, Cal.           7/18/40
 Bronson, Charles             Ehrenfeld, Pa.              11/3/22
 Brooks, Albert               Beverly Hills, Cal.         7/22/47
 Brooks, Avery                Evansville, Ind.            10/2/-
 Brooks, Mel                  New York, N.Y.              6/28/26
 Brooks, Stephen              Columbus, Oh.               1942
 Brosnan, Pierce              Co. Meath, Ireland          5/15/53
 Brown, Blair                 Washington, D.C.            1948
 Brown, Bryan                 Australia                   1947
 Brown, James                 Pulaski, Tenn.              6/17/28
 Brown, Jim                   St. Simons Island, Ga.      2/17/36
 Brown, Les                   Reinerton, Pa.              3/14/12
 Name                         Birthplace                  Born
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Brown, Les                   Reinerton, Pa.              3/14/12
 Brown, Ray                   Pittsburgh, Pa.             10/13/26
 Browne, Roscoe Lee           Woodbury, N.J.              5/2/25
 Bryant, Anita                Barnsdall, Okla.            3/25/40
 Buckley, Betty               Ft. Worth, Tex.             7/3/47
 Bujold, Genevieve            Montreal, Que.              7/1/42
 Bumbry, Grace                St. Louis, Mo.              1/4/37
 Burghoff, Gary               Bristol, Conn.              5/24/40
 Burke, Delta                 Orlando, Fla.               7/30/56
 Burke, Paul                  New Orleans, La.            7/21/26
 Burnett, Carol               San Antonio, Tex.           4/26/33
 Burns, George                New York, N.Y.              1/20/96
 Burr, Raymond                New Westminster, B.C.       5/21/17
 Burstyn, Ellen               Detroit, Mich.              12/7/32
 Burton, LeVar                Landsthul, W. Germany       2/16/57
 Busey, Gary                  Goose Creek, Tex.           6/29/44
 Butkus, Dick                 Chicago, Ill.               12/9/42
 Button, Dick                 Englewood, N.J.             7/18/29
 Buttons, Red                 New York, N.Y.              2/5/19
 Name                         Birthplace                  Born
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Buttons, Red                 New York, N.Y.              2/5/19
 Buzzi, Ruth                  Westerly, R.I.              7/24/36
 Byrne, David                 Dumbarton, Scotland         5/14/52
 Caan, James                  New York, N.Y.              3/26/39
 Caballe, Montserrat          Barcelona, Spain            4/12/33
 Caesar, Sid                  Yonkers, N.Y.               9/8/22
 Cage, Nicolas                Long Beach, Cal.            1965
 Caine, Michael               London, England             3/14/33
 Caldwell, Sarah              Maryville, Mo.              3/6/24
 Caldwell, Zoe                Melbourne, Australia        9/14/33
 Calhoun, Rory                Los Angeles, Cal.           8/8/23
 Callas, Charlie              Brooklyn, N.Y.              12/20/-
 Calloway, Cab                Rochester, N.Y.             12/25/07
 Cameron, Kirk                Panorama City, Cal.         10/12/70
 Camp, Hamilton               London, England             10/30/34
 Campanella, Joseph           New York, N.Y.              11/21/27
 Campbell, Glen               Billstown, Ark.             4/22/36
 Candy, John                  Toronto, Ont.               10/31/50
 Cannell, Stephen J.          Los Angeles, Cal.           2/5/42
 Name                         Birthplace                  Born
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Cannell, Stephen J.          Los Angeles, Cal.           2/5/42
 Cannon, Dyan                 Tacoma, Wash.               1/4/37
 Cantrell, Lana               Sydney, Australia           8/7/43
 Capra, Frank                 Palermo, Italy              5/18/97
 Cara, Irene                  New York, N.Y.              3/18/59
 Carey, Macdonald             Sioux City, Ia.             3/15/13
 Cariou, Len                  Winnipeg, Canada            9/30/39
 Carle, Frankie               Providence, R.I.            3/25/03
 Carlin, George               New York, N.Y.              5/12/38
 Carlisle, Kitty              New Orleans, La             9/3/15
 Carmen, Eric                 Cleveland, Oh.              8/11/49
 Carmichael, Ian              Hull, England               6/18/20
 Carnes, Kim                  California                  1948
 Carney, Art                  Mt. Vernon, N.Y.            11/4/18
 Carnovsky, Morris            St. Louis, Mo.              9/5/97
 Caron, Leslie                Boulogne, France            7/1/31
 Carpenter, John              Carthage, N.Y.              1/16/48
 Carr, Vikki                  El Paso, Tex.               7/19/41
 Carradine, David             Hollywood, Cal.             10/8/36
 Name                         Birthplace                  Born
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Carradine, David             Hollywood, Cal.             10/8/36
 Carradine, Keith             San Mateo, Cal.             8/8/50
 Carreras, Jose               Barcelona, Spain            12/5/47
 Carroll, Diahann             Bronx, N.Y.                 7/17/35
 Carroll, Pat                 Shreveport, La.             5/5/27
 Carson, Johnny               Corning, Ia.                10/23/25
 Carter, Dixie                McLemoresville, Tenn.       5/25/39
 Carter, Jack                 New York, N.Y.              6/24/23
 Carter, June                 Maces Spring, Va.           6/23/29
 Carter, Lynda                Phoenix, Ariz.              7/24/51
 Carter, Nell                 Birmingham, Ala.            9/13/48
 Carvey, Dana                 Missoula, Mont.             4/2/55
 Casadesus, Gaby              Marseilles, France          1902
 Cash, Johnny                 Kingsland, Ark.             2/26/32
 Cash, Rosanne                Memphis, Tenn.              5/24/55
 Cass, Peggy                  Boston, Mass.               5/21/24
 Cassidy, David               New York, N.Y.              4/12/50
 Cassidy, Shaun               Los Angeles, Cal.           9/27/58
 Cates, Phoebe                New York, N.Y.              1964
 Name                         Birthplace                  Born
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Cates, Phoebe                New York, N.Y.              1964
 Caulfield, Joan              West Orange, N.J.           6/1/22
 Cavallaro, Carmen            New York, N.Y.              5/6/13
 Cavett, Dick                 Gibbon, Neb.                11/19/36
 Chamberlain, Richard         Beverly Hills, Cal.         3/31/35
 Champion, Marge              Los Angeles, Cal.           9/2/23
 Channing, Carol              Seattle, Wash.              1/31/23
 Channing, Stockard           New York, N.Y.              2/13/44
 Chaplin, Geraldine           Santa Monica, Cal.          7/31/44
 Chaplin, Sydney              Beverly Hills, Cal.         3/31/26
 Chapman, Tracy               Cleveland, OH.              1964
 Charisse, Cyd                Amarillo, Tex.              3/8/21
 Charles, Ray                 Albany, Ga.                 9/23/30
 Charo                        Murcia, Spain               1/15/51
 Chase, Chevy                 New York, N.Y.              10/8/43
 Checker, Chubby              Philadelphia, Pa.           10/3/41
 Cher                         El Centro, Cal.             5/20/46
 Chong, Rae Dawn              California                  1961
 Chong, Thomas                Edmonton, Alta.             5/24/38
 Name                         Birthplace                  Born
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Chong, Thomas                Edmonton, Alta.             5/24/38
 Christie, Julie              Assam, India                4/14/40
 Christopher, William         Evanston, Ill.              10/20/32
 Christy, June                Springfield, Ill.           11/20/25
 Clapton, Eric                Surrey, England             3/30/45
 Clark, Dane                  New York, N.Y.              2/18/13
 Clark, Dick                  Mt. Vernon, N.Y.            11/30/29
 Clark, Petula                Ewell, Surrey, England      11/15/32
 Clark, Roy                   Meherrin, Va.               4/15/33
 Clark, Susan                 Sarnia, Ont.                3/8/44
 Clary, Robert                Paris, France               3/1/26
 Clayburgh, Jill              New York, N.Y.              4/30/44
 Cleese, John                 England                     10/27/39
 Cleveland, James             Chicago, Ill.               12/5/31
 Cliburn, Van                 Shreveport, La.             7/12/34
 Clooney, Rosemary            Maysville, Ky.              5/23/28
 Close, Glenn                 Greenwich, Conn.            3/19/47
 Coburn, James                Laurel, Neb.                8/31/28
 Coca, Imogene                Philadelphia, Pa.           11/18/08
 Name                         Birthplace                  Born
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Coca, Imogene                Philadelphia, Pa.           11/18/08
 Cohn, Mindy                  Los Angeles, Cal.           5/20/66
 Colbert, Claudette           Paris, France               9/18/05
 Cole, Gary                   Park Ridge, Ill.            9/20/57
 Cole, Natalie                Los Angeles, Cal.           2/6/50
 Cole, Olivia                 Memphis, Tenn.              11/26/42
 Coleman, Dabney              Austin, Tex.                1/3/32
 Coleman, Gary                Zion, Ill.                  2/8/68
 Collins, Joan                London, England             5/23/33
 Collins, Judy                Seattle, Wash.              5/1/39
 Collins, Phil                London, England             1/30/51
 Comden, Betty                Brooklyn, N.Y.              5/3/19
 Como, Perry                  Canonsburg, Pa.             5/18/12
 Conner, Nadine               Compton, Cal.               2/20/13
 Connery, Sean                Edinburgh, Scotland         8/25/30
 Conniff, Ray                 Attleboro, Mass.            11/6/16
 Connors, Chuck               Brooklyn, N.Y.              4/10/21
 Connors, Mike                Fresno, Cal.                8/15/25
 Conrad, Robert               Chicago, Ill.               3/1/35
 Name                         Birthplace                  Born
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Conrad, Robert               Chicago, Ill.               3/1/35
 Conrad, William              Louisville, Ky.             9/27/20
 Constantine, Michael         Reading, Pa.                5/22/27
 Conti, Tom                   Paisley, Scotland           11/22/41
 Convy, Bert                  St. Louis, Mo.              6/23/39
 Conway, Tim                  Willoughby, Oh.             12/15/33
 Cook, Barbara                Atlanta, Ga.                10/25/27
 Cook, Peter                  Torquay, England            11/17/37
 Cooke, Alistair              Manchester, England         11/20/08
 Coolidge, Rita               Nashville, Tenn.            5/1/45
 Cooper, Alice                Detroit, Mich.              2/4/48
 Cooper, Jackie               Los Angeles, Cal.           9/15/22
 Copperfield, David           Metuchen, N.J.              1957
 Coppola, Francis             Detroit, Mich.              4/7/39
 Corby, Ellen                 Racine, Wis.                6/3/13
 Cord, Alex                   New York, N.Y.              8/3/31
 Corea, Chick                 Chelsea, Mass.              6/12/41
 Corelli, Franco              Ancona, Italy               4/8/23
 Corey, Jeff                  New York, N.Y.              8/10/14
 Name                         Birthplace                  Born
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Corey, Jeff                  New York, N.Y.              8/10/14
 Cosby, Bill                  Philadelphia, Pa.           7/12/37
 Costas, Bob                  New York, N.Y.              3/22/52
 Costello, Elvis              London, England             8/25/54
 Costner, Kevin               Los Angeles, Cal.           1/18/55
 Cotten, Joseph               Petersburg, Va.             5/15/05
 Cougar, John                 Seymour, Ind.               10/7/51
 Courtenay, Tom               Hull, England               2/25/37
 Cox, Ronny                   Cloudcroft, N.M.            8/23/38
 Craddock, Crash              Greensboro, N.C.            6/16/40
 Crain, Jeanne                Barstow, Cal.               5/25/25
 Crawford, Michael            Salisbury, England          1/19/42
 Crenna, Richard              Los Angeles, Cal.           11/30/27
 Crespin, Regine              Marseilles, France          2/23/26
 Cronyn, Hume                 London, Ont.                7/18/11
 Crosby, Bob                  Spokane, Wash.              8/23/13
 Crosby, David                Los Angeles, Cal.           8/14/41
 Crosby, Norm                 Boston, Mass.               9/15/27
 Crouse, Lindsay              New York, N.Y.              5/12/48
 Name                         Birthplace                  Born
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Crouse, Lindsay              New York, N.Y.              5/12/48
 Crowell, Rodney              Houston, Tex.               8/17/50
 Cruise, Tom                  Syracuse, N.Y.              7/3/62
 Crystal, Billy               Long Beach, N.Y.            3/14/47
 Cugat, Xavier                Barcelona, Spain            1/1/00
 Cullum, John                 Knoxville, Tenn.            3/2/30
 Culp, Robert                 Oakland, Cal.               8/16/30
 Cummings, Constance          Seattle, Wash.              5/15/10
 Cummings, Robert             Joplin, Mo.                 6/9/10
 Curtin, Jane                 Cambridge, Mass.            9/6/47
 Curtis, Jamie Lee            Los Angeles, Cal.           11/22/58
 Curtis, Keene                Salt Lake City, Ut.         2/15/23
 Curtis, Ken                  Lamar, Col.                 7/2/16
 Curtis, Tony                 New York, N.Y.              6/3/25
 Cusack, Cyril                Durban, S. Africa           11/26/10
 Cusack, Joan                 Evanston, Ill.              10/11/62
 Cusack, John                 Chicago, Ill.               1967
 Cushing, Peter               Surrey, England             5/26/13
 Dafoe, Willem                Appleton, Wis.              7/22/55
 Name                         Birthplace                  Born
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Dafoe, Willem                Appleton, Wis.              7/22/55
 Dahl, Arlene                 Minneapolis, Minn.          8/11/28
 Dale, Jim                    Rothwell, England           8/15/35
 Dalton, Abby                 Las Vegas, Nev.             8/15/32
 Dalton, Timothy              Wales                       3/21/44
 Daltrey, Roger               London, England             3/1/44
 Daly, John                   Johannesburg, S. Africa     2/20/14
 Daly, Tyne                   Madison, Wis.               2/21/47
 Damone, Vic                  Brooklyn, N.Y.              6/12/28
 D'Angelo, Beverly            Columbus, Oh.               1954
 Dangerfield, Rodney          Babylon, N.Y.               11/22/22
 Daniels, Charlie             Wilmington, N.C.            10/28/36
 Daniels, Jeff                Georgia                     1955
 Daniels, William             Brooklyn, N.Y.              3/31/27
 Danner, Blythe               Philadelphia, Pa.           2/3/44
 Danson, Ted                  San Diego, Cal.             12/29/47
 Danza, Tony                  New York, N.Y.              4/21/50
 Darby, Kim                   Hollywood, Cal.             7/8/48
 D'Arby, Terence Trent        New York, N.Y.              3/15/62
 Name                         Birthplace                  Born
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
D'Arby, Terence Trent        New York, N.Y.              3/15/62
 Darren, James                Philadelphia, Pa.           6/8/36
 Davidson, John               Pittsburgh, Pa.             12/13/41
 Davis, Ann B.                Schenectady, N.Y.           5/5/26
 Davis, Clifton               Chicago, Ill.               10/4/45
 Davis, Geena                 Ware, Mass.                 1/21/57
 Davis, Judy                  Perth, Australia            1956
 Davis, Mac                   Lubbock, Tex.               1/21/42
 Davis, Ossie                 Cogdell, Ga.                12/18/17
 Davis, Skeeter               Dry Ridge, Ky.              12/30/31
 Dawber, Pam                  Farmington Hills, Mich.     10/18/51
 Dawson, Richard              Hampshire, England          11/20/32
 Day, Doris                   Cincinnati, Oh.             4/3/24
 Day, Laraine                 Roosevelt, Ut.              10/13/20
 Day-Lewis, Daniel            England                     1957
 Dean, Jimmy                  Plainview, Tex.             8/10/28
 De Camp, Rosemary            Prescott, Ariz.             11/14/10
 DeCarlo, Yvonne              Vancouver, B.C.             9/1/22
 Dee, Frances                 Los Angeles, Cal.           11/26/07
 Name                         Birthplace                  Born
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Dee, Frances                 Los Angeles, Cal.           11/26/07
 Dee, Ruby                    Cleveland, Oh.              10/27/23
 Dee, Sandra                  Bayonne, N.J.               4/23/42
 Defore, Don                  Cedar Rapids, Ia.           8/25/17
 DeHaven, Gloria              Los Angeles, Cal.           7/23/25
 De Havilland, Olivia         Tokyo, Japan                7/1/16
 Delany, Dana                 New York, N.Y.              3/13/56
 Della Chiesa, Vivienne       Chicago, Ill.               10/9/20
 Delon, Alain                 Sceaux, France              11/8/35
 DeLuise, Dom                 Brooklyn, N.Y.              8/1/33
 De Mille, Agnes              New York, N.Y.              9/18/05
 De Mornay, Rebecca           Santa Rosa, Cal.            1962
 Deneuve, Catherine           Paris, France               10/22/43
 De Niro, Robert              New York, N.Y.              8/17/43
 Dennehy, Brian               Bridgeport, Conn.           7/9/40
 Dennis, Sandy                Hastings, Neb.              4/27/37
 Denver, Bob                  New Rochelle, N.Y.          1/9/35
 Denver, John                 Roswell, N.M.               12/31/43
 DePalma, Brian               Newark, N.J.                9/11/40
 Name                         Birthplace                  Born
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
DePalma, Brian               Newark, N.J.                9/11/40
 Depp, Johnny                 Owensboro, KY.              6/9/63
 Derek, Bo                    Long Beach, Cal.            11/20/56
 Derek, John                  Hollywood, Cal.             8/12/26
 Dern, Bruce                  Chicago, Ill.               6/4/36
 Devane, William              Albany, N.Y.                9/5/37
 DeVito, Danny                Neptune, N.J.               11/17/44
 Dewhurst, Colleen            Montreal, Que.              6/3/26
 DeWitt, Joyce                Wheeling, W.Va.             4/23/49
 Dey, Susan                   Pekin, Ill.                 12/10/52
 Diamond, Neil                Brooklyn, N.Y.              1/24/41
 Dickinson, Angie             Kulm, N.D.                  9/30/31
 Diddley, Bo                  McComb, Miss.               12/20/28
 Dietrich, Marlene            Berlin, Germany             12/27/01
 Diller, Phyllis              Lima, Oh.                   7/17/17
 Dillman, Bradford            San Francisco, Cal.         4/14/30
 Dillon, Matt                 New Rochelle, N.Y.          2/18/64
 Dixon, Ivan                  New York, N.Y.              4/6/31
 Dobson, Kevin                New York, N.Y.              3/18/44
 Name                         Birthplace                  Born
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Dobson, Kevin                New York, N.Y.              3/18/44
 Domingo, Placido             Madrid, Spain               1/21/41
 Domino, Fats                 New Orleans, La.            2/26/28
 Donahue, Phil                Cleveland, Oh.              12/21/35
 Donahue, Troy                New York, N.Y.              1/27/36
 Donovan                      Glasgow, Scotland           5/10/43
 Dotrice, Roy                 Guernsey, England           5/26/23
 Douglas, Kirk                Amsterdam, N.Y.             12/9/18
 Douglas, Michael             New Brunswick, N.J.         9/25/44
 Douglas, Mike                Chicago, Ill.               8/11/25
 Down, Leslie-Ann             London, England             3/17/54
 Downey, Robert Jr.           California                  4/4/65
 Downs, Hugh                  Akron, Oh.                  2/14/21
 Doyle, David                 Lincoln, Neb.               12/1/29
 Dragon, Daryl                Los Angeles, Cal.           8/27/42
 Drake, Alfred                Bronx, N.Y.                 10/7/14
 Drake, Larry                 Tulsa, Okla.                2/21/-
 Drew, Ellen                  Kansas City, Mo.            11/23/15
 Dryer, Fred                  Hawthorne, Cal.             7/6/46
 Name                         Birthplace                  Born
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Dryer, Fred                  Hawthorne, Cal.             7/6/46
 Dreyfuss, Richard            Brooklyn, N.Y.              10/29/47
 Dru, Joanne                  Logan, W.Va.                1/31/23
 Duchin, Peter                New York, N.Y.              7/28/37
 Duffy, Julia                 Minneapolis, Minn.          6/27/51
 Duffy, Patrick               Townsend, Mont.             3/17/49
 Dufour, Val                  New Orleans, La.            2/5/27
 Dukakis, Olympia             Massachusetts               1932
 Duke, Patty                  New York, N.Y.              12/14/46
 Dullea, Keir                 Cleveland, Oh.              5/30/36
 Dunaway, Faye                Bascom, Fla.                1/14/41
 Duncan, Sandy                Henderson, Tex.             2/20/46
 Dunham, Katherine            Joliet, Ill.                6/22/10
 Dunn, Nora                   Chicago, Ill.               4/29/52
 Dunne, Griffin               California                  6/8/55
 Dunne, Irene                 Louisville, Ky.             12/20/98
 Dunnock, Mildred             Baltimore, Md.              1/25/04
 Durbin, Deanna               Winnipeg, Man.              12/4/21
 Durning, Charles             Highland Falls, N.Y.        2/28/23
 Name                         Birthplace                  Born
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Durning, Charles             Highland Falls, N.Y.        2/28/23
 Dussault, Nancy              Pensacola, Fla.             6/30/36
 Duvall, Robert               San Diego, Cal.             1/5/31
 Duvall, Shelley              Houston, Tex.               1949
 Dylan, Bob                   Duluth, Minn.               5/24/41
 Dysart, Richard              Augusta, Me.                3/30/-
 Easton, Sheena               Bellshill, Scotland         4/27/59
 Eastwood, Clint              San Francisco, Cal.         5/31/30
 Ebert, Roger                 Urbana, Ill.                6/18/42
 Ebsen, Buddy                 Belleville, Ill.            4/2/08
 Eckstine, Billy              Pittsburgh, Pa.             7/8/14
 Edelman, Herb                Brooklyn, N.Y.              11/5/33
 Eden, Barbara                Tucson, Ariz.               8/23/34
 Edwards, Anthony             Santa Barbara, Cal.         1/19/62
 Edwards, Blake               Tulsa, Okla.                7/26/22
 Edwards, Ralph               Merino, Col.                6/13/13
 Eggar, Samantha              London, England             3/5/39
 Eichhorn, Lisa               Reading, Pa.                2/4/52
 Eikenberry, Jill             New Haven, Conn.            1/21/47
 Name                         Birthplace                  Born
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Eikenberry, Jill             New Haven, Conn.            1/21/47
 Ekberg, Anita                Malmo, Sweden               9/29/31
 Ekland, Britt                Stockholm, Sweden           10/6/42
 Elam, Jack                   Miami, Ariz.                11/13/16
 Elizondo, Hector             New York, N.Y.              12/22/36
 Elliott, Bob                 Boston, Mass.               3/26/23
 Elliott, Denholm             London, England             5/31/22
 Elliott, Sam                 Sacramento, Cal.            8/9/44
 Elvira (Cassandra Peterson)  Manhattan, Kan.             9/17/51
 Estevan, Gloria              Cuba                        1957
 Estevez, Emilio              New York, N.Y.              1962
 Estrada, Erik                New York, N.Y.              3/16/49
 Evans, Dale                  Uvalde, Tex.                10/31/12
 Evans, Gene                  Holbrook, Ariz.             7/11/24
 Evans, Linda                 Hartford, Conn.             11/18/42
 Evans, Robert                New York, N.Y.              6/29/30
 Everett, Chad                South Bend, Ind.            6/11/36
 Everly, Don                  Brownie, Ky.                2/1/37
 Everly, Phil                 Chicago, Ill.               1/19/38
 Name                         Birthplace                  Born
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Everly, Phil                 Chicago, Ill.               1/19/38
 Evigan, Greg                 S. Amboy, N.J.              10/14/53
 Ewell, Tom                   Owensboro, Ky.              4/29/09
 Fabares, Shelley             Santa Monica, Cal.          1/19/42
 Fabian (Forte)               Philadelphia, Pa.           2/6/43
 Fabray, Nanette              San Diego, Cal.             10/27/20
 Fairbanks, Douglas Jr.       New York, N.Y.              12/9/09
 Fairchild, Morgan            Dallas, Tex.                2/3/50
 Falana, Lola                 Philadelphia, Pa.           9/11/46
 Falk, Peter                  New York, N.Y.              9/16/27
 Farentino, James             Brooklyn, N.Y.              2/24/38
 Fargo, Donna                 Mt. Airy, N.C.              11/10/45
 Farr, Jamie                  Toledo, Oh.                 7/1/34
 Farrell, Eileen              Willimantic, Conn.          2/13/20
 Farrell, Mike                St. Paul, Minn.             2/6/39
 Farrow, Mia                  Los Angeles, Cal.           2/9/45
 Fawcett, Farrah              Corpus Christi, Tex.        2/2/47
 Faye, Alice                  New York, N.Y.              5/5/12
 Feld, Fritz                  Berlin, Germany             10/15/00
 Name                         Birthplace                  Born
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Feld, Fritz                  Berlin, Germany             10/15/00
 Feldon, Barbara              Pittsburgh, Pa.             3/12/41
 Feldshuh, Tovah              New York, N.Y.              12/27/52
 Feliciano, Jose              Lares, Puerto Rico          9/10/45
 Fell, Norman                 Philadelphia, Pa.           3/24/24
 Fellini, Federico            Rimini, Italy               1/20/20
 Fender, Freddy               San Benito, Tex.            6/4/37
 Ferrell, Conchata            Charleston, W. Va.          3/28/43
 Ferrer, Jose                 Santurce, P.R.              1/8/12
 Ferrer, Mel                  Elberon, N.J.               8/25/17
 Ferrigno, Lou                Brooklyn, N.Y.              11/9/52
 Fiedler, John                Platville, Wis.             2/3/25
 Field, Sally                 Pasadena, Cal.              11/6/46
 Fields, Kim                  Los Angeles, Cal.           5/12/69
 Finney, Albert               Salford, England            5/9/36
 Firkusny, Rudolf             Napajedla, Czechoslovakia   2/11/12
 Firth, Peter                 Yorkshire, England          10/27/53
 Fischer-Dieskau, Dietrich    Berlin, Germany             5/28/25
 Fisher, Carrie               Beverly Hills, Cal.         10/21/56
 Name                         Birthplace                  Born
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Fisher, Carrie               Beverly Hills, Cal.         10/21/56
 Fisher, Eddie                Philadelphia, Pa.           8/10/28
 Fitzgerald, Ella             Newport News, Va.           4/25/18
 Fitzgerald, Geraldine        Dublin, Ireland             11/24/13
 Flack, Roberta               Black Mountain, N.C.        2/10/39
 Flanagan, Fionnula           Dublin, Ireland             12/10/41
 Flanders, Ed                 Minneapolis, Minn.          12/29/34
 Fleming, Rhonda              Hollywood, Cal.             8/10/23
 Fletcher, Louise             Birmingham, Ala.            1936
 Foch, Nina                   Leyden, Netherlands         4/20/24
 Fogelberg, Dan               Peoria, Ill.                8/13/51
 Fonda, Jane                  New York, N.Y.              12/21/37
 Fonda, Peter                 New York, N.Y.              2/23/40
 Fontaine, Joan               Tokyo, Japan                10/22/17
 Fonteyn, Margot              Reigate, England            5/18/19
 Ford (Tenn.), Ernie          Bristol, Tenn.              2/13/19
 Ford, Glenn                  Quebec, Canada              5/1/16
 Ford, Harrison               Chicago, Ill.               7/13/42
 Forrest, Steve               Huntsville, Tex.            9/29/24
 Name                         Birthplace                  Born
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Forrest, Steve               Huntsville, Tex.            9/29/24
 Forsythe, John               Penns Grove, N.J.           1/29/18
 Foster, Jodie                New York, N.Y.              11/19/62
 Fox, James                   London, England             5/19/39
 Fox, Michael J.              Edmonton, Alta.             6/9/61
 Foxworth, Robert             Houston, Tex.               11/1/41
 Foxx, Redd                   St. Louis, Mo.              12/9/22
 Frampton, Peter              Kent, England               4/22/50
 Francescatti, Zino           Marseilles, France          8/9/05
 Franciosa, Anthony           New York, N.Y.              10/25/28
 Francis, Anne                Ossining, N.Y.              9/16/30
 Francis, Arlene              Boston, Mass.               10/20/08
 Francis, Connie              Newark, N.J.                12/12/38
 Francis, Genie               Los Angeles, Cal.           5/26/62
 Frankenheimer, John          Malba, N.Y.                 2/19/30
 Franklin, Aretha             Memphis, Tenn.              3/25/42
 Franklin, Bonnie             Santa Monica, Cal.          1/6/44
 Franklin, Joe                New York, N.Y.              1929
 Frann, Mary                  St. Louis, Mo.              2/27/43
 Name                         Birthplace                  Born
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Frann, Mary                  St. Louis, Mo.              2/27/43
 Franz, Dennis                Chicago, Ill.               10/28/44
 Freeman Jr., Al              San Antonio, Tex.           3/21/34
 Frick, Mr. (W. Groebli)      Basel, Switzerland          4/21/15
 Friedkin, William            Chicago, Ill.               8/29/39
 Frost, David                 Tenterden, England          4/7/39
 Funicello, Annette           Utica, N.Y.                 10/22/42
 Funt, Allen                  New York, N.Y.              9/16/14
 Gabor, Eva                   Hungary                     1921
 Gabor, Zsa Zsa               Hungary                     -
 Gabriel, John                Niagara Falls, N.Y.         5/25/31
 Gabriel, Peter               London, England             5/13/50
 Gail, Max                    Detroit, Mich.              4/5/43
 Gallagher, Megan             Reading, Pa.                2/6/-
 Galway, James                Belfast, Ireland            12/8/39
 Garagiola, Joe               St. Louis, Mo.              2/12/26
 Gardenia, Vincent            Naples, Italy               1/7/22
 Garfunkel, Art               New York, N.Y.              10/13/41
 Garland, Beverly             Santa Cruz, Cal.            10/17/26
 Name                         Birthplace                  Born
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Garland, Beverly             Santa Cruz, Cal.            10/17/26
 Garner, James                Norman, Okla.               4/7/28
 Garr, Teri                   Lakewood, Oh.               12/11/49
 Garrett, Betty               St. Joseph, Mo.             5/23/19
 Garson, Greer                Co. Down, N. Ireland        9/29/08
 Gatlin, Larry                Seminole, Tex.              5/2/48
 Gayle, Crystal               Paintsville, Ky.            1/9/51
 Gaynor, Mitzi                Chicago, Ill.               9/4/30
 Gazzara, Ben                 New York, N.Y.              8/28/30
 Gedda, Nicolai               Stockholm, Sweden           7/11/25
 Geldof, Bob                  Co. Dublin, Ire.            10/5/51
 Gentry, Bobbie               Chickasaw Co., Miss.        7/27/44
 Gere, Richard                Philadelphia, Pa.           8/31/49
 Getty, Estelle               New York, N.Y.              7/25/24
 Ghostley, Alice              Eve, Mo.                    8/14/26
 Giannini, Giancarlo          Spezia, Italy               8/1/42
 Gibb, Cynthia                Bennington,Vt.              12/14/63
 Gibbs, Marla                 Chicago, Ill.               6/14/31
 Gibson, Debbie               Merrick, N.Y.               8/31/70
 Name                         Birthplace                  Born
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Gibson, Debbie               Merrick, N.Y.               8/31/70
 Gibson, Henry                Germantown, Pa.             9/21/35
 Gibson, Mel                  Peerskill, N.Y.             1/3/51
 Gielgud, John                London, England             4/14/04
 Gifford, Frank               Santa Monica, Cal.          8/16/30
 Gilbert, Melissa             Los Angeles, Cal.           5/8/64
 Gilberto, Astrud             Salvador, Brazil            3/30/40
 Gillette, Anita              Baltimore, Md.              8/16/38
 Gilley, Mickey               Natchez, Miss.              3/9/36
 Ginty, Robert                New York, N.Y.              11/14/48
 Gish, Lillian                Springfield, Oh.            10/14/96
 Givens, Robin                New York, N.Y.              11/27/64
 Glaser, Paul Michael         Cambridge, Mass.            3/25/43
 Glass, Ron                   Evansville, Ind.            7/10/45
 Glenn, Scott                 Pittsburgh, Pa.             1/26/42
 Gless, Sharon                Los Angeles, Cal.           5/31/43
 Glover, Danny                San Francisco, Cal.         1948
 Glynn, Carlin                Cleveland, Oh.              2/19/40
 Gobel, George                Chicago, Ill.               5/20/19
 Name                         Birthplace                  Born
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Gobel, George                Chicago, Ill.               5/20/19
 Godard, Jean Luc             Paris, France               12/3/30
 Godunov, Alexander           Sakhalin Is., USSR          11/28/49
 Goldberg, Whoopi             New York, N.Y.              1949
 Goldblum, Jeff               Pittsburgh, Pa.             10/22/53
 Goldsboro, Bobby             Marianna, Fla.              1/18/42
 Goldthwait, Bob              Syracuse, N.Y.              1962
 Goodman, John                St. Louis, Mo.              6/20/53
 Gordon, Gale                 New York, N.Y.              2/2/06
 Gorman, Cliff                New York, N.Y.              10/13/36
 Gorme, Eydie                 Bronx, N.Y.                 8/16/32
 Gorshin, Frank               Pittsburgh, Pa.             4/5/34
 Gossett Jr., Louis           Brooklyn, N.Y.              5/27/36
 Gould, Elliott               Brooklyn, N.Y.              8/29/38
 Gould, Harold                Schenectady, N.Y.           12/10/23
 Gould, Morton                Richmond Hill, N.Y.         12/10/13
 Goulet, Robert               Lawrence, Mass.             11/26/33
 Gowdy, Curt                  Green River, Wyo.           7/31/19
 Graham, Martha               Pittsburgh, Pa.             5/11/94
 Name                         Birthplace                  Born
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Graham, Martha               Pittsburgh, Pa.             5/11/94
 Graham, Virginia             Chicago, Ill.               7/4/12
 Grammer, Kelsey              Virgin Islands              2/20/-
 Granger, Farley              San Jose, Cal.              7/1/25
 Granger, Stewart             London, England             5/6/13
 Grant, Amy                   Augusta, Ga.                1961
 Grant, Lee                   New York, N.Y.              10/31/29
 Graves, Peter                Minneapolis, Minn.          3/18/26
 Gray, Coleen                 Staplehurst, Neb.           10/23/22
 Gray, Erin                   Honolulu, Ha.               1/7/52
 Gray, Linda                  Santa Monica, Cal.          9/12/40
 Grayson, Kathryn             Winston-Salem, N.C.         2/9/22
 Greco, Buddy                 Philadelphia, Pa.           8/14/26
 Greco, Jose                  Abruzzi, Italy              12/23/18
 Green, Adolph                New York, N.Y.              12/2/15
 Green, Al                    Forest City, Ark.           4/13/46
 Greene, Ellen                New York, N.Y.              1950
 Greene, Michele              Las Vegas, Nev.             2/3/-
 Greene, Shecky               Chicago, Ill.               4/8/26
 Name                         Birthplace                  Born
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Greene, Shecky               Chicago, Ill.               4/8/26
 Gregory, Cynthia             Los Angeles, Cal.           7/8/46
 Gregory, Dick                St. Louis, Mo.              10/12/32
 Gregory, James               Bronx, N.Y.                 12/23/11
 Grey, Joel                   Cleveland, Oh.              4/11/32
 Griffin, Merv                San Mateo, Cal.             7/6/25
 Griffith, Andy               Mount Airy, N.C.            6/1/26
 Griffith, Melanie            New York, N.Y.              8/9/57
 Grimes, Tammy                Lynn, Mass.                 1/30/34
 Grizzard, George             Roanoke Rapids, N.C.        4/1/28
 Grodin, Charles              Pittsburgh, Pa.             4/21/35
 Groh, David                  New York, N.Y.              5/21/41
 Grosbard, Ulu                Antwerp, Belgium            1/19/29
 Gross, Michael               Chicago, Ill.               6/21/47
 Guardino, Harry              New York, N.Y.              12/23/25
 Guillaume, Robert            St. Louis, Mo.              11/30/37
 Guinness, Alec               London, England             4/2/14
 Guthrie, Arlo                New York, N.Y.              7/10/47
 Guttenberg, Steve            New York, N.Y.              8/24/58
 Name                         Birthplace                  Born
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Guttenberg, Steve            New York, N.Y.              8/24/58
 Guy, Jasmine                 Boston, Mass.               3/10/-
 Gwynne, Fred                 New York, N.Y.              7/10/26
 Hackett, Buddy               Brooklyn, N.Y.              8/31/24
 Hackman, Gene                San Bernardino, Cal.        1/30/30
 Hagen, Uta                   Gottingen, Germany          6/12/19
 Haggard, Merle               Bakersfield, Cal.           4/6/37
 Haggerty, Dan                Hollywood, Cal.             11/19/41
 Hagman, Larry                Weatherford, Tex.           9/21/31
 Hague, Albert                Berlin, Germany             10/13/20
 Haid, Charles                San Francisco, Cal.         6/2/43
 Hale, Barbara                DeKalb, Ill.                4/18/22
 Hall, Arsenio                Cleveland, Oh.              2/12/58
 Hall, Daryl                  Pottstown, Pa.              10/11/49
 Hall, Deidre                 Milwaukee, Wis.             10/31/48
 Hall, Huntz                  New York, N.Y.              8/15/19
 Hall, Monty                  Winnipeg, Man.              8/25/25
 Hall, Tom T.                 Olive Hill, Ky.             5/25/36
 Hamel, Veronica              Philadelphia, Pa.           11/20/43
 Name                         Birthplace                  Born
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Hamel, Veronica              Philadelphia, Pa.           11/20/43
 Hamill, Mark                 Oakland, Cal.               9/25/51
 Hamilton, George             Memphis, Tenn.              8/12/39
 Hamlin, Harry                Pasadena, Cal.              10/30/51
 Hampton, Lionel              Birmingham, Ala.            4/12/13
 Hancock, Herbie              Chicago, Ill.               4/12/40
 Hanks, Tom                   Oakland, Cal.               7/9/56
 Hannah, Daryl                Chicago, Ill.               1961
 Hardison, Kadeem             New York, N.Y.              7/24/-
 Harmon, Mark                 Burbank, Cal.               9/2/51
 Harper, Jessica              Chicago, Ill.               1949
 Harper, Tess                 Mammoth Springs, Ark.       1952
 Harper, Valerie              Suffern, N.Y.               8/22/40
 Harrelson, Woody             Midland, Tex.               7/23/-
 Harrington, Pat Jr.          New York, N.Y.              8/13/29
 Harris, Barbara              Evanston, Ill.              7/25/35
 Harris, Ed                   Englewood, N.J.             11/28/50
 Harris, Emmylou              Birmingham, Ala.            4/2/47
 Harris, Julie                Grosse Pte. Park, Mich.     12/2/25
 Name                         Birthplace                  Born
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Harris, Julie                Grosse Pte. Park, Mich.     12/2/25
 Harris, Phil                 Linton, Ind.                6/24/04
 Harris, Richard              Co. Limerick, Ireland       10/1/33
 Harris, Rosemary             Ashby, England              9/19/30
 Harrison, George             Liverpool, England          2/25/43
 Harrison, Gregory            Avalon, Cal.                5/31/50
 Harry, Deborah               Miami, Fla.                 7/1/45
 Hart, Mary                   Sioux Falls, S.D.           1951
 Hartley, Mariette            New York, N.Y.              6/21/40
 Hartman, David               Pawtucket, R.I.             5/19/35
 Hartman, Lisa                Houston, Tex.               6/1/56
 Hartman, Phil                Ontario, Canada             9/24/48
 Hasselhoff, David            Baltimore, Md.              7/17/52
 Hasso, Signe                 Stockholm, Sweden           8/15/10
 Hauer, Rutger                Netherlands                 1/23/44
 Haver, June                  Rock Island, Ill.           6/10/26
 Havoc, June                  Seattle, Wash.              11/8/16
 Hawn, Goldie                 Washington, D.C.            11/21/45
 Hayden, Melissa              Toronto, Ont.               4/25/23
 Name                         Birthplace                  Born
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Hayden, Melissa              Toronto, Ont.               4/25/23
 Hayes, Helen                 Washington, D.C.            10/10/00
 Hayes, Isaac                 Covington, Tenn.            8/20/42
 Hays, Robert                 Bethesda, Md.               7/24/47
 Heard, John                  Washington, D.C.            5/7/47
 Hearn, George                Memphis, Tenn.              1935
 Heatherton, Joey             Rockville Centre, N.Y.      9/14/44
 Heckart, Eileen              Columbus, Oh.               3/29/19
 Helmond, Katherine           Galveston, Tex.             7/5/34
 Hemingway, Margaux           Portland, Ore.              2/19/55
 Hemingway, Mariel            Mill Valley, Cal.           11/21/61
 Hemmings, David              Guildford, England          11/18/41
 Hemsley, Sherman             Philadelphia, Pa.           2/1/38
 Henderson, Florence          Dale, Ind.                  2/14/34
 Henderson, Skitch            Halstad, Minn.              1/27/18
 Henner, Marilu               Chicago, Ill.               4/6/52
 Henning, Doug                Ft. Garry, Man.             5/3/47
 Henreid, Paul                Trieste, Austria            1/10/08
 Hepburn, Audrey              Brussels, Belgium           5/4/29
 Name                         Birthplace                  Born
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Hepburn, Audrey              Brussels, Belgium           5/4/29
 Hepburn, Katharine           Hartford, Conn.             11/8/09
 Herman, Pee-wee              Peekskill, N.Y.             1952
 Herrmann, Edward             Washington, D.C.            7/21/43
 Hershey, Barbara             Los Angeles, Cal.           2/5/48
 Hesseman, Howard             Lebanon, Ore.               2/27/40
 Heston, Charlton             Evanston, Ill.              10/4/23
 Hewett, Christopher          Sussex, England             4/5/-
 Higgins, Joel                Bloomington, Ill.           9/28/43
 Hildegarde                   Adell, Wis.                 2/1/06
 Hill, Arthur                 Melfort, Sask.              8/1/22
 Hill, Benny                  Southampton, England        1/21/25
 Hill, George Roy             Minneapolis, Minn.          12/20/22
 Hiller, Wendy                Stockport, England          8/15/12
 Hillerman, John              Denison, Tex.               12/30/32
 Hines, Gregory               New York, N.Y.              2/14/46
 Hines, Jerome                Hollywood, Cal.             11/8/21
 Hingle, Pat                  Miami, Fla.                 7/19/23
 Hirsch, Judd                 Bronx, N.Y.                 3/15/35
 Name                         Birthplace                  Born
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Hirsch, Judd                 Bronx, N.Y.                 3/15/35
 Hirt, Al                     New Orleans, La.            11/7/22
 Ho, Don                      Kakaako, Oahu, Ha.          8/13/30
 Hoffman, Dustin              Los Angeles, Cal.           8/8/37
 Hogan, Paul                  New South Wales, Australia  1941
 Holbrook, Hal                Cleveland, Oh.              2/17/25
 Holder, Geoffrey             Trinidad                    8/1/30
 Holliday, Polly              Jasper, Ala.                7/2/37
 Holliman, Earl               Delhi, La.                  9/11/28
 Holloway, Sterling           Cedartown, Ga.              1/4/05
 Holm, Celeste                New York, N.Y.              4/29/19
 Hooks, Jan                   Decatur, Ga.                4/23/57
 Hooks, Robert                Washington, D.C.            4/18/37
 Hope, Bob                    London, England             5/29/03
 Hopkins, Anthony             Wales                       12/31/37
 Hopkins, Telma               Louisville, Ky.             10/28/48
 Hopper, Dennis               Dodge City, Kan.            5/17/36
 Horne, Lena                  Brooklyn, N.Y.              6/30/17
 Horne, Marilyn               Bradford, Pa.               1/16/34
 Name                         Birthplace                  Born
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Horne, Marilyn               Bradford, Pa.               1/16/34
 Horsley, Lee                 Muleshoe, Tex.              5/15/55
 Horton, Robert               Los Angeles, Cal.           7/29/24
 Hoskins, Bob                 Suffolk, England            10/26/42
 Houston, Whitney             E. Orange, N.J.             8/9/63
 Howard, Ken                  El Centro, Cal.             3/28/44
 Howard, Ron                  Duncan, Okla.               3/1/54
 Howell, C. Thomas            Los Angeles, Cal.           12/7/66
 Howes, Sally Ann             London, England             7/20/30
 Hughes, Barnard              Bedford Hills, N.Y.         7/16/15
 Hulce, Tom                   Whitewater, Wis.            12/6/53
 Humperdinck, Engelbert       Madras, India               5/3/36
 Hunt, Linda                  Morristown, N.J.            4/2/45
 Hunter, Holly                Conyers, Ga.                1959
 Hunter, Kim                  Detroit, Mich.              11/12/22
 Hunter, Ross                 Cleveland, Oh.              5/6/21
 Hunter, Tab                  New York, N.Y.              7/11/31
 Hurt, John                   Chesterfield, England       1/22/40
 Hurt, Mary Beth              Marshalltown, Ia.           9/26/46
 Name                         Birthplace                  Born
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Hurt, Mary Beth              Marshalltown, Ia.           9/26/46
 Hurt, William                Washington, D.C.            3/20/50
 Hussey, Ruth                 Providence, R.I.            10/30/14
 Huston, Anjelica             Ireland                     1952
 Hutton, Betty                Battle Creek, Mich.         2/26/21
 Hutton, Lauren               Charleston, S.C.            11/17/43




╓┌───────────────────────────┌─────────────────────────┌─────────────────────╖
 Name                        Birthplace                Born
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Hutton, Timothy             Malibu, Cal.              8/16/61
 Hyde-White, Wilfrid         Gloucester, England       5/12/03
 Hyman, Earle                Rocky Mount, N.C.         10/11/26
 Ian, Janis                  New York, N.Y.            4/7/51
 Idol, Billy                 London, England           11/30/55
 Iglesias, Julio             Madrid, Spain             9/23/43
 Name                        Birthplace                Born
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Iglesias, Julio             Madrid, Spain             9/23/43
 Ireland, John               Vancouver, B.C.           1/30/14
 Irons, Jeremy               Cowes, England            9/19/48
 Irving, Amy                 Palo Alto, Cal.           9/10/53
 Irving, George S.           Springfield, Mass.        11/1/22
 Ives, Burl                  Hunt Township, Ill.       6/14/09
 Ivey, Judith                El Paso, Tex.             9/4/51
 Jackee                      Winston-Salem, N.C.       8/14/-
 Jackson, Anne               Allegheny, Pa.            9/3/25
 Jackson, Glenda             Liverpool, England        5/9/36
 Jackson, Janet              Gary, Ind.                5/16/66
 Jackson, Jermaine           Gary, Ind.                12/11/54
 Jackson, La Toya            Gary, Ind.                1/29/56
 Jackson, Kate               Birmingham, Ala.          10/29/48
 Jackson, Michael            Gary, Ind.                8/29/58
 Jackson, Victoria           Miami, Fla.               8/2/59
 Jacobi, Derek               London, England           10/22/38
 Jaeckel, Richard            Long Beach, N.Y.          10/10/26
 Jagger, Dean                Lima, Oh.                 11/7/03
 Name                        Birthplace                Born
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Jagger, Dean                Lima, Oh.                 11/7/03
 Jagger, Mick                Dartford, England         7/26/43
 James, Dennis               Jersey City, N.J.         8/24/17
 James, John                 Minneapolis, Minn.        4/18/56
 Janis, Conrad               New York, N.Y.            2/11/28
 Jarreau, Al                 Milwaukee, Wis            3/12/40
 Jeffreys, Anne              Goldsboro, N.C.           1/26/23
 Jenner, Bruce               Mt. Kisco, N.Y.           10/28/49
 Jennings, Waylon            Littlefield, Tex.         6/15/37
 Jett, Joan                  Philadelphia, Pa.         9/22/60
 Jewison, Norman             Toronto, Ont.             7/21/26
 Jillian, Ann                Cambridge, Mass.          1/29/50
 Joel, Billy                 Bronx, N.Y.               5/9/49
 John, Elton                 Middlesex, England        3/25/47
 Johns, Glynis               Durban, S. Africa         10/5/23
 Johnson, Anne-Marie         Los Angeles, Cal.         7/18/-
 Johnson, Arte               Benton Harbor, Mich.      1/20/29
 Johnson, Ben                Foraker, Okla.            6/13/18
 Johnson, Don                Flatt Creek, Mo.          12/15/49
 Name                        Birthplace                Born
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Johnson, Don                Flatt Creek, Mo.          12/15/49
 Johnson, Van                Newport, R.I.             8/25/16
 Jones, Allan                Scranton, Pa.             10/14/07
 Jones, Charlie              Ft. Smith, Ark.           11/9/30
 Jones, Dean                 Morgan City, Ala.         1/25/35
 Jones, George               Saratoga, Tex.            9/12/31
 Jones, Grace                Spanishtown, Jamaica      5/19/52
 Jones, Grandpa              Niagara, Ky.              10/20/13
 Jones, Henry                Philadelphia, Pa.         8/1/12
 Jones, Jack                 Hollywood, Cal.           1/14/38
 Jones, James Earl           Tate Co., Miss.           1/17/31
 Jones, Jennifer             Tulsa, Okla.              3/2/19
 Jones, Shirley              Smithton, Pa.             3/31/34
 Jones, Tom                  Pontypridd, Wales         6/7/40
 Jones, Tommy Lee            San Saba, Tex.            9/15/46
 Jordan, Richard             New York, N.Y.            7/19/38
 Jourdan, Louis              Marseilles, France        6/19/21
 Julia, Raul                 San Juan, P.R.            3/9/40
 Jump, Gordon                Dayton, Oh.               4/1/32
 Name                        Birthplace                Born
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Jump, Gordon                Dayton, Oh.               4/1/32
 Kahn, Madeline              Boston, Mass.             9/29/42
 Kanaly, Steve               Burbank, Cal.             3/14/46
 Kane, Carol                 Cleveland, Oh.            6/18/52
 Kaplan, Gabe                Brooklyn, N.Y.            3/31/45
 Karlen, John                New York, N.Y.            5/28/33
 Karras, Alex                Gary, Ind.                7/15/35
 Kasem, Casey                Detroit, Mich.            1933
 Katt, William               Los Angeles, Cal.         2/16/51
 Kavner, Julie               Los Angeles, Cal.         9/7/51
 Kazan, Elia                 Istanbul, Turkey          9/7/09
 Kazan, Lainie               New York, N.Y.            5/15/42
 Keach, Stacy                Savannah, Ga.             6/2/41
 Keaton, Diane               Santa Ana, Cal.           1/5/46
 Keaton, Michael             Pittsburgh, Pa.           9/9/51
 Keel, Howard                Gillespie, Ill.           4/13/17
 Keeler, Ruby                Halifax, N.S.             8/25/09
 Keeshan, Bob                Lynbrook, N.Y.            6/27/27
 Keitel, Harvey              Brooklyn, N.Y.            1947
 Name                        Birthplace                Born
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Keitel, Harvey              Brooklyn, N.Y.            1947
 Keith, Brian                Bayonne, N.J.             11/14/21
 Keith, David                Knoxville, Tenn.          5/8/54
 Kellerman, Sally            Long Beach, Cal.          6/2/37
 Kelley, DeForest            Atlanta, Ga.              1/20/20
 Kelly, Gene                 Pittsburgh, Pa.           8/23/12
 Kelly, Jack                 Astoria, N.Y.             9/16/27
 Kelly, Nancy                Lowell, Mass.             3/25/21
 Kennedy, George             New York, N.Y.            2/18/26
 Kennedy, Jayne              Washington, D.C.          11/27/51
 Kent, Allegra               Los Angeles, Cal.         8/11/37
 Kercheval, Ken              Wolcottville, Ind.        7/15/35
 Kerns, Joanna               San Francisco, Cal.       2/12/53
 Kerr, Deborah               Helensburgh, Scotland     9/30/21
 Kerr, John                  New York, N.Y.            11/15/31
 Khan, Chaka                 Great Lakes, Ill.         3/23/53
 Kidder, Margot              Yellowknife, N.W.T.       10/17/48
 Kiley, Richard              Chicago, Ill.             3/31/22
 King, Alan                  Brooklyn, N.Y.            12/26/27
 Name                        Birthplace                Born
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
King, Alan                  Brooklyn, N.Y.            12/26/27
 King, B. B.                 Itta Bena, Miss.          9/16/25
 King, Carole                Brooklyn, N.Y.            2/9/42
 King, Larry                 New York, N.Y.            11/19/33
 King, Perry                 Alliance, Oh.             4/30/48
 Kingsley, Ben               Yorkshire, England        12/31/43
 Kinski, Klaus               Sopot, Poland             10/8/26
 Kinski, Nastassia           Berlin, W. Germany        1/24/60
 Kirby, Durward              Covington, Ky.            8/24/12
 Kirkland, Gelsey            Bethlehem, Pa.            12/29/53
 Kirsten, Dorothy            Montclair, N.J.           7/6/19
 Kitt, Eartha                North, S.C.               1/26/28
 Klein, Robert               New York, N.Y.            2/8/42
 Klemperer, Werner           Cologne, Germany          3/22/19
 Kline, Kevin                St. Louis, Mo.            10/24/47
 Klugman, Jack               Philadelphia, Pa.         4/27/22
 Knight, Gladys              Atlanta, Ga.              5/28/44
 Knotts, Don                 Morgantown, W. Va.        7/21/24
 Knox, Alexander             Strathroy, Ont.           1/16/07
 Name                        Birthplace                Born
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Knox, Alexander             Strathroy, Ont.           1/16/07
 Kopell, Bernie              New York, N.Y.            6/21/33
 Korman, Harvey              Chicago, Ill.             2/15/27
 Kotero, Apollonia           Santa Monica, Cal.        8/2/60
 Kotto, Yaphet               New York, N.Y.            11/15/44
 Kramer, Stanley             New York, N.Y.            9/29/13
 Kramer, Stepfanie           Los Angeles, Cal.         8/6/56
 Kristofferson, Kris         Brownsville, Tex.         6/22/36
 Kubelik, Rafael             Bychori, Czechoslovakia   6/29/14
 Kubrick, Stanley            Bronx, N.Y.               7/26/28
 Kulp, Nancy                 Harrisburg, Pa.           8/28/21
 Kurtz, Swoosie              Omaha, Neb.               9/6/44
 LaBelle, Patti              Philadelphia, Pa.         10/4/44
 Ladd, Cheryl                Huron, S.D.               7/12/51
 Ladd, Diane                 Meridian, Miss.           11/29/32
 Lahti, Christine            Detroit, Mich.            4/5/50
 Laine, Cleo                 Middlesex, England        10/28/27
 Laine, Frankie              Chicago, Ill.             3/30/13
 Lamarr, Hedy                Vienna, Austria           11/9/13
 Name                        Birthplace                Born
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Lamarr, Hedy                Vienna, Austria           11/9/13
 Lamas, Lorenzo              Santa Monica, Cal.        1/20/58
 Lamb, Gil                   Minneapolis, Minn.        6/14/06
 Lamour, Dorothy             New Orleans, La.          12/10/14
 Lancaster, Burt             New York, N.Y.            11/2/13
 Landau, Martin              New York, N.Y.            6/20/34
 Landesberg, Steve           New York, N.Y.            11/23/45
 Landis, John                Chicago, Ill.             8/3/50
 Landon, Michael             Forest Hills, N.Y.        10/21/36
 Lane, Abbe                  Brooklyn, N.Y.            12/14/32
 Lane, Diane                 New York, N.Y.            1/22/63
 Lane, Priscilla             Indianola, Ia.            6/12/17
 Lang, K.D.                  Consort, Alberta          1962
 Lang, Stephen               New York, N.Y.            7/11/52
 Lange, Hope                 Redding Ridge, Conn.      11/28/31
 Lange, Jessica              Cloquet, Minn.            4/20/49
 Langella, Frank             Bayonne, N.J.             1/1/40
 Langford, Frances           Lakeland, Fla.            4/4/13
 Lansbury, Angela            London, England           10/16/25
 Name                        Birthplace                Born
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Lansbury, Angela            London, England           10/16/25
 Lansing, Robert             San Diego, Cal.           6/5/28
 Laredo, Ruth                Detroit, Mich.            11/20/37
 Larroquette, John           New Orleans, La.          11/25/47
 Lasser, Louise              New York, N.Y.            4/11/39
 Lauper, Cyndi               New York, N.Y.            6/20/53
 Laurie, Piper               Detroit, Mich.            1/22/32
 Lauter, Ed                  Long Beach, N.Y.          10/30/40
 Lavin, Linda                Portland, Me.             10/15/37
 Lawrence, Carol             Melrose Park, Ill.        9/5/34
 Lawrence, Steve             Brooklyn, N.Y.            7/8/35
 Lawrence, Vicki             Inglewood, Cal.           3/26/49
 Leach, Robin                London, England           8/29/41
 Leachman, Cloris            Des Moines, Ia.           4/4/26
 Lean, David                 Croydon, England          3/25/08
 Lear, Norman                New Haven, Conn.          7/27/22
 Learned, Michael            Washington, D.C.          4/9/39
 LeBon, Simon                Bushey, England           10/27/58
 Lee, Brenda                 Atlanta, Ga.              12/11/44
 Name                        Birthplace                Born
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Lee, Brenda                 Atlanta, Ga.              12/11/44
 Lee, Christopher            London, England           5/27/22
 Lee, Michele                Los Angeles, Cal.         6/24/42
 Lee, Peggy                  Jamestown, N.D.           5/26/20
 Lee, Spike                  Atlanta, Ga.              3/20/57
 Le Gallienne, Eva           London, England           1/11/99
 Legrand, Michel             Paris, France             2/24/32
 Leibman, Ron                New York, N.Y.            10/11/37
 Leifer, Carol               E. Williston, N.Y.        1956
 Leigh, Janet                Merced, Cal.              7/6/27
 Leinsdorf, Erich            Vienna, Austria           2/4/12
 Leisure, David              San Diego, Cal.           11/16/-
 Lemmon, Chris               Los Angeles, Cal.         1/22/54
 Lemmon, Jack                Boston, Mass.             2/8/25
 Lennon, Julian              London, England           4/8/63
 Lennon Sisters
 Dianne                      Los Angeles, Cal.         12/1/39
 Janet                       Culver City, Cal.         11/15/46
 Kathy                       Santa Monica, Cal.        8/22/42
 Name                        Birthplace                Born
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Kathy                       Santa Monica, Cal.        8/22/42
 Peggy                       Los Angeles, Cal.         4/8/41
 Leno, Jay                   New Rochelle, N.Y.        4/28/50
 Lenz, Kay                   Los Angeles, Cal.         3/4/53
 Leonard, Sheldon            New York, N.Y.            2/22/07
 Leontovich, Eugenie         Moscow, Russia            3/21/00
 Leslie, Joan                Detroit, Mich.            1/26/25
 Letterman, David            Indianapolis, Ind.        4/12/47
 Levine, James               Cincinnati, Oh.           6/23/43
 Levinson, Barry             Baltimore, Md.            1932
 Lewis, Emmanuel             New York, N.Y.            3/9/71
 Lewis, Dawnn                New York, N.Y.            8/13/-
 Lewis, Huey                 New York, N.Y.            1952
 Lewis, Jerry                Newark, N.J.              3/16/26
 Lewis, Jerry Lee            Ferriday, La.             9/29/35
 Lewis, Richard              New York, N.Y.            6/29/47
 Lewis, Shari                New York, N.Y.            1/17/34
 Light, Judith               Trenton, N.J.             2/9/50
 Lightfoot, Gordon           Orillia, Ont.             11/17/38
 Name                        Birthplace                Born
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Lightfoot, Gordon           Orillia, Ont.             11/17/38
 Linden, Hal                 New York, N.Y.            3/20/31
 Lindfors, Viveca            Uppsala, Sweden           12/29/20
 Linkletter, Art             Saskatchewan, Canada      7/17/12
 Linn-Baker, Mark            St. Louis, Mo.            6/17/53
 Lithgow, John               Rochester, N.Y.           10/19/45
 Little, Cleavon             Chickasha, Okla.          6/1/39
 Little, Rich                Ottawa, Ont.              11/26/38
 Little Richard              Macon, Ga.                12/5/32
 Lloyd, Christopher          Stamford, Conn.           10/22/38
 Lloyd, Emily                England                   9/29/70
 Locke, Sondra               Shelbyville, Tenn.        5/28/47
 Lockhart, June              New York, N.Y.            6/25/25
 Locklear, Heather           Los Angeles, Cal.         9/25/61
 Loggia, Robert              New York, N.Y.            1/3/30
 Loggins, Kenny              Everett, Wash.            1/7/48
 Lollobrigida, Gina          Subiaco, Italy            7/4/28
 Lom, Herbert                Prague, Czechoslovakia    1/9/17
 London, Julie               Santa Rosa, Cal.          9/26/26
 Name                        Birthplace                Born
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
London, Julie               Santa Rosa, Cal.          9/26/26
 Long, Shelley               Ft. Wayne, Ind.           8/23/49
 Lord, Jack                  New York, N.Y.            -
 Loren, Sophia               Rome, Italy               9/20/34
 Loring, Gloria              New York, N.Y.            12/10/46
 Loudon, Dorothy             Boston, Mass.             9/17/33
 Louise, Tina                New York, N.Y.            2/11/34
 Lovitz, Jon                 Tarzana, Cal.             7/21/57
 Lowe, Rob                   Charlottesville, Va.      3/17/64
 Loy, Myrna                  Helena, Mon.              8/2/05
 Lucas, George               Modesto, Cal.             5/14/44
 Lucci, Susan                Westchester Co., N.Y.     12/23/49
 Luckinbill, Laurence        Ft. Smith, Ark.           11/21/34
 Ludwig, Christa             Berlin, Germany           3/16/28
 Luke, Keye                  Canton, China             1904
 Lumet, Sidney               Philadelphia, Pa.         6/25/24
 Lupino, Ida                 London, England           2/4/18
 LuPone, Patti               Northport, N.Y.           4/21/49
 Lynn, Jeffrey               Auburn, Mass.             2/16/09
 Name                        Birthplace                Born
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Lynn, Jeffrey               Auburn, Mass.             2/16/09
 Lynch, David                Missoula, Mont.           1/1/46
 Lynn, Loretta               Butcher Hollow, Ky.       4/14/-
 Maazel, Lorin               Paris, France             3/6/30
 MacArthur, James            Los Angeles, Cal.         12/8/37
 MacCorkindale, Simon        Cambridge, England        2/12/53
 MacGraw, Ali                Pound Ridge, N.Y.         4/1/39
 MacKenzie, Gisele           Winnipeg, Man.            1/10/27
 MacLaine, Shirley           Richmond, Va.             4/24/34
 MacLeod, Gavin              Mt. Kisco, N.Y.           2/28/30
 MacMurray, Fred             Kankakee, Ill.            8/30/08
 MacNee, Patrick             London, England           2/6/22
 MacNeil, Cornell            Minneapolis, Minn.        9/24/22
 Macchio, Ralph              Long Island, N.Y.         11/4/62
 Macy, Bill                  Revere, Mass.             5/18/22
 Madden, John                Austin, Minn.             4/10/36
 Madonna (Ciccone)           Bay City, Mich.           8/16/58
 Majors, Lee                 Wyandotte, Mich.          4/23/40
 Malbin, Elaine              New York, N.Y.            5/24/32
 Name                        Birthplace                Born
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Malbin, Elaine              New York, N.Y.            5/24/32
 Malden, Karl                Chicago, Ill.             3/22/13
 Malfitano, Catherine        New York, N.Y.            4/18/48
 Malkovich, John             Christopher, Ill.         12/9/53
 Malle, Louis                Thumeries, France         10/30/32
 Malone, Dorothy             Chicago, Ill.             1/30/25
 Manchester, Melissa         Bronx, N.Y.               2/15/51
 Mancini, Henry              Cleveland, Oh.            4/16/24
 Mandel, Howie               Toronto, Ont.             11/29/-
 Mandrell, Barbara           Houston, Tex.             12/25/48
 Mangione, Chuck             Rochester, N.Y.           11/29/40
 Manilow, Barry              New York, N.Y.            6/17/46
 Mann, Herbie                New York, N.Y.            4/16/30
 Manoff, Dinah               New York, N.Y.            1/25/58
 Marceau, Marcel             Strasbourg, France        3/22/23
 Marsalis, Wynton            New Orleans, La.          10/18/61
 Marchand, Nancy             Buffalo, N.Y.             6/19/28
 Margolin, Janet             New York, N.Y.            7/25/43
 Marin, Cheech               Los Angeles, Cal.         7/13/46
 Name                        Birthplace                Born
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Marin, Cheech               Los Angeles, Cal.         7/13/46
 Markova, Alicia             London, England           12/1/10
 Marriner, Neville           Lincoln, England          4/15/24
 Marsh, Jean                 London, England           7/1/34
 Marshall, E. G.             Owatonna, Minn.           6/18/10
 Marshall, Penny             New York, N.Y.            10/15/43
 Marshall, Peter             Huntington, W.Va.         3/30/27
 Martin, Dean                Steubenville, Oh.         6/17/17
 Martin, Dick                Detroit, Mich.            1/30/23
 Martin, Mary                Weatherford, Tex.         12/1/13
 Martin, Pamela Sue          Westport, Conn.           1/5/54
 Martin, Steve               Waco, Tex.                1945
 Martin, Tony                San Francisco, Cal.       12/25/13
 Martins, Peter              Copenhagen, Denmark       10/27/46
 Mason, Jackie               Sheboygan, Wis.           6/9/31
 Mason, Marsha               St. Louis, Mo.            4/3/42
 Mastrantonio, Mary Eliz.    Lombard, Ill.             11/17/58
 Mastroianni, Marcello       Rome, Italy               9/28/24
 Matheson, Tim               Glendale, Cal.            12/31/47
 Name                        Birthplace                Born
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Matheson, Tim               Glendale, Cal.            12/31/47
 Mathis, Johnny              San Francisco, Cal.       9/30/35
 Matthau, Walter             New York, N.Y.            10/1/20
 Mature, Victor              Louisville, Ky.           1/29/16
 May, Elaine                 Philadelphia, Pa.         4/21/32
 Mayfield, Curtis            Chicago, Ill.             6/3/42
 Mayo, Virginia              St. Louis, Mo.            11/30/20
 Mazurki, Mike               Austria                   12/25/09
 Mazursky, Paul              Brooklyn, N.Y.            4/25/30
 McArdle, Andrea             Philadelphia, Pa.         11/5/63
 McBride, Patricia           Teaneck, N.J.             8/23/42
 McCallum, David             Glasgow, Scotland         9/19/33
 McCambridge, Mercedes       Joliet, Ill.              3/17/18
 McCarthy, Andrew            New York, N.Y.            1963
 McCarthy, Kevin             Seattle, Wash.            2/15/14
 McCartney, Paul             Liverpool, England        6/18/42
 McCarver, Tim               Memphis, Tenn.            10/16/41
 McClanahan, Rue             Healdton, Okla.           2/21/36
 McClure, Doug               Glendale, Cal.            5/11/35
 Name                        Birthplace                Born
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
McClure, Doug               Glendale, Cal.            5/11/35
 McClurg, Edie               Kansas City, Mo.          7/23/-
 McCoo, Marilyn              Jersey City, N.J.         9/30/43
 McCrea, Joel                Los Angeles, Cal.         11/5/05
 McDowall, Roddy             London, England           9/28/28
 McDowell, Malcolm           Leeds, England            6/13/43
 McEntire, Reba              McAlester, Okla.          3/28/55
 McFarland, Spanky           Dallas, Tex.              10/2/28
 McGavin, Darren             Spokane, Wash.            5/7/22
 McGillis, Kelly             Newport, Cal.             1957
 McGoohan, Patrick           New York, N.Y.            3/19/28
 McGovern, Elizabeth         Evanston, Ill.            7/18/61
 McGovern, Maureen           Youngstown, Oh.           7/27/49
 McGuire, Al                 New York, N.Y.            9/7/31
 McGuire, Dorothy            Omaha, Neb.               6/14/19
 McIntire, John              Spokane, Wash.            6/27/07
 McKechnie, Donna            Pontiac, Mich.            11/16/42
 McKee, Lonette              Detroit, Mich.            1954
 McKellen, Ian               Burnley, England          5/25/39
 Name                        Birthplace                Born
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
McKellen, Ian               Burnley, England          5/25/39
 McKeon, Nancy               Westbury, N.Y.            4/4/66
 McLean, Don                 New Rochelle, N.Y.        10/2/45
 McLerie, Allyn              Grand Mere, Que.          12/1/26
 McMahon, Ed                 Detroit, Mich.            3/6/23
 McNichol, Kristy            Los Angeles, Cal.         9/11/62
 McQueen, Butterfly          Tampa, Fla.               1/7/11
 McRaney, Gerald             Collins, Miss.            8/19/47
 Meadows, Audrey             Wu Chang, China           2/8/24
 Meadows, Jayne              Wu Chang, China           9/27/20
 Meara, Anne                 New York, N.Y.            9/20/29
 Mehta, Zubin                Bombay, India             4/29/36
 Melanie                     New York, N.Y.            2/3/47
 Mendes, Sergio              Niteroi, Brazil           2/11/41
 Menuhin, Yehudi             New York, N.Y.            4/22/16
 Mercer, Marian              Akron, Oh.                11/26/35
 Mercouri, Melina            Athens, Greece            10/18/25
 Meredith, Burgess           Cleveland, Oh.            11/16/08
 Merrick, David              Hong Kong                 11/27/12
 Name                        Birthplace                Born
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Merrick, David              Hong Kong                 11/27/12
 Merrill, Dina               New York, N.Y.            12/9/25
 Merrill, Robert             Brooklyn, N.Y.            6/4/19
 Messina, Jim                Maywood, Cal.             12/5/47
 Meyers, Ari                 San Juan, Puerto Rico     4/6/69
 Michael, George             Watford, England          6/26/63
 Michaels, Al                New York, N.Y.            11/12/44
 Midler, Bette               Paterson, N.J.            12/1/45
 Milano, Alyssa              New York, N.Y.            12/19/73
 Miles, Sarah                Ingatestone, England      12/31/41
 Miles, Vera                 near Boise City, Okla.    8/23/30
 Miller, Ann                 Houston, Tex.             4/12/19
 Miller, Dennis              Pittsburgh, Pa.           11/3/53
 Miller, Mitch               Rochester, N.Y.           7/4/11
 Miller, Roger               Ft. Worth, Tex.           1/2/36
 Mills, Donna                Chicago, Ill.             12/11/43
 Mills, John                 Suffolk, England          2/22/08
 Mills, Juliet               London, England           11/21/41
 Milner, Martin              Detroit, Mich.            12/28/27
 Name                        Birthplace                Born
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Milner, Martin              Detroit, Mich.            12/28/27
 Milnes, Sherrill            Downers Grove, Ill.       1/10/35
 Milsap, Ronnie              Robinsville, N.C.         1/16/44
 Milstein, Nathan            Odessa, Russia            12/31/04
 Mimieux, Yvette             Hollywood, Cal.           1/8/39
 Minnelli, Liza              Los Angeles, Cal.         3/12/46
 Mitchell, Cameron           Dallastown, Pa.           4/11/18
 Mitchell, James             Sacramento, Cal.          2/29/20
 Mitchell, Joni              McLeod, Alta.             11/7/43
 Mitchum, Robert             Bridgeport, Conn.         8/6/17
 Moffat, Donald              Plymouth, England         12/26/30
 Moffo, Anna                 Wayne, Pa.                6/27/27
 Molinaro, Al.               Kenosha, Wis.             6/24/19
 Moll, Richard               Pasadena, Cal.            1/13/43
 Montalban, Ricardo          Mexico City, Mexico       11/25/20
 Montand, Yves               Monsumagno, Italy         10/13/21
 Montgomery, Elizabeth       Hollywood, Cal.           4/15/33
 Moody, Ron                  London, England           1/8/24
 Moore, Clayton              Chicago, Ill.             9/14/14
 Name                        Birthplace                Born
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Moore, Clayton              Chicago, Ill.             9/14/14
 Moore, Constance            Sioux City, Ia.           1/18/22
 Moore, Demi                 Roswell, N.M.             11/11/62
 Moore, Dudley               London, England           4/19/35
 Moore, Garry                Baltimore, Md.            1/31/15
 Moore, Mary Tyler           Brooklyn, N.Y.            12/29/37
 Moore, Melba                New York, N.Y.            10/29/45
 Moore, Roger                London, England           10/14/27
 Moore, Terry                Los Angeles, Cal.         1/1/29
 Moranis, Rick               Toronto, Ont.             4/18/-
 Moreau, Jeanne              Paris, France             1/23/28
 Moreno, Rita                Humacao, P.R.             12/11/31
 Morgan, Dennis              Prentice, Wis.            12/10/10
 Morgan, Harry               Detroit, Mich.            4/10/15
 Moriarty, Michael           Detroit, Mich.            4/5/41
 Morini, Erika               Vienna, Austria           1/5/10
 Morita, Pat                 Isleton, Cal.             6/28/32
 Morley, Robert              Wiltshire, England        5/26/08
 Morris, Greg                Cleveland, Oh.            9/27/34
 Name                        Birthplace                Born
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Morris, Greg                Cleveland, Oh.            9/27/34
 Morris, Howard              New York, N.Y.            9/4/25
 Morse, Robert               Newton, Mass.             5/18/31
 Moses, William              Los Angeles, Cal.         11/17/59
 Muldaur, Diana              New York, N.Y.            8/19/38
 Mulgrew, Kate               Dubuque, Ia.              4/29/55
 Mulhare, Edward             Ireland                   4/8/23
 Mull, Martin                Chicago, Ill.             8/18/43
 Mulligan, Richard           New York, N.Y.            11/13/32
 Munsel, Patrice             Spokane, Wash.            5/14/25
 Murphy, Ben                 Jonesboro, Ark.           3/6/42
 Murphy, Eddie               Brooklyn, N.Y.            4/3/61
 Murphy, George              New Haven, Conn.          7/4/02
 Murphy, Michael             Los Angeles, Cal.         5/5/38
 Murray, Anne                Springhill, Nova Scotia   6/20/45
 Murray, Arthur              New York, N.Y.            4/4/95
 Murray, Bill                Evanston, Ill.            9/21/50
 Murray, Don                 Hollywood, Cal.           7/31/29
 Murray, Kathryn             Jersey City, N.J.         9/15/06
 Name                        Birthplace                Born
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Murray, Kathryn             Jersey City, N.J.         9/15/06
 Musante, Tony               Bridgeport, Conn.         6/30/36
 Musburger, Brent            Portland, Ore.            5/26/39
 Muti, Riccardo              Naples, Italy             7/28/41
 Nabors, Jim                 Sylacauga, Ala.           6/12/33
 Nash, Graham                Blackpool, England        2/2/42
 Natwick, Mildred            Baltimore, Md.            6/19/08
 Naughton, James             Middletown, Conn.         7/6/46
 Neal, Patricia              Packard, Ky.              1/20/26
 Nealon, Kevin               Bridgeport, Conn.         11/18/53
 Neill, Sam                  New Zealand               1948
 Nelligan, Kate              London, Ontario           3/16/51
 Nelson, Craig T.            Spokane, Wash.            4/4/46
 Nelson, Ed                  New Orleans, La.          12/21/28
 Nelson, Gene                Seattle, Wash.            3/24/20
 Nelson, Harriet (Hilliard)  Des Moines, Ia.           7/18/14
 Nelson, Judd                Portland, Me.             1959
 Nelson, Tracy               Santa Monica, Cal.        10/25/63
 Nelson, Willie              Abbott, Tex.              4/30/33
 Name                        Birthplace                Born
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Nelson, Willie              Abbott, Tex.              4/30/33
 Nero, Peter                 New York, N.Y.            5/22/34
 New Kids On The Block
 Knight, Jonathan            Worcester, Mass.          11/29/68
 Knight, Jordan              Worcester, Mass.          5/17/70
 McIntyre, Joe               Needham, Mass.            12/31/72
 Wahlberg, Donnie            Boston, Mass.             8/17/69
 Wood, Danny                 Boston, Mass.             5/14/69
 Newhart, Bob                Oak Park, Ill.            9/29/29
 Newley, Anthony             Hackney, England          9/24/31
 Newman, Laraine             Los Angeles, Cal.         3/2/52
 Newman, Paul                Cleveland, Oh.            1/26/25
 Newman, Phyllis             Jersey City, N.J.         3/19/35
 Newman, Randy               Los Angeles, Cal.         11/28/43
 Newton, Wayne               Norfolk, Va.              4/3/42
 Newton-John, Olivia         Cambridge, England        9/26/47
 Nichols, Mike               Berlin, Germany           11/6/31
 Nicholson, Jack             Neptune, N.J.             4/28/37
 Nicks, Stevie               Phoenix, Ariz.            5/26/48
 Name                        Birthplace                Born
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Nicks, Stevie               Phoenix, Ariz.            5/26/48
 Nielsen, Leslie             Regina, Sask              2/11/26
 Nilsson, Birgit             Karup, Sweden             5/17/18
 Nimoy, Leonard              Boston, Mass.             3/26/31
 Noble, James                Dallas, Tex.              3/5/22
 Nolte, Nick                 Omaha, Neb.               2/8/40
 Norman, Jessye              Augusta, Ga.              9/15/45
 Norris, Chuck               Ryan, Okla.               1939
 North, Sheree               Los Angeles, Cal.         1/17/33
 Novak, Kim                  Chicago, Ill.             2/13/33
 Novello, Don                Ashtabula, Oh.            1/1/43
 Nureyev, Rudolf             Russia                    3/17/38
 Oates, John                 New York, N.Y.            4/7/48
 O'Brian, Hugh               Rochester, N.Y.           4/19/30
 O'Brien, Margaret           San Diego, Cal.           1/15/37
 Ocean, Billy                Trinidad                  1/21/52
 O'Connell, Helen            Lima, Oh.                 5/23/20
 O'Connor, Carroll           New York, N.Y.            8/2/24
 O'Connor, Donald            Chicago, Ill.             8/28/25
 Name                        Birthplace                Born
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
O'Connor, Donald            Chicago, Ill.             8/28/25
 Odetta                      Birmingham, Ala.          12/31/30
 O'Hara, Maureen             Dublin, Ireland           8/17/20
 O'Herlihy, Dan              Wexford, Ireland          5/1/19
 Olin, Ken                   Chicago, Ill.             7/30/54
 Olin, Lena                  Sweden                    1956
 Olmos, Edward James         E. Los Angeles, Cal.      2/24/47
 Olsen, Merlin               Logan, Ut.                9/15/40
 Olsin, K.T.                 Arkansas                  1942
 O'Neal, Patrick             Ocala, Fla.               9/26/27
 O'Neal, Ryan                Los Angeles, Cal.         4/20/41
 O'Neal, Tatum               Los Angeles, Cal.         11/5/63
 O'Neill, Ed                 Youngstown, Oh.           1946
 O'Neill, Jennifer           Brazil                    2/20/47
 Ontkean, Michael            Vancouver, B.C.           1/24/46
 Opatoshu, David             New York, N.Y.            1/30/18
 Orbach, Jerry               New York, N.Y.            10/20/35
 Orlando, Tony               New York, N.Y.            4/3/44
 Osbourne, Ozzy              Birmingham, England       12/3/46
 Name                        Birthplace                Born
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Osbourne, Ozzy              Birmingham, England       12/3/46
 O'Shea, Milo                Ireland                   1926
 Osmond, Donny               Ogden, Ut.                12/9/57
 Osmond, Marie               Ogden, Ut.                10/13/59
 O'Sullivan, Maureen         Boyle, Ireland            5/17/11
 O'Toole, Annette            Houston, Tex.             4/1/52
 O'Toole, Peter              Connemara, Ireland        8/2/32
 Owens, Buck                 Sherman, Tex.             8/12/29
 Ozawa, Seiji                Shenyang, China           9/1/35
 Paar, Jack                  Canton, Oh.               5/1/18
 Pacino, Al                  New York, N.Y.            4/25/40
 Page, Patti                 Claremore, Okla.          11/8/27
 Paige, Janis                Tacoma, Wash.             9/16/22
 Palance, Jack               Lattimer, Pa.             2/18/20
 Palin, Michael              England                   1943
 Palmer, Betsy               East Chicago, Ind.        11/1/29
 Papas, Irene                Greece                    3/9/26
 Papp, Joseph                Brooklyn, N.Y.            6/22/21
 Parker, Alan                London, England           2/14/44
 Name                        Birthplace                Born
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Parker, Alan                London, England           2/14/44
 Parker, Eleanor             Cedarville, Oh.           6/26/22
 Parker, Fess                Ft. Worth, Tex.           8/16/25
 Parker, Jameson             Baltimore, Md.            11/18/47
 Parker, Jean                Deer Lodge, Mon.          8/11/12
 Parks, Bert                 Atlanta, Ga.              12/30/14
 Parsons, Estelle            Lynn, Mass.               11/20/27
 Parton, Dolly               Sevierville, Tenn.        1/19/46
 Pasternak, Joseph           Hungary                   9/19/01
 Patinkin, Mandy             Chicago, Ill.             11/30/52
 Pavarotti, Luciano          Modena, Italy             10/12/35
 Paycheck, Johnny            Greenfield, Oh.           5/31/41
 Pearl, Minnie               Centerville, Tenn.        10/25/12
 Peck, Gregory               La Jolla, Cal.            4/5/16
 Pendergrass, Teddy          Philadelphia, Pa.         3/26/50
 Penn, Arthur                Philadelphia, Pa.         9/27/22
 Penn, Sean                  Burbank, Cal.             8/17/60
 Penny, Joe                  London, England           9/14/56
 Peppard, George             Detroit, Mich.            10/1/28
 Name                        Birthplace                Born
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Peppard, George             Detroit, Mich.            10/1/28
 Perkins, Elizabeth          Vermont                   1961
 Perkins, Anthony            New York, N.Y.            4/4/32
 Perlman, Itzhak             Tel Aviv, Israel          8/31/45
 Perlman, Rhea               Brooklyn, N.Y.            3/31/48
 Perlman, Ron                New York, N.Y.            4/13/-
 Perrine, Valerie            Galveston, Tex.           9/3/43
 Persoff, Nehemiah           Jerusalem, Palestine      8/14/20
 Peters, Bernadette          New York, N.Y.            2/28/48
 Peters, Brock               New York, N.Y.            7/2/27
 Peters, Jean                Canton, Oh.               10/15/26
 Peters, Roberta             New York, N.Y.            5/4/30
 Petty, Tom                  Gainesville, Fla.         10/20/53
 Pfeiffer, Michelle          Santa Ana, Cal.           4/29/57
 Phillips, MacKenzie         Alexandria, Va.           11/10/59
 Phillips, Michelle          Long Beach, Cal.          6/4/44
 Phoenix, River              Madras, Ore.              8/23/70
 Pickett, Cindy              Norman, Okla.             4/18/47
 Picon, Molly                New York, N.Y.            6/1/98
 Name                        Birthplace                Born
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Picon, Molly                New York, N.Y.            6/1/98
 Pinchot, Bronson            New York, N.Y.            5/20/59
 Piscopo, Joe                Passaic, N.J.             6/17/51
 Pleasence, Donald           Worksop, England          10/5/19
 Pleshette, Suzanne          New York, N.Y.            1/31/37
 Plowright, Joan             Brigg, England            10/28/29
 Plummer, Amanda             New York, N.Y.            3/23/57
 Plummer, Christopher        Toronto, Ont.             12/13/29
 Poitier, Sidney             Miami, Fla.               2/20/27
 Polanski, Roman             Paris, France             8/18/33
 Pollack, Sidney             Lafayette, Ind.           7/1/34
 Ponti, Carlo                Milan, Italy              12/11/13
 Porizkova, Paulina          Czechoslovakia            4/9/65
 Post, Markie                Palo Alto, Cal.           11/4/50
 Poston, Tom                 Columbus, Oh.             10/17/27
 Potts, Annie                Nashville, Tenn.          10/28/-
 Powell, Jane                Portland, Ore.            4/1/28
 Powers, Stefanie            Hollywood, Cal.           11/2/42
 Prentiss, Paula             San Antonio, Tex.         3/4/39
 Name                        Birthplace                Born
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Prentiss, Paula             San Antonio, Tex.         3/4/39
 Presley, Priscilla          New York, N.Y.            5/24/45
 Preston, Billy              Houston, Tex.             9/9/46
 Previn, Andre               Berlin, Germany           4/6/29
 Price, Leontyne             Laurel, Miss.             2/10/27
 Price, Ray                  Perryville, Tex.          1/12/26
 Price, Vincent              St. Louis, Mo.            5/27/11
 Pride, Charlie              Sledge, Miss.             3/18/39
 Prince                      Minneapolis, Minn.        6/7/58
 Principal, Victoria         Japan                     -
 Prosky, Robert              Philadelphia, Pa.         12/13/30
 Prowse, Juliet              Bombay, India             9/25/37
 Pryor, Richard              Peoria, Ill.              12/1/40
 Pulliam, Keshia Knight      Newark, N.J.              4/9/79
 Pyle, Denver                Bethune, Col.             5/11/20
 Quaid, Dennis               Houston, Tex.             4/9/54
 Quaid, Randy                Houston, Tex.             10/1/50
 Quinlan, Kathleen           Pasadena, Cal.            11/19/54
 Quinn, Anthony              Chihuahua, Mexico         4/21/15
 Name                        Birthplace                Born
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Quinn, Anthony              Chihuahua, Mexico         4/21/15
 Quinn, Martha               Albany, N.Y.              5/11/59
 Rabb, Ellis                 Memphis, Tenn.            6/20/30
 Rabbitt, Eddie              Brooklyn, N.Y.            11/27/41
 Rachins, Alan               Cambridge, Mass.          10/10/-
 Rae, Charlotte              Milwaukee, Wis.           4/22/26
 Raffin, Deborah             Los Angeles, Cal.         3/13/53
 Rainer, Luise               Vienna, Austria           1/12/09
 Raitt, Bonnie               Burbank, Cal.             11/8/49
 Raitt, John                 Santa Ana, Cal.           1/19/17
 Ralston, Esther             Bar Harbor, Me.           9/17/02
 Ralston, Vera Hruba         Prague, Czechoslovakia    6/12/19
 Rambo, Dack                 Delano, Cal.              11/13/41
 Rampal, Jean-Pierre         Marseilles, France        1/7/22
 Randall, Tony               Tulsa, Okla.              2/26/20
 Randolph, John              New York, N.Y.            6/1/15
 Rashad, Phylicia            Houston, Tex.             6/17/48
 Ratzenberger, John          Bridgeport, Conn.         4/6/47
 Rawls, Lou                  Chicago, Ill.             12/1/36
 Name                        Birthplace                Born
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Rawls, Lou                  Chicago, Ill.             12/1/36
 Ray, Aldo                   Pen Argyl, Pa.            9/25/26
 Rayburn, Gene               Christopher, Ill.         12/22/17
 Raye, Martha                Butte, Mon.               8/27/16
 Raymond, Gene               New York, N.Y.            8/13/08
 Reddy, Helen                Melbourne, Australia      10/25/41
 Redford, Robert             Santa Monica, Cal.        8/18/37
 Redgrave, Lynn              London, England           3/8/43
 Redgrave, Vanessa           London, England           1/30/37
 Reed, Jerry                 Atlanta, Ga.              3/20/37
 Reed, Oliver                London, England           2/13/38
 Reed, Rex                   Ft. Worth, Tex.           10/2/38
 Reed, Robert                Highland Park, Ill.       10/19/32
 Reese, Della                Detroit, Mich.            7/6/31
 Reeve, Christopher          New York, N.Y.            9/25/52
 Reid, Kate                  London, England           11/4/30
 Reid, Tim                   Norfolk, Va.              12/19/44
 Reilly, Charles Nelson      New York, N.Y.            1/13/31
 Reiner, Carl                Bronx, N.Y.               3/20/22
 Name                        Birthplace                Born
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Reiner, Carl                Bronx, N.Y.               3/20/22
 Reiner, Rob                 Bronx, N.Y.               3/6/45
 Reinhold, Judge             Wilmington, Del.          1956
 Reinking, Ann               Seattle, Wash.            11/10/50
 Remick, Lee                 Quincy, Mass.             12/14/35
 Resnik, Regina              New York, N.Y.            8/30/24
 Reynolds, Burt              Waycross, Ga.             2/11/36
 Reynolds, Debbie            El Paso, Tex.             4/1/32
 Rhue, Madlyn                Washington, D.C.          10/3/34
 Rich, Charlie               Forest City, Ark.         12/14/32
 Richards, Keith             Kent, England             12/18/43
 Richardson, Tony            Shipley, England          6/5/28
 Richie, Lionel              Tuskegee, Ala.            6/20/50
 Rickles, Don                New York, N.Y.            5/8/26
 Riegert, Peter              New York, N.Y.            1948
 Rigg, Diana                 Doncaster, England        7/20/38
 Ringwald, Molly             Rosewood, Cal.            2/14/68
 Ritter, John                Burbank, Cal.             9/17/48
 Rivera, Chita               Washington, D.C.          1/23/33
 Name                        Birthplace                Born
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Rivera, Chita               Washington, D.C.          1/23/33
 Rivera, Geraldo             New York, N.Y.            7/4/43
 Rivers, Joan                Brooklyn, N.Y.            6/8/33
 Robards, Jason Jr.          Chicago, Ill.             7/26/22
 Robbins, Jerome             New York, N.Y.            10/11/18
 Roberts, Doris              St. Louis, Mo.            11/4/30
 Roberts, Eric               Biloxi, Miss.             4/18/56
 Roberts, Julia              Smyrna, Ga.               1967
 Roberts, Pernell            Waycross, Ga.             5/18/30
 Roberts, Tony               New York, N.Y.            10/22/39
 Robertson, Cliff            La Jolla, Cal.            9/9/25
 Robertson, Dale             Harrah, Okla.             7/14/23
 Robinson, Charles           Houston, Tex.             11/9/-
 Robinson, Holly             Philadelphia, Pa.         1965
 Robinson, Smokey            Detroit, Mich.            2/19/40
 Roche, Eugene               Boston, Mass.             9/22/28
 Rodgers, Jimmie             Camas, Wash.              1933
 Rodrigues, Percy            Montreal, Que.            6/13/24
 Rodriquez, Johnny           Sabinal, Tex.             12/10/51
 Name                        Birthplace                Born
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Rodriquez, Johnny           Sabinal, Tex.             12/10/51
 Rogers, Chas. (Buddy)       Olathe, Kan.              8/13/04
 Rogers, Fred                Latrobe, Pa.              3/20/28
 Rogers, Ginger              Independence, Mo.         7/16/11
 Rogers, Kenny               Houston, Tex.             8/21/38
 Rogers, Mimi                Coral Gables, Fla.        1/27/-
 Rogers, Roy                 Cincinnati, Oh.           11/5/12
 Rogers, Wayne               Birmingham, Ala.          4/7/33
 Roland, Gilbert             Juarez, Mexico            12/11/05
 Rolle, Esther               Pompano Beach, Fla.       11/8/33
 Rollins, Howard             Baltimore, Md.            10/17/50
 Romero, Cesar               New York, N.Y.            2/15/07
 Ronstadt, Linda             Tucson, Ariz.             7/15/46
 Rooney, Mickey              Brooklyn, N.Y.            9/23/20
 Rose Marie                  New York, N.Y.            8/15/25
 Ross, Diana                 Detroit, Mich.            3/26/44
 Ross, Katharine             Hollywood, Cal.           1/29/43
 Ross, Marion                Albert Lea, Minn.         10/25/28
 Rosselini, Isabella         Rome, Italy               6/18/52
 Name                        Birthplace                Born
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Rosselini, Isabella         Rome, Italy               6/18/52
 Rostropovich, Mstislav      Baku, USSR                3/12/27
 Roth, David Lee             Bloomington, Ind.         10/10/55
 Rourke, Mickey              Miami, Fla.               1956
 Rowlands, Gena              Cambria, Wis.             6/19/34
 Rubinstein, John            Los Angeles, Cal.         12/8/46
 Rush, Barbara               Denver, Col.              1/4/30
 Russell, Jane               Bemidji, Minn.            6/21/21
 Russell, Ken                Southampton, England      7/3/27
 Russell, Kurt               Springfield, Mass.        3/17/51
 Russell, Mark               Buffalo, N.Y.             8/23/32
 Russell, Nipsey             Atlanta, Ga.              10/13/24
 Russell, Theresa            San Diego, Cal.           1957
 Rutherford, Ann             Toronto, Ont.             11/2/20
 Ruttan, Susan               Oregon City, Ore.         9/16/50
 Ryan, Meg                   Fairfield, Conn.          1962
 Ryan, Peggy                 Long Beach, Cal.          8/28/24
 Ryan, Roz                   Detroit, Mich.            7/7/51
 Rydell, Bobby               Philadelphia, Pa.         4/26/42
 Name                        Birthplace                Born
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Rydell, Bobby               Philadelphia, Pa.         4/26/42
 Sahl, Mort                  Montreal, Que.            5/11/27
 Saint, Eva Marie            Newark, N.J.              7/4/24
 St. James, Susan            Los Angeles, Cal.         8/14/46
 St. John, Jill              Los Angeles, Cal.         8/19/40
 Sainte-Marie, Buffy         Maine                     2/20/41
 Sajak, Pat                  Chicago, Ill.             10/26/47
 Saks, Gene                  New York, N.Y.            11/8/21
 Sales, Soupy                Franklinton, N.C.         1/8/26
 Samms, Emma                 London, England           8/28/60
 Sanderson, William          Memphis, Tenn.            1/10/48
 Sandy, Gary                 Dayton, Oh.               12/25/45
 Sanford, Isabel             New York, N.Y.            8/29/17
 Santana, Carlos             Mexico                    7/20/47
 Sarandon, Chris             Beckley, W.Va.            7/24/42
 Sarandon, Susan             New York, N.Y.            10/4/46
 Sarnoff, Dorothy            New York, N.Y.            5/25/17
 Sarrazin, Michael           Quebec City, Que.         5/22/40
 Savage, Fred                Highland Park, Ill.       7/9/66
 Name                        Birthplace                Born
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Savage, Fred                Highland Park, Ill.       7/9/66
 Savalas, Telly              Garden City, N.Y.         1/21/24
 Saxon, John                 Brooklyn, N.Y.            8/5/35
 Sayles, John                Schenetady, N.Y.          9/28/50
 Scaggs, Boz                 Dallas, Tex.              6/8/44
 Schallert, William          Los Angeles, Cal.         7/6/22
 Scheider, Roy               Orange, N.J.              11/10/32
 Schell, Maria               Vienna, Austria           1/15/26
 Schell, Maximilian          Vienna, Austria           12/8/30
 Schell, Ronnie              Richmond, Cal.            12/23/31
 Schenkel, Chris             Bippus, Ind.              8/21/23
 Schnabel, Stefan            Berlin, Germany           2/2/12
 Schneider, Alexander        Vilna, Poland             10/21/08
 Schneider, John             Mt. Kisco, N.Y.           4/8/54
 Schreiber, Avery            Chicago, Ill.             4/9/35
 Schroder, Rick              Staten Island, N.Y.       4/3/70
 Schwarzenegger, Arnold      Graz, Austria             7/30/47
 Schwarzkopf, Elisabeth      Jarotschin, Poland        12/9/15
 Scofield, Paul              Hurst, Pierpont, England  1/21/22
 Name                        Birthplace                Born
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Scofield, Paul              Hurst, Pierpont, England  1/21/22
 Scolari, Peter              New Rochelle, Ill.        9/12/54
 Scorsese, Martin            New York, N.Y.            11/17/42
 Scott, George C.            Wise, Va.                 10/18/27
 Scott, Lizabeth             Scranton, Pa.             9/29/22
 Scott, Martha               Jamesport, Mo.            9/22/14
 Scotto, Renata              Savona, Italy             2/24/35
 Scully, Vin                 New York, N.Y.            11/29/27
 Sebastian, John             New York N.Y.             3/17/44
 Sedaka, Neil                New York, N.Y.            3/13/39
 Seeger, Pete                New York, N.Y.            5/3/19
 Segal, George               Great Neck, N.Y.          2/13/34
 Segal, Vivienne             Philadelphia, Pa.         4/19/97
 Seinfeld, Jerry             New York, N.Y.            1954
 Sellecca, Connie            New York, N.Y.            5/25/55
 Selleck, Tom                Detroit, Mich.            1/29/45
 Serkin, Rudolf              Eger, Austria             3/28/03
 Severinsen, Doc             Arlington, Ore.           7/7/27
 Seymour, Jane               Middlesex, England        2/15/51
 Name                        Birthplace                Born
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Seymour, Jane               Middlesex, England        2/15/51
 Shackelford, Ted            Oklahoma City, Okla.      6/23/46
 Shaffer, Paul               Thunder Bay, Ont.         11/28/49
 Shandling, Garry            Tucson, Ariz.             11/29/49
 Shankar, Ravi               India                     4/7/20
 Sharif, Omar                Alexandria, Egypt         4/10/32
 Shatner, William            Montreal, Que.            3/22/31
 Shearer, Moira              Scotland                  1/17/26
 Sheedy, Ally                New York, N.Y.            6/12/62
 Sheen, Charlie              Santa Monica, Cal.        1966
 Sheen, Martin               Dayton, Oh.               8/3/40
 Shelley, Carole             London, England           8/16/39
 Shepard, Sam                Ft. Sheridan, Ill.        11/5/43
 Shepherd, Cybill            Memphis, Tenn.            2/18/50
 Shields, Brooke             New York, N.Y.            5/31/65
 Shire, Talia                New York, N.Y.            4/25/46
 Shirley, Ann                New York, N.Y.            4/17/18
 Shore, Dinah                Winchester, Tenn.         3/1/17
 Short, Bobby                Danville, Ill.            9/15/24
 Name                        Birthplace                Born
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Short, Bobby                Danville, Ill.            9/15/24
 Short, Martin               Hamilton, Ont.            3/26/51
 Shull, Richard B.           Evanston, Ill.            2/24/29
 Sidney, Sylvia              New York, N.Y.            8/8/10
 Siepi, Cesare               Milan, Italy              2/10/23
 Sikking, James B.           Los Angeles, Cal.         3/5/34
 Sills, Beverly              Brooklyn, N.Y.            5/25/29
 Silver, Ron                 New York, N.Y.            7/2/46
 Simmons, Gene               Haifa, Israel             8/25/49
 Simmons, Jean               London, England           1/31/29
 Simon, Carly                New York, N.Y.            6/25/45
 Simon, Paul                 Newark, N.J.              11/5/42
 Simone, Nina                Tyron, N.C.               2/21/33
 Sinatra, Frank              Hoboken, N.J.             12/12/15
 Sinatra, Nancy              Jersey City, N.J.         6/8/40
 Sinbad                      Benton Harbor, Mich.      11/10/-
 Siskel, Gene                Chicago, Ill.             1/26/46
 Skelton, Red (Richard)      Vincennes, Ind.           7/18/13
 Skerritt, Tom               Detroit, Mich.            8/25/33
 Name                        Birthplace                Born
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Skerritt, Tom               Detroit, Mich.            8/25/33
 Slater, Helen               Massapequa, N.Y.          12/14/63
 Slezak, Erika               Hollywood, Cal.           8/5/46
 Slick, Grace                Chicago, Ill.             10/30/39
 Smirnoff, Yakov             Odessa, USSR              1/24/51
 Smith, Allison              New York, N.Y.            12/9/69
 Smith, Alexis               Penticton, B.C.           6/8/21
 Smith, Buffalo Bob          Buffalo, N.Y.             11/27/17
 Smith, Connie               Elkhart, Ind.             8/14/41
 Smith, Jaclyn               Houston, Tex.             10/26/47
 Smith, Keely                Norfolk, Va.              3/9/35
 Smith, Maggie               Ilford, England           12/28/34
 Smith, Roger                South Gate, Cal.          12/18/32
 Smits, Jimmy                New York, N.Y.            7/9/58
 Smothers, Dick              New York, N.Y.            11/20/39
 Smothers, Tom               New York, N.Y.            2/2/37
 Snow, Hank                  Nova Scotia, Canada       5/9/14
 Snyder, Tom                 Milwaukee, Wis.           5/12/36
 Solti, Georg                Budapest, Hungary         10/21/12
 Name                        Birthplace                Born
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Solti, Georg                Budapest, Hungary         10/21/12
 Somers, Suzanne             San Bruno, Cal.           10/16/46
 Somes, Michael              nr. Stroud, England       9/28/17
 Sommer, Elke                Berlin, Germany           11/5/41
 Sorvino, Paul               New York, N.Y.            1939
 Sothern, Ann                Valley City, N.D.         1/22/09
 Soul, David                 Chicago, Ill.             8/28/43
 Spacek, Sissy               Quitman, Tex.             12/25/49
 Spano, Joe                  San Francisco, Cal.       7/7/46
 Spelling, Aaron             Dallas, Tex.              4/22/28
 Spielberg, Steven           Cincinnati, Oh.           12/18/47
 Springfield, Dusty          London, England           4/16/39
 Springfield, Rick           Sydney, Australia         8/23/49
 Springsteen, Bruce          Freehold, N.J.            9/23/49
 Stack, Robert               Los Angeles, Cal.         1/13/19
 Stafford, Jo                Coalinga, Cal.            11/12/18
 Stahl, Richard              Detroit, Mich.            1/4/32
 Stallone, Sylvester         New York, N.Y.            7/6/46
 Stamos, John                Cypress, Cal.             8/19/63
 Name                        Birthplace                Born
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Stamos, John                Cypress, Cal.             8/19/63
 Stamp, Terence              Stepney, England          7/22/39
 Stander, Lionel             New York, N.Y.            1/11/08
 Stang, Arnold               New York, N.Y.            9/28/25
 Stanley, Kim                Tularosa, N.M.            2/11/25
 Stanton, Harry Dean         Kentucky                  7/14/26
 Stapleton, Jean             New York, N.Y.            1/19/23
 Stapleton, Maureen          Troy, N.Y.                6/21/25
 Starr, Kay                  Dougherty, Okla.          7/21/22
 Starr, Ringo                Liverpool, England        7/7/40
 Steber, Eleanor             Wheeling, W. Va.          7/17/14
 Steenburgen, Mary           Little Rock, Ark.         1953
 Steiger, Rod                W. Hampton, N.Y.          4/14/25
 Stephens, James             Mt. Kisco, N.Y..          5/18/51
 Sterling, Jan               New York, N.Y.            4/3/23
 Sterling, Robert            New Castle, Pa.           11/13/17
 Stern, Isaac                Kreminiecz, Russia        7/21/20
 Sternhagen, Frances         Washington, D.C.          1/13/30
 Stevens, Andrew             Memphis, Tenn.            6/10/55
 Name                        Birthplace                Born
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Stevens, Andrew             Memphis, Tenn.            6/10/55
 Stevens, Cat                London, England           7/21/48
 Stevens, Connie             Brooklyn, N.Y.            8/8/38
 Stevens, Kaye               E. Cleveland, Oh.         7/21/35
 Stevens, Rise               New York, N.Y.            6/11/13
 Stevens, Stella             Yazoo City, Miss.         10/1/36
 Stevenson, McLean           Normal, Ill.              11/14/29
 Stevenson, Parker           Philadelphia, Pa.         6/4/52
 Stewart, James              Indiana, Pa.              5/20/08
 Stewart, Rod                London, England           1/10/45
 Stickney, Dorothy           Dickinson, N.D.           6/21/00
 Stiers, David Ogden         Peoria, Ill.              10/31/42
 Stiller, Jerry              New York, N.Y.            6/8/29
 Stills, Stephen             Dallas, Tex.              1/3/45
 Sting (G. Sumner)           Newcastle, England        10/2/51
 Stockwell, Dean             Hollywood, Cal.           3/5/36
 Stone, Oliver               New York, N.Y.            9/15/46
 Stookey, Paul               Baltimore, Md.            12/30/37
 Storch, Larry               New York, N.Y.            1/8/23
 Name                        Birthplace                Born
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Storch, Larry               New York, N.Y.            1/8/23
 Storm, Gale                 Bloomington, Tex.         4/5/22
 Straight, Beatrice          Old Westbury, N.Y.        8/2/18
 Strasser, Robin             New York, N.Y.            5/7/45
 Stratas, Teresa             Toronto, Ont.             5/26/38
 Strauss, Peter              New York, N.Y.            2/20/47
 Streep, Meryl               Summit, N.J.              6/22/49
 Streisand, Barbra           Brooklyn, N.Y.            4/24/42
 Stritch, Elaine             Detroit, Mich.            2/2/26
 Struthers, Sally            Portland, Ore.            7/28/48
 Stuarti, Enzo               Rome, Italy               3/3/25
 Sullivan, Barry             New York, N.Y.            8/29/12
 Sullivan, Susan             New York, N.Y.            11/18/44
 Sullivan, Tom               Boston, Mass.             3/27/47
 Sumac, Yma                  Ichocan, Peru             9/10/27
 Summer, Donna               Boston, Mass.             12/31/48
 Sutherland, Donald          St. John, New Brunswick   7/17/35
 Sutherland, Joan            Sydney, Australia         11/7/26
 Swayze, Patrick             Houston, Tex.             8/18/54
 Name                        Birthplace                Born
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Swayze, Patrick             Houston, Tex.             8/18/54
 Swenson, Inga               Omaha, Neb.               12/29/34
 Swit, Loretta               Passaic, N.J.             11/4/37
 Mr. T (Lawrence Tero)       Chicago, Ill.             5/21/52
 Talbot, Lyle                Pittsburgh, Pa.           2/8/02
 Tallchief, Maria            Fairfax, Okla.            1/24/25
 Tandy, Jessica              London, England           6/7/09
 Tarkenton, Fran             Richmond, Va.             2/3/40
 Tayback, Vic                New York, N.Y.            1/6/29
 Taylor, Elizabeth           London, England           2/27/32
 Taylor, James               Boston, Mass.             3/12/48
 Taylor, Rod                 Sydney, Australia         1/11/30
 Te Kanawa, Kiri             Gisborne, New Zealand     3/6/44
 Tebaldi, Renata             Pesaro, Italy             2/1/22
 Temple, Shirley             Santa Monica, Cal.        4/23/28
 Tennille, Toni              Montgomery, Ala.          5/8/43
 Tharp, Twyla                Portland, Ind.            7/1/41
 Thaxter, Phyllis            Portland, Me.             11/20/19
 Thicke, Alan                Kirkland Lake, Ont.       3/1/47
 Name                        Birthplace                Born
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Thicke, Alan                Kirkland Lake, Ont.       3/1/47
 Thomas, B.J.                Hugo, Okla.               8/7/42
 Thomas, Betty               St. Louis, Mo.            7/27/48
 Thomas, Danny               Deerfield, Mich.          1/6/14
 Thomas, Heather             Greenwich, Conn.          9/8/57
 Thomas, Marlo               Detroit, Mich.            11/21/43
 Thomas, Philip Michael      Columbus, Oh.             5/26/49
 Thomas, Richard             New York, N.Y.            6/13/51
 Thompson, Jack              Sydney, Australia         8/31/40
 Thompson, Lea               Rochester, Minn.          5/31/61
 Thompson, Sada              Des Moines, Ia.           9/27/29
 Thulin, Ingrid              Sweden                    1/27/29
 Tiegs, Cheryl               Minnesota                 9/27/47
 Tierney, Gene               Brooklyn, N.Y.            11/20/20
 Tiffany                     Norwalk, Cal.             10/2/71
 Tillis, Mel                 Tampa, Fla.               8/8/32
 Tiny Tim                    New York, N.Y.            4/12/23
 Todd, Richard               Dublin, Ireland           6/11/19
 Tomlin, Lily                Detroit, Mich.            9/1/39
 Name                        Birthplace                Born
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Tomlin, Lily                Detroit, Mich.            9/1/39
 Tomlinson, David            Scotland                  5/7/17
 Toomey, Regis               Pittsburgh, Pa.           8/13/02
 Torme, Mel                  Chicago, Ill.             9/13/25
 Torn, Rip                   Temple, Tex.              2/6/31
 Tracy, Arthur               Russia                    6/25/03
 Travanti, Daniel J.         Kenosha, Wis.             3/7/40
 Travers, Mary               Louisville, Ky.           11/9/36
 Travis, Randy               Marshville, N.C.          1959
 Travolta, John              Englewood, N.J.           2/18/54
 Trebek, Alex                Sudbury, Ont.             7/22/40
 Trevor, Claire              New York, N.Y.            3/8/09
 Troyanos, Tatiana           New York, N.Y.            9/12/38
 Tucker, Michael             Baltimore, Md.            2/6/44
 Tucker, Tanya               Seminole, Tex.            10/10/58
 Tune, Tommy                 Wichita Falls, Tex.       2/28/39
 Turner, Ike                 Clarksdale, Miss.         11/5/39
 Turner, Kathleen            Springfield, Mo.          6/19/54
 Turner, Lana                Wallace, Ida.             2/8/20
 Name                        Birthplace                Born
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Turner, Lana                Wallace, Ida.             2/8/20
 Turner, Tina                Nutbush, Tenn.            11/26/39
 Tushingham, Rita            Liverpool, England        3/14/40
 Twiggy (Leslie Hornby)      London, England           9/19/49
 Twitty, Conway              Friar's Point, Miss.      9/1/33
 Tyson, Cicely               New York, N.Y.            12/19/33
 Uecker, Bob                 Milwaukee, Wis.           1/26/35
 Uggams, Leslie              New York, N.Y.            5/25/43
 Ullman, Tracey              Slough, England           1960
 Ullmann, Liv                Tokyo, Japan              12/16/38
 Underwood, Blair            Tacoma, Wash.             8/25/-
 Urich, Robert               Toronto, Oh.              12/19/46
 Ustinov, Peter              London, England           4/16/21
 Vaccaro, Brenda             Brooklyn, N.Y.            11/18/39
 Vale, Jerry                 New York, N.Y.            7/8/31
 Valente, Caterina           Paris, France             1/14/31
 Valentine, Karen            Santa Rosa, Cal.          5/25/47
 Valli, Frankie              Newark, N.J.              5/3/37
 Van Ark, Joan               New York, N.Y.            6/16/43
 Name                        Birthplace                Born
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Van Ark, Joan               New York, N.Y.            6/16/43
 Van Doren, Mamie            Rowena, S.D.              2/6/33
 Vandross, Luther            New York, N.Y.            4/20/51
 Van Dyke, Dick              West Plains, Mo.          12/13/25
 Van Dyke, Jerry             Danville, Ill.            7/27/32
 Van Fleet, Jo               Oakland, Cal.             12/30/22
 Van Halen, Eddie            Nijmegan, Netherlands     1/26/57
 Van Pallandt, Nina          Copenhagen, Denmark       7/15/32
 Van Patten, Dick            New York, N.Y.            12/9/28
 Vaughn, Robert              New York, N.Y.            11/22/32
 Venuta, Benay               San Francisco, Cal.       1/27/11
 Verdon, Gwen                Los Angeles, Cal.         1/13/25
 Vereen, Ben                 Miami, Fla.               10/10/46
 Verrett, Shirley            New Orleans, La.          5/31/31
 Vickers, Jon                Prince Albert, Sask.      10/26/26
 Vigoda, Abe                 New York, N.Y.            2/24/21
 Villella, Edward            Long Island, N.Y.         10/1/36
 Vincent, Jan-Michael        Denver, Col.              7/15/44
 Vinson, Helen               Beaumont, Tex.            9/17/07
 Name                        Birthplace                Born
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Vinson, Helen               Beaumont, Tex.            9/17/07
 Vinton, Bobby               Canonsburg, Pa.           4/16/35
 Vitale, Dick                E. Rutherford, N.J.       6/9/40
 Voight, Jon                 Yonkers, N.Y.             12/29/38
 Von Stade, Frederica        Somerville, N.J.          6/1/45
 Von Sydow, Max              Lund, Sweden              4/10/29
 Wagner, Lindsay             Los Angeles, Cal.         6/22/49
 Wagner, Robert              Detroit, Mich.            2/10/30
 Wagoner, Porter             West Plains, Mo.          8/12/27
 Wahl, Ken                   Chicago, Ill.             1956
 Wain, Bea                   Bronx, N.Y.               4/30/17
 Waite, Ralph                White Plains, N.Y.        6/22/29
 Walden, Robert              New York, N.Y.            9/25/43
 Walken, Christopher         New York, N.Y.            3/31/43
 Walker, Clint               Hartford, Ill.            5/30/27
 Walker, Nancy               Philadelphia, Pa.         5/10/22
 Wallach, Eli                Brooklyn, N.Y.            12/7/15
 Walston, Ray                Laurel, Miss.             11/2/24
 Walter, Jessica             New York, N.Y.            1/31/44
 Name                        Birthplace                Born
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Walter, Jessica             New York, N.Y.            1/31/44
 Wanamaker, Sam              Chicago, Ill.             6/14/19
 Ward, Rachel                London, England           1957
 Ward, Simon                 London, England           10/19/41
 Warden, Jack                Newark, N.J.              9/18/20
 Warfield, William           W. Helena, Ark.           1/22/20
 Warner, Malcolm-Jamal       Jersey City, N.J.         8/18/70
 Warren, Lesley Ann          New York, N.Y.            8/16/46
 Warren, Michael             So. Bend, Ind.            3/5/46
 Warrick, Ruth               St. Joseph, Mo.           6/29/16
 Warwick, Dionne             E. Orange, N.J.           12/12/41
 Washington, Denzel          Mt. Vernon, N.Y.          12/28/54
 Waterston, Sam              Cambridge, Mass.          11/15/40
 Watkins, Carlene            Hartford, Conn.           6/4/52
 Watts, Andre                Nuremberg, Germany        6/20/46
 Wayne, David                Traverse City, Mich.      1/30/14
 Waxman, Al                  Toronto, Ont.             3/2/35
 Weaver, Dennis              Joplin, Mo.               6/4/24
 Weaver, Fritz               Pittsburgh, Pa.           1/19/26
 Name                        Birthplace                Born
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Weaver, Fritz               Pittsburgh, Pa.           1/19/26
 Weaver, Sigourney           New York, N.Y.            10/8/49
 Weir, Peter                 Sydney, Australia         8/8/44
 Weitz, Bruce                Norwalk, Conn.            5/27/43
 Welch, Raquel               Chicago, Ill.             9/5/40
 Weld, Tuesday               New York, N.Y.            8/27/43
 Welk, Lawrence              nr. Strasburg, N.D.       3/11/03
 Wells, Kitty                Nashville, Tenn.          8/30/19
 Wendt, George               Chicago, Ill.             10/17/48
 Weston, Jack                Cleveland, Oh.            8/21/24
 Whelchel, Lisa              Ft. Worth, Tex.           5/29/63
 White, Barry                Galveston, Tex.           9/12/44
 White, Betty                Oak Park, Ill.            1/17/22
 White, Jesse                Buffalo, N.Y.             1/3/19
 White, Vanna                N. Myrtle Beach, S.C.     2/18/57
 Whiting, Margaret           Detroit, Mich.            7/22/24
 Whitmore, James             White Plains, N.Y.        10/1/21
 Widmark, Richard            Sunrise, Minn.            12/26/14
 Wiest, Dianne               Kansas City, Mo.          3/28/48
 Name                        Birthplace                Born
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Wiest, Dianne               Kansas City, Mo.          3/28/48
 Wilder, Billy               Vienna, Austria           6/22/06
 Wilder, Gene                Milwaukee, Wis.           6/11/35
 Williams, Andy              Wall Lake, Ia.            12/3/30
 Williams, Billy Dee         New York, N.Y.            4/6/37
 Williams, Cindy             Van Nuys, Cal.            8/22/47
 Williams, Esther            Los Angeles, Cal.         8/8/23
 Williams, Hal               Columbus, Oh.             12/14/38
 Williams Jr., Hank          Shreveport, La.           5/26/49
 Williams, Joe               Cordele, Ga.              12/12/18
 Williams, JoBeth            Houston, Tex.             1953
 Williams, Paul              Omaha, Neb.               9/19/40
 Williams, Robin             Chicago, Ill.             7/21/52
 Williams, Treat             Rowayton, Conn.           12/1/51
 Williamson, Nicol           Hamilton, Scotland        9/14/38
 Willis, Bruce               W. Germany                3/19/55
 Wilson, Demond              Valdosta, Ga.             10/13/46
 Wilson, Elizabeth           Grand Rapids, Mich.       4/4/25
 Wilson, Flip                Jersey City, N.J.         12/8/33
 Name                        Birthplace                Born
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Wilson, Flip                Jersey City, N.J.         12/8/33
 Wilson, Nancy               Chillicothe, Oh.          2/20/37
 Windom, William             New York, N.Y.            9/28/23
 Winfield, Paul              Los Angeles, Cal.         5/22/41
 Winfrey, Oprah              Kosciusko, Miss.          1/29/54
 Winger, Debra               Cleveland, Oh.            5/16/55
 Winkler, Henry              New York, N.Y.            10/30/45
 Winters, Jonathan           Dayton, Oh.               11/11/25
 Winters, Shelley            St. Louis, Mo.            8/18/22
 Winwood, Steve              Birmingham, England       5/12/48
 Wiseman, Joseph             Montreal, Que.            5/15/18
 Withers, Jane               Atlanta, Ga.              4/12/26
 Wonder, Stevie              Saginaw, Mich.            5/13/50
 Woodard, Alfre              Tulsa, Okla.              11/2/53
 Woods, James                Vernal, N.J.              4/18/47
 Woodward, Edward            Croyden, England          6/1/30
 Woodward, Joanne            Thomasville, Ga.          2/27/30
 Worth, Irene                Nebraska                  6/23/16
 Wray, Fay                   Alberta, Canada           9/10/07
 Name                        Birthplace                Born
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Wray, Fay                   Alberta, Canada           9/10/07
 Wright, Martha              Seattle, Wash.            3/23/26
 Wright, Max                 Detroit, Mich.            8/2/-
 Wright, Steven              New York, N.Y.            12/6/55
 Wright, Teresa              New York, N.Y.            10/27/18
 Wyatt, Jane                 Campgaw, N.J.             8/10/11
 Wyman, Jane                 St. Joseph, Mo.           1/4/14
 Wynette, Tammy              Red Bay, Ala.             5/5/42
 Yarborough, Glenn           Milwaukee, Wis.           1/12/30
 Yarrow, Peter               New York, N.Y.            5/31/38
 York, Michael               Fulmer, England           3/27/42
 York, Susannah              London, England           1/9/42
 Yothers, Tina               Whittier, Cal.            9/5/73
 Young, Alan                 Northumberland, England   11/19/19
 Young, Burt                 New York, N.Y.            4/30/40
 Young, Loretta              Salt Lake City, Ut.       1/6/13
 Young, Neil                 Toronto, Ont.             11/12/45
 Young, Robert               Chicago, Ill.             2/22/07
 Youngman, Henny             Liverpool, England        1/12/06
 Name                        Birthplace                Born
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Youngman, Henny             Liverpool, England        1/12/06
 Zappa, Frank                Baltimore, Md.            12/21/40
 Zeffirelli, Franco          Florence, Italy           2/12/23
 Zimbalist, Efrem Jr.        New York, N.Y.            11/30/23
 Zimbalist, Stephanie        New York, N.Y.            10/6/56
 Zmed, Adrian                Chicago, Ill.             3/14/54
 Zukerman, Pinchas           Tel Aviv, Israel          7/16/48





                  Entertainment Personalities of the Past
                              (as of mid-1990)


╓┌─────┌─────┌───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╖
 Born  Died  Name
 ───────────────────────────────────────
 Born  Died  Name
 ───────────────────────────────────────
 1895  1974  Abbott, Bud
 1872  1953  Adams, Maude
 1855  1926  Adler, Jacob P.
 1903  1984  Adler, Luther
 1898  1933  Adoree, Renee
 1902  1986  Aherne, Brian
 1931  1989  Ailey, Alvin
 1909  1964  Albertson, Frank
 1907  1981  Albertson, Jack
 1894  1956  Allen, Fred
 1906  1964  Allen, Gracie
 1883  1950  Allgood, Sara
 1915  1967  Andrews, Laverne
 1876  1958  Anglin, Margaret
 1887  1933  Arbuckle, Fatty (Roscoe)
 1900  1976  Arlen, Richard
 1868  1946  Arliss, George
 1888  1945  Armetta, Henry
 1900  1971  Armstrong, Louis
 Born  Died  Name
 ───────────────────────────────────────
1900  1971  Armstrong, Louis
 1917  1986  Arnaz, Desi
 1890  1956  Arnold, Edward
 1905  1974  Arquette, Cliff
 1899  1987  Astaire, Fred
 1906  1987  Astor, Mary
 1885  1946  Atwill, Lionel
 1845  1930  Auer, Leopold
 1905  1967  Auer, Mischa
 1900  1972  Austin, Gene
 1898  1940  Ayres, Agnes
 1913  1989  Backus, Jim
 1892  1968  Bainter, Fay
 1906  1975  Baker, Josephine
 1904  1983  Balanchine, George
 1911  1989  Ball, Lucille
 1882  1956  Bancroft, George
 1903  1968  Bankhead, Tallulah
 1890  1952  Banks, Leslie
 Born  Died  Name
 ───────────────────────────────────────
1890  1952  Banks, Leslie
 1890  1955  Bara, Theda
 1810  1891  Barnum, Phineas T.
 1879  1959  Barrymore, Ethel
 1882  1942  Barrymore, John
 1878  1954  Barrymore, Lionel
 1848  1905  Barrymore, Maurice
 1897  1963  Barthelmess, Richard
 1890  1962  Barton, James
 1914  1984  Basehart, Richard
 1904  1984  Basie, Count
 1923  1985  Baxter, Anne
 1889  1951  Baxter, Warner
 1880  1928  Bayes, Nora
 1904  1965  Beatty, Clyde
 1902  1962  Beavers, Louise
 1884  1946  Beery, Noah
 1889  1949  Beery, Wallace
 1901  1970  Begley, Ed
 Born  Died  Name
 ───────────────────────────────────────
1901  1970  Begley, Ed
 1854  1931  Belasco, David
 1949  1982  Belushi, John
 1906  1968  Benaderet, Bea
 1906  1964  Bendix, William
 1904  1965  Bennett, Constance
 1943  1987  Bennett, Michael
 1894  1974  Benny, Jack
 1924  1970  Benzell, Mimi
 1899  1966  Berg, Gertrude
 1903  1978  Bergen, Edgar
 1915  1982  Bergman, Ingrid
 1895  1976  Berkeley, Busby
 1923  1986  Bernardi, Herschel
 1844  1923  Bernhardt, Sarah
 1893  1943  Bernie, Ben
 1889  1967  Bickford, Charles
 1911  1960  Bjoerling, Jussi
 1895  1973  Blackmer, Sidney
 Born  Died  Name
 ───────────────────────────────────────
1895  1973  Blackmer, Sidney
 1908  1989  Blanc, Mel
 1900  1943  Bledsoe, Jules
 1928  1972  Blocker, Dan
 1909  1979  Blondell, Joan
 1888  1959  Blore, Eric
 1901  1975  Blue, Ben
 1899  1957  Bogart, Humphrey
 1880  1965  Boland, Mary
 1895  1969  Boles, John
 1904  1987  Bolger, Ray
 1903  1960  Bond, Ward
 1892  1981  Bondi, Beulah
 1917  1981  Boone, Richard
 1833  1893  Booth, Edwin
 1796  1852  Booth, Junius Brutus
 1894  1953  Bordoni, Irene
 1888  1960  Bori, Lucrezia
 1905  1965  Bow, Clara
 Born  Died  Name
 ───────────────────────────────────────
1905  1965  Bow, Clara
 1874  1946  Bowes, Maj. Edward
 1928  1977  Boyd, Stephen
 1898  1972  Boyd, William
 1899  1978  Boyer, Charles
 1893  1939  Brady, Alice
 1894  1974  Brennan, Walter
 1904  1979  Brent, George
 1891  1951  Brice, Fanny
 1891  1959  Broderick, Helen
 1904  1951  Bromberg, J. Edward
 1892  1973  Brown, Joe E.
 1926  1966  Bruce, Lenny
 1895  1953  Bruce, Nigel
 1910  1982  Bruce, Virginia
 1920  1985  Brynner, Yul
 1903  1979  Buchanan, Edgar
 1891  1957  Buchanan, Jack
 1885  1957  Buck, Gene
 Born  Died  Name
 ───────────────────────────────────────
1885  1957  Buck, Gene
 1938  1982  Buono, Victor
 1885  1970  Burke, Billie
 1911  1967  Burnette, Smiley
 1902  1971  Burns, David
 1925  1984  Burton, Richard
 1897  1946  Busch, Mae
 1883  1966  Bushman, Francis X.
 1896  1946  Butterworth, Charles
 1893  1971  Byington, Spring
 1904  1972  Cabot, Bruce
 1918  1977  Cabot, Sebastian
 1899  1986  Cagney, James
 1895  1956  Calhern, Louis
 1923  1977  Callas, Maria
 1933  1976  Cambridge, Godfrey
 1865  1940  Campbell, Mrs. Patrick
 1892  1964  Cantor, Eddie
 1878  1947  Carey, Harry
 Born  Died  Name
 ───────────────────────────────────────
1878  1947  Carey, Harry
 1950  1983  Carpenter, Karen
 1906  1988  Carradine, John
 1880  1961  Carrillo, Leo
 1892  1972  Carroll, Leo G.
 1905  1965  Carroll, Nancy
 1910  1963  Carson, Jack
 1862  1937  Carter, Mrs. Leslie
 1873  1921  Caruso, Enrico
 1876  1973  Casals, Pablo
 1929  1989  Cassavetes, John
 1893  1969  Castle, Irene
 1887  1918  Castle, Vernon
 1889  1960  Catlett, Walter
 1887  1950  Cavanaugh, Hobart
 1873  1938  Chaliapin, Feodor
 1919  1980  Champion, Gower
 1918  1961  Chandler, Jeff
 1883  1930  Chaney, Lon
 Born  Died  Name
 ───────────────────────────────────────
1883  1930  Chaney, Lon
 1905  1973  Chaney Jr., Lon
 1942  1981  Chapin, Harry
 1889  1977  Chaplin, Charles
 1893  1940  Chase, Charlie
 1893  1961  Chatterton, Ruth
 1888  1972  Chevalier, Maurice
 1888  1960  Clark, Bobby
 1914  1968  Clark, Fred
 1920  1966  Clift, Montgomery
 1932  1963  Cline, Patsy
 1898  1937  Clive, Colin
 1892  1967  Clyde, Andy
 1911  1976  Cobb, Lee J.
 1877  1961  Coburn, Charles
 1878  1942  Cohan, George M.
 1902  1986  Cohen, Myron
 1919  1965  Cole, Nat (King)
 1890  1965  Collins, Ray
 Born  Died  Name
 ───────────────────────────────────────
1890  1965  Collins, Ray
 1891  1958  Colman, Ronald
 1908  1934  Columbo, Russ
 1907  1944  Compton, Betty
 1887  1940  Connolly, Walter
 1917  1982  Conried, Hans
 1914  1975  Conte, Richard
 1914  1984  Coogan, Jackie
 1935  1964  Cooke, Sam
 1901  1961  Cooper, Gary
 1888  1971  Cooper, Gladys
 1896  1973  Cooper, Melville
 1914  1968  Corey, Wendell
 1893  1974  Cornell, Katherine
 1890  1972  Correll, Charles (Andy)
 1905  1979  Costello, Dolores
 1904  1957  Costello, Helene
 1908  1959  Costello, Lou
 1877  1950  Costello, Maurice
 Born  Died  Name
 ───────────────────────────────────────
1877  1950  Costello, Maurice
 1899  1973  Coward, Noel
 1924  1973  Cox, Wally
 1908  1983  Crabbe, Buster
 1847  1924  Crabtree, Lotta
 1928  1978  Crane, Bob
 1911  1986  Crawford, Broderick
 1908  1977  Crawford, Joan
 1916  1944  Cregar, Laird
 1880  1942  Crews, Laura Hope
 1880  1974  Crisp, Donald
 1942  1973  Croce, Jim
 1903  1977  Crosby, Bing
 1897  1975  Cross, Milton
 1910  1986  Crothers, Scatman
 1878  1968  Currie, Finlay
 1914  1978  Dailey, Dan
 1923  1965  Dandridge, Dorothy
 1869  1941  Danforth, William
 Born  Died  Name
 ───────────────────────────────────────
1869  1941  Danforth, William
 1894  1963  Daniell, Henry
 1901  1971  Daniels, Bebe
 1860  1935  Daniels, Frank
 1936  1973  Darin, Bobby
 1921  1965  Darnell, Linda
 1879  1967  Darwell, Jane
 1909  1986  Da Silva, Howard
 1866  1949  Davenport, Harry
 1908  1989  Davis, Bette
 1907  1961  Davis, Joan
 1925  1990  Davis Jr., Sammy
 1931  1955  Dean, James
 1905  1968  Dekker, Albert
 1908  1983  Del Rio, Dolores
 1892  1983  Demarest, William
 1881  1959  DeMille, Cecil B.
 1891  1967  Denny, Reginald
 1901  1974  DeSica, Vittorio
 Born  Died  Name
 ───────────────────────────────────────
1901  1974  DeSica, Vittorio
 1905  1977  Devine, Andy
 1942  1972  De Wilde, Brandon
 1907  1974  De Wolfe, Billy
 1920  1985  Diamond, Selma
 1879  1947  Digges, Dudley
 1901  1966  Disney, Walt
 1894  1949  Dix, Richard
 1905  1958  Donat, Robert
 1889  1972  Donlevy, Brian
 1901  1981  Douglas, Melvyn
 1907  1959  Douglas, Paul
 -     1980  Dragonette, Jessica
 1889  1956  Draper, Ruth
 1881  1965  Dresser, Louise
 1869  1934  Dressler, Marie
 1820  1897  Drew, Mrs. John
 1853  1927  Drew, John (son)
 1909  1951  Duchin, Eddy
 Born  Died  Name
 ───────────────────────────────────────
1909  1951  Duchin, Eddy
 1890  1974  Dumbrille, Douglass
 1889  1965  Dumont, Margaret
 1878  1927  Duncan, Isadora
 1905  1967  Dunn, James
 1935  1973  Dunn, Michael
 1893  1980  Durante, Jimmy
 1907  1968  Duryea, Dan
 1858  1924  Duse, Eleanora
 1894  1929  Eagels, Jeanne
 1901  1967  Eddy, Nelson
 1897  1971  Edwards, Cliff
 1879  1945  Edwards, Gus
 1899  1974  Ellington, Duke
 1941  1974  Elliot, Cass
 1891  1967  Elman, Mischa
 1881  1951  Errol, Leon
 1888  1976  Evans, Edith
 1901  1989  Evans, Maurice
 Born  Died  Name
 ───────────────────────────────────────
1901  1989  Evans, Maurice
 1913  1967  Evelyn, Judith
 1883  1939  Fairbanks, Douglas
 1914  1970  Farmer, Frances
 1870  1929  Farnum, Dustin
 1876  1953  Farnum, William
 1882  1967  Farrar, Geraldine
 1904  1971  Farrell, Glenda
 1868  1940  Faversham, William
 1861  1939  Fawcett, George
 1897  1961  Fay, Frank
 1895  1962  Fazenda, Louise
 1933  1982  Feldman, Marty
 1898  1985  Fetchit, Stepin
 1894  1979  Fiedler, Arthur
 1918  1973  Field, Betty
 1898  1979  Fields, Gracie
 1879  1946  Fields, W.C.
 1931  1978  Fields, Totie
 Born  Died  Name
 ───────────────────────────────────────
1931  1978  Fields, Totie
 1916  1977  Finch, Peter
 1865  1932  Fiske, Minnie Maddern
 1888  1961  Fitzgerald, Barry
 1895  1962  Flagstad, Kirsten
 1900  1971  Flippen, Jay C.
 1909  1959  Flynn, Errol
 1925  1974  Flynn, Joe
 1880  1942  Fokine, Michel
 1910  1968  Foley, Red
 1905  1982  Fonda, Henry
 1920  1978  Fontaine, Frank
 1887  1983  Fontanne, Lynn
 1895  1973  Ford, John
 1901  1976  Ford, Paul
 1899  1966  Ford, Wallace
 1927  1987  Fosse, Bob
 1901  1970  Foster, Preston
 1857  1928  Foy, Eddie
 Born  Died  Name
 ───────────────────────────────────────
1857  1928  Foy, Eddie
 1903  1968  Francis, Kay
 1887  1966  Frawley, William
 1885  1938  Frederick, Pauline
 1870  1955  Friganza, Trixie
 1890  1958  Frisco, Joe
 1901  1960  Gable, Clark
 1889  1963  Galli-Curci, Amelita
 1905  1990  Garbo, Greta
 1877  1967  Garden, Mary
 1922  1990  Gardner, Ava
 1913  1952  Garfield, John
 1922  1969  Garland, Judy
 1939  1984  Gaye, Marvin
 1906  1984  Gaynor, Janet
 1902  1978  Geer, Will
 1900  1954  George, Gladys
 1892  1962  Gibson, Hoot
 1894  1971  Gilbert, Billy
 Born  Died  Name
 ───────────────────────────────────────
1894  1971  Gilbert, Billy
 1895  1936  Gilbert, John
 1855  1937  Gillette, William
 1879  1939  Gilpin, Charles
 1897  1987  Gingold, Hermione
 1898  1968  Gish, Dorothy
 1916  1987  Gleason, Jackie
 1886  1959  Gleason, James
 1884  1938  Gluck, Alma
 1905  1990  Goddard, Paulette
 1903  1983  Godfrey, Arthur
 1874  1955  Golden, John
 1882  1974  Goldwyn, Samuel
 1909  1986  Goodman, Benny
 1915  1969  Gorcey, Leo
 1896  1985  Gordon, Ruth
 1899  1982  Gosden, Freeman (Amos)
 1869  1944  Gottschalk, Ferdinand
 1829  1869  Gottschalk, Louis
 Born  Died  Name
 ───────────────────────────────────────
1829  1869  Gottschalk, Louis
 1916  1973  Grable, Betty
 1925  1981  Grahame, Gloria
 1904  1986  Grant, Cary
 1915  1987  Greene, Lorne
 1879  1954  Greenstreet, Sydney
 1874  1948  Griffith, David Wark
 1912  1980  Griffith, Hugh
 1912  1967  Guthrie, Woody
 1875  1959  Gwenn, Edmund
 1888  1942  Hackett, Charles
 1902  1958  Hackett, Raymond
 1892  1950  Hale, Alan
 1925  1981  Haley, Bill
 1899  1979  Haley, Jack
 1902  1985  Hamilton, Margaret
 1847  1919  Hammerstein, Oscar
 1893  1964  Hardwicke, Cedric
 1892  1957  Hardy, Oliver
 Born  Died  Name
 ───────────────────────────────────────
1892  1957  Hardy, Oliver
 1911  1937  Harlow, Jean
 1844  1911  Harrigan, Edward
 1908  1990  Harrison, Rex
 1870  1946  Hart, William S.
 1928  1973  Harvey, Laurence
 1910  1973  Hawkins, Jack
 1890  1973  Hayakawa, Sessue
 1885  1969  Hayes, Gabby
 1902  1971  Hayward, Leland
 1917  1975  Hayward, Susan
 1918  1987  Hayworth, Rita
 1896  1937  Healy, Ted
 1910  1971  Heflin, Van
 1901  1987  Heifetz, Jascha
 1873  1918  Held, Anna
 1942  1970  Hendrix, Jimi
 1936  1990  Henson, Jim
 1910  1969  Henie, Sonja
 Born  Died  Name
 ───────────────────────────────────────
1910  1969  Henie, Sonja
 1879  1942  Herbert, Henry
 1887  1951  Herbert, Hugh
 1886  1956  Hersholt, Jean
 1899  1980  Hitchcock, Alfred
 1914  1955  Hodiak, John
 1894  1973  Holden, Fay
 1918  1981  Holden, William
 1922  1965  Holliday, Judy
 1936  1959  Holly, Buddy
 1888  1951  Holt, Jack
 1918  1973  Holt, Tim
 1898  1978  Homolka, Oscar
 1902  1972  Hopkins, Miriam
 1858  1935  Hopper, DeWolf
 1874  1959  Hopper, Edna Wallace
 1915  1970  Hopper, William
 1904  1989  Horowitz, Vladimir
 1886  1970  Horton, Edward Everett
 Born  Died  Name
 ───────────────────────────────────────
1886  1970  Horton, Edward Everett
 1874  1926  Houdini, Harry
 1902  1988  Houseman, John
 1881  1965  Howard, Eugene
 1867  1961  Howard, Joe
 1890  1943  Howard, Leslie
 1885  1955  Howard, Tom
 1916  1988  Howard, Trevor
 1885  1949  Howard, Willie
 1925  1985  Hudson, Rock
 1890  1977  Hull, Henry
 1886  1957  Hull, Josephine
 1895  1958  Humphrey, Doris
 1927  1969  Hunter, Jeffrey
 1901  1962  Husing, Ted
 1906  1987  Huston, John
 1884  1950  Huston, Walter
 1892  1950  Ingram, Rex
 1895  1969  Ingram, Rex
 Born  Died  Name
 ───────────────────────────────────────
1895  1969  Ingram, Rex
 1895  1980  Iturbi, Jose
 1838  1905  Irving, Henry
 1871  1944  Irving, Isabel
 1872  1914  Irving, Laurence
 1875  1942  Jackson, Joe
 1911  1972  Jackson, Mahalia
 1891  1984  Jaffe, Sam
 1916  1983  James, Harry
 1889  1956  Janis, Elsie
 1886  1950  Jannings, Emil
 1930  1980  Janssen, David
 1900  1974  Jenkins, Allen
 1898  1981  Jessel, George
 1892  1962  Johnson, Chic
 1886  1950  Jolson, Al
 1889  1942  Jones, Buck
 1933  1983  Jones, Carolyn
 1911  1965  Jones, Spike
 Born  Died  Name
 ───────────────────────────────────────
1911  1965  Jones, Spike
 1943  1970  Joplin, Janis
 1902  1982  Jory, Victor
 1905  1981  Joslyn, Allyn
 1910  1966  Kane, Helen
 1887  1969  Karloff, Boris
 1893  1970  Karns, Roscoe
 1913  1987  Kaye, Danny
 1811  1868  Kean, Charles
 1806  1880  Kean, Mrs. Charles
 1787  1833  Kean, Edmund
 1895  1966  Keaton, Buster
 1899  1960  Keith, Ian
 1894  1973  Kellaway, Cecil
 1898  1979  Kelly, Emmett
 1929  1982  Kelly, Grace
 1910  1981  Kelly, Patsy
 1907  1968  Kelton, Pert
 1823  1895  Kemble, Agnes
 Born  Died  Name
 ───────────────────────────────────────
1823  1895  Kemble, Agnes
 1775  1854  Kemble, Charles
 1809  1893  Kemble, Fannie
 1926  1959  Kendall, Kay
 1914  1990  Kennedy, Arthur
 1890  1948  Kennedy, Edgar
 1886  1956  Kibbee, Guy
 1888  1964  Kilbride, Percy
 1923  1986  Knight, Ted
 1901  1980  Kostelanetz, Andre
 1919  1962  Kovacs, Ernie
 1885  1974  Kruger, Otto
 1913  1964  Ladd, Alan
 1895  1967  Lahr, Bert
 1919  1973  Lake, Veronica
 1915  1982  Lamas, Fernando
 1902  1986  Lanchester, Elsa
 1919  1948  Landis, Carole
 1904  1972  Landis, Jessie Royce
 Born  Died  Name
 ───────────────────────────────────────
1904  1972  Landis, Jessie Royce
 1884  1944  Langdon, Harry
 1853  1929  Langtry, Lillie
 1921  1959  Lanza, Mario
 1870  1950  Lauder, Harry
 1899  1962  Laughton, Charles
 1890  1965  Laurel, Stan
 1923  1984  Lawford, Peter
 1898  1952  Lawrence, Gertrude
 1940  1973  Lee, Bruce
 1907  1952  Lee, Canada
 1914  1970  Lee, Gypsy Rose
 1888  1976  Lehmann, Lotte
 1913  1967  Leigh, Vivien
 1922  1976  Leighton, Margaret
 1940  1980  Lennon, John
 1898  1981  Lenya, Lotte
 1870  1941  Leonard, Eddie
 1900  1987  LeRoy Mervyn
 Born  Died  Name
 ───────────────────────────────────────
1900  1987  LeRoy Mervyn
 1906  1972  Levant, Oscar
 1905  1980  Levene, Sam
 1902  1971  Lewis, Joe E.
 1892  1971  Lewis, Ted
 1919  1987  Liberace
 1820  1887  Lind, Jenny
 1894  1989  Lillie, Beatrice
 1889  1968  Lindsay, Howard
 1893  1971  Lloyd, Harold
 1870  1922  Lloyd, Marie
 1891  1957  Lockhart, Gene
 1913  1969  Logan, Ella
 1909  1942  Lombard, Carole
 1902  1977  Lombardo, Guy
 1927  1974  Long, Richard
 1895  1975  Lopez, Vincent
 1888  1968  Lorne, Marion
 1904  1964  Lorre, Peter
 Born  Died  Name
 ───────────────────────────────────────
1904  1964  Lorre, Peter
 1912  1962  Lovejoy, Frank
 1890  1971  Lowe, Edmund
 1892  1947  Lubitsch, Ernst
 1882  1956  Lugosi, Bela
 1894  1971  Lukas, Paul
 1892  1977  Lunt, Alfred
 1853  1932  Lupino, George
 1893  1942  Lupino, Stanley
 1926  1982  Lynde, Paul
 1926  1971  Lynn, Diana
 1903  1965  MacDonald, Jeanette
 1902  1969  MacLane, Barton
 1921  1986  MacRae, Gordon
 1909  1973  Macready, George
 1908  1973  Magnani, Anna
 1896  1967  Mahoney, Will
 1890  1975  Main, Marjorie
 1933  1967  Mansfield, Jayne
 Born  Died  Name
 ───────────────────────────────────────
1933  1967  Mansfield, Jayne
 1854  1907  Mansfield, Richard
 1905  1980  Mantovani, Annunzio
 1897  1975  March, Fredric
 1945  1981  Marley, Bob
 1890  1966  Marshall, Herbert
 1920  1981  Martin, Ross
 1885  1969  Martinelli, Giovanni
 1924  1987  Marvin, Lee
 1888  1964  Marx, Arthur (Harpo)
 1890  1977  Marx, Julius (Groucho)
 1887  1961  Marx, Leonard (Chico)
 1909  1984  Mason, James
 1896  1983  Massey, Raymond
 1879  1948  May, Edna
 1885  1957  Mayer, Louis B.
 1895  1973  Maynard, Ken
 1884  1945  McCormack, John
 1895  1952  McDaniel, Hattie
 Born  Died  Name
 ───────────────────────────────────────
1895  1952  McDaniel, Hattie
 1913  1975  McGiver, John
 1899  1981  McHugh, Frank
 1883  1959  McLaglen, Victor
 1907  1971  McMahon, Horace
 1930  1980  McQueen, Steve
 1920  1980  Medford, Kay
 1880  1946  Meek, Donald
 1861  1931  Melba, Nellie
 1890  1973  Melchior, Lauritz
 1904  1961  Melton, James
 1890  1963  Menjou, Adolphe
 1902  1966  Menken, Helen
 1908  1984  Merman, Ethel
 1905  1986  Milland, Ray
 1904  1944  Miller, Glenn
 1860  1926  Miller, Henry
 1898  1936  Miller, Marilyn
 1939  1976  Mineo, Sal
 Born  Died  Name
 ───────────────────────────────────────
1939  1976  Mineo, Sal
 1903  1955  Minnevitch, Borrah
 1913  1955  Miranda, Carmen
 1892  1962  Mitchell, Thomas
 1880  1940  Mix, Tom
 1926  1962  Monroe, Marilyn
 1911  1973  Monroe, Vaughn
 1917  1951  Montez, Maria
 1904  1981  Montgomery, Robert
 1901  1947  Moore, Grace
 1876  1962  Moore, Victor
 1906  1974  Moorehead, Agnes
 1890  1949  Morgan, Frank
 1900  1941  Morgan, Helen
 1901  1970  Morris, Chester
 1914  1959  Morris, Wayne
 1943  1971  Morrison, Jim
 1932  1982  Morrow, Vic
 1915  1977  Mostel, Zero
 Born  Died  Name
 ───────────────────────────────────────
1915  1977  Mostel, Zero
 1897  1969  Mowbray, Alan
 1895  1967  Muni, Paul
 1894  1953  Munn, Frank
 1915  1970  Munshin, Jules
 1924  1971  Murphy, Audie
 1885  1965  Murray, Mae
 1896  1970  Nagel, Conrad
 1900  1973  Naish, J. Carroll
 1898  1961  Naldi, Nita
 1906  1975  Nelson, Ozzie
 1940  1985  Nelson, Rick
 1885  1967  Nesbit, Evelyn
 1910  1983  Niven, David
 1890  1950  Nijinsky, Vaslav
 1893  1974  Nilsson, Anna Q.
 1902  1985  Nolan, Lloyd
 1894  1930  Normand, Mabel
 1899  1968  Novarro, Ramon
 Born  Died  Name
 ───────────────────────────────────────
1899  1968  Novarro, Ramon
 1893  1951  Novello, Ivor
 1903  1978  Oakie, Jack
 1860  1926  Oakley, Annie
 1928  1982  Oates, Warren
 1911  1979  Oberon, Merle
 1915  1985  O'Brien, Edmond
 1899  1983  O'Brien, Pat
 1908  1981  O'Connell, Arthur
 1880  1959  O'Connor, Una
 1908  1968  O'Keefe, Dennis
 1880  1938  Oland, Warner
 1860  1932  Olcott, Chauncey
 1883  1942  Oliver, Edna May
 1907  1989  Olivier, Laurence
 1892  1963  Olsen, Ole
 1849  1920  O'Neill, James
 1936  1988  Orbison, Roy
 1899  1985  Ormandy, Eugene
 Born  Died  Name
 ───────────────────────────────────────
1899  1985  Ormandy, Eugene
 1876  1949  Ouspenskaya, Maria
 1887  1972  Owen, Reginald
 1860  1941  Paderewski, Ignace
 1924  1987  Page, Geraldine
 1889  1954  Pallette, Eugene
 1914  1986  Palmer, Lilli
 1894  1958  Pangborn, Franklin
 1914  1975  Parks, Larry
 1881  1940  Pasternack, Josef A.
 1837  1908  Pastor, Tony
 1843  1919  Patti, Adelina
 1840  1889  Patti, Carlotta
 1885  1931  Pavlova, Anna
 1900  1973  Paxinou, Katina
 1904  1984  Peerce, Jan
 1885  1950  Pemberton, Brock
 1899  1967  Pendleton, Nat
 1905  1941  Penner, Joe
 Born  Died  Name
 ───────────────────────────────────────
1905  1941  Penner, Joe
 1892  1937  Perkins, Osgood
 1915  1963  Piaf, Edith
 1893  1979  Pickford, Mary
 1897  1984  Pidgeon, Walter
 1892  1957  Pinza, Ezio
 1898  1963  Pitts, Zasu
 1904  1976  Pons, Lily
 1897  1981  Ponselle, Rosa
 1904  1963  Powell, Dick
 1912  1982  Powell, Eleanor
 1892  1984  Powell, William
 1913  1958  Power, Tyrone
 1905  1986  Preminger, Otto
 1935  1977  Presley, Elvis
 1918  1987  Preston, Robert
 1911  1978  Prima, Louis
 1954  1977  Prinze, Freddie
 1946  1989  Radner, Gilda
 Born  Died  Name
 ───────────────────────────────────────
1946  1989  Radner, Gilda
 1895  1980  Raft, George
 1890  1967  Rains, Claude
 1889  1970  Rambeau, Marjorie
 1892  1967  Rathbone, Basil
 1897  1960  Ratoff, Gregory
 1891  1943  Ray, Charles
 1941  1967  Redding, Otis
 1908  1985  Redgrave, Michael
 1921  1986  Reed, Donna
 1914  1959  Reeves, George
 1923  1964  Reeves, Jim
 1892  1923  Reid, Wallace
 1873  1943  Reinhardt, Max
 1909  1971  Rennie, Michael
 1902  1983  Richardson, Ralph
 1895  1972  Richman, Harry
 1921  1985  Riddle, Nelson
 1898  1977  Ritchard, Cyril
 Born  Died  Name
 ───────────────────────────────────────
1898  1977  Ritchard, Cyril
 1907  1974  Ritter, Tex
 1905  1969  Ritter, Thelma
 1901  1965  Ritz, Al
 1906  1986  Ritz, Harry
 1903  1985  Ritz, Jimmy
 1925  1982  Robbins, Marty
 1898  1976  Robeson, Paul
 1878  1949  Robinson, Bill
 1893  1973  Robinson, Edward G.
 1865  1942  Robson, May
 1905  1977  Rochester (E. Anderson)
 1897  1933  Rodgers, Jimmy
 1879  1935  Rogers, Will
 1880  1962  Rooney, Pat
 1899  1966  Rose, Billy
 1910  1980  Roth, Lillian
 1922  1987  Rowan, Dan
 1887  1982  Rubinstein, Artur
 Born  Died  Name
 ───────────────────────────────────────
1887  1982  Rubinstein, Artur
 1878  1953  Ruffo, Titta
 1886  1970  Ruggles, Charles
 1924  1961  Russell, Gail
 1861  1922  Russell, Lillian
 1911  1976  Russell, Rosalind
 1892  1972  Rutherford, Margaret
 1903  1973  Ryan, Irene
 1909  1973  Ryan, Robert
 1924  1963  Sabu (Dastagir)
 1877  1968  St. Denis, Ruth
 1884  1955  Sakall, S.Z.
 1885  1936  Sale (Chic), Charles
 1906  1972  Sanders, George
 1934  1973  Sands, Diana
 1896  1960  Savo, Jimmy
 1895  1964  Schildkraut, Joseph
 1865  1930  Schildkraut, Rudolph
 1889  1965  Schipa, Tito
 Born  Died  Name
 ───────────────────────────────────────
1889  1965  Schipa, Tito
 1882  1951  Schnabel, Artur
 1938  1982  Schneider, Romy
 1920  1981  Scott, Hazel
 1898  1987  Scott, Randolph
 1914  1965  Scott, Zachary
 1843  1896  Scott-Siddons, Mrs.
 1938  1979  Seberg, Jean
 1892  1974  Seeley, Blossom
 1893  1987  Segovia, Andres
 1925  1980  Sellers, Peter
 1902  1965  Selznick, David O.
 1884  1960  Sennett, Mack
 1927  1978  Shaw, Robert
 1891  1972  Shawn, Ted
 1868  1949  Shean, Al
 1902  1983  Shearer, Norma
 1915  1967  Sheridan, Ann
 1875  1953  Shubert, Lee
 Born  Died  Name
 ───────────────────────────────────────
1875  1953  Shubert, Lee
 1755  1831  Siddons, Mrs. Sarah
 1921  1985  Signoret, Simone
 1912  1985  Silvers, Phil
 1900  1976  Sim, Alastair
 1858  1942  Skinner, Otis
 1863  1948  Smith, C. Aubrey
 1907  1986  Smith, Kate
 1917  1979  Soo, Jack
 1854  1932  Sousa, John Philip
 1884  1957  Sparks, Ned
 1876  1948  Speaks, Oley
 1873  1937  Standing, Guy
 1907  1990  Stanwyck, Barbara
 1934  1970  Stevens, Inger
 1882  1977  Stokowski, Leopold
 1873  1959  Stone, Fred
 1879  1953  Stone, Lewis
 1904  1980  Stone, Milburn
 Born  Died  Name
 ───────────────────────────────────────
1904  1980  Stone, Milburn
 1898  1959  Sturges, Preston
 1911  1960  Sullavan, Margaret
 1902  1974  Sullivan, Ed
 1903  1956  Sullivan, Francis L.
 1892  1946  Summerville, Slim
 1899  1983  Swanson, Gloria
 1904  1969  Swarthout, Gladys
 1893  1957  Talmadge, Norma
 1899  1972  Tamiroff, Akim
 1878  1947  Tanguay, Eva
 1885  1966  Taylor, Deems
 1899  1958  Taylor, Estelle
 1887  1946  Taylor, Laurette
 1911  1969  Taylor, Robert
 1878  1938  Tearle, Conway
 1884  1953  Tearle, Godfrey
 1892  1937  Tell, Alma
 1864  1942  Tempest, Marie
 Born  Died  Name
 ───────────────────────────────────────
1864  1942  Tempest, Marie
 1910  1963  Templeton, Alec
 1847  1928  Terry, Ellen
 1871  1940  Tetrazzini, Luisa
 1899  1936  Thalberg, Irving
 1892  1960  Thomas, John Charles
 1882  1976  Thorndike, Sybil
             (Three Stooges)
 1902  1975  Fine, Larry
 1906  1952  Howard, Curly
 1897  1975  Howard, Moe
 1896  1960  Tibbett, Lawrence
 1909  1958  Todd, Michael
 1874  1947  Toler, Sidney
 1905  1968  Tone, Franchot
 1867  1957  Toscanini, Arturo
 1898  1968  Tracy, Lee
 1900  1967  Tracy, Spencer
 1903  1972  Traubel, Helen
 Born  Died  Name
 ───────────────────────────────────────
1903  1972  Traubel, Helen
 1894  1975  Treacher, Arthur
 1853  1917  Tree, Herbert Beerbohm
 1890  1973  Truex, Ernest
 1932  1984  Truffaut, Francois
 1919  1986  Tucker, Forrest
 1915  1975  Tucker, Richard
 1884  1966  Tucker, Sophie
 1874  1940  Turpin, Ben
 1908  1959  Twelvetrees, Helen
 1894  1970  Ulric, Lenore
 1933  1975  Ure, Mary
 1895  1926  Valentino, Rudolph
 1901  1986  Vallee, Rudy
 1911  1979  Vance, Vivian
 1924  1990  Vaughan, Sarah
 1893  1943  Veidt, Conrad
 1926  1981  Vera-Ellen
 1885  1957  Von Stroheim, Erich
 Born  Died  Name
 ───────────────────────────────────────
1885  1957  Von Stroheim, Erich
 1906  1981  Von Zell, Harry
 1887  1969  Walburn, Raymond
 1914  1951  Walker, Robert
 1898  1983  Wallenstein, Alfred
 1887  1980  Walsh, Raoul
 1876  1962  Walter, Bruno
 1876  1958  Warner, H. B.
 1924  1963  Washington, Dinah
 1900  1977  Waters, Ethel
 1907  1979  Wayne, John
 1891  1966  Webb, Clifton
 1920  1982  Webb, Jack
 1867  1942  Weber, Joe
 1905  1973  Webster, Margaret
 1915  1985  Welles, Orson
 1896  1975  Wellman, William
 1922  1984  Werner, Oskar
 1892  1980  West, Mae
 Born  Died  Name
 ───────────────────────────────────────
1892  1980  West, Mae
 1895  1968  Wheeler, Bert
 1889  1938  White, Pearl
 1891  1967  Whiteman, Paul
 1865  1948  Whitty, May
 1912  1979  Wilding, Michael
 1895  1948  William, Warren
 1877  1922  Williams, Bert
 1923  1953  Williams, Hank
 1905  1975  Wills, Bob
 1903  1978  Wills, Chill
 1894  1953  Wilson, Dooley
 1917  1972  Wilson, Marie
 1884  1969  Winninger, Charles
 1904  1959  Withers, Grant
 1907  1961  Wong, Anna May
 1938  1981  Wood, Natalie
 1892  1978  Wood, Peggy
 1888  1963  Woolley, Monty
 Born  Died  Name
 ───────────────────────────────────────
1888  1963  Woolley, Monty
 1902  1981  Wyler, William
 1886  1966  Wynn, Ed
 1916  1986  Wynn, Keenan
 1890  1960  Young, Clara Kimball
 1917  1978  Young, Gig
 1887  1953  Young, Roland
 1902  1979  Zanuck, Darryl F.
 1869  1932  Ziegfeld, Florenz
 1873  1976  Zukor, Adolph






                  Original Names of Selected Entertainers

 Edie Adams: Elizabeth Edith Enke

 Eddie Albert: Edward Albert Heimberger

 Alan Alda: Alphonso D'Abruzzo

 Jane Alexander: Jane Quigley

 Fred Allen: John Sullivan

 Woody Allen: Allen Konigsberg

 Julie Andrews: Julia Wells

 Eve Arden: Eunice Quedens

 Beatrice Arthur: Bernice Frankel

 Jean Arthur: Gladys Greene

 Fred Astaire: Frederick Austerlitz

 Lauren Bacall: Betty Joan Perske

 Anne Bancroft: Anna Maria Italiano

 Brigitte Bardot: Camille Javal

 Gene Barry: Eugene Klass

 Orson Bean: Dallas Burrows

 Pat Benatar: Patricia Andrejewski

 Robbie Benson: Robert Segal

 Tony Bennett: Anthony Benedetto

 Busby Berkeley: William Berkeley Enos

 Jack Benny: Benjamin Kubelsky

 Joey Bishop: Joseph Gottlieb

 Robert Blake: Michael Gubitosi

 Victor Borge: Borge Rosenbaum

 David Bowie: David Robert Jones

 Boy George: George Alan O'Dowd

 Fanny Brice: Fanny Borach

 Morgan Brittany: Suzanne Cupito

 Charles Bronson: Charles Buchinski

 Albert Brooks: Albert Einstein

 Mel Brooks: Melvin Kaminsky

 George Burns: Nathan Birnbaum

 Ellen Burstyn: Edna Gilhooley

 Richard Burton: Richard Jenkins

 Red Buttons: Aaron Chwatt

 Nicolas Cage: Nicholas Coppola

 Michael Caine: Maurice Micklewhite

 Maria Callas: Maria Kalogeropoulos

 Vikki Carr: Florencia Casillas

 Diahann Carroll: Carol Diahann Johnson

 Cyd Charisse: Tula Finklea

 Ray Charles: Ray Charles Robinson

 Cher: Cherilyn Sarkisian

 Patsy Cline: Virginia Patterson Hensley

 Lee J. Cobb: Leo Jacoby

 Claudette Colbert: Lily Chauchoin

 Michael Connors: Kreker Ohanian

 Robert Conrad: Conrad Robert Falk

 Alice Cooper: Vincent Furnier

 David Copperfield: David Kotkin

 Howard Cosell: Howard Cohen

 Elvis Costello: Declan Patrick McManus

 Lou Costello: Louis Cristillo

 Joan Crawford: Lucille Le Sueur

 Michael Crawford: Michael Dumbell-Smith

 Tom Cruise: Thomas Mopother

 Tony Curtis: Bernard Schwartz

 Vic Damone: Vito Farinola

 Rodney Dangerfield: Jacob Cohen

 Bobby Darin: Walden Waldo Cassotto

 Doris Day: Doris von Kappelhoff

 Yvonne De Carlo: Peggy Middleton

 Sandra Dee: Alexandra Zuck

 John Denver: Henry John Deutschendorf Jr.

 Bo Derek: Cathleen Collins

 John Derek: Derek Harris

 Angie Dickinson: Angeline Brown

 Phyllis Diller: Phyllis Driver

 Diana Dors: Diana Fluck

 Melvyn Douglas: Melvyn Hesselberg

 Bob Dylan: Robert Zimmerman

 Sheena Easton: Sheena Shirley Orr

 Barbara Eden: Barbara Huffman

 Ron Ely: Ronald Pierce

 Chad Everett: Raymond Cramton

 Tom Ewell: S. Yewell Tompkins

 Douglas Fairbanks: Douglas Ullman

 Morgan Fairchild: Patsy McClenny

 Alice Faye: Ann Leppert

 Stepin Fetchit: Lincoln Perry

 W.C. Fields: William Claude Dukenfield

 Peter Finch: William Mitchell

 Barry Fitzgerald: William Joseph Shields

 Joan Fontaine: Joan de Havilland

 John Ford: Sean O'Fearna

 John Forsythe: John Freund

 Redd Foxx : John Sanford

 Anthony Franciosa: Anthony Papaleo

 Arlene Francis: Arlene Kazanjian

 Connie Francis: Concetta Franconero

 Greta Garbo: Greta Gustafsson

 Vincent Gardenia: Vincent Scognamiglio

 John Garfield: Julius Garfinkle

 Judy Garland: Frances Gumm

 James Garner: James Bumgarner

 Crystal Gayle: Brenda Gayle Webb

 Paulette Goddard: Marion Levy

 Eydie Gorme: Edith Gormezano

 Stewart Granger: James Stewart

 Cary Grant: Archibald Leach

 Lee Grant: Lyova Rosenthal

 Joel Grey: Joe Katz

 Buddy Hackett: Leonard Hacker

 Jean Harlow: Harlean Carpentier

 Rex Harrison: Reginald Carey

 Laurence Harvey: Larushka Skikne

 Helen Hayes: Helen Brown

 Susan Hayward: Edythe Marriner

 Rita Hayworth: Margarita Cansino

 Pee-Wee Herman: Paul Rubenfeld

 Barbara Hershey: Barbara Herzstine

 William Holden: William Beedle

 Judy Holliday: Judith Tuvim

 Harry Houdini: Ehrich Weiss

 Leslie Howard: Leslie Stainer

 Moe Howard: Moses Horowitz

 Rock Hudson: Roy Scherer Jr. (later Fitzgerald)

 Engelbert Humperdinck: Arnold Dorsey

 Kim Hunter: Janet Cole

 Mary Beth Hurt: Mary Supinger

 Betty Hutton: Betty Thornberg

 David Janssen: David Meyer

 Elton John: Reginald Dwight

 Don Johnson: Donald Wayne

 Jennifer Jones: Phyllis Isley

 Tom Jones: Thomas Woodward

 Louis Jourdan: Louis Gendre

 Boris Karloff: William Henry Pratt

 Danny Kaye: David Kaminsky

 Diane Keaton: Diane Hall

 Michael Keaton: Michael Douglas

 Howard Keel: Harold Leek

 Chaka Khan: Yvette Stevens

 Carole King: Carole Klein

 Ben Kingsley: Krishna Banji

 Nastassja Kinski: Nastassja Naksyznyski

 Ted Knight: Tadeus Wladyslaw Konopka

 Cheryl Ladd: Cheryl Stoppelmoor

 Veronica Lake: Constance Ockleman

 Dorothy Lamour: Mary Kaumeyer

 Michael Landon: Eugene Orowitz

 Mario Lanza: Alfredo Cocozza

 Stan Laurel: Arthur Jefferson

 Steve Lawrence: Sidney Leibowitz

 Brenda Lee: Brenda Mae Tarpley

 Bruce Lee: Lee Yuen Kam

 Gypsy Rose Lee: Rose Louise Hovick

 Michelle Lee: Michelle Dusiak

 Peggy Lee: Norma Egstrom

 Janet Leigh: Jeanette Morrison

 Vivien Leigh: Vivien Hartley

 Huey Lewis: Hugh Cregg

 Jerry Lewis: Joseph Levitch

 Hal Linden: Harold Lipshitz

 Carole Lombard: Jane Peters

 Jack Lord: John Joseph Ryan

 Sophia Loren: Sophia Scicoloni

 Peter Lorre: Laszio Lowenstein

 Myrna Loy: Myrna Williams

 Bela Lugosi: Bela Ferenc Blasko

 Moms Mabley: Loretta Mary Aitken

 Shirley MacLaine: Shirley Beaty

 Madonna: Madonna Louise Ciccone

 Lee Majors: Harvey Lee Yeary 2d

 Karl Malden: Malden Sekulovich

 Jayne Mansfield: Vera Jane Palmer

 Fredric March: Frederick Bickel

 Peter Marshall: Pierre LaCock

 Dean Martin: Dino Crocetti

 Ethel Merman: Ethel Zimmerman

 Ray Milland: Reginald Truscott-Jones

 Ann Miller: Lucille Collier

 Joni Mitchell: Roberta Joan Anderson

 Marilyn Monroe: Norma Jean Mortenson, (later) Baker

 Yves Montand: Ivo Levi

 Ron Moody: Ronald Moodnick

 Demi Moore: Demi Guynes

 Garry Moore: Thomas Garrison Morfit

 Rita Moreno: Rosita Alverio

 Harry Morgan: Harry Bratsburg

 Paul Muni: Muni Weisenfreund

 Mike Nichols: Michael Igor Peschowsky

 Sheree North: Dawn Bethel

 Hugh O'Brian: Hugh Krampke

 Maureen O'Hara: Maureen Fitzsimmons

 Patti Page: Clara Ann Fowler

 Jack Palance: Walter Palanuik

 Lilli Palmer: Lilli Peiser

 Bert Parks: Bert Jacobson

 Minnie Pearl: Sarah Ophelia Cannon

 Bernadette Peters: Bernadette Lazzaro

 Edith Piaf: Edith Gassion

 Slim Pickens: Louis Lindley

 Mary Pickford: Gladys Smith

 Stephanie Powers: Stefania Federkiewcz

 Paula Prentiss: Paula Ragusa

 Robert Preston: Robert Preston

 Meservey Prince: Prince Rogers

 Nelson Tony Randall: Leonard Rosenberg

 Martha Raye: Margaret O'Reed

 Donna Reed: Donna Belle Mullenger

 Della Reese: Delloreese Patricia Early

 Joan Rivers: Joan Sandra Molinsky

 Edward G. Robinson: Emmanuel Goldenberg

 Ginger Rogers: Virginia McMath

 Roy Rogers: Leonard Slye

 Mickey Rooney: Joe Yule Jr.

 Lillian Russell: Helen Leonard

 Susan St. James: Susan Miller

 Soupy Sales: Milton Hines

 Susan Sarandon: Susan Tomaling

 Randolph Scott: George Randolph Crane

 Jane Seymour: Joyce Frankenberg

 Omar Sharif: Michael Shalhoub

 Martin Sheen: Ramon Estevez

 Beverly Sills: Belle Silverman

 Talia Shire: Talia Coppola

 Phil Silvers: Philip Silversmith

 Suzanne Somers: Suzanne Mahoney

 Ann Sothern: Harriette Lake

 Barbara Stanwyck: Ruby Stevens

 Jean Stapleton: Jeanne Murray

 Ringo Starr: Richard Starkey

 Connie Stevens: Concetta Ingolia

 Sting: Gordon Sumner

 Donna Summers: LaDonna Gaines

 Robert Taylor: Spangler Arlington Brugh

 Danny Thomas: Amos Jacobs

 Sophie Tucker: Sophia Kalish

 Tina Turner: Annie Mae Bullock

 Conway Twitty: Harold Lloyd Jenkins

 Rudolph Valentino: Rudolpho D'Antonguolla

 Frankie Valli: Frank Castelluccio

 David Wayne: Wayne McMeekan

 John Wayne: Marion Morrison

 Clifton Webb: Webb Parmalee Hollenbeck

 Raquel Welch: Raquel Tejada

 Gene Wilder: Jerome Silberman

 Shelly Winters: Shirley Schrift

 Stevie Wonder: Stevland Morris

 Natalie Wood: Natasha Gurdin

 Jane Wyman: Sarah Jane Fulks

 Gig Young: Byron Barr

                   Federal Aid to the Arts and Humanities
 U.S. National Endowment for the Arts; U.S National Endowment for the
 Humanities (annual reports)
                           (millions of dollars)


╓┌───────────────────────────────────────────────────┌─────┌──────┌──────┌───
 Type of Fund and Program                            1970  1975   1980   1982
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 National Endowment for the Arts:
 Funds available1                                    15.7  86.9   188.1  133.4
 Program appropriation                               6.3   67.3   97.0   103.3
 Matching funds2                                     2.0   7.5    42.9   14.2
 Grants awarded (number)                             556   3,071  5,505  5,090
 Funds obligated                                     12.9  81.7   166.4  131.8
 Music                                               2.5   14.9   13.6   14.1
 State programs                                      1.9   14.7   22.1   21.3
 Museums                                             NA    10.8   11.2   11.5
 Theater                                             2.8   6.4    8.4    9.6
 Type of Fund and Program                            1970  1975   1980   1982
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Theater                                             2.8   6.4    8.4    9.6
 Dance                                               1.7   6.1    8.0    8.5
 Media arts                                          0.2   5.4    8.4    10.1
 Challenge3                                          X     X      50.8   14.4
 Visual arts                                         1.0   3.2    7.3    6.5
 Other                                               2.8   20.1   36.6   35.8
 National Endowment for the Humanities:
 Funds available1                                    13.0  86.0   186.2  120.9
 Program appropriation                               6.1   67.3   100.3  90.4
 Matching funds2                                     2.0   6.5    38.4   28.8
 Grants awarded (number)                             542   1,330  2,917  2,143
 Funds obligated                                     10.5  73.1   185.5  115.8
 Education programs                                  4.2   17.1   18.3   13.0
 State programs                                      X     X      26.0   22.8
 Research grants                                     2.0   13.4   32.0   25.7
 Fellowship program                                  1.7   10.9   18.0   16.5
 Challenge3                                          X     X      53.5   20.7
 General programs                                    X     X      X      16.2
 Preservation7                                       X     X      X      X
 Type of Fund and Program                            1970  1975   1980   1982
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Preservation7                                       X     X      X      X
 National Capital Arts and Cultural Affairs Program  X     X      X      X
 Other                                               2.6   31.8   37.7   0.9



 NA = Not available. X = Not applicable. 1 Includes other funds, not shown
 separately. Excludes administrative funds. Gifts are included through 1980;
 excluded thereafter. 2 Represents Federal funds appropriated only upon
 receipt or certification by Endowment of matching non-Federal gifts. 3
 Program designed to stimulate new sources and higher levels of giving to
 institutions for the purpose of guaranteeing long-term stability and
 financial independence. Program requires a match of at least 3 private
 dollars to each Federal dollar. Funds for challenge grants are not allocated
 by program area because they are awarded on a grant-by-grant basis. 4
 Excludes $5.2 million reappropriated to challenge grants in 1983. 5 Includes
 reappropriated funds from 1982. 6 Excludes National Capital Arts and
 Cultural Affairs Program. 7 Program designed to support projects which
 preserve and guarantee access to print and non-print media in danger of
 disintegration or deterioration.




                            CABINETS OF THE U.S.

                            Secretaries of State


╓┌────────────────┌──────────────────────┌──────┌────────────────────────────╖
 President        Secretary              Home   Apptd.
 ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Washington       Thomas Jefferson       Va.    1789
 "                Edmund Randolph        "      1794
 "                Timothy Pickering      Pa.    1795
 Adams, J.        "                      "      1797
 "                John Marshall          Va.    1800
 Jefferson        James Madison          "      1801
 Madison          Robert Smith           Md.    1809
 "                James Monroe           Va.    1811
 President        Secretary              Home   Apptd.
 ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────
"                James Monroe           Va.    1811
 Monroe           John Quincy Adams      Mass.  1817
 Adams, J.Q.      Henry Clay             Ky.    1825
 Jackson          Martin Van Buren       N.Y.   1829
 "                Edward Livingston      La.    1831
 "                Louis McLane           Del.   1833
 "                John Forsyth           Ga.    1834
 Van Buren        "                      "      1837
 Harrison, W.H.   Daniel Webster         Mass.  1841
 Tyler            "                      "      1841
 "                Abel P. Upshur         Va.    1843
 "                John C. Calhoun        S.C.   1844
 Polk             "                      "      1845
 "                James Buchanan         Pa.    1845
 Taylor           "                      "      1849
                  John M. Clayton        Del.   1849
 Fillmore         "                      "      1850
 "                Daniel Webster         Mass.  1850
 "                Edward Everett         "      1852
 President        Secretary              Home   Apptd.
 ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────
"                Edward Everett         "      1852
 Pierce           William L. Marcy       N.Y.   1853
 Buchanan         "                      "      1857
 "                Lewis Cass             Mich.  1857
 "                Jeremiah S. Black      Pa.    1860
 Lincoln          "                      "      1861
 "                William H. Seward      N.Y.   1861
 Johnson, A.      "                      "      1865
 Grant            Elihu B. Washburne     Ill.   1869
 "                Hamilton Fish          N.Y.   1869
 Hayes            "                      "      1877
 "                William M. Evarts      "      1877
 Garfield         "                      "      1881
 "                James G. Blaine        Me.    1881
 Arthur           "                      "      1881
 "                F.T. Frelinghuysen     N.J.   1881
 Cleveland        F.T. Frelinghuysen     N.J.   1885
 "                Thomas F. Bayard       Del.   1885
 Harrison, B.     "                      "      1889
 President        Secretary              Home   Apptd.
 ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Harrison, B.     "                      "      1889
 "                James G. Blaine        Me.    1889
 Harrison, B.     John W. Foster         Ind.   1892
 Cleveland        Walter Q. Gresham      Ill.   1893
 "                Richard Olney          Mass.  1895
 McKinley         "                      "      1897
 "                John Sherman           Oh.    1897
 "                William R. Day         "      1898
 "                John Hay               D.C.   1898
 Roosevelt, T.    "                      "      1901
 "                Elihu Root             N.Y.   1905
 "                Robert Bacon           "      1909
 Taft             "                      "      1909
 "                Philander C. Knox      Pa.    1909
 Wilson           "                      "      1913
 "                William J. Bryan       Neb.   1913
 "                Robert Lansing         N.Y.   1915
 "                Bainbridge Colby       "      1920
 Harding          Charles E. Hughes      "      1921
 President        Secretary              Home   Apptd.
 ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Harding          Charles E. Hughes      "      1921
 Coolidge         "                      "      1923
 "                Frank B. Kellogg       Minn.  1925
 Hoover           "                      "      1929
 "                Henry L. Stimson       N.Y.   1929
 Roosevelt, F.D.  Cordell Hull           Tenn.  1933
 "                E.R. Stettinius Jr.    Va.    1944
 Truman           "                      "      1945
 "                James F. Byrnes        S.C.   1945
 "                George C. Marshall     Pa.    1947
 "                Dean G. Acheson        Conn.  1949
 Eisenhower       John Foster Dulles     N.Y.   1953
 "                Christian A. Herter    Mass.  1959
 Kennedy          Dean Rusk              N.Y.   1961
 Johnson, L.B.    "                      "      1963
 Nixon            William P. Rogers      N.Y.   1969
 "                Henry A. Kissinger     D.C.   1973
 Ford             "                      "      1974
 Carter           Cyrus R. Vance         N.Y.   1977
 President        Secretary              Home   Apptd.
 ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Carter           Cyrus R. Vance         N.Y.   1977
 "                Edmund S. Muskie       Me.    1980
 Reagan           Alexander M. Haig Jr.  Conn.  1981
 "                George P. Shultz       Cal.   1982
 Bush             James A. Baker 3d      Tex.   1989



 The Department of Foreign Affairs was created by act of CongressJuly 27,
 1789, and the name changed to Department of State on Sept. 15.



                        Secretaries of the Treasury
 The Treasury Department was organized by act of Congress Sept. 2, 1789.


╓┌────────────────┌──────────────────────┌──────┌────────────────────────────╖
 President        Secretary              Home   Apptd.
 President        Secretary              Home   Apptd.
 ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Washington       Alexander Hamilton     N.Y.   1789
 "                Oliver Wolcott         Conn.  1795
 Adams, J.        "                      "      1797
 "                Samuel Dexter          Mass.  1801
 Jefferson        "                      "      1801
 "                Albert Gallatin        Pa.    1801
 Madison          "                      "      1809
 "                George W. Campbell     Tenn.  1814
 "                Alexander J. Dallas    Pa.    1814
 "                William H. Crawford    Ga.    1816
 Monroe           "                      "      1817
 Adams, J.Q.      Richard Rush           Pa.    1825
 Jackson          Samuel D. Ingham       "      1829
 "                Louis McLane           Del.   1831
 "                William J. Duane       Pa.    1833
 "                Roger B. Taney         Md.    1833
 "                Levi Woodbury          N.H.   1834
 Van Buren        "                      "      1837
 Harrison, W.H.   Thomas Ewing           Oh.    1841
 President        Secretary              Home   Apptd.
 ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Harrison, W.H.   Thomas Ewing           Oh.    1841
 Tyler            "                      "      1841
 "                Walter Forward         Pa.    1841
 "                John C. Spencer        N.Y.   1843
 Tyler            George M. Bibb         Ky.    1844
 Polk             Robert J. Walker       Miss.  1845
 Taylor           William M. Meredith    Pa.    1849
 Fillmore         Thomas Corwin          Oh.    1850
 Pierce           James Guthrie          Ky.    1853
 Buchanan         Howell Cobb            Ga.    1857
 "                Phillip F. Thomas      Md.    1860
 "                John A. Dix            N.Y.   1861
 Lincoln          Salmon P. Chase        Oh.    1861
 Lincoln          William P. Fessenden   Me.    1864
 "                Hugh McCulloch         Ind.   1865
 Johnson, A.      "                      "      1865
 Grant            George S. Boutwell     Mass.  1869
 "                William A. Richardson  Mass.  1873
 "                Benjamin H. Bristow    Ky.    1874
 President        Secretary              Home   Apptd.
 ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────
"                Benjamin H. Bristow    Ky.    1874
 "                Lot M. Morrill         Me.    1876
 Hayes            John Sherman           Oh.    1877
 Garfield         William Windom         Minn.  1881
 Arthur           Charles J. Folger      N.Y.   1881
 "                Walter Q. Gresham      Ind.   1884
 "                Hugh McCulloch         Ind.   1884
 Cleveland        Daniel Manning         N.Y.   1885
 Cleveland        Charles S. Fairchild   "      1887
 Harrison, B.     William Windom         Minn.  1889
 "                Charles Foster         Oh.    1891
 Cleveland        John G. Carlisle       Ky.    1893
 McKinley         Lyman J. Gage          Ill.   1897
 Roosevelt, T.    "                      "      1901
 "                Leslie M. Shaw         Ia.    1902
 "                George B. Cortelyou    N.Y.   1907
 Taft             Franklin MacVeagh      Ill.   1909
 Wilson           William G. McAdoo      N.Y.   1913
 "                Carter Glass           Va.    1918
 President        Secretary              Home   Apptd.
 ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────
"                Carter Glass           Va.    1918
 "                David F. Houston       Mo.    1920
 Harding          Andrew W. Mellon       Pa.    1921
 Coolidge         "                      "      1923
 Hoover           "                      "      1929
 "                Ogden L. Mills         N.Y.   1932
 Roosevelt, F.D.  William H. Woodin      "      1933
 "                Henry Morgenthau, Jr.  "      1934
 Truman           Fred M. Vinson         Ky.    1945
 "                John W. Snyder         Mo.    1946
 Eisenhower       George M. Humphrey     Oh.    1953
 "                Robert B. Anderson     Conn.  1957
 Kennedy          C. Douglas Dillon      N.J.   1961
 Johnson, L.B.    "                      "      1963
 "                Henry H. Fowler        Va.    1965
 "                Joseph W. Barr         Ind.   1968
 Nixon            David M. Kennedy       Ill.   1969
 "                John B. Connally       Tex.   1971
 Nixon            George P. Shultz       Ill.   1972
 President        Secretary              Home   Apptd.
 ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Nixon            George P. Shultz       Ill.   1972
 "                William E. Simon       N.J.   1974
 Ford             "                      "      1974
 Carter           W. Michael Blumenthal  Mich.  1977
 "                G. William Miller      R.I.   1979
 Reagan           Donald T. Regan        N.Y.   1981
 "                James A. Baker 3d      Tex.   1985
 "                Nicholas F. Brady      N.J.   1988
 Bush             "                      "      1989





                           Secretaries of Defense


╓┌──────────────┌─────────────────────┌──────┌───────────────────────────────╖
 President      Secretary             Home   Apptd.
 President      Secretary             Home   Apptd.
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Truman         James V. Forrestal    N.Y.   1947
 "              Louis A. Johnson      W.Va.  1949
 "              George C. Marshall    Pa.    1950
 "              Robert A. Lovett      N.Y.   1951
 Eisenhower     Charles E. Wilson     Mich.  1953
 "              Neil H. McElroy       Oh.    1957
 "              Thomas S. Gates Jr.   Pa.    1959
 Kennedy        Robert S. McNamara    Mich.  1961
 Johnson, L.B.  "                     "      1963
 "              Clark M. Clifford     Md.    1968
 Nixon          Melvin R. Laird       Wis.   1969
 "              Elliot L. Richardson  Mass.  1973
 "              James R. Schlesinger  Va.    1973
 Ford           "                     "      1974
 "              Donald H. Rumsfeld    Ill.   1975
 Carter         Harold Brown          Cal.   1977
 Reagan         Caspar W. Weinberger  Cal.   1981
 "              Frank C. Carlucci     Pa.    1987
 Bush           Richard B. Cheney     Wyo.   1989
 President      Secretary             Home   Apptd.
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Bush           Richard B. Cheney     Wyo.   1989



 The Department of Defense, originally designated the National
 MilitaryEstablishment, was created Sept. 18, 1947. It is headed by the
 secretaryof defense, who is a member of the president's cabinet.
 The departments of the army, of the navy, and of the air force
 functionwithin the Department of Defense, and their respective secretaries
 are nolonger members of the president's cabinet.



                             Secretaries of War


╓┌────────────────┌────────────────────┌──────┌──────────────────────────────╖
 President        Secretary            Home   Apptd.
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 President        Secretary            Home   Apptd.
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Washington       Henry Knox           Mass.  1789
 "                Timothy Pickering    Pa.    1795
 "                James McHenry        Md.    1796
 Adams, J.        "                    "      1797
 "                Samuel Dexter        Mass.  1800
 Jefferson        Henry Dearborn       "      1801
 Madison          William Eustis       Mass.  1809
 "                John Armstrong       N.Y.   1813
 Madison          James Monroe         Va.    1814
 "                William H. Crawford  Ga.    1815
 Monroe           John C. Calhoun      S.C.   1817
 Adams, J.Q.      James Barbour        Va.    1825
 "                Peter B. Porter      N.Y.   1828
 Jackson          John H. Eaton        Tenn.  1829
 "                Lewis Cass           Mich.  1831
 "                Benjamin F. Butler   N.Y.   1837
 Van Buren        Joel R. Poinsett     S.C.   1837
 Harrison, W.H.   John Bell            Tenn.  1841
 Tyler            John Bell            Tenn   1841
 President        Secretary            Home   Apptd.
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Tyler            John Bell            Tenn   1841
 Tyler            John C. Spencer      N.Y.   1841
 "                James M. Porter      Pa.    1843
 "                William Wilkins      "      1844
 Polk             William L. Marcy     N.Y.   1845
 Taylor           George W. Crawford   Ga.    1849
 Fillmore         Charles M. Conrad    La.    1850
 Pierce           Jefferson Davis      Miss.  1853
 Buchanan         John B. Floyd        Va.    1857
 "                Joseph Holt          Ky.    1861
 Lincoln          Simon Cameron        Pa.    1861
 "                Edwin M. Stanton     Pa.    1862
 Johnson, A.      "                    "      1865
 "                John M. Schofield    Ill.   1868
 Grant            John A. Rawlins      Ill.   1869
 "                William T. Sherman   Oh.    1869
 "                William W. Belknap   Ia.    1869
 "                Alphonso Taft        Oh.    1876
 "                James D. Cameron     Pa.    1876
 President        Secretary            Home   Apptd.
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────
"                James D. Cameron     Pa.    1876
 Hayes            George W. McCrary    Ia.    1877
 "                Alexander Ramsey     Minn.  1879
 Garfield         Robert T. Lincoln    Ill.   1881
 Arthur           "                    "      1881
 Cleveland        William C. Endicott  Mass.  1885
 Harrison, B.     Redfield Proctor     Vt.    1889
 "                Stephen B. Elkins    W.Va.  1891
 Cleveland        Daniel S. Lamont     N.Y.   1893
 McKinley         Russel A. Alger      Mich.  1897
 "                Elihu Root           N.Y.   1899
 Roosevelt, T.    "                    "      1901
 "                William H. Taft      Oh.    1904
 "                Luke E. Wright       Tenn.  1908
 Taft             Jacob M. Dickinson   Tenn.  1909
 "                Henry L. Stimson     N.Y.   1911
 Wilson           Lindley M. Garrison  N.J.   1913
 "                Newton D. Baker      Oh.    1916
 Harding          John W. Weeks        Mass.  1921
 President        Secretary            Home   Apptd.
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Harding          John W. Weeks        Mass.  1921
 Coolidge         "                    "      1923
 "                Dwight F. Davis      Mo.    1925
 Hoover           James W. Good        Ill.   1929
 Hoover           Patrick J. Hurley    Okla.  1929
 Roosevelt, F.D.  George H. Dern       Ut.    1933
 "                Harry H. Woodring    Kan.   1937
 Roosevelt, F.D.  Henry L. Stimson     N.Y.   1940
 Truman           Robert P. Patterson  N.Y.   1945
 "                *Kenneth C. Royall   N.C.   1947



 The War (and Navy) Department was created by act of Congress Aug. 7,1789,
 and Gen. Henry Knox was commissioned secretary of war under that actSept.
 12, 1789.



                          Secretaries of the Navy
      The Navy Department was created by act of Congress Apr. 30, 1798.


╓┌────────────────┌────────────────────────────────┌──────┌──────────────────╖
 President        Secretary                        Home   Apptd.
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Adams, J.        Benjamin Stoddert                Md.    1798
 Jefferson        "                                "      1801
 "                Robert Smith                     "      1801
 Madison          Paul Hamilton                    S.C.   1809
 "                William Jones                    Pa.    1813
 "                Benjamin Williams Crowninshield  Mass.  1814
 Monroe           "                                "      1817
 "                Smith Thompson                   N.Y.   1818
 "                Samuel L. Southard               N.J.   1823
 Adams, J.Q.      "                                "      1825
 Jackson          John Branch                      N.C.   1829
 "                Levi Woodbury                    N.H.   1831
 "                Mahlon Dickerson                 N.J.   1834
 Van Buren        Mahlon Dickerson                 N.J.   1837
 President        Secretary                        Home   Apptd.
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Van Buren        Mahlon Dickerson                 N.J.   1837
 "                James K. Paulding                N.Y.   1838
 Harrison, W.H.   George E. Badger                 N.C.   1841
 Tyler            "                                "      1841
 "                Abel P. Upshur                   Va.    1841
 "                David Henshaw                    Mass.  1843
 "                Thomas W. Gilmer                 Va.    1844
 "                John Y. Mason                    "      1844
 Polk             George Bancroft                  Mass.  1845
 "                John Y. Mason                    Va.    1846
 Taylor           William B. Preston               "      1849
 Fillmore         William A. Graham                N.C.   1850
 "                John P. Kennedy                  Md.    1852
 Pierce           James C. Dobbin                  N.C.   1853
 Buchanan         Isaac Toucey                     Conn.  1857
 Lincoln          Gideon Welles                    Conn.  1861
 Johnson, A.      "                                "      1865
 Grant            Adolph E. Borie                  Pa.    1869
 "                George M. Robeson                N.J.   1869
 President        Secretary                        Home   Apptd.
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
"                George M. Robeson                N.J.   1869
 Hayes            Richard W. Thompson              Ind.   1877
 "                Nathan Goff Jr.                  W.Va.  1881
 Garfield         William H. Hunt                  La.    1881
 Arthur           William E. Chandler              N.H.   1882
 Cleveland        William C. Whitney               N.Y.   1885
 Harrison, B.     Benjamin F. Tracy                N.Y.   1889
 Cleveland        Hilary A. Herbert                Ala.   1893
 McKinley         John D. Long                     Mass.  1897
 Roosevelt, T.    "                                "      1901
 "                William H. Moody                 "      1902
 Roosevelt, T.    Paul Morton                      Ill.   1904
 "                Charles J. Bonaparte             Md.    1905
 "                Victor H. Metcalf                Cal.   1906
 "                Truman H. Newberry               Mich.  1908
 Taft             George von L. Meyer              Mass.  1909
 Wilson           Josephus Daniels                 N.C.   1913
 Harding          Edwin Denby                      Mich.  1921
 Coolidge         "                                "      1923
 President        Secretary                        Home   Apptd.
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Coolidge         "                                "      1923
 "                Curtis D. Wilbur                 Cal.   1924
 Hoover           Charles Francis Adams            Mass.  1929
 Roosevelt, F.D.  Claude A. Swanson                Va.    1933
 "                Charles Edison                   N.J.   1940
 "                Frank Knox                       Ill.   1940
 "                *James V. Forrestal              N.Y.   1944
 Truman           "                                "      1945



 *Last members of Cabinet. The War Department became the Department of   the
 Army and it and the Navy Department became branches of the   Department of
 Defense, created Sept. 18, 1947.



                             Attorneys General


╓┌────────────────┌───────────────────────┌──────┌───────────────────────────╖
 President        Attorney General        Home   Apptd.
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Washington       Edmund Randolph         Va.    1789
 "                William Bradford        Pa.    1794
 "                Charles Lee             Va.    1795
 Adams, J.        "                       "      1797
 Jefferson        Levi Lincoln            Mass.  1801
 "                John Breckenridge       Ky.    1805
 "                Caesar A. Rodney        Del.   1807
 Madison          "                       "      1809
 "                William Pinkney         Md.    1811
 "                Richard Rush            Pa.    1814
 Monroe           "                       "      1817
 "                William Wirt            Va.    1817
 Adams, J.Q.      "                       "      1825
 Jackson          John M. Berrien         Ga.    1829
 "                Roger B. Taney          Md.    1831
 "                Benjamin F. Butler      N.Y.   1833
 Van Buren        "                       "      1837
 President        Attorney General        Home   Apptd.
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Van Buren        "                       "      1837
 "                Felix Grundy            Tenn.  1838
 "                Henry D. Gilpin         Pa.    1840
 Harrison, W.H.   John J. Crittenden      Ky.    1841
 Tyler            "                       "      1841
 "                Hugh S. Legare          S.C.   1841
 "                John Nelson             Md.    1843
 Polk             John Y. Mason           Va.    1845
 "                Nathan Clifford         Me.    1846
 "                Isaac Toucey            Conn.  1848
 Taylor           Reverdy Johnson         Md.    1849
 Fillmore         John J. Crittenden      Ky.    1850
 Pierce           Caleb Cushing           Mass.  1853
 Buchanan         Jeremiah S. Black       Pa.    1857
 "                Edwin M. Stanton        Pa.    1860
 Lincoln          Edward Bates            Mo.    1861
 "                James Speed             Ky.    1864
 Johnson, A.      "                       "      1865
 "                Henry Stanbery          Oh.    1866
 President        Attorney General        Home   Apptd.
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
"                Henry Stanbery          Oh.    1866
 "                William M. Evarts       N.Y.   1868
 Grant            Ebenezer R. Hoar        Mass.  1869
 "                Amos T. Akerman         Ga.    1870
 "                George H. Williams      Ore.   1871
 "                Edwards Pierrepont      N.Y.   1875
 "                Alphonso Taft           Oh.    1876
 Hayes            Charles Devens          Mass.  1877
 Garfield         Wayne MacVeagh          Pa.    1881
 Arthur           Benjamin H. Brewster    "      1881
 Cleveland        Augustus Garland        Ark.   1885
 Harrison, B.     William H. H. Miller    Ind.   1889
 Cleveland        Richard Olney           Mass.  1893
 "                Judson Harmon           Oh.    1895
 McKinley         Joseph McKenna          Cal.   1897
 "                John W. Griggs          N.J.   1898
 "                Philander C. Knox       Pa.    1901
 Roosevelt, T.    "                       "      1901
 "                William H. Moody        Mass.  1904
 President        Attorney General        Home   Apptd.
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
"                William H. Moody        Mass.  1904
 "                Charles J. Bonaparte    Md.    1906
 Taft             George W. Wickersham    N.Y.   1909
 Wilson           J.C. McReynolds         Tenn.  1913
 "                Thomas W. Gregory       Tex.   1914
 "                A. Mitchell Palmer      Pa.    1919
 Harding          Harry M. Daugherty      Oh.    1921
 Coolidge         "                       "      1923
 "                Harlan F. Stone         N.Y.   1924
 "                John G. Sargent         Vt.    1925
 Hoover           William D. Mitchell     Minn.  1929
 Roosevelt, F.D.  Homer S. Cummings       Conn.  1933
 "                Frank Murphy            Mich.  1939
 "                Robert H. Jackson       N.Y.   1940
 "                Francis Biddle          Pa.    1941
 Truman           Thomas C. Clark         Tex.   1945
 "                J. Howard McGrath       R.I.   1949
 "                J.P. McGranery          Pa.    1952
 Eisenhower       Herbert Brownell Jr.    N.Y.   1953
 President        Attorney General        Home   Apptd.
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Eisenhower       Herbert Brownell Jr.    N.Y.   1953
 "                William P. Rogers       Md.    1957
 Kennedy          Robert F. Kennedy       Mass.  1961
 Johnson, L.B.    "                       "      1963
 "                N. de B. Katzenbach     Ill.   1964
 "                Ramsey Clark            Tex.   1967
 Nixon            John N. Mitchell        N.Y.   1969
 "                Richard G. Kleindienst  Ariz.  1972
 "                Elliot L. Richardson    Mass.  1973
 "                William B. Saxbe        Oh.    1974
 Ford             "                       "      1974
 "                Edward H. Levi          Ill.   1975
 Carter           Griffin B. Bell         Ga.    1977
 "                Benjamin R. Civiletti   Md.    1979
 Reagan           William French Smith    Cal.   1981
 "                Edwin Meese 3d          Cal.   1985
 "                Richard Thornburgh      Pa     1988
 Bush             "                       "      1989



 The office of attorney general was organized by act of Congress   Sept. 24,
 1789. The Department of Justice was created June 22, 1870.



                        Secretaries of the Interior
   The Department of Interior was created by act of Congress Mar. 3, 1849.


╓┌────────────────┌──────────────────────┌──────┌────────────────────────────╖
 President        Secretary              Home   Apptd.
 ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Taylor           Thomas Ewing           Oh.    1849
 Fillmore         Thomas M. T. McKennan  Pa.    1850
 Fillmore         Alex H. H. Stuart      Va.    1850
 Pierce           Robert McClelland      Mich.  1853
 Buchanan         Jacob Thompson         Miss.  1857
 Lincoln          Caleb B. Smith         Ind.   1861
 "                John P. Usher          "      1863
 President        Secretary              Home   Apptd.
 ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────
"                John P. Usher          "      1863
 Johnson, A.      "                      "      1865
 "                James Harlan           Ia.    1865
 "                Orville H. Browning    Ill.   1866
 Grant            Jacob D. Cox           Oh.    1869
 "                Columbus Delano        "      1870
 "                Zachariah Chandler     Mich.  1875
 Hayes            Carl Schurz            Mo.    1877
 Garfield         Samuel J. Kirkwood     Ia.    1881
 Arthur           Henry M. Teller        Col.   1882
 Cleveland        Lucius Q.C. Lamar      Miss.  1885
 "                William F. Vilas       Wis.   1888
 Harrison, B.     John W. Noble          Mo.    1889
 Cleveland        Hoke Smith             Ga.    1893
 Cleveland        David R. Francis       Mo.    1896
 McKinley         Cornelius N. Bliss     N.Y.   1897
 "                Ethan A. Hitchcock     Mo.    1898
 Roosevelt, T.    "                      "      1901
 "                James R. Garfield      Oh.    1907
 President        Secretary              Home   Apptd.
 ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────
"                James R. Garfield      Oh.    1907
 Taft             Richard A. Ballinger   Wash.  1909
 "                Walter L. Fisher       Ill.   1911
 Wilson           Franklin K. Lane       Cal.   1913
 "                John B. Payne          Ill.   1920
 Harding          Albert B. Fall         N.M.   1921
 "                Hubert Work            Col.   1923
 Coolidge         "                      "      1923
 "                Roy O. West            Ill.   1929
 Hoover           Ray Lyman Wilbur       Cal.   1929
 Roosevelt, F.D.  Harold L. Ickes        Ill.   1933
 Truman           "                      "      1945
 Truman           Julius A. Krug         Wis.   1946
 "                Oscar L. Chapman       Col.   1949
 Eisenhower       Douglas McKay          Ore.   1953
 "                Fred A Seaton          Neb.   1956
 Kennedy          Stewart L. Udall       Ariz.  1961
 Johnson, L.B.    "                      "      1963
 Nixon            Walter J. Hickel       Alas.  1969
 President        Secretary              Home   Apptd.
 ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Nixon            Walter J. Hickel       Alas.  1969
 "                Rogers C.B. Morton     Md.    1971
 Ford             "                      "      1974
 "                Stanley K. Hathaway    Wyo.   1975
 "                Thomas S. Kleppe       N.D.   1975
 Carter           Cecil D. Andrus        Ida.   1977
 Reagan           James G. Watt          Col.   1981
 "                William P. Clark       Cal.   1983
 "                Donald P. Hodel        Ore.   1985
 Bush             Manuel Lujan           N.M.   1989





                         Secretaries of Agriculture


╓┌────────────────┌────────────────────┌──────┌──────────────────────────────╖
 President        Secretary            Home   Apptd.
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Cleveland        Norman J. Colman     Mo.    1889
 Harrison, B.     Jeremiah M. Rusk     Wis.   1889
 Cleveland        J. Sterling Morton   Neb.   1893
 McKinley         James Wilson         Ia.    1897
 Roosevelt, T.    "                    "      1901
 Taft             "                    "      1909
 Wilson           David F. Houston     Mo.    1913
 "                Edwin T. Meredith    Ia.    1920
 Harding          Henry C. Wallace     Ia.    1921
 Coolidge         "                    "      1923
 "                Howard M. Gore       W.Va.  1924
 "                William M. Jardine   Kan.   1925
 Hoover           Arthur M. Hyde       Mo.    1929
 Roosevelt, F.D.  Henry A. Wallace     Ia.    1933
 "                Claude R. Wickard    Ind.   1940
 Truman           Clinton P. Anderson  N.M.   1945
 "                Charles F. Brannan   Col.   1948
 Eisenhower       Ezra Taft Benson     Ut.    1953
 Kennedy          Orville L. Freeman   Minn.  1961
 President        Secretary            Home   Apptd.
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Kennedy          Orville L. Freeman   Minn.  1961
 Johnson, L.B.    "                    "      1963
 Nixon            Clifford M. Hardin   Ind.   1969
 "                Earl L. Butz         Ind.   1971
 Ford             "                    "      1974
 "                John A. Knebel       Va.    1976
 Carter           Bob Bergland         Minn.  1977
 Reagan           John R. Block        Ill.   1981
 "                Richard E. Lyng      Cal.   1986
 Bush             Clayton K. Yeutter   Neb.   1989



 The Department of Agriculture was created by act of Congress May 15,1862. On
 Feb. 8, 1889, its commissioner was renamed secretary ofagriculture and
 became a member of the cabinet.



                     Secretaries of Commerce and Labor


╓┌──────────────────────────────┌──────────────────────────────┌─────────────
 President                      Secretary                      Home
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Secretaries of Commerce and    Secretaries of Commerce and    Secretaries of
 Labor                          Labor                          Labor

 Roosevelt, T.                  George B. Cortelyou            N.Y.

 "                              Victor H. Metcalf              Cal.

 "                              Oscar S. Straus                N.Y.

 Taft                           Charles Nagel                  Mo.

 Secretaries of Labor           Secretaries of Labor           Secretaries of

 Wilson                         William B. Wilson              Pa.

 President                      Secretary                      Home
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 Harding                        James J. Davis                 Pa.

 Coolidge                       "                              "

 Hoover                         "                              "

 "                              William N. Doak                Va.

 Roosevelt, F.D.                Frances Perkins                N.Y.

 Truman                         L.B. Schwellenbach             Wash.

 "                              Maurice J. Tobin               Mass.

 Eisenhower                     Martin P. Durkin               Ill.

 "                              James P. Mitchell              N.J.

 President                      Secretary                      Home
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 Kennedy                        Arthur J. Goldberg             Ill.

 "                              W. Willard Wirtz               Ill.

 Johnson, L.B.                  "                              "

 Nixon                          George P. Shultz               Ill

 "                              James D. Hodgson               Cal.

 "                              Peter J. Brennan               N.Y.

 Ford                           "                              "

 "                              John T. Dunlop                 Cal.

 "                              W.J. Usery Jr.                 Ga.

 President                      Secretary                      Home
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 Carter                         F. Ray Marshall                Tex.

 Reagan                         Raymond J. Donovan             N.J.

 "                              William E. Brock               Tenn.

 "                              Ann D. McLaughlin              D.C.

 Bush                           Elizabeth Hanford Dole         N.C.

 Secretaries of Commerce        Secretaries of Commerce        Secretaries of

 Wilson                         William C. Redfield            N.Y.

 "                              Joshua W. Alexander            Mo.

 Harding                        Herbert C. Hoover              Cal.

 President                      Secretary                      Home
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 Coolidge                       "                              "

 "                              William F. Whiting             Mass.

 Hoover                         Robert P. Lamont               Ill.

 "                              Roy D. Chapin                  Mich.

 Roosevelt, F.D.                Daniel C. Roper                S.C.

 "                              Harry L. Hopkins               N.Y.

 "                              Jesse Jones                    Tex.

 "                              Henry A. Wallace               Ia.

 Truman                         "                              "

 President                      Secretary                      Home
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 "                              W. Averell Harriman            N.Y.

 "                              Charles Sawyer                 Oh.

 Eisenhower                     Sinclair Weeks                 Mass.

 "                              Lewis L. Strauss               N.Y.

 "                              Frederick H. Mueller           Mich.

 Kennedy                        Luther H. Hodges               N.C.

 Johnson, L.B.                  "                              "

 "                              John T. Connor                 N.J.

 "                              Alex B. Trowbridge             N.J.

 President                      Secretary                      Home
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 "                              Cyrus R. Smith                 N.Y.

 Nixon                          Maurice H. Stans               Minn.

 "                              Peter G. Peterson              Ill.

 "                              Frederick B. Dent              S.C.

 Ford                           "                              "

 "                              Rogers C.B.  Morton            Md.

 "                              Elliot L. Richardson           Mass.

 Carter                         Juanita M. Kreps               N.C.

 "                              Philip M. Klutznick            Ill.

 President                      Secretary                      Home
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 Reagan                         Malcolm Baldrige               Conn.

 "                              C. William Verity Jr.          Oh.

 Bush                           Robert A. Mosbacher            Tex.




 The Department of Commerce and Labor, created by Congress Feb. 14, 1903,was
 divided by Congress Mar. 4, 1913, into separate departments of Commerceand
 Labor. The secretary of each was made a cabinet member.



                Secretaries of Housing and Urban Development
 The Department of Housing and Urban Development was created by act of
 Congress Sept. 9, 1965.


╓┌──────────────┌─────────────────────────┌───────┌──────────────────────────╖
 President      Secretary                 Home    Apptd.
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Johnson, L.B.  Robert C. Weaver          Wash.   1966
 "              Robert C. Wood            Mass.   1969
 Nixon          George W. Romney          Mich.   1969
 "              James T. Lynn             Oh.     1973
 Ford           "                         "       1974
 Ford           Carla Anderson Hills      Cal.    1975
 Carter         Patricia Roberts Harris   D.C.    1977
 "              Moon Landrieu             La.     1979
 Reagan         Samuel R. Pierce Jr.      N.Y.    1981
 Bush           Jack F. Kemp              N.Y.    1989





                       Secretaries of Transportation
 The Department of Transportation was created by act of Congress Oct. 15,
 1966.


╓┌──────────────┌───────────────────────┌──────┌─────────────────────────────╖
 President      Secretary               Home   Apptd.
 ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Johnson, L.B.  Alan S. Boyd            Fla.   1966
 Nixon          John A. Volpe           Mass.  1969
 "              Claude S. Brinegar      Cal.   1973
 Ford           Claude S. Brinegar      Cal.   1974
 "              William T. Coleman Jr.  Pa.    1975
 Carter         Brock Adams             Wash.  1977
 Carter         Neil E. Goldschmidt     Ore.   1979
 Reagan         Andrew L. Lewis Jr.     Pa.    1981
 "              Elizabeth Hanford Dole  N.C.   1983
 "              James H. Burnley        N.C.   1987
 Bush           Samuel K. Skinner       Ill.   1989





                           Secretaries of Energy
     The Department of Energy was created by federal law Aug. 4, 1977.


╓┌──────────┌─────────────────────┌─────┌────────────────────────────────────╖
 President  Secretary             Home  Apptd.
 ───────────────────────────────────────────────
 Carter     James R. Schlesinger  Va.   1977
 "          Charles Duncan Jr.    Wyo.  1979
 Reagan     James B. Edwards      S.C.  1981
 Reagan     Donald P. Hodel       Ore.  1982
 "          John S. Herrington    Cal.  1985
 Bush       James D. Watkins      Cal.  1989





               Secretaries of Health, Education, and Welfare


╓┌──────────────┌────────────────────────┌──────┌────────────────────────────╖
 President      Secretary                Home   Apptd.
 ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Eisenhower     Oveta Culp Hobby         Tex.   1953
 "              Marion B. Folsom         N.Y.   1955
 "              Arthur S. Flemming       Oh.    1958
 Kennedy        Abraham A. Ribicoff      Conn.  1961
 "              Anthony J. Celebrezze    Oh.    1962
 Johnson, L.B.  "                        "      1963
 "              John W. Gardner          N.Y.   1965
 Johnson, L.B.  Wilbur J. Cohen          Mich.  1968
 Nixon          Robert H. Finch          Cal.   1969
 "              Elliot L. Richardson     Mass.  1970
 "              Caspar W. Weinberger     Cal.   1973
 Ford           "                        "      1974
 "              Forrest D. Mathews       Ala.   1975
 Carter         Joseph A. Califano, Jr.  D.C.   1977
 "              Patricia Roberts Harris  D.C.   1979



 The Department of Health, Education and Welfare, created by CongressApr. 11,
 1953, was divided by Congress Sept. 27, 1979, into separatedepartments of
 Education, and Health and Human Services. The secretary ofeach is a cabinet
 member.



                  Secretaries of Health and Human Services


╓┌──────────┌────────────────────────┌──────┌────────────────────────────────╖
 President  Secretary                Home   Apptd.
 ───────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Carter     Patricia Roberts Harris  D.C.   1979
 Reagan     Richard S. Schweiker     Pa.    1981
 "          Margaret M. Heckler      Mass.  1983
 Reagan     Otis R. Bowen            Ind.   1985
 Bush       Louis W. Sullivan        Ga.    1989





                          Secretaries of Education


╓┌──────────┌───────────────────┌─────┌──────────────────────────────────────╖
 President  Secretary           Home  Apptd.
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────
 Carter     Shirley Hufstedler  Cal.  1979
 Reagan     Terrel Bell         Ut.   1981
 Reagan     William J. Bennett  N.Y.  1985
 Reagan     Lauro F. Cavazos    Tex.  1988
 Bush       "                   "     1989










                      Secretaries of Veterans Affairs


╓┌──────────┌────────────────────┌─────┌─────────────────────────────────────╖
 President  Secretary            Home  Apptd.
 ──────────────────────────────────────────────
 Bush       Edward J. Derwinski  Ill.  1989



 The Department of Veterans Affairs was created Oct. 25, 1988 when
 Pres.Reagan signed a bill which made the Veterans Administration into a
 cabinetpost as of Mar. 15, 1989.







                           Librarians of Congress


╓┌────────────────────────┌───────────┌──────────────────────────────────────╖
 Librarian                Served      Appointed by President
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 John J. Beckley          1802-1807   Jefferson
 Patrick Magruder         1807-1815   Jefferson
 George Watterston        1815-1829   Madison
 John Silva Meehan        1829-1861   Jackson
 John G. Stephenson       1861-1864   Lincoln
 Ainsworth Rand Spofford  1864-1897   Lincoln
 John Russell Young       1897-1899   McKinley
 Herbert Putnam           1899-1939   McKinley
 Archibald MacLeish       1939-1944   F. Roosevelt
 Luther H. Evans          1945-1953   Truman
 L. Quincy Mumford        1954-1974   Eisenhower
 Daniel J. Boorstin       1975-1987   Ford
 Librarian                Served      Appointed by President
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Daniel J. Boorstin       1975-1987   Ford
 James H. Billington      1987-       Reagan






                  Speakers of the House of Representatives
 Party designations: A, American; D, Democratic; DR, DemocraticRepublican; F,
 Federalist;R, Republican; W, Whig.


╓┌──────────────────────┌──────┌──────┌──────────────────────────────────────╖
 Name                   Party  State  Tenure
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Frederick Muhlenberg   F      Pa.    1789-1791
 Jonathan Trumbull      F      Conn.  1791-1793
 Frederick Muhlenberg   F      Pa.    1793-1795
 Name                   Party  State  Tenure
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────
Frederick Muhlenberg   F      Pa.    1793-1795
 Jonathan Dayton        F      N.J.   1795-1799
 Theodore Sedgwick      F      Mass.  1799-1801
 Nathaniel Macon        DR     N.C.   1801-1807
 Joseph B. Varnum       DR     Mass.  1807-1811
 Henry Clay             DR     Ky.    1811-1814
 Langdon Cheves         DR     S.C.   1814-1815
 Henry Clay             DR     Ky.    1815-1820
 John W. Taylor         DR     N.Y.   1820-1821
 Philip P. Barbour      DR     Va.    1821-1823
 Henry Clay             DR     Ky.    1823-1825
 John W. Taylor         D      N.Y.   1825-1827
 Andrew Stevenson       D      Va.    1827-1834
 John Bell              D      Tenn.  1834-1835
 James K. Polk          D      Tenn.  1835-1839
 Robert M. T. Hunter    D      Va.    1839-1841
 John White             W      Ky.    1841-1843
 John W. Jones          D      Va.    1843-1845
 John W. Davis          D      Ind.   1845-1847
 Name                   Party  State  Tenure
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────
John W. Davis          D      Ind.   1845-1847
 Robert C. Winthrop     W      Mass.  1847-1849
 Howell Cobb            D      Ga.    1849-1851
 Linn Boyd              D      Ky.    1851-1855
 Nathaniel P. Banks     A      Mass.  1856-1857
 James L. Orr           D      S.C.   1857-1859
 William Pennington     R      N.J.   1860-1861
 Galusha A. Grow        R      Pa.    1861-1863
 Schuyler Colfax        R      Ind.   1863-1869
 *Theodore M. Pomeroy   R      N.Y.   1869-1869
 James G. Blaine        R      Me.    1869-1875
 Michael C. Kerr        D      Ind.   1875-1876
 Samuel J. Randall      D      Pa.    1876-1881
 Joseph W. Keifer       R      Oh.    1881-1883
 John G. Carlisle       D      Ky.    1883-1889
 Thomas B. Reed         R      Me.    1889-1891
 Charles F. Crisp       D      Ga.    1891-1895
 Thomas B. Reed         R      Me.    1895-1899
 David B. Henderson     R      Ia.    1899-1903
 Name                   Party  State  Tenure
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────
David B. Henderson     R      Ia.    1899-1903
 Joseph G. Cannon       R      Ill.   1903-1911
 Champ Clark            D      Mo.    1911-1919
 Frederick H. Gillett   R      Mass.  1919-1925
 Nicholas Longworth     R      Oh.    1925-1931
 John N. Garner         D      Tex.   1931-1933
 Henry T. Rainey        D      Ill.   1933-1935
 Joseph W. Byrns        D      Tenn.  1935-1936
 William B. Bankhead    D      Ala.   1936-1940
 Sam Rayburn            D      Tex.   1940-1947
 Joseph W. Martin Jr.   R      Mass.  1947-1949
 Sam Rayburn            D      Tex.   1949-1953
 Joseph W. Martin Jr.   R      Mass.  1953-1955
 Sam Rayburn            D      Tex.   1955-1961
 John W. McCormack      D      Mass.  1962-1971
 Carl Albert            D      Okla.  1971-1977
 Thomas P. O'Neill Jr.  D      Mass.  1977-1987
 James Wright           D      Tex.   1987-1989
 Thomas S. Foley        D      Wash.  1989-
 Name                   Party  State  Tenure
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────
Thomas S. Foley        D      Wash.  1989-



 *Served only one day.



                      Floor Leaders in the U.S. Senate


╓┌─────────────────────┌─────────────────┌─────────────────┌─────────────────╖
 Name                  State             Party             Tenure
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Majority Leaders      Majority Leaders  Majority Leaders  Majority Leaders
 Charles Curtis        Kan.              R                 1925-1929
 James E. Watson       Ind.              R                 1929-1933
 Joseph T. Robinson    Ark.              D                 1933-1937
 Alben W. Barkley      Ky.               D                 1937-1947
 Name                  State             Party             Tenure
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Alben W. Barkley      Ky.               D                 1937-1947
 Wallace H. White      Me.               R                 1947-1949
 Scott W. Lucas        Ill.              D                 1949-1951
 Ernest W. McFarland   Ariz.             D                 1951-1953
 Robert A. Taft        Oh.               R                 1953
 William F. Knowland   Cal.              R                 1953-1955
 Lyndon B. Johnson     Tex.              D                 1955-1961
 Mike Mansfield        Mont.             D                 1961-1977
 Robert C. Byrd        W.Va.             D                 1977-1981
 Howard H. Baker Jr.   Tenn.             R                 1981-1985
 Robert J. Dole        Kan.              R                 1985-1987
 Robert C. Byrd        W.Va.             D                 1987-1989
 George J. Mitchell    Me.               D                 1989-
 Minority Leaders      Minority Leaders  Minority Leaders  Minority Leaders
 Oscar W. Underwood    Ala.              D                 1920-1923
 Joseph T. Robinson    Ark.              D                 1923-1933
 Charles L. McNary     Ore.              R                 1933-1944
 Wallace H. White      Me.               R                 1944-1947
 Alben W. Barkley      Ky.               D                 1947-1949
 Name                  State             Party             Tenure
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Alben W. Barkley      Ky.               D                 1947-1949
 Kenneth S. Wherry     Neb.              R                 1949-1951
 Henry Styles Bridges  N.H.              R                 1952-1953
 Lyndon B. Johnson     Tex.              D                 1953-1955
 William F. Knowland   Cal.              R                 1955-1959
 Everett M. Dirksen    Ill.              R                 1959-1969
 Hugh D. Scott         Penn.             R                 1969-1977
 Howard H. Baker Jr.   Tenn.             R                 1977-1981
 Robert C. Byrd        W.Va.             D                 1981-1987
 Robert J. Dole        Kan.              R                 1987-





                      Federal Bureau of Investigation


╓┌──────────────────────────────────────┌────────────────────────────────────╖
 Director                               Assumed office
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Stanley W. Finch                       July 26, 1908
 A(lexander) Bruce Bielaski             Apr. 30, 1912
 William E. Allen, act.                 Feb. 10, 1919
 William J. Flynn                       July 1, 1919
 William J. Burns                       Aug. 22, 1921
 J. Edgar Hoover, act.                  May 10, 1924
 J. Edgar Hoover                        Dec. 10, 1924
 L. Patrick Gray, act.                  May 3, 1972
 William D. Ruckelshaus, act.           Apr. 27, 1973
 Clarence M. Kelley                     July 9, 1973
 William H. Webster                     Feb. 23, 1978
 John E. Otto, act.                     May 27, 1987
 William S. Sessions                    Nov. 2, 1987



 The Federal Bureau of Investigation was created July 26, 1908 and
 wasreferred to as Office of Chief Examiner. It became the Bureau
 ofInvestigation (Mar. 26, 1909), United States Bureau of Investigation(July
 1, 1932), Division of Investigation (Aug. 10, 1933), and FederalBureau of
 Investigation (July 1, 1935).



                         Central Intelligence Agency


╓┌─────────────────────────────┌──────────┌──────────────────────────────────╖
 Director                      Served     Appointed by President
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Adm. Sidney W. Souers         1946       Truman
 Gen. Hoyt S. Vandenberg       1946-1947  Truman
 Adm. Roscoe H. Hillenkoetter  1947-1950  Truman
 Gen. Walter Bedell Smith      1950-1953  Truman
 Allen W. Dulles               1953-1961  Eisenhower
 John A. McCone                1961-1965  Kennedy
 Adm. William F. Raborn Jr.    1965-1966  Johnson
 Richard Helms                 1966-1973  Johnson
 James R. Schlesinger          1973       Nixon
 William E. Colby              1973-1976  Nixon
 Director                      Served     Appointed by President
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
William E. Colby              1973-1976  Nixon
 George Bush                   1976-1977  Ford
 Adm. Stansfield Turner        1977-1981  Carter
 William J. Casey              1981-1987  Reagan
 William H. Webster            1987-      Reagan



 On June 13, 1942 President Roosevelt established the Office of
 StrategicServices (OSS) and maned William J. Donovan as its director. The
 OSS wasdisbanded Oct. 1, 1945 and its functions absorbed by the State and
 Wardepartments. President Truman, Jan. 22, 1946, established the
 CentralIntelligence Agency Group (CIG) to operate under the direction of
 theNational Intelligence Authority (NIA). The National Security Act of
 1947replaced the NIA with the National Security Council and the CIG with
 theCentral Intelligence Agency.




                         National Political Parties

                               As of mid-1990


                              Republican Party

 National Headquarters --310 First St., SE, Washington, DC 20003.

 Chairman --Lee Atwater.

 Co-Chairman --Jeanie Austin.

 Vice Chairmen --Bernard M. Shanley, Jack Londen, Martha Moore, Nelda Barton,
 Ernest Angelo Jr., Kay Riddle, Elsie Vartanian, Duane Acklie.

 Secretary --Kit Mehrtens.

 Treasurer --William J. McManus.

 General Counsel --Jan Baran.


                              Democratic Party

 National Headquarters --430 South Capitol St., SE, Washington, DC 20003.

 Chairman --Ronald H. Brown.

 Vice Chairpersons --Lynn Cutler, Jack Otero, Carmen Perez, James Ruvolo,
 Lottie Shackelford.

 Secretary --Kathleen M. Vick.

 Treasurer --Robert Farmer.

                    Other Major Political Organizations


                     American Party of the United States

                      (P.O. Box 597, Provo, UT 84603)

 National Chairman --Arly Pedersen.

 Secretary --Doris Feimer.

 Treasurer --Florence Bale.


                       Americans For Democratic Action

                   (1511 K St., NW, Washington, DC 20005)

 President --Charles Rangel

 National Director --Amy Isaacs.

 Chair, Exec. Comm. --James Bishop.


                           Communist Party U.S.A.

                    (235 W. 23d St., New York, NY 10011)

 General Secretary --Gus Hall.


                   Conservative Party of the State of N.Y.

                (486 78th St., Ft. Hamilton Sta., NY 11209)

 Chairman --Michael R. Long.

 Executive Director --Anthony Rudmann.

 Secretary --John J. Flynn.


                       Liberal Party of New York State

                    (18 W. 56th St., New York, NY 10019)

 Chairman --Frank Marin.

 Exec. Director --Carl F. Grillo.


                              Libertarian Party

                (1528 Pennsylvania Ave SE, Wash., DC 20003)

 Chair --David Walter.

 Vice-Chair --Mary Gingell.

 Secretary --Joseph Dehn.

 National Director --D. Nick Dunbar.


                       Prohibition National Committee

                     (P.O. Box 2635, Denver, CO 80201)

 National Chairman --Earl  F.  Dodge.

 National Secretary --Margaret L. Storms.


                            Socialist Labor Party

 In Minnesota: Industrial Gov't. Party(914 Industrial Ave., Palo Alto, CA
 94303)

 National Secretary --Robert Bills.


                           Socialist Workers Party

                   (14 Charles Lane, New York, NY 10014)

 National Secretary --Jack Barnes.

                          America's Third Parties

 Since 1860, there have been only 4 presidential elections in which all"third
 parties" together polled more than 10% of the vote: thePopulists (James
 Baird Weaver) in 1892, the National Progressives (TheodoreRoosevelt) in
 1912, the La Follette Progressives in 1924, and GeorgeWallace's American
 Party in 1968. In 1948, the combined "thirdparties" (Henry Wallace's
 Progessives, Strom Thurmond's States'Rights party or Dixiecrats,
 Prohibition, Socialists, and others) receivedonly 5.75% of the vote. In most
 elections since 1860, fewer than one votein 20 has been cast for a third
 party. The only successful third party inAmerican history was the Republican
 Party in the election of AbrahamLincoln in 1860.


                           Notable Third Parties


╓┌─────────────────────────┌─────────────────────┌─────────┌─────────────────
 Party                     Presidential nominee  Election  Issues
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Anti-Masonic              William Wirt          1832      Against secret soci
 Liberty                   James G. Birney       1844      Anti-slavery
 Party                     Presidential nominee  Election  Issues
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Liberty                   James G. Birney       1844      Anti-slavery
 Free Soil                 Martin Van Buren      1848      Anti-slavery
 American (Know Nothing)   Millard Fillmore      1856      Anti-immigrant
 Greenback                 Peter Cooper          1876      For "cheap money,"
 Greenback                 James B. Weaver       1880      For "cheap money,"
 Prohibition               John P. St. John      1884      Anti-liquor
 Populist                  James B. Weaver       1892      For "cheap money,"
 Socialist                 Eugene V. Debs        1900-20   For public ownershi
 Progressive (Bull Moose)  Theodore Roosevelt    1912      Against high tariff
 Progressive               Robert M. LaFollette  1924      Farmer & labor righ
 Socialist                 Norman Thomas         1928-48   Liberal reforms
 Union                     William Lemke         1936      Anti "New Deal"
 States' Rights            Strom Thurmond        1948      For states' rights
 Progressive               Henry Wallace         1948      Anti-cold war
 American Independent      George Wallace        1968      For states' rights
 American                  John G. Schmitz       1972      For "law and order"
 None (Independent)        John B. Anderson      1980      A 3d choice






                            UNITED STATES FACTS

                         Superlative U.S. Statistics
              U.S. Geological Survey, U.S. Bureau of the Census


╓┌────────────────────────┌────────────────────────┌─────────────────────────╖
 ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Area for 50 states and   Total                    3,618,770 sq. mi.
 D. of C.

                          Land                     3,539,289 sq. mi.

                          Water                    79,481 sq. mi.

 Largest state            Alaska                   591,004 sq. mi.

 ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 Smallest state           Rhode Island             1,212 sq. mi.

 Largest county           San Bernardino County,   20,064 sq. mi.
 (excludes Alaska)        California

 Smallest county          Kalawo, Hawaii           14 sq. mi.

 Northernmost city        Barrow, Alaska           71 deg17'N.

 Northernmost point       Point Barrow, Alaska     71 deg23'N.

 Southernmost city        Hilo, Hawaii             19 deg43'N.

 Southernmost settlement  Naalehu, Hawaii          19 deg03'N.

 Southernmost point       Ka Lae (South Cape),     18 deg55'N. (155
                          Island of Hawaii         deg41'W.)

 Easternmost city         Eastport, Maine          66 deg59'02"W.
 ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Easternmost city         Eastport, Maine          66 deg59'02"W.

 Easternmost settlement   Lubec, Maine             66 deg58'49"W.

 Easternmost point        Quoddy Head, Maine       66 deg57'W.

 Westernmost city         West Unalaska, Alaska    166 deg32'W.

 Westernmost settlement   Adak, Alaska             176 deg39'W.

 Westernmost point        Cape Wrangell, Alaska    172 deg27'E.

 Highest settlement       Climax, Colorado         11,560 ft.

 Lowest settlement        Calipatria, California   -185 ft.

 Highest point on         Cadillac Mountain,       1,530 ft.
 Atlantic coast           Mount Desert Is., Maine

 Oldest national park     Yellowstone National     3,468 sq. mi.
 ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Oldest national park     Yellowstone National     3,468 sq. mi.
                          Park (1872), Wyoming,
                          Montana, Idaho

 Largest national park    Wrangell-St. Elias,      13,018 sq. mi.
                          Alaska

 Largest national         Death Valley,            3,231 sq. mi.
 monument                 California, Nevada

 Highest waterfall        Yosemite Falls--Total    2,425 ft.
                          in three sections

                          Upper Yosemite Fall      1,430 ft.

                          Cascades in middle       675 ft.
                          section

                          Lower Yosemite Fall      320 ft.

 ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 Longest river            Mississippi-Missouri     3,710 mi.

 Highest mountain         Mount McKinley, Alaska   20,320 ft.

 Lowest point             Death Valley,            -282 ft.
                          California

 Deepest lake             Crater Lake, Oregon      1,932 ft.

 Rainiest spot            Mt. Waialeale, Hawaii    Annual aver. rainfall
                                                   460 inches

 Largest gorge            Grand Canyon, Colorado   277 miles long, 600 ft.
                          River, Arizona           to 18 miles wide, 1
                                                   mile deep

 Deepest gorge            Hell's Canyon, Snake     7,900 ft.
                          River, Idaho-Oregon

 ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 Strongest surface wind   Mount Washington, New    231 mph
                          Hampshire recorded 1934

 Biggest dam              New Cornelia Tailings,   274,026,000 cu. yds.
                          Ten Mile Wash, Arizona   material used

 Tallest building         Sears Tower, Chicago,    1,454 ft.
                          Illinois

 Largest building         Boeing 747               205,600,000 cu. ft.;
                          Manufacturing Plant,     covers 47 acres.
                          Everett, Washington

 Tallest structure        TV tower, Blanchard,     2,063 ft.
                          North Dakota

 Longest bridge span      Verrazano-Narrows, New   4,260 ft.
                          York

 ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 Highest bridge           Royal Gorge, Colorado    1,053 ft. above water

 Deepest well             Gas well, Washita        31,441 ft.
                          County, Oklahoma






                          The 48 Contiguous States


╓┌───────────────────────────┌───────────────────────────┌───────────────────╖
 ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Area for 48 states          Total                       3,021,295 sq. mi.

                             Land                        2,962,031 sq. mi.

 ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

                             Water                       59,264 sq. mi.

 Largest state               Texas                       266,807 sq. mi

 Northernmost city           International Falls,        48 deg36'N.
                             Minnesota

 Northernmost settlement     Angle Inlet, Minnesota      49 deg21'N.

 Northernmost point          Northwest Angle, Minnesota  49 deg23'N.

 Southernmost city           Key West, Florida           24 deg33'N.

 Southernmost mainland city  Florida City, Florida       25 deg27'N.

 Southernmost point          Key West, Florida           24 deg33'N.

 Westernmost town            La Push, Washington         124 deg38'W.

 ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 Westernmost point           Cape Alava, Washington      124 deg44'W.

 Highest mountain            Mount Whitney, California   14,494 ft.




 Note to users: The distinction between cities and towns varies fromstate to
 state. In this table the U.S. Bureau of the Census usage wasfollowed.




                      Geodetic Datum of North America

 In July 1986, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National
 Geodetic Survey (NGS) completed the readjustment and redefinition of the
 North American Datum. This new datum is known as the North American Datum of
 1983. Rapid advances in economic growth and scientific exploration in the
 United States after World War II resulted in an increasing need for accurate
 coordinate information. To facilitate the use of satellite surveying and
 navigation systems, the new datum was redefined using the Geodetic Reference
 System 1980 as the reference ellipsoid because this model more closely
 approximates the true size and shape of the Earth. The readjustment of the
 datum resulted in position changes of as much as 330 feet in the Continental
 United States and as much as 1/4 mile in Hawaii, the Aleutian Islands,
 Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands.


                   Statistical Information about the U.S.

 In the Statistical Abstract of the United States the Bureau of the Census,
 U.S. Dept. of Commerce, annually publishes a summary of social, political,
 and economic information. A book of almost 1,000 pages, it presents in 31
 sections comprehensive data on population, housing, health, education,
 employment, income, prices, business, banking, energy, science, defense,
 trade, government finance, foreign country comparison, and other subjects.
 Special features include sections  on State Rankings and Metropolitan
 Statistical Areas and a new section on computer technology in the office.
 The book is prepared under the direction of Glenn W. King, Chief,
 Statistical Compendia Staff, Bureau of the Census. Supplements to the
 Statistical Abstract are County and City Data Book, 1988; Historical
 Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970; and State and
 Metropolitan Area Data Book, 1986 (1990 forthcoming). Information concerning
 these and other publications may be obtained from the Supt. of Documents,
 Government Printing Office, Wash., D.C. 20402, or from the U.S. Bureau of
 the Census, Data User Services Division, Wash., D.C. 20233.

          Highest and Lowest Altitudes in the U.S. and Territories
                           U.S. Geological Survey
        (Minus sign means below sea level; elevations are in feet.)


╓┌───────────────┌────────────────────────┌──────────────────┌──────────────┌
                 Highest Point            Highest Point      Highest Point  Lo
 State           Name                     County             Elev.          Na
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Alabama         Cheaha Mountain          Cleburne           2,405          Gu
 Alaska          Mount McKinley           Mount McKinley     20,320         Pa
 Arizona         Humphreys Peak           Coconino           12,633         Co
 Arkansas        Magazine Mountain        Logan              2,753          Ou
                 Highest Point            Highest Point      Highest Point  Lo
 State           Name                     County             Elev.          Na
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Arkansas        Magazine Mountain        Logan              2,753          Ou
 California      Mount Whitney            Inyo-Tulare        14,494         De
 Colorado        Mount Elbert             Lake               14,433         Ar
 Connecticut     Mount Frissell           Litchfield         2,380          L.
 Delaware        On Ebright Road          New Castle         442            At
 Dist. of Col.   Tenleytown               N. W. part         410            Po
 Florida         Sec. 30, T 6N, R 20W.    Walton             345            At
 Georgia         Brasstown Bald           Towns-Union        4,784          At
 Guam            Mount Lamlam             Agat District      1,332          Pa
 Hawaii          Mauna Kea                Hawaii             13,796         Pa
 Idaho           Borah Peak               Custer             12,662         Sn
 Illinois        Charles Mound            Jo Daviess         1,235          Mi
 Indiana         Franklin Township        Wayne              1,257          Oh
 Iowa            Sec. 29, T 100N, R 41W.  Osceola            1,670          Mi
 Kansas          Mount Sunflower          Wallace            4,039          Ve
 Kentucky        Black Mountain           Harlan             4,139          Mi
 Louisiana       Driskill Mountain        Bienville          535            Ne
 Maine           Mount Katahdin           Piscataquis        5,267          At
                 Highest Point            Highest Point      Highest Point  Lo
 State           Name                     County             Elev.          Na
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Maine           Mount Katahdin           Piscataquis        5,267          At
 Maryland        Backbone Mountain        Garrett            3,360          At
 Massachusetts   Mount Greylock           Berkshire          3,487          At
 Michigan        Mount Arvon              Baraga             1,979          La
 Minnesota       Eagle Mountain           Cook               2,301          La
 Mississippi     Woodall Mountain         Tishomingo         806            Gu
 Missouri        Taum Sauk Mt.            Iron               1,772          St
 Montana         Granite Peak             Park               12,799         Ko
 Nebraska        Johnson Township         Kimball            5,426          Mi
 Nevada          Boundary Peak            Esmeralda          13,140         Mo
 New Hamp.       Mt. Washington           Coos               6,288          At
 New Jersey      High Point               Sussex             1,803          At
 New Mexico      Wheeler Peak             Taos               13,161         Re
 New York        Mount Marcy              Essex              5,344          At
 North Carolina  Mount Mitchell           Yancey             6,684          At
 North Dakota    White Butte              Slope              3,506          Re
 Ohio            Campbell Hill            Logan              1,549          Oh
 Oklahoma        Black Mesa               Cimarron           4,973          Li
                 Highest Point            Highest Point      Highest Point  Lo
 State           Name                     County             Elev.          Na
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Oklahoma        Black Mesa               Cimarron           4,973          Li
 Oregon          Mount Hood               Clackamas-Hood R.  11,239         Pa
 Pennsylvania    Mt. Davis                Somerset           3,213          De
 Puerto Rico     Cerro de Punta           Ponce District     4,390          At
 Rhode Island    Jerimoth Hill            Providence         812            At
 Samoa           Lata Mountain            Tau Island         3,160          Pa
 South Carolina  Sassafras Mountain       Pickens            3,560          At
 South Dakota    Harney Peak              Pennington         7,242          Bi
 Tennessee       Clingmans Dome           Sevier             6,643          Mi
 Texas           Guadalupe Peak           Culberson          8,749          Gu
 Utah            Kings Peak               Duchesne           13,528         Be
 Vermont         Mount Mansfield          Lamoille           4,393          La
 Virginia        Mount Rogers             Grayson-Smyth      5,729          At
 Virgin Islands  Crown Mountain           St. Thomas Island  1,556          At
 Washington      Mount Rainier            Pierce             14,410         Pa
 West Virginia   Spruce Knob              Pendleton          4,861          Po
 Wisconsin       Timms Hill               Price              1,951          La
 Wyoming         Gannett Peak             Fremont            13,804         B.
                 Highest Point            Highest Point      Highest Point  Lo
 State           Name                     County             Elev.          Na
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Wyoming         Gannett Peak             Fremont            13,804         B.





                          U.S. Coastline by States
                       NOAA, U.S. Commerce Department
                               (statute miles)


╓┌─────────────────────┌───────────┌─────────────────────────────────────────╖
 State                 Coastline1  Shoreline2
 ──────────────────────────────────────────────
 Atlantic coast        2,069       28,673
 Connecticut           0           618
 Delaware              28          381
 Florida               580         3,331
 State                 Coastline1  Shoreline2
 ──────────────────────────────────────────────
Florida               580         3,331
 Georgia               100         2,344
 Maine                 228         3,478
 Maryland              31          3,190
 Massachusetts         192         1,519
 New Hampshire         13          131
 New Jersey            130         1,792
 New York              127         1,850
 North Carolina        301         3,375
 Pennsylvania          0           89
 Rhode Island          40          384
 South Carolina        187         2,876
 Virginia              112         3,315
 Gulf coast            1,631       17,141
 Alabama               53          607
 Florida               770         5,095
 Louisiana             397         7,721
 Mississippi           44          359
 Texas                 367         3,359
 State                 Coastline1  Shoreline2
 ──────────────────────────────────────────────
Texas                 367         3,359
 Pacific coast         7,623       40,298
 Alaska                5,580       31,383
 California            840         3,427
 Hawaii                750         1,052
 Oregon                296         1,410
 Washington            157         3,026
 Arctic coast, Alaska  1,060       2,521
 United States         12,383      88,633



 1 Figures are lengths of general outline of seacoast. Measurementswere made
 with a unit measure of 30 minutes of latitude on charts as nearthe scale of
 1:1,200,000 as possible. Coastline of sounds and bays isincluded to a point
 where they narrow to width of unit measure, andincludes the distance across
 at such point. 2 Figures obtainedin 1939-40 with a recording instrument on
 the largest-scale chartsand maps then available. Shoreline of outer coast,
 offshore islands,sounds, bays, rivers, and creeks is included to the head of
 tidewateror to a point where tidal waters narrow to a width of 100 feet.



          States: Settled, Capitals, Entry into Union, Area, Rank


╓┌──────┌─────────┌───────────────┌──────────────┌──────────────┌────────────

                                  Entered Union  Entered Union  Entered Union
 State  Settled*  Capital         Date           Date           Order
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Ala.   1702      Montgomery      Dec.           14, 1819       22
 Alas.  1784      Juneau          Jan.           3, 1959        49
 Ariz.  1776      Phoenix         Feb.           14, 1912       48
 Ark.   1686      Little Rock     June           15, 1836       25
 Cal.   1769      Sacramento      Sept.          9, 1850        31
 Col.   1858      Denver          Aug.           1, 1876        38
 Conn.  1634      Hartford        Jan.           9, 1788        5
 Del.   1638      Dover           Dec.           7, 1787        1
 D.C.   . . .     Washington

                                  Entered Union  Entered Union  Entered Union
 State  Settled*  Capital         Date           Date           Order
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 D.C.   . . .     Washington
 Fla.   1565      Tallahassee     Mar.           3, 1845        27
 Ga.    1733      Atlanta         Jan.           2, 1788        4
 Ha.    1820      Honolulu        Aug.           21, 1959       50
 Ida.   1842      Boise           July           3, 1890        43
 Ill.   1720      Springfield     Dec.           3, 1818        21
 Ind.   1733      Indianapolis    Dec.           11, 1816       19
 Ia.    1788      Des Moines      Dec.           28, 1846       29
 Kan.   1727      Topeka          Jan.           29, 1861       34
 Ky.    1774      Frankfort       June           1, 1792        15
 La.    1699      Baton Rouge     Apr.           30, 1812       18
 Me.    1624      Augusta         Mar.           15, 1820       23
 Md.    1634      Annapolis       Apr.           28, 1788       7





                                  Entered Union  Entered Union  Entered Union
 State  Settled*  Capital         Date           Date           Order
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Miss.  1699      Jackson         Dec.           10, 1817       20
 Mo.    1735      Jefferson City  Aug.           10, 1821       24
 Mon.   1809      Helena          Nov.           8, 1889        41
 Neb.   1823      Lincoln         Mar.           1, 1867        37
 Nev.   1849      Carson City     Oct.           31, 1864       36
 N.H.   1623      Concord         June           21, 1788       9
 N.J.   1660      Trenton         Dec.           18, 1787       3
 N.M.   1610      Santa Fe        Jan.           6, 1912        47
 N.Y.   1614      Albany          July           26, 1788       11
 N.C.   1660      Raleigh         Nov.           21, 1789       12








                                  Entered Union  Entered Union  Entered Union
 State  Settled*  Capital         Date           Date           Order
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 S.C.   1670      Columbia        May            23, 1788       8
 S.D.   1859      Pierre          Nov.           2, 1889        40
 Tenn.  1769      Nashville       June           1, 1796        16
 Tex.   1682      Austin          Dec.           29, 1845       28
 Ut.    1847      Salt Lake City  Jan.           4, 1896        45
 Vt.    1724      Montpelier      Mar.           4, 1791        14
 Va.    1607      Richmond        June           11, 1788       10










 Massachusetts, Maryland, South Carolina,New Hampshire, Virginia, New York,
 North Carolina, and Rhode Island.The order for the original 13 states is the
 order in which they ratifiedthe Constitution.
 *First European permanent settlement. a Aleutian Islands andAlexander
 Archipelago are not considered in these lengths.




                          The Continental Divide

 The Continental Divide: watershed, created by mountain ranges or table-lands
 of the Rocky Mountains, from which the drainage is easterly or westerly; the
 easterly flowing waters reaching the Atlantic Ocean chiefly through the Gulf
 of Mexico, and the westerly flowing waters reaching the Pacific Ocean
 through the Columbia River, or through the Colorado River, which flows into
 the Gulf of California.




 Beginning at point of crossing the United States-Mexican boundary, near
 long. 108 deg45'W., the Divide, in a northerly direction, crosses New Mexico
 along the western edge of the Rio Grande drainage basin, entering Colorado
 near long. 106 deg41'W.

 Thence by a very irregular route northerly across Colorado along the western
 summits of the Rio Grande and of the Arkansas, the South Platte, and the
 North Platte River basins, and across Rocky Mountain National Park, entering
 Wyoming near long. 106 deg52'W.

 Thence in a northwesterly direction, forming the western rims of the North
 Platte, Big Horn, and Yellowstone River basins, crossing the southwestern
 portion of Yellowstone National Park.

 Thence in a westerly and then a northerly direction forming the common
 boundary of Idaho and Montana, to a point on said boundary near long. 114
 deg00'W.

 Thence northeasterly and northwesterly through Montana and the Glacier
 National Park, entering Canada near long. 114 deg04'W.

                      Chronological List of Territories
                   National Archives and Records Service


╓┌──────────────────────────────────┌────────────────────┌───────────────────
 Name of territory                  Date of Organic Act  Date of Organic Act
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Northwest Territory(a)             July                 13,
 Territory southwest of River Ohio  May                  26,
 Mississippi                        Apr.                 7,
 Indiana                            May                  7,
 Orleans                            Mar.                 26,
 Michigan                           Jan.                 11,
 Louisiana-Missouri(e)              Mar.                 3,
 Illinois                           Feb.                 3,
 Alabama                            Mar.                 3,
 Arkansas                           Mar.                 2,
 Florida                            Mar.                 30,
 Wisconsin                          Apr.                 20,
 Iowa                               June                 12,
 Oregon                             Aug.                 14,
 Name of territory                  Date of Organic Act  Date of Organic Act
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Oregon                             Aug.                 14,
 Minnesota                          Mar.                 3,
 New Mexico                         Sept.                9,
 Utah                               Sept.                9,
 Washington                         Mar.                 2,
 Nebraska                           May                  30,
 Kansas                             May                  30,
 Colorado                           Feb.                 28,
 Nevada                             Mar.                 2,
 Dakota                             Mar.                 2,
 Arizona                            Feb.                 24,
 Idaho                              Mar.                 3,
 Montana                            May                  26,
 Wyoming                            July                 25,
 Alaska(f)                          May                  17,
 Oklahoma                           May                  2,
 Hawaii                             Apr.                 30,



 a Included Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, easternMinnesota; b
 as the state of Ohio; c as the state of Tennessee;d as the state of
 Louisiana; e organic act for Missouri Territoryof June 4, 1812, became
 effective Dec. 7, 1812; f Although the May 17,1884 act actually constituted
 Alaska as a district, it was often referredto as a territory, and
 unofficially administered as such. The Territory ofAlaska was legally and
 formally organized by an act of Aug. 24, 1912.




                   Geographic Centers, U.S. and Each State

                           U.S. Geological Survey
 United States, including Alaska and Hawaii -- South Dakota; Butte County,
 W of Castle Rock,    Approx. lat. 44 deg58'N. long. 103 deg46'W.

 Contiguous U. S. (48 states) -- Near Lebanon, Smith Co., Kansas, lat. 39
 deg50'N. long. 98 deg35'W.

 North American continent -- The geographic center is in Pierce County, North
 Dakota, 6 miles W of Balta, latitude 48 deg10', longitude 100 deg10'W.

                          State--county, locality

 Alabama --Chilton, 12 miles SW of Clanton.

 Alaska --lat. 63 deg50'N. long. 152 degW. Approx. 60 mi. NW of Mt. McKinley.


 Arizona --Yavapai, 55 miles ESE of Prescott.

 Arkansas --Pulaski, 12 miles NW of Little Rock.

 California --Madera, 38 miles E of Madera.

 Colorado --Park, 30 miles NW of Pikes Peak.

 Connecticut --Hartford, at East Berlin.

 Delaware --Kent, 11 miles S of Dover.

 District of Columbia --Near 4th and L Sts.,   NW.

 Florida --Hernando, 12 miles NNW of Brooksville.

 Georgia --Twiggs, 18 miles SE of Macon.

 Hawaii --Hawaii, 20 deg15'N, 156 deg20'W, off Maui Island.

 Idaho --Custer, at Custer, SW of Challis.

 Illinois --Logan, 28 miles NE of Springfield.

 Indiana --Boone, 14 miles NNW of Indianapolis.

 Iowa --Story, 5 miles NE of Ames.

 Kansas --Barton, 15 miles NE of Great Bend.

 Kentucky --Marion, 3 miles NNW of Lebanon.

 Louisiana --Avoyelles, 3 miles SE of Marksville.

 Maine --Piscataquis, 18 miles north of Dover.

 Maryland --Prince Georges, 4.5 miles NW of Davidsonville.

 Massachusetts --Worcester, north part of city.

 Michigan --Wexford, 5 miles NNW of Cadillac.

 Minnesota --Crow Wing, 10 miles SW of Brainerd.

 Mississippi --Leake, 9 miles WNW of Carthage.

 Missouri --Miller, 20 miles SW of Jefferson City.

 Montana --Fergus, 11 miles west of Lewistown.

 Nebraska --Custer, 10 miles NW of Broken Bow.

 Nevada --Lander, 26 miles SE of Austin.

 New Hampshire --Belknap, 3 miles E of Ashland.

 New Jersey --Mercer, 5 miles SE of Trenton.

 New Mexico --Torrance, 12 miles SSW of Willard.

 New York --Madison, 12 miles S of Oneida and 26 miles SW of Utica.

 North Carolina --Chatham, 10 miles NW of Sanford.

 North Dakota --Sheridan, 5 miles SW of McClusky.

 Ohio --Delaware, 25 miles NNE of Columbus.

 Oklahoma --Oklahoma, 8 miles N of Oklahoma City.

 Oregon --Crook, 25 miles SSE of Prineville.

 Pennsylvania --Centre, 2.5 miles SW of Bellefonte.

 Rhode Island --Kent, 1 mile SSW of Crompton.

 South Carolina --Richland, 13 miles SE of Columbia.

 South Dakota --Hughes, 8 miles NE of Pierre.

 Tennessee --Rutherford, 5 mi. NE of Murfreesboro.

 Texas --McCulloch, 15 miles NE of Brady.

 Utah --Sanpete, 3 miles N of Manti.

 Vermont --Washington, 3 miles E of Roxbury.

 Virginia --Buckingham, 5 miles SW of Buckingham.

 Washington --Chelan, 10 mi. WSW of Wenatchee.

 West Virginia --Braxton, 4 miles E of Sutton.

 Wisconsin --Wood, 9 miles SE of Marshfield.

 Wyoming --Fremont, 58 miles ENE of Lander.

 There is no generally accepted definition of geographic center, and no
 satisfactory method for determining it. The geographic center of an area may
 be defined as the center of gravity of the surface, or that point on which
 the surface of the area would balance if it were a plane of uniform
 thickness.

 No marked or monumented point has been established by any government agency
 as the geographic center of either the 50 states, the contiguous United
 States, or the North American continent. A monument was erected in Lebanon,
 Kan., contiguous U.S. center, by a group of citizens. A cairn in Rugby, N.D.
 marks the center of the North American continent.


                  International Boundary Lines of the U.S.

 The length of the northern boundary of the contiguous U.S. -- the
 U.S.-Canadian border, excluding Alaska -- is 3,987 miles according to the
 U.S. Geological Survey, Dept. of the Interior. The length of the
 Alaskan-Canadian border is 1,538 miles. The length of the U.S.-Mexican
 border, from the Gulf of Mexico to the Pacific Ocean, is approximately 1,933
 miles (1963 boundary agreement).


                     Origin of the Names of U.S. States

 State officials, the Smithsonian Institution, and the Topographic Division,
 U.S. Geological Survey.
 Alabama--Indian for tribal town, later a tribe (Alabamas or Alibamons) of
 the Creek confederacy.

 Alaska--Russian version of Aleutian (Eskimo) word, alakshak, for
 "peninsula," "great lands," or "land that is not an island."

 Arizona--Spanish version of Pima Indian word for "little spring place," or
 Aztec arizuma, meaning "silver-bearing."

 Arkansas--French variant of Quapaw, a Siouan people meaning "downstream
 people."

 California--Bestowed by the Spanish conquistadors (possibly by Cortez). It
 was the name of an imaginary island, an earthly paradise, in "Las Serges de
 Esplandian," a Spanish romance written by Montalvo in 1510. Baja California
 (Lower California, in Mexico) was first visited by Spanish in 1533. The
 present U.S. state was called Alta (Upper) California.

 Colorado--Spanish, red, first applied to Colorado River.

 Connecticut--From Mohican and other Algonquin words meaning "long river
 place."

 Delaware--Named for Lord De La Warr, early governor of Virginia; first
 applied to river, then to Indian tribe (Lenni-Lenape), and the state.

 District of Columbia--For Columbus, 1791.

 Florida--Named by Ponce de Leon on Pascua Florida, "Flowery Easter," on
 Easter Sunday, 1513.

 Georgia--For King George II of England by James Oglethorpe, colonial
 administrator, 1732.

 Hawaii--Possibly derived from native word for homeland, Hawaiki or Owhyhee.

 Idaho--A coined name with an invented Indian meaning: "gem of the
 mountains;" originally suggested for the Pike's Peak mining territory
 (Colorado), then applied to the new mining territory of the Pacific
 Northwest. Another theory suggests Idaho may be a Kiowa Apache term for the
 Comanche.

 Illinois--French for Illini or land of Illini, Algonquin word meaning men or
 warriors.

 Indiana--Means "land of the Indians."

 Iowa--Indian word variously translated as "one who puts to sleep" or
 "beautiful land."

 Kansas--Sioux word for "south wind people."

 Kentucky--Indian word variously translated as "dark and bloody ground,"
 "meadow land" and "land of tomorrow."

 Louisiana--Part of territory called Louisiana by Sieur de La Salle for
 French King Louis XIV.

 Maine--From Maine, ancient French province. Also: descriptive, referring to
 the mainland as distinct from the many coastal islands.

 Maryland--For Queen Henrietta Maria, wife of Charles I of England.

 Massachusetts--From Indian tribe named after "large hill place" identified
 by Capt. John Smith as being near Milton, Mass.

 Michigan--From Chippewa words mici gama meaning "great water," after the
 lake of the same name.

 Minnesota--From Dakota Sioux word meaning "cloudy water" or "sky-tinted
 water" of the Minnesota River.

 Mississippi--Probably Chippewa; mici zibi, "great river" or "gathering-in of
 all the waters." Also: Algonquin word, "Messipi."

 Missouri--Algonquin Indian tribe named after Missouri River, meaning "muddy
 water."

 Montana--Latin or Spanish for "mountainous."

 Nebraska--From Omaha or Otos Indian word meaning "broad water" or "flat
 river," describing the Platte River.

 Nevada--Spanish, meaning snow-clad.

 New Hampshire--Named 1629 by Capt. John Mason of Plymouth Council for his
 home county in England.

 New Jersey--The Duke of York, 1664, gave a patent to John Berkeley and Sir
 George Carteret to be called Nova Caesaria, or New Jersey, after England's
 Isle of Jersey.

 New Mexico--Spaniards in Mexico applied term to land north and west of Rio
 Grande in the 16th century.

 New York--For Duke of York and Albany who received patent to New Netherland
 from his brother Charles II and sent an expedition to capture it, 1664.

 North Carolina--In 1619 Charles I gave a large patent to Sir Robert Heath to
 be called Province of Carolana, from Carolus, Latin name for Charles. A new
 patent was granted by Charles II to Earl of Clarendon and others. Divided
 into North and South Carolina, 1710.

 North Dakota--Dakota is Sioux for friend or ally.

 Ohio--Iroquois word for "fine or good river."

 Oklahoma--Choctaw coined word meaning red man, proposed by Rev. Allen
 Wright, Choctaw-speaking Indian.

 Oregon--Origin unknown. One theory holds that the name may have been derived
 from that of the Wisconsin River shown on a 1715 French map as
 "Ouaricon-sint."

 Pennsylvania--William Penn, the Quaker, who was made full proprietor by King
 Charles II in 1681, suggested Sylvania, or woodland, for his tract. The
 king's government owed Penn's father, Admiral William Penn, [pound ]16,000,
 and the land was granted as partial settlement. Charles II added the Penn to
 Sylvania, against the desires of the modest proprietor, in honor of the
 admiral.

 Puerto Rico--Spanish for Rich Port.

 Rhode Island--Exact origin is unknown. One theory notes that Giovanni de
 Verrazano recorded an island about the size of Rhodes in the Mediterranean
 in 1524, but others believe the state was named Roode Eylandt by Adriaen
 Block, Dutch explorer, because of its red clay.

 South Carolina--See North Carolina.

 South Dakota--See North Dakota.

 Tennessee--Tanasi was the name of Cherokee villages on the Little Tennessee
 River. From 1784 to 1788 this was the State of Franklin, or Frankland.

 Texas--Variant of word used by Caddo and other Indians meaning friends or
 allies, and applied to them by the Spanish in eastern Texas. Also written
 texias, tejas, teysas.

 Utah--From a Navajo word meaning upper, or higher up, as applied to a
 Shoshone tribe called Ute. Spanish form is Yutta, English Uta or Utah.
 Proposed name Deseret, "land of honeybees," from Book of Mormon, was
 rejected by Congress.

 Vermont--From French words vert (green) and mont (mountain). The Green
 Mountains were said to have been named by Samuel de Champlain. When the
 state was formed, 1777, Dr. Thomas Young suggested combining vert and mont
 into Vermont.

 Virginia--Named by Sir Walter Raleigh, who fitted out the expedition of
 1584, in honor of Queen Elizabeth, the Virgin Queen of England.

 Washington--Named after George Washington. When the bill creating the
 Territory of Columbia was introduced in the 32d Congress, the name was
 changed to Washington because of the existence of the District of Columbia.

 West Virginia--So named when western counties of Virginia refused to secede
 from the United States, 1863.

 Wisconsin--An Indian name, spelled Ouisconsin and Mesconsing by early
 chroniclers. Believed to mean "grassy place" in Chippewa. Congress made it
 Wisconsin.

 Wyoming--The word was taken from Wyoming Valley, Pa., which was the site of
 an Indian massacre and became widely known by Campbell's poem, "Gertrude of
 Wyoming." In Algonquin it means "large prairie place."


                        Territorial Sea of the U.S.

 According to a December 27, 1988 proclamation by Pres. Ronald Reagan: "The
 territorial sea of the United States henceforth extends to 12 nautical miles
 from the baselines of the United States determined in accordance with
 international law. In accordance with international law, as reflected in the
 applicable provisions of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of
 the Sea, within the territorial sea of the United States, the ships of all
 countries enjoy the right of innocent passage and the ships and aircraft of
 all countries enjoy the right of transit passage through international
 straits."

                     Accession of Territory by the U.S.
                          U.S. Bureau of the Census


╓┌────────────────────────────┌─────────────────┌────────────────────────────╖
                              Acquisition date  Gross Area (Land and water)
                                                Sq. mi.
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Total U.S.                   (x)               3,623,434

 United States                (x)               3,618,770

 Territory in 17901           (x)               891,364

 Louisiana Purchase           1803              831,321

 Purchase of Florida          1819              69,866

 Texas                        1845              384,958

 Oregon                       1846              283,439
                              Acquisition date  Gross Area (Land and water)
                                                Sq. mi.
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Oregon                       1846              283,439

 Mexican Cession              1848              530,706

 Gadsden Purchase             1853              29,640

 Alaska                       1867              591,004

 Hawaii                       1898              6,471

 Other areas:

 Puerto Rico                  21898             3,515

 Guam                         31898             209

 American Samoa               41899             77

                              Acquisition date  Gross Area (Land and water)
                                                Sq. mi.
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 Virgin Islands of the U.S.   1917              132

 Pacific Islands, Trust       1947              533
 Territory of the5

 No. Mariana Islands5         1947              184

 All other6                   (x)               14




 x Not applicable. 1 Includes that part of drainage basin ofRed River of the
 North, south of 49th parallel, sometimes considered partof Louisiana
 Purchase. 2 Ceded by Spain in 1898, ratified in 1899,and became Commonwealth
 of Puerto Rico by Act of Congress on July 25,1952. 3 Acquired 1898; ratified
 1899. 4 Acquired 1899; ratified1900. 5 Land area only. 6 Comprises the
 following islands withgross areas as indicated, in sq. mi.: Midway (2), Wake
 (3), Palmyra (4),Navassa (2), Baker, Howland, and Jarvis (combined area, 3),
 Johnston Atoll(combined area, less than .5), and Kingman Reef (less than
 .5). ExcludesCanton and Enderbury Islands (combined area 27 sq. mi.), which
 areconsidered to be under the jurisdiction of Kiribati since 1979, and
 SwanIslands (1 sq. mi.), which were returned to Honduras in 1972.



                          Public Lands of the U.S.

             Bureau of Land Management, U.S. Interior Department

                  Disposition of Public Lands 1781 to 1988


╓┌────────────────────────────────────────────────────┌──────────────────────╖
                                                      Acres
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Disposition by methods not elsewhere classified1     303,500,000
 Granted or sold to homesteaders                      287,500,000
                                                      Acres
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Granted or sold to homesteaders                      287,500,000
 Granted to railroad corporations                     94,400,000
 Granted to veterans as military bounties             61,000,000
 Confirmed as private land claims2                    34,000,000
 Sold under timber and stone law3                     13,900,000
 Granted or sold under timber culture law4            10,900,000
 Sold under desert land law5                          10,700,000
 Granted to states for:
 Support of common schools                            77,630,000
 Reclamation of swampland                             64,920,000
 Construction of railroads                            37,130,000
 Support of misc. institutions6                       21,700,000
 Purposes not elsewhere classified7                   117,600,000
 Canals and rivers                                    6,100,000
 Construction of wagon roads                          3,400,000
 Total granted to states                              328,480,000



 1 Chiefly public, private, and preemption sales, but includes
 mineralentries, scrip locations, sales of townsites and townlots. 2
 TheGovernment has confirmed title to lands claimed under valid grantsmade by
 foreign governments prior to the acquisition of the publicdomain by the
 United States. 3 The law provided for the sale of landsvaluable for timber
 or stone and unfit for cultivation. 4 The lawprovided for the granting of
 public lands to settlers on conditionthat they plant and cultivate trees on
 the lands granted. 5 The lawprovided for the sale of arid agricultural
 public lands to settlers whoirrigate them and bring them under cultivation.
 6 Universities,hospitals, asylums, etc. 7 For construction of various
 publicimprovements (individual items not specified in the granting
 act)reclamation of desert lands, construction of water reservoirs, etc.



               Public Lands Administered by Federal Agencies


╓┌────────────────────────────────────────────┌──────────────┌─────────────┌─
 Agency (Acres, Sept. 30, 1989)               Public domain  Acquired      Tot
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Agency (Acres, Sept. 30, 1989)               Public domain  Acquired      Tot
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Forest Service                               161,038,854.3  28,341,223.5  189
 Bureau of Land Management                    268,093,335.0  2,324,840.0   270
 Bureau of Reclamation                        3,533,817.5    1,969,275.9   5,5
 Fish and Wildlife Service                    81,321,344     10,097,347    91,
 National Park Service                        64,325,741.0   8,517,114.8   72,
 Bureau of Indian Affairs                     2,554,358.7    193,079.6     2,7
 Tennessee Valley Authority                   0              1,040,231.3   1,0
 Corps of Engineers                           604,971.2      4,869,200.0   5,4
 U.S. Army                                    3,187,901.0    6,495,173.0   9,6
 U.S. Navy                                    618,005.6      1,743,750.2   2,3
 U.S. Air Force                               6,858,510.0    1,255,022.0   8,1
 Department of Energy                         1,465,862.4    700,478.8     2,1
 Total, all agencies (incl. those not shown)  660,976,655.8  63,089,515.1  724






       National Parks, Other Areas Administered by Nat'l Park Service

 Figures given are date area initially protected by Congress or presidential
 proclamation, date given current designation, and gross area in acres
 12/31/88.

                               National Parks

 Acadia, Me. (1916/1929) 41,409. Includes Mount Desert Island, half of Isle
 au Haut, Schoodic Point on mainland. Highest elevation on Eastern seaboard.

 Arches, Ut. (1929/1971) 73,379. Contains giant red sandstone arches and
 other products of erosion.

 Badlands, S.D. (1929/1978) 243,244; eroded prairie, bison, bighorn and
 antelope. Contains animal fossils of 40 million years ago.

 Big Bend, Tex. (1935/1944) 802,541. Rio Grande, Chisos Mts.

 Biscayne, Fla. (1968/1980) 173,039. Aquatic park encompasses chain of
 islands south of Miami.

 Bryce Canyon, Ut. (1923/1928) 35,835. Spectacularly colorful and unusual
 display of erosion effects.

 Canyonlands, Ut. (1964) 337,570. At junction of Colorado and Green rivers,
 extensive evidence of prehistoric Indians.

 Capitol Reef, Ut. (1937/1971) 241,904. A 60-mile uplift of sandstone cliffs
 dissected by high-walled gorges.

 Carlsbad Caverns, N.M.
  (1923/1930) 46,755. Largest known caverns; not yet fully explored.

 Channel Islands, Cal. (1938/1980) 249,354. Seal lion breeding place, nesting
 sea birds, unique plants.

 Crater Lake, Ore. (1902) 183,224. Extraordinary blue lake in crater of
 extinct volcano encircled by lava walls 500 to 2,000 feet high.

 Denali, Alas. (1917/1980) 4,716,726. Name changed from Mt. McKinley NP.
 Contains highest mountain in U.S.; wildlife.

 Everglades, Fla. (1934) 1,508,939. Largest remaining subtropical wilderness
 in continental U.S.

 Gates of the Arctic, Alas. (1978/1980) 7,523,888. Vast wilderness in north
 central region.

 Glacier, Mon. (1910) 1,013,572. Superb Rocky Mt. scenery, numerous glaciers
 and glacial lakes. Part of Waterton-Glacier Intl. Peace Park established by
 U.S. and Canada in 1932.

 Glacier Bay, Alas. (1925/1980) 3,225,284. Great tidewater glaciers that move
 down mountain sides and break up into the sea; much wildlife.

 Grand Canyon, Ariz. (1908/1919) 1,218,375. Most spectacular part of Colorado
 River's greatest canyon.

 Grand Teton, Wy. (1929) 309,994. Most impressive part of the Teton
 Mountains, winter feeding ground of largest American elk herd.

 Great Basin, Nev. (1922/1986) 77,109. Wide basins and high mountain ranges.

 Great Smoky Mountains, N.C.-Tenn. (1926/1934) 520,269. Largest eastern
 mountain range, magnificent forests.

 Guadalupe Mountains, Tex. (1966/1972) 86,416. Extensive Permian limestone
 fossil reef; tremendous earth fault.

 Haleakala, Ha. (1916/1960) 28,655. Dormant volcano on Maui with large
 colorful craters.

 Hawaii Volcanoes, Ha. (1916/1961) 229,177. Contains Kilauea and Mauna Loa,
 active volcanoes.

 Hot Springs, Ark. (1832/1921) 5,839. Government supervised bath houses use
 waters of 45 of the 47 natural hot springs.

 Isle Royale, Mich. (1931) 571,790. Largest island in Lake Superior, noted
 for its wilderness area and wildlife.

 Katmai, Alas. (1918/1980) 3,716,000. Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes, scene of
 1912 volcanic eruption.

 Kenai Fjords, Alas. (1978/1980) 669,541. Abundant mountain goats, marine
 mammals, birdlife; the Harding Icefield, one of the major icecaps in U.S.

 Kings Canyon, Cal. (1890/1940) 461,901. Mountain wilderness, dominated by
 Kings River Canyons and High Sierra; contains giant sequoias.

 Kobuk Valley, Alas. (1978/1980) 1,750,421. Broad river is core of native
 culture.

 Lake Clark, Alas. (1978/1980) 2,636,839. Across Cook Inlet from Anchorage. A
 scenic wilderness rich in fish and wildlife.

 Lassen Volcanic, Cal. (1907/1916) 106,372. Contains Lassen Peak, recently
 active volcano, and other volcanic phenomena.

 Mammoth Cave, Ky. (1926/1941) 52,419. 144 miles of surveyed underground
 passages, beautiful natural formations, river 300 feet below surface.

 Mesa Verde, Col. (1906) 52,085. Most notable and best preserved prehistoric
 cliff dwellings in the United States.

 Mount Rainier, Wash. (1899) 235,404. Greatest single-peak glacial system in
 the lower 48 states.

 North Cascades, Wash. (1968) 504,781. Spectacular mountainous region with
 many glaciers, lakes.

 Olympic, Wash. (1909/1938) 921,942. Mountain wilderness containing finest
 remnant of Pacific Northwest rain forest, active glaciers, Pacific
 shoreline, rare elk.

 Petrified Forest, Ariz. (1906/1962) 93,533. Extensive petrified wood and
 Indian artifacts. Contains part of Painted Desert.

 Redwood, Cal. (1968) 110,132. Forty miles of Pacific coastline, groves of
 ancient redwoods and world's tallest trees.

 Rocky Mountain, Col. (1915) 265,200. On the continental divide, includes 107
 named peaks over 11,000 feet.

 Samoa, American Samoa (1988) 8,000. Features the only paleotropical rain
 forest.

 Sequoia, Cal. (1890) 402,482. Groves of giant sequoias, highest mountain in
 contiguous United States -- Mount Whitney (14,494 feet). World's largest
 tree.

 Shenandoah, Va. (1926/1935) 195,382. Portion of the Blue Ridge Mountains;
 overlooks Shenandoah Valley; Skyline Drive.

 Theodore Roosevelt, N.D. (1947/1978) 70,416. Contains part of T.R.'s ranch
 and scenic badlands.

 Virgin Islands, V.I. (1956) 14,689. Covers 75% of St. John Island, lush
 growth, lovely beaches, Indian relics, evidence of colonial Danes.

 Voyageurs, Minn. (1971/1975) 218,036. Abundant lakes, forests, wildlife,
 canoeing, boating.

 Wind Cave, S.D. (1903) 28,292. Limestone caverns in Black Hills. Extensive
 wildlife includes a herd of bison.

 Wrangell-St. Elias, Alas. (1978/1980) 8,331,604. Largest area in park
 system, most peaks over 16,000 feet, abundant wildlife; day's drive east of
 Anchorage.

 Yellowstone,
 Ida., Mon., Wy., (1872) 2,219,791. Oldest national park. World's greatest
 geyser area has about 3,000 geysers and hot springs; spectacular falls and
 impressive canyons of the Yellowstone River; grizzly bear, moose, and bison.


 Yosemite, Cal. (1890) 761,170. Yosemite Valley, the nation's highest
 waterfall, 3 groves of  sequoias, and mountainous.

 Zion, Ut. (1909/1919) 146,598. Unusual shapes and landscapes have resulted
 from  erosion and faulting;  Zion Canyon, with sheer walls ranging up to
 2,500 feet, is readily accessible.

                         National Historical Parks

 Appomattox Court House, Va. (1930/1954) 1,325. Where Lee surrendered to
 Grant.

 Boston, Mass. (1974) 41. Includes Faneuil Hall, Old North Church, Bunker
 Hill, Paul Revere House.

 Chaco Culture, N.M. (1907/1980) 33,974. Ruins of pueblos built by
 prehistoric Indians.

 Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, Md.-W.Va.-D.C. (1961/1971) 20,781. 184 mile
 historic canal; D.C. to Cumberland, Md.

 Colonial, Va. (1930/1936) 9,327. Includes most of Jamestown Island, site of
 first successful English colony; Yorktown, site of Cornwallis' surrender to
 George Washington; and the Colonial Parkway.

 Cumberland Gap, Ky.-Tenn.-Va. (1940) 20,274. Mountain pass of the Wilderness
 Road which carried the first great migration of pioneers into America's
 interior.

 George Rogers Clark, Vincennes, Ind. (1966) 26. Commemorates American defeat
 of British in west during Revolution.

 Harpers Ferry, Md., W. Va. (1944/1963) 2,239. At the confluence of the
 Shenandoah and Potomac rivers, the site of John Brown's 1859 raid on the
 Army arsenal.

 Independence, Pa. (1948/1956) 45. Contains several properties in
 Philadelphia associated with the Revolutionary War and the founding of the
 U.S. Includes Independence Hall.

 Jean Laffite (and preserve), La.(1939/1978) 20,020. Includes Chalmette, site
 of 1814 Battle of New Orleans; French Quarter.

 Kalaupapa, Ha. (1980) 10,779. Molokai's former leper colony site and other
 historic areas.

 Kaloko-Honokohau, Ha. (1978) 1,161. Culture center has 234 historic features
 and grave of first king, Kamehameha.

 Klondike Gold Rush, Alas.-Wash. (1976) 13,191. Alaskan Trails in 1898 Gold
 Rush. Museum in Seattle.

 Lowell, Mass. (1978) 137. Seven mills, canal, 19th C. structures, park to
 show planned city of Industrial Revolution.

 Lyndon B. Johnson, Tex. (1969/1980) 1,571. President's birthplace, boyhood
 home, ranch.

 Minute Man, Mass. (1959) 750. Where the colonial Minute Men battled the
 British, April 19, 1775. Also contains Nathaniel Hawthorne's home.

 Morristown, N.J. (1933) 1,671. Sites of important military encampments
 during the Revolutionary War; Washington's headquarters 1777, 1779-80.

 Natchez, Miss. (1988) 80. Mansions, townhouses, and villas concerning
 history of Natchez, Miss.

 Nez Perce, Ida. (1965) 2,109. Illustrates the history and culture of the Nez
 Perce Indian country. 20 separate sites.

 Pu'uhonua o Honaunau, Ha. (1955/1978) 182. Until 1819, a sanctuary for
 Hawaiians vanquished in battle, and those guilty of crimes or breaking
 taboos.

 San Antonio Missions, Tex. (1978/1983) 493. Four of finest Spanish missions
 in U.S., 18th C. irrigation system.

 San Francisco Maritime (1988) 50. Artifacts, photographs, and historic
 vessels related to the development of the Pacific Coast.

 San Juan Island, Wash. (1966) 1,752. Commemorates peaceful relations of the
 U.S., Canada and Great Britain since the 1872 boundary disputes.

 Saratoga, N.Y. (1938) 3,393. Scene of a major battle which became a turning
 point in the War of Independence.

 Sitka, Alas. (1910/1972) 107. Scene of last major resistance of the Tlingit
 Indians to the Russians, 1804.

 Valley Forge, Pa. (1976) 3,468. Continental Army campsite in 1777-78 winter.


 War in the Pacific, Guam (1978) 1,960. Scenic park memorial for WWII
 combatants in Pacific.

 Women's Rights, N.Y. (1980) 6. Seneca Falls site where Susan B. Anthony,
 Elizabeth Cady Stanton began rights movement in 1848.

 Zuni-Cibola, N. Mex. (1988) 800. Historical, archeological, and cultural
 site associated with the Zuni Tribe over its 1700-year cultural continuum.

                           National Battlefields

 Antietam, Md. (1890/1978) 3,244. Battle ended first Confederate invasion of
 North, Sept. 17, 1862.

 Big Hole, Mon. (1910/1963) 656. Site of major battle with Nez Perce Indians.


 Cowpens, S.C. (1929/1972) 842. Revolutionary War battlefield.

 Fort Donelson, Tenn. (1928/1985) 536. Site of first major Union victory.

 Fort Necessity, Pa. (1931/1961) 903. First battle of French and Indian War.

 Monocacy, Md. (1934/1976) 1,647. Civil War battle in defense of Wash., D.C.,
 July 9, 1864.

 Moores Creek, N.C. (1926/1980) 87. Pre-Revolutionary War battle.

 Petersburg, Va. (1926/1962) 2,735. Scene of 10-month Union campaign 1864-65.


 Stones River, Tenn. (1927/1960) 403. Civil War battle leading to Sherman's
 "March to the Sea."

 Tupelo, Miss. (1929/1961) 1. Crucial battle over Sherman's supply line.

 Wilson's Creek, Mo. (1960/1970) 1,750. Civil War battle for control of
 Missouri.

                         National Battlefield Parks

 Kennesaw Mountain, Ga. (1917/1935) 2,885. Two major battles of Atlanta
 campaign in Civil War.

 Manassas, Va. (1940) 5,072. Two battles of Bull Run in Civil War, 1861 and
 1862.

 Richmond, Va. (1936) 769. Site of battles defending Confederate capital.

                         National Battlefield Site

 Brices Cross Roads, Miss. (1929) 1. Civil War battlefield.

                          National Military Parks

 Chickamauga and Chattanooga, Ga.-Tenn. (1890) 8,106. Four Civil War
 battlefields.

 Fredericksburg and Spotsylvania County, Va. (1927) 5,907. Sites of several
 major Civil War battles and campaigns.

 Gettysburg, Pa. (1895) 3,896. Site of decisive Confederate defeat in North.
 Gettysburg Address.

 Guilford Courthouse, N.C. (1917) 220. Revolutionary War battle site.

 Horseshoe Bend, Ala. (1956) 2,040. On Tallapoosa River, where Gen. Andrew
 Jackson broke the power of the Creek Indian Confederacy.

 Kings Mountain, S.C. (1931) 3,945. Revolutionary War battle.

 Pea Ridge, Ark. (1956) 4,300. Civil War battle.

 Shiloh, Tenn. (1894) 3,838. Major Civil War battle; site includes some
 well-preserved Indian burial mounds.

 Vicksburg, Miss. (1899) 1,620. Union victory gave North control of the
 Mississippi and split the Confederacy in two.

                             National Memorials

 Arkansas Post, Ark. (1960) 389. First permanent French settlement in the
 lower Mississippi River valley.

 Arlington House, the Robert E. Lee Memorial, Va. (1925/1972) 28. Lee's home
 overlooking the Potomac.

 Chamizal, El Paso, Tex. (1966/1974) 55. Commemorates 1963 settlement of
 99-year border dispute with Mexico.

 Coronado, Ariz. (1941/1952) 4,750. Commemorates first European exploration
 of the Southwest.

 DeSoto, Fla. (1948) 27. Commemorates 16th-century Spanish explorations.

 Federal Hall, N.Y. (1939/1955) 0.45. First seat of U.S. government under the
 Constitution.

 Fort Caroline, Fla. (1950) 138. On St. Johns River, overlooks site of second
 attempt by French Huguenots to colonize North America.

 Fort Clatsop, Ore. (1958) 125. Lewis and Clark encampment 1805-06.

 General Grant, N.Y. (1958) 0.76. Tombs of Pres. and wife.

 Hamilton Grange, N.Y. (1962) 0.11. Home of Alexander Hamilton.

 John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts, D.C. (1958/1964) 18.

 Johnstown Flood, Pa. (1964) 164. Commemorates tragic flood of 1889.

 Lincoln Boyhood, Ind. (1962) 200. Lincoln grew up here.

 Lincoln Memorial, D.C. (1911) 110.

 Lyndon B. Johnson Grove on the Potomac, D.C. (1973) 17.

 Mount Rushmore, S.D. (1925) 1,278. World famous sculpture of 4 presidents.

 Roger Williams, R.I. (1965) 5. Memorial to founder of Rhode Island.

 Thaddeus Kosciuszko, Pa. (1972) 0.02. Memorial to Polish hero of American
 Revolution.

 Theodore Roosevelt Island, D.C. (1932) 89.

 Thomas Jefferson Memorial, D.C. (1934) 18.

 USS Arizona, Ha. (1980). 00. Memorializes American losses at Pearl Harbor.

 Washington Monument, D.C. (1848) 106.

 Wright Brothers
 , N.C. (1927/1953) 431. Site of first powered flight.

                          National Historic Sites

 Abraham Lincoln Birthplace, Hodgenville, Ky. (1916/1959) 117.

 Adams, Quincy, Mass. (1946/1952) 10. Home of Presidents John Adams, John
 Quincy Adams, and celebrated descendants.

 Allegheny Portage Railroad, Pa. (1964) 1,247. Part of the Pennsylvania Canal
 system.

 Andersonville, Andersonville, Ga. (1970) 476. Noted Civil War prison.

 Andrew Johnson, Greeneville, Tenn. (1935/1963) 17. Home of the President.

 Bent's Old Fort, Col. (1960) 800. Old West fur-trading post.

 Boston African American (1980) Pre-Civil War black history structures.

 Carl Sandburg Home, N.C. (1968/1972) 264. Poet's home.

 Charles Pinckney, S.C. (1988) 25.

 Christiansted, St. Croix; V.I. (1952/1961) 27. Commemorates Danish colony.

 Clara Barton, Md. (1974) 9. Home of founder of American Red Cross.

 Edgar Allan Poe, Pa. (1978/1980) 1. Poet's home.

 Edison,
 West Orange, N.J. (1955/1962) 21. Home and laboratory.

 Eisenhower, Gettysburg, Pa. (1967/1969) 690. Home of 34th president.

 Eleanor Roosevelt, Hyde Park, N.Y. (1977) 181. Personal retreat.

 Eugene O'Neill, Danville, Cal. (1976) 13. Playwright's home.

 Ford's Theatre, Washington, D.C. (1866/1970) 0.29. Includes theater, now
 restored, where Lincoln was assassinated, house where he died, and Lincoln
 Museum.

 Fort Bowie, Ariz. (1964/1972) 1,000. Focal point of operations against
 Geronimo and the Apaches.

 Fort Davis, Tex. (1961/1963) 460. Frontier outpost battled Comanches and
 Apaches.

 Fort Laramie, Wy. (1938/1960) 833. Military post on Oregon Trail.

 Fort Larned, Kan. (1964/1966) 718. Military post on Santa Fe Trail.

 Fort Point, San Francisco, Cal. (1970) 29. Largest West Coast fortification.


 Fort Raleigh, N.C. (1941) 157. First English settlement.

 Fort Scott, Kan. (1965/1978) 17. Commemorates U.S. frontier of 1840-50.

 Fort Smith, Ark. (1961) 75. Active post from 1817 to 1890.

 Fort Union Trading Post, Mon., N.D. (1966) 442. Principal fur-trading post
 on upper Missouri, 1829-1867.

 Fort Vancouver, Wash. (1948/1961) 209. Hdqts. for Hudson's Bay Company in
 1825. Early military and political seat.

 Frederick Douglass Home, D.C. (1962/1988) 9. Home of nation's leading black
 spokesman.

 Frederick Law Olmsted, Mass. (1979) 2. Home of famous park planner
 (1822-1903).

 Friendship Hill, Pa. (1978) 675. Home of Albert Gallatin, Jefferson's Sec'y
 of Treasury. Not open to public.

 Golden Spike, Utah (1957) 2,735. Commemorates completion of first
 transcontinental railroad in 1869.

 Grant-Kohrs Ranch, Mon. (1972) 1,498. Ranch house and part of 19th century
 ranch.

 Hampton, Md. (1948) 62. 18th-century Georgian mansion.

 Harry S Truman, Mo. (1983). 0.78.  Home of Pres. Truman after 1919.

 Herbert Hoover, West Branch, Ia. (1965) 187. Birthplace and boyhood home of
 31st president.

 Home of Franklin D. Roosevelt, Hyde Park, N.Y. (1944) 290. Birthplace, home
 and "Summer White House".

 Hopewell Furnace, Pa. (1938/1985) 848. 19th-century iron making village.

 Hubbell Trading Post, Ariz. (1965) 160. Indian trading post.

 James A. Garfield, Mentor, Oh. (1980) 8. President's home.

 Jefferson National Expansion, Mo. (1935/1954) 191. Commemorates westward
 expansion.

 Jimmy Carter, Ga. (1987) 70. Birthplace and home of 39th president.

 John Fitzgerald Kennedy, Brookline, Mass. (1967) 0.09. Birthplace and
 childhood home of the President.

 John Muir, Martinez, Cal. (1964) 339. Home of early conservationist and
 writer.

 Knife River Indian Villages, N.D. (1974) 1,293. Remnants of 5 Hidatsa
 villages.

 Lincoln Home, Springfield, Ill. (1971) 12. Lincoln's residence when he was
 elected President, 1860.

 Longfellow, Cambridge, Mass. (1972) 2. Longfellow's home, 1837-82, and
 Washington's hq. during Boston Siege, 1775-76.

 Maggie L. Walker, Va. (1978) 1. Richmond home of black leader and 1903
 founder of bank.

 Martin Luther King, Jr., Atlanta, Ga. (1980) 23. Birthplace, grave.

 Martin Van Buren, N.Y. (1974) 40. Lindenwald, home of 8th president, near
 Kinderhook.

 Ninety Six, S.C. (1976) 989. Colonial trading village.

 Palo Alto Battlefield, Tex. (1978) 50. One of 2 Mexican War battles fought
 in U.S.

 Pennsylvania Avenue, D.C. (1965) NA. Includes area between Capitol and White
 House, Ford's Theatre.

 Puukohola Heiau, Ha. (1972) 80. Ruins of temple built by King Kamehameha.

 Sagamore Hill, Oyster Bay, N.Y. (1962) 83. Home of President Theodore
 Roosevelt from 1885 until his death in 1919.

 Saint-Gaudens, Cornish, N.H. (1964/1977) 148. Home, studio and gardens of
 American sculptor Augustus Saint-Gaudens.

 Saint Paul's Church, N.Y. (1943/1978) 6. Eighteenth Century site of John
 Peter Zenger's "freedom of press" trial.

 Salem Maritime, Mass. (1938) 9. Only port never seized from the patriots by
 the British. Major fishing and whaling port.

 San Juan, P.R. (1949) 75. 16th-century Spanish fortifications.

 Saugus Iron Works, Mass. (1968) 9. Reconstructed 17th-century colonial
 ironworks.

 Springfield Armory, Mass. (1974) 55. Small arms manufacturing center for
 nearly 200 years.

 Steamtown, Pa. (1986) 42. Railyard, roadhouse and repair shops of former
 Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad.

 Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace, N.Y., N.Y. (1962) 0.11.

 Theodore Roosevelt Inaugural, Buffalo, N.Y. (1966) 1. Wilcox House where he
 took oath of office, 1901.

 Thomas Stone, Md. (1978) 328. Home of signer of Declaration, built in 1771.
 Not open to public.

 Tuskegee Institute, Ala. (1974) 74. College founded by Booker T. Washington
 in 1881 for blacks, includes student-made brick buildings.

 Ulysses S. Grant, St. Louis Co., Mo. (1989) 10. Home of Grant during
 pre-Civil War years.

 Vanderbilt Mansion, Hyde Park, N.Y. (1940) 212. Mansion of 19th-century
 financier.

 Whitman Mission, Wash. (1936/1963) 98. Site where Dr. and Mrs. Marcus
 Whitman ministered to the Indians until slain by them in 1847.

 William Howard Taft, Cincinnati, Oh. (1969) 3. Birthplace and early home of
 the 27th president.

                             National Monuments



╓┌───────────────────────────────────────────────────┌──────────┌─────┌──────
 Name                                                State      Year  Acreage
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Agate Fossil Beds                                   Neb.       1965  3,055
 Alibates Flint Quarries                             N.M.-Tex.  1965  1,371
 Aniakchak                                           Alas.      1978  137,176
 Aztec Ruins                                         N.M.       1923  319
 Bandelier                                           N.M.       1916  32,737
 Black Canyon of the Gunnison                        Col.       1933  20,766
 Booker T. Washington                                Va.        1956  224
 Buck Island Reef                                    V.I.       1961  880
 Cabrillo                                            Cal.       1913  137
 Canyon de Chelly                                    Ariz.      1931  83,840
 Cape Krusenstern                                    Alas.      1978  659,807
 Capulin Volcano                                     N.M.       1916  793
 Casa Grande Ruins                                   Ariz.      1892  473
 Castillo de San Marcos                              Fla.       1924  20
 Castle Clinton                                      N.Y.       1946  1
 Cedar Breaks                                        Ut.        1933  6,155
 Name                                                State      Year  Acreage
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Cedar Breaks                                        Ut.        1933  6,155
 Chiricahua                                          Ariz.      1924  11,985
 Colorado                                            Col.       1911  20,454
 Congaree Swamp                                      S.C.       1976  22,200
 Craters of the Moon                                 Ida.       1924  53,545
 Custer Battlefield                                  Mon.       1879  765
 Death Valley                                        Cal.-Nev.  1933  2,067,62
 Devils Postpile                                     Cal.       1911  798
 Devils Tower                                        Wy.        1906  1,347
 Dinosaur                                            Col.-Ut.   1915  210,844
 Effigy Mounds                                       Ia.        1949  1,481
 El Malpais                                          N.M.       1987  114,942
 El Morro                                            N.M.       1906  1,279
 Florissant Fossil Beds**                            Col.       1969  5,998
 Fort Frederica                                      Ga.        1936  216
 Fort Jefferson                                      Fla.       1935  64,700
 Fort Matanzas                                       Fla.       1924  228
 Fort McHenry National Monument and Historic Shrine  Md.        1925  43
 Fort Pulaski                                        Ga.        1924  5,623
 Name                                                State      Year  Acreage
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Fort Pulaski                                        Ga.        1924  5,623
 Fort Stanwix                                        N.Y.       1935  16
 Fort Sumter                                         S.C.       1948  197
 Fort Union                                          N.M.       1954  721
 Fossil Butte                                        Wy.        1972  8,198
 G. Washington Birthplace                            Va.        1930  538
 George Washington Carver                            Mo.        1943  210
 Gila Cliff Dwellings                                N.M.       1907  533
 Grand Portage                                       Minn.      1951  710
 Great Sand Dunes                                    Col.       1932  38,662
 Hagerman Fossil Beds                                Ida.       1988  4,280
 Hohokam Pima*                                       Ariz.      1972  1,690
 Homestead Nat'l. Monument of America                Neb.       1936  195
 Hovenweep                                           Col.-Ut.   1923  785
 Jewel Cave                                          S.D.       1908  1,274
 John Day Fossil Beds                                Ore.       1974  14,014
 Joshua Tree                                         Cal.       1936  559,955
 Lava Beds                                           Cal.       1925  46,560
 Montezuma Castle                                    Ariz.      1906  858
 Name                                                State      Year  Acreage
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Montezuma Castle                                    Ariz.      1906  858
 Mound City Group                                    Oh.        1923  270
 Muir Woods                                          Cal.       1908  554
 Natural Bridges                                     Ut.        1908  7,636
 Navajo                                              Ariz.      1909  360
 Ocmulgee                                            Ga.        1934  683
 Oregon Caves                                        Ore.       1909  488
 Organ Pipe Cactus                                   Ariz.      1937  330,689
 Pecos                                               N.M.       1965  365
 Pinnacles                                           Cal.       1908  16,265
 Pipe Spring                                         Ariz.      1923  40
 Pipestone                                           Minn.      1937  282
 Poverty Point                                       La.        1988  911
 Rainbow Bridge                                      Ut.        1910  160
 Russell Cave                                        Ala.       1961  310
 Saguaro                                             Ariz.      1933  83,574
 Salinas                                             N.M.       1909  1,077
 Scotts Bluff                                        Neb.       1919  2,997
 Statue of Liberty                                   N.J.-N.Y.  1924  58
 Name                                                State      Year  Acreage
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Statue of Liberty                                   N.J.-N.Y.  1924  58
 Sunset Crater                                       Ariz.      1930  3,040
 Timpanogos Cave                                     Ut.        1922  250
 Tonto                                               Ariz.      1907  1,120
 Tumacacori                                          Ariz.      1908  17
 Tuzigoot                                            Ariz.      1939  801
 Walnut Canyon                                       Ariz.      1915  2,249
 White Sands                                         N.M.       1933  143,733
 Wupatki                                             Ariz.      1924  35,253
 Yucca House*                                        Col.       1919  10



 *Not open to the public. **No federal facilities.



                             National Preserves



╓┌────────────────────────────────────────┌──────┌─────┌─────────────────────╖
 Name                                     State  Year  Acreage
 ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Aniakchak                                Alas.  1978  465,603
 Bering Land Bridge                       Alas.  1978  2,784,960
 Big Cypress                              Fla.   1974  570,000
 Big Thicket                              Tex.   1974  85,733
 City of Rocks                            Ida.   1988  14,407
 Denali                                   Alas.  1917  1,311,365
 Gates of the Arctic                      Alas.  1978  948,629
 Glacier Bay                              Alas.  1925  57,884
 Katmai                                   Alas.  1918  374,000
 Lake Clark                               Alas.  1978  1,407,293
 Noatak                                   Alas.  1978  6,574,481
 Timucuan Ecological & Historic Preserve  Fla.   1988  35,000
 Wrangell-St. Elias                       Alas.  1978  4,856,721
 Yukon-Charley Rivers                     Alas.  1978  2,523,509





                             National Seashores



╓┌──────────────────┌───────────┌─────┌──────────────────────────────────────╖
 Name               State       Year  Acreage
 ───────────────────────────────────────────────
 Assateague Island  Md.-Va.     1965  39,631
 Canaveral          Fla.        1975  57,662
 Cape Cod           Mass.       1961  43,557
 Cape Hatteras      N.C.        1937  30,319
 Cape Lookout**     N.C.        1966  28,243
 Cumberland Island  Ga.         1972  36,415
 Fire Island        N.Y.        1964  19,579
 Gulf Islands       Fla.-Miss.  1971  139,775
 Padre Island       Tex.        1962  130,434
 Point Reyes        Cal.        1962  71,047



 **No federal facilities.



                             National Parkways



╓┌─────────────────────────────┌─────────────────┌─────┌─────────────────────╖
 Name                          State             Year  Acreage
 ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Blue Ridge                    Va.-N.C.          1936  85,950
 George Washington Memorial    Va.-Md.           1930  7,131
 John D. Rockefeller Jr. Mem.  Wy.               1972  23,777
 Natchez Trace                 Ala.-Miss.-Tenn.  1938  51,756









                            National Lakeshores



╓┌────────────────────┌──────┌─────┌─────────────────────────────────────────╖
 Name                 State  Year  Acreage
 ───────────────────────────────────────────
 Apostle Islands      Wis.   1970  69,372
 Indiana Dunes        Ind.   1966  13,841
 Pictured Rocks       Mich.  1966  72,916
 Sleeping Bear Dunes  Mich.  1970  71,134









                              National Rivers



╓┌───────────────────────────────────────┌──────────┌─────┌──────────────────╖
 Name                                    State      Year  Acreage
 ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Big South Fork Natl. R. and Recreation  Tenn.-Ky.  1976  122,960
 Buffalo                                 Ark.       1972  94,219
 New River Gorge                         W.Va.      1978  62,144
 Ozark                                   Mo.        1964  80,788
 Mississippi Natl. R. and Recreation     Minn.      1988  50,000








                      National Wild and Scenic Rivers





╓┌──────────────────────────────────┌──────────────┌─────┌───────────────────╖
 Name                               State          Year  Acreage
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Alagnak Wild                       Alas.          1980  24,038
 Bluestone                          W.Va.          1988  N.A.
 Delaware                           N.Y.-N.J.-Pa.  1978  1,973
 Lower Saint Croix                  Minn.-Wis.     1972  9,475
 Missouri Natl. Recreational River  Neb.           1978  0
 Obed Wild                          Tenn.          1976  5,075
 Rio Grande                         Tex.           1978  9,600
 Saint Croix                        Minn.-Wis.     1968  67,432
 Upper Delaware                     N.Y.-N.J.      1978  75,000
 Name                               State          Year  Acreage
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Upper Delaware                     N.Y.-N.J.      1978  75,000





                      Parks (no other classification)



╓┌────────────────────────────────────────────┌──────┌─────┌─────────────────╖
 Name                                         State  Year  Acreage
 ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Catoctin Mountain                            Md.    1954  5,770
 Constitution Gardens                         D.C.   1978  52
 Fort Washington                              Md.    1930  341
 Greenbelt                                    Md.    1950  1,176
 Perry's Victory                              Oh.    1936  25
 Piscataway                                   Md.    1961  4,263
 Name                                         State  Year  Acreage
 ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Piscataway                                   Md.    1961  4,263
 Prince William Forest                        Va.    1948  18,572
 Rock Creek                                   D.C.   1890  1,754
 Vietnam Veterans                             D.C.   1980  2
 Wolf Trap Farm Park for the Performing Arts  Va.    1966  130





                         National Recreation Areas



╓┌───────────────────┌───────────┌─────┌─────────────────────────────────────╖
 Name                State       Year  Acreage
 ──────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Amistad             Tex.        1965  57,292
 Bighorn Canyon      Mon.-Wy.    1966  120,296
 Name                State       Year  Acreage
 ──────────────────────────────────────────────────
Bighorn Canyon      Mon.-Wy.    1966  120,296
 Chattahoochee R.    Ga.         1978  9,268
 Chickasaw           Okla.       1902  9,522
 Coulee Dam          Wash.       1946  100,390
 Curecanti           Col.        1965  42,114
 Cuyahoga Valley     Oh.         1974  32,438
 Delaware Water Gap  N.J.-Pa.    1965  66,652
 Gateway             N.Y.-N.J.   1972  26,311
 Gauley R.           W.Va.       1988  N.A.
 Glen Canyon         Ariz.-Ut.   1958  1,236,880
 Golden Gate         Cal.        1972  73,082
 Lake Chelan         Wash.       1968  61,883
 Lake Mead           Ariz.-Nev.  1936  1,495,666
 Lake Meredith       Tex.        1965  44,978
 Ross Lake           Wash.       1968  117,575
 Santa Monica Mts.   Cal.        1978  150,050
 Whiskeytown         Cal.        1965  42,503





                                National Mall



 Name  State  Year  Acreage
 ────────────────────────────
       D.C.   1933  146




                           National Scenic Trails



 Name              State             Year  Acreage
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Appalachian       Me. to Ga.        1968  161,546
 Natchez Trace     Ga.-Ala.-Tenn.    1983  10,995
 Potomac Heritage  Md.-D.C.-Va.-Pa.  1983  ***


 ***Undetermined.



                        International Historic Sites



 Name                State  Year  Acreage
 ──────────────────────────────────────────
 Saint Croix Island  Me.    1949  35




                   National Park Service Recreation Visits
                            National Park Service


╓┌────────────────────────────────────────────────┌──────────────────────────╖
 Park                                             Recreation Visits
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Acadia Natl. Park                                5,440,952
 Blue Ridge Natl. Parkway                         16,176,170
 Cape Cod Natl. Seashore                          5,020,069
 Castle Clinton Natl. Monument                    3,285,976
 Gateway Natl. Recreation Area                    6,748,181
 George Washington Memorial Parkway               3,048,161
 Glen Canyon Natl. Recreation Area                3,452,847
 Golden Gate Natl. Recreation Area                16,656,900
 Grand Canyon Natl. Park                          3,966,209
 Great Smokey Mtns. Natl. Park                    8,333,553
 Gulf Islands Natl. Seashore                      4,458,368
 Independence Natl. Hist. Park                    5,174,682
 Jefferson Natl. Expansion Memorial Hist. Site    2,518,712
 J.F.K. Center for the Performing Arts            3,450,734
 Lake Mead Natl. Recreation Area                  8,495,295
 Natchez Trace Parkway                            10,837,880
 Park                                             Recreation Visits
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Natchez Trace Parkway                            10,837,880
 National Capital Parks                           8,934,149
 Olympic Natl. Park                               2,737,611
 Rocky Mountain Natl. Park                        2,502,915
 San Francisco Maritime Natl. Hist. Park          5,203,302
 Statue of Liberty Natl. Monument                 2,655,797
 Valley Forge Natl. Hist. Park                    4,700,074
 Vietnam Veterans Memorial                        2,594,694
 Yellowstone Natl. Park                           2,644,442
 Yosemite Natl. Park                              3,308,159



 The following places had more than 2.5 million recreation visitsin 1989:
 Attendance at all areas administered by the National Park Service in1989 was
 269,399,900 recreation visits.



          National Recreation Areas Administered by Forest Service


╓┌───────────────────────────┌──────────┌─────┌──────────────────────────────╖
 Name                        State      Year  Acreage
 ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Allegheny                   Pa.        1984  23,063
 Arapaho                     Col.       1978  34,928
 Flaming Gorge               Ut.-Wyo.   1968  201,114
 Hell's Canyon               Ida.-Ore.  1975  538,115
 Mount Baker                 Wash.      1984  8,473
 Mount Rogers                Va.        1966  154,816
 Oregon Dunes                Ore.       1972  31,566
 Rattlesnake                 Mon.       1980  61,000
 Sawtooth                    Ida.       1972  756,019
 Spruce Knob-Seneca Rocks    W. Va.     1965  100,000
 Whiskeytown Shasta-Trinity  Cal.       1965  203,587
 White Rocks                 Vt.        1984  36,400





 Recreational Use of Public Lands Administered by Bureau of Land
 Management
                       U.S. Bureau of Land Management
                  (In thousands. For year ending Sept. 30.)


╓┌─────┌───────────────────┌─────────┌───────────────────┌───────────────────
                                     Type of Recreation  Type of Recreation  T
                                     Use (visitor hours)  Use (visitor hours)
                                     Land-based          Land-based          L
                                     recreation          recreation          r
                                     activities          activities          a
                                     Motorized travel    Motorized travel    M
 Year  Number of visits    Total     Off road vehicle    Other motorized     N
                                     travel              travel              t



 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
                                     Type of Recreation  Type of Recreation  T
                                     Use (visitor hours)  Use (visitor hours)
                                     Land-based          Land-based          L
                                     recreation          recreation          r
                                     activities          activities          a
                                     Motorized travel    Motorized travel    M
 Year  Number of visits    Total     Off road vehicle    Other motorized     N
                                     travel              travel              t
─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 1983  56,270              334,010   24,397              35,534              1

 1984  59,228              271,373   21,348              25,433              9

 1985  51,739              244,612   36,995              24,053              1

 1986  54,253              284,142   49,688              25,866              1

 1987  56,427              514,7161  123,325             34,325              1

 1989  60,957              493,214   65,808              74,075              3

                                     Type of Recreation  Type of Recreation  T
                                     Use (visitor hours)  Use (visitor hours)
                                     Land-based          Land-based          L
                                     recreation          recreation          r
                                     activities          activities          a
                                     Motorized travel    Motorized travel    M
 Year  Number of visits    Total     Off road vehicle    Other motorized     N
                                     travel              travel              t




 1 Increase due to an estimated longer length of stay per visit,especially in
 California.



          Federal Indian Reservations and Trust Lands1
    Bureau of Indian Affairs, U.S. Interior Department (data as of 1988)
 The total American Indian population according to the 1980 Census is 1.534
 million.


╓┌───────────────┌─────────────┌────────────────────────┌────────────────────
 State           No of Reser.  Tribally-owned acreage2  Individually-owned acr
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Alabama         1             230                      0

 Alaska          15            86,773                   884,100


 Arizona         20            19,766,911               256,927

 California      83            513,005                  67,175

 Colorado        2             785,411                  2,964

 Connecticut     1             1,201                    0

 Florida         4             153,840                  0

 Idaho           4             464,077                  327,301
 State           No of Reser.  Tribally-owned acreage2  Individually-owned acr
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Idaho           4             464,077                  327,301

 Iowa            1             4,164                    0

 Kansas          4             7,620                    22,058

 Louisiana       3             567                      0

 Maine           3             212,699                  0

 Michigan        8             12,433                   9,224

 Minnesota       14            714,271                  51,011

 Mississippi     1             17,715                   19

 Montana         7             2,327,347                2,881,339

 Nebraska        3             21,657                   43,186
 State           No of Reser.  Tribally-owned acreage2  Individually-owned acr
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Nebraska        3             21,657                   43,186

 Nevada          22            1,147,163                78,566

 New Mexico      24            7,174,491                675,968

 New York        8             87,058                   0

 North Carolina  1             56,461                   0

 North Dakota    3             217,049                  634,950

 Oklahoma        110           94,488                   1,018,738


 Oregon          6             643,561                  135,052

 Rhode Island    1             1,800                    0

 State           No of Reser.  Tribally-owned acreage2  Individually-owned acr
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 South Dakota    9             2,660,995                2,421,092

 Texas           3             4,574                    0

 Utah            4             2,298,302                33,343

 Washington      27            2,102,097                467,785

 Wisconsin       11            337,330                  80,671

 Wyoming         1             1,793,420                93,842




 1 As of 1988 the federal government recognized and acknowledged thatit had a
 special relationship with, and a trust responsibility for, 307federally
 recognized Indian entities in the continental U.S., plus some200 tribal
 entities in Alaska.  The term "Indian entities"encompasses Indian tribes,
 bands, villages, groups, pueblos, Eskimos,and Aleuts, eligible for federal
 services and classified in the following3 categories: (a) Officially
 approved Indian organizations pursuant tofederal statutory authority (Indian
 Reorganization Act; Oklahoma IndianWelfare Act and Alaska Native Act.)  (b)
 Officially approved Indianorganizations outside of specified federal
 statutory authority.(c) Traditional Indian organizations recognized without
 formal federalapproval of organizational structure. Some reservation
 boundariestranscend state boundaries (e.g., Navajo which is in Arizona, New
 Mexico,and Utah). For statistical convenience under "Number ofReservations,"
 such reservations are counted in the state wherepopulation is predominant
 and/or tribal headquarters is located.
 2 The acreages refer only to Indian lands which are either ownedby the
 tribes or individual Indians, and held in trust by the U.S.government. Many
 of these parcels are located off reservations. Not alllands within
 reservation boundaries are necessarily trust lands. Manyparcels are
 privately-owned by tribes, individual Indians, and non-Indians.Also, some
 internal lands are the property of various governmental agencies.
 3 Number of Indians living on or adjacent to federally
 recognizedreservations comprising the BIA service population.
 4 Unemployment rate of Indian work force consisting of all those16 years old
 and over who are able and actively seeking work.
 5 Alaskan Indian Affairs are carried out under the Alaska NativeClaims
 Settlement Act (Dec. 18, 1971). The Act provided for theestablishment of
 regional and village corporations to conduct businessfor profit and
 non-profit purposes. There are 13 such regionalcorporations, each one with
 organized village corporations. The AnnetteIsland Reservation remains the
 only federally recognized reservation inAlaska in the sense of specific
 reservation boundaries, trust lands, etc.
 6 Aleuts and Eskimos are racially and linguistically related.Athapascans are
 related to the Navaho and Apache Indians.
 7 "Seminole" means "runaways" and theseIndians from various tribes were
 originally refugees from whites in theCarolinas and Georgia. Later joined by
 runaway slaves, the Seminole wereunited by their hostility to the United
 States. Formal peace with theSeminoles in Florida was not achieved until
 1934. The Miccosukee are abranch of the Seminole; they retain their Indian
 religion and have not madeformal peace with the United States.
 8 Once two tribes, the Sac and Fox formed a political alliance in1734.
 9 These 4 tribes along with the Cayuga andTuscarora made up the Iroquois
 League, which ruled large portions ofNew York, New England and Pennsylvania
 and ranged into the Midwest andSouth. The Onondaga, who traditionally
 provide the president of the league,maintain that they are a foreign nation
 within New York and the UnitedStates.
 10 Indian land status in Oklahoma is unique andthere are no reservations
 except for Osage in the sense that the term isused elsewhere in the U.S.
 Likewise, many of the Oklahoma tribes are uniquein their high degree of
 assimilation to the white culture.




                           PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS

                 Popular and Electoral Vote, 1984 and 1988
                           News Election Service


╓┌───────┌───────────────┌───────────────┌───────────┌───────────┌───────────
         1988            1988            1988        1988        1984
         Electoral Vote  Electoral Vote  Democrat    Republican  Electoral Vot
 States  Dukakis         Bush            Dukakis     Bush        Mondale
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Ala.    0               9               549,506     815,576     0
         1988            1988            1988        1988        1984
         Electoral Vote  Electoral Vote  Democrat    Republican  Electoral Vot
 States  Dukakis         Bush            Dukakis     Bush        Mondale
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Ala.    0               9               549,506     815,576     0
 Alas.   0               3               72,584      119,251     0
 Ariz.   0               7               454,029     702,541     0
 Ark.    0               6               349,237     466,578     0
 Cal.    0               47              4,702,233   5,054,917   0
 Col.    0               8               621,453     728,177     0
 Conn.   0               8               676,584     750,241     0
 Del.    0               3               108,647     139,639     0
 D.C.    3               0               159,407     27,590      3
 Fla.    0               21              1,655,851   2,616,597   0
 Ga.     0               12              714,792     1,081,331   0
 Ha.     4               0               192,364     158,625     0
 Ida.    0               4               147,272     253,881     0
 Ill.    0               24              2,215,940   2,310,939   0
 Ind.    0               12              860,643     1,297,763   0
 Ia.     8               0               670,557     545,355     0
 Kan.    0               7               422,636     554,049     0
         1988            1988            1988        1988        1984
         Electoral Vote  Electoral Vote  Democrat    Republican  Electoral Vot
 States  Dukakis         Bush            Dukakis     Bush        Mondale
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Kan.    0               7               422,636     554,049     0
 Ky.     0               9               580,368     734,281     0
 La.     0               10              717,460     883,702     0
 Me.     0               4               243,569     307,131     0
 Md.     0               10              826,304     876,167     0
 Mass.   13              0               1,401,415   1,194,635   0
 Mich.   0               20              1,675,783   1,965,486   0
 Minn.   10              0               1,109,471   962,337     10
 Miss.   0               7               363,921     557,890     0
 Mo.     0               11              1,001,619   1,084,953   0
 Mon.    0               4               168,936     190,412     0
 Neb.    0               5               259,235     397,956     0
 Nev.    0               4               132,738     206,040     0
 N.H.    0               4               163,696     281,537     0
 N.J.    0               16              1,317,541   1,740,604   0
 N.M.    0               5               244,497     270,341     0
 N.Y.    36              0               3,347,882   3,081,871   0
         1988            1988            1988        1988        1984
         Electoral Vote  Electoral Vote  Democrat    Republican  Electoral Vot
 States  Dukakis         Bush            Dukakis     Bush        Mondale
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
N.Y.    36              0               3,347,882   3,081,871   0
 N.C.    0               13              890,167     1,237,258   0
 N.D.    0               3               127,739     166,559     0
 Oh.     0               23              1,939,629   2,416,549   0
 Okla.   0               8               483,423     678,367     0
 Ore.    7               0               616,206     560,126     0
 Pa.     0               25              2,194,944   2,300,087   0
 R.I.    4               0               225,123     177,761     0
 S.C.    0               8               370,554     606,443     0
 S.D.    0               3               145,560     165,415     0
 Tenn.   0               11              679,794     947,233     0
 Tex.    0               29              2,352,748   3,036,829   0
 Ut.     0               5               207,352     428,442     0
 Vt.     0               3               115,775     124,331     0
 Va.     0               12              859,799     1,309,162   0
 Wash.   10              0               933,516     903,835     0
 W.Va.   6               0               341,016     310,065     0
         1988            1988            1988        1988        1984
         Electoral Vote  Electoral Vote  Democrat    Republican  Electoral Vot
 States  Dukakis         Bush            Dukakis     Bush        Mondale
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
W.Va.   6               0               341,016     310,065     0
 Wis.    11              0               1,126,794   1,047,499   0
 Wyo.    0               3               67,113      106,867     0
 Total   112             426             41,805,422  48,881,221  13






                  Presidential Election Returns by Counties

                            News Election Service
 All results are official. Results for New England states are forselected
 cities or towns due to unavailability of county results.Totals are always
 statewide.


                                  Alabama



╓┌───────────┌────────┌────────┌────────┌────────────────────────────────────╖
             1988     1988     1984     1984
             Dukakis  Bush     Mondale  Reagan
 County      (D)      (R)      (D)      (R)
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Autauga     3,667    7,828    3,366    8,350
 Baldwin     9,271    25,933   7,272    24,964
 Barbour     3,836    4,958    4,591    5,459
 Bibb        2,244    2,885    2,167    3,487
 Blount      4,485    8,754    3,738    8,508
 Bullock     3,122    1,421    3,537    1,697
 Butler      3,465    3,923    3,641    4,941
 Calhoun     12,451   19,806   12,752   23,291
 Chambers    5,103    7,694    5,302    8,024
 Cherokee    3,176    2,868    3,029    3,225
 Chilton     3,820    8,761    3,924    8,243
             1988     1988     1984     1984
             Dukakis  Bush     Mondale  Reagan
 County      (D)      (R)      (D)      (R)
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────
Chilton     3,820    8,761    3,924    8,243
 Choctaw     3,491    3,629    3,373    3,960
 Clarke      4,217    5,708    4,452    6,282
 Clay        1,602    3,496    1,456    3,432
 Cleburne    1,383    3,071    1,238    3,259
 Coffee      4,319    8,890    4,370    10,558
 Colbert     10,397   7,775    11,008   9,530
 Conecuh     3,022    3,256    2,737    3,538
 Coosa       1,860    2,405    1,781    2,585
 Covington   3,845    8,130    3,812    9,944
 Crenshaw    1,836    2,617    1,904    3,261
 Cullman     8,517    14,351   7,989    14,782
 Dale        3,476    9,266    3,215    10,319
 Dallas      9,660    7,630    10,955   9,585
 DeKalb      7,333    11,478   7,212    12,098
 Elmore      4,501    10,852   4,198    11,694
 Escambia    4,020    6,807    3,853    8,694
             1988     1988     1984     1984
             Dukakis  Bush     Mondale  Reagan
 County      (D)      (R)      (D)      (R)
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────
Escambia    4,020    6,807    3,853    8,694
 Etowah      17,762   17,828   19,074   19,243
 Fayette     3,186    4,338    2,533    4,654
 Franklin    4,961    5,146    4,601    5,304
 Geneva      2,685    5,703    2,330    6,308
 Greene      3,295    1,048    3,675    1,361
 Hale        3,187    2,414    3,289    2,691
 Henry       2,206    3,613    2,231    3,952
 Houston     7,001    19,989   6,488    20,834
 Jackson     7,418    6,090    7,635    6,730
 Jefferson   107,766  148,879  107,506  158,362
 Lamar       2,274    3,214    1,910    3,943
 Lauderdale  12,862   12,942   12,907   15,354
 Lawrence    4,646    3,616    4,866    4,466
 Lee         9,078    17,180   9,077    16,757
 Limestone   5,455    9,086    5,410    8,423
 Lowndes     3,328    1,405    3,567    1,629
             1988     1988     1984     1984
             Dukakis  Bush     Mondale  Reagan
 County      (D)      (R)      (D)      (R)
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────
Lowndes     3,328    1,405    3,567    1,629
 Macon       6,351    1,304    7,857    1,543
 Madison     25,800   53,575   26,889   50,428
 Marengo     4,402    4,241    4,811    5,261
 Marion      4,505    5,955    3,918    6,771
 Marshall    7,357    12,148   7,704    12,330
 Mobile      45,524   72,203   47,252   81,923
 Monroe      3,509    5,379    3,725    5,917
 Montgomery  28,709   41,131   31,206   43,328
 Morgan      10,594   18,679   11,324   24,103
 Perry       3,574    2,107    3,731    2,600
 Pickens     3,107    3,851    3,586    4,685
 Pike        3,813    5,897    3,541    6,231
 Randolph    2,462    4,625    2,439    4,940
 Russell     6,589    6,333    7,610    6,654
 St. Clair   4,335    10,604   4,000    10,408
 Shelby      7,138    27,052   5,884    21,858
             1988     1988     1984     1984
             Dukakis  Bush     Mondale  Reagan
 County      (D)      (R)      (D)      (R)
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────
Shelby      7,138    27,052   5,884    21,858
 Sumter      4,390    2,212    4,478    2,493
 Talladega   8,291    12,973   8,490    14,067
 Tallapoosa  4,598    8,502    4,458    9,045
 Tuscaloosa  18,166   27,396   16,066   28,075
 Walker      11,338   11,011   10,591   12,852
 Washington  3,402    3,741    3,081    4,434
 Wilcox      3,369    1,739    2,663    2,337
 Winston     2,954    6,235    2,624    6,845
 Totals      549,506  815,576  551,899  872,849






                          Alabama Vote Since 1940

 1940, Roosevelt, Dem., 250,726; Willkie, Rep.,
 42,174; Babson, Proh., 698; Browder, Com., 509; Thomas, Soc.,
 100.


 1944, Roosevelt, Dem., 198,918; Dewey, Rep., 44,540;
 Watson, Proh., 1,095; Thomas, Soc., 190.


 1948, Thurmond, States' Rights, 171,443; Dewey,
 Rep., 40,930; Wallace, Prog., 1,522; Watson, Proh., 1,085.


 1952, Eisenhower, Rep., 149,231; Stevenson, Dem.,
 275,075; Hamblen, Proh., 1,814.


 1956, Stevenson, Dem., 290,844; Eisenhower, Rep.
 195,694; Independent electors, 20,323.


 1960, Kennedy, Dem., 324,050; Nixon, Rep., 237,981;
 Faubus, States' Rights, 4,367; Decker, Proh., 2,106; King,
 Afro-Americans, 1,485; scattering, 236.


 1964, Dem. 209,848 (electors unpledged); Goldwater,
 Rep., 479,085; scattering, 105.


 1968, Nixon, Rep., 146,923; Humphrey, Dem., 196,579;
 Wallace, 3d party, 691,425; Munn, Proh., 4,022.


 1972, Nixon, Rep., 728,701; McGovern, Dem., 219,108
 plus 37,815 Natl. Demo. Party of Alabama; Schmitz, Conservative,
 11,918; Munn., Proh., 8,551.


 1976, Carter, Dem., 659,170; Ford, Rep., 504,070;
 Maddox, Am. Ind., 9,198; Bubar, Proh., 6,669; Hall, Com., 1,954;
 MacBride, Libertarian, 1,481.


 1980, Reagan, Rep., 654,192; Carter, Dem., 636,730;
 Anderson, Independent, 16,481; Rarick, Amer. Ind., 15,010;
 Clark, Libertarian,  13,318; Bubar, Statesman, 1,743; Hall,
 Com., 1,629; DeBerry, Soc. Work., 1,303; McReynolds, Socialist,
 1,006; Commoner, Citizens, 517.


 1984, Reagan, Rep., 872,849; Mondale, Dem., 551,899; Bergland,
 Libertarian, 9,504.


 1988, Bush, Rep., 815,576; Dukakis, Dem., 549,506; Paul, Lib.,
 8,460; Fulani, Ind., 3,311.



                                   Alaska



╓┌──────────────────┌────────┌────────┌────────┌─────────────────────────────╖
                    1988     1988     1984     1984
                    Dukakis  Bush     Mondale  Reagan
 Election District  (D)      (R)      (D)      (R)
 ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 No. 1              3,167    4,564    2,937    5,256
 No. 2              1,879    2,274    1,857    2,645
 No. 3              1,884    2,313    1,561    2,540
 No. 4              6,057    5,963    5,293    7,322
 No. 5              3,696    6,874    2,896    8,188
 No. 6              1,543    2,347    1,261    2,883
 No. 7              2,088    3,806    1,539    4,363
 No. 8              3,815    7,629    2,752    8,603
 No. 9              3,980    6,876    3,186    8,361
 No. 10             3,786    6,241    3,034    7,634
 No. 11             2,590    3,189    2,621    5,176
 No. 12             3,733    3,511    4,063    5,348
 No. 13             2,643    4,968    2,616    6,106
 No. 14             3,387    6,164    2,843    7,465
                    1988     1988     1984     1984
                    Dukakis  Bush     Mondale  Reagan
 Election District  (D)      (R)      (D)      (R)
 ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────
No. 14             3,387    6,164    2,843    7,465
 No. 15             3,726    8,949    2,749    8,993
 No. 16             4,174    8,851    2,935    9,942
 No. 17             1,302    3,093    1,014    3,793
 No. 18             1,674    5,998    967      4,858
 No. 19             2,737    4,485    1,905    3,880
 No. 20             3,389    5,225    2,914    6,538
 No. 21             2,816    3,127    2,433    3,629
 No. 22             1,377    1,861    1,319    2,075
 No. 23             1,390    1,898    1,546    2,165
 No. 24             1,381    1,818    1,473    2,321
 No. 25             1,430    1,611    1,825    2,004
 No. 26             1,568    2,959    1,216    3,019
 No. 27             1,372    2,657    1,252    3,270
 Totals             72,584   119,251  62,007   138,377






                           Alaska Vote Since 1960

 1960, Kennedy, Dem., 29,809; Nixon, Rep. 30,953.


 1964, Johnson, Dem., 44,329; Goldwater, Rep.,
 22,930.


 1968, Nixon, Rep., 37,600; Humphrey, Dem., 35,411;
 Wallace, 3d party, 10,024.


 1972, Nixon, Rep., 55,349; McGovern, Dem., 32,967;
 Schmitz, American, 6,903.


 1976,  Carter, Dem., 44,058; Ford, Rep., 71,555;
 MacBride, Libertarian, 6,785.


 1980, Reagan, Rep., 86,112;  Carter, Dem., 41,842;
 Clark, Libertarian, 18,479; Anderson, Ind., 11,155; Write-in,
 857.


 1984, Reagan, Rep., 138,377; Mondale, Dem., 62,007;
 Bergland, Libertarian, 6,378.


 1988, Bush, Rep., 119,251; Dukakis, Dem., 72,584; Paul, Lib.,
 5,484; Fulani, New. Alliance, 1,024.



                                  Arizona



╓┌───────────┌────────┌────────┌────────┌────────────────────────────────────╖
             1988     1988     1984     1984
             Dukakis  Bush     Mondale  Reagan
 County      (D)      (R)      (D)      (R)
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Apache      8,944    5,347    7,277    5,638
 Cochise     11,812   15,815   9,671    16,405
 Coconino    14,660   16,649   11,528   17,581
 Gila        7,147    7,861    6,509    8,543
 Graham      3,407    5,120    3,080    5,247
 Greenlee    1,733    1,526    1,963    1,801
 La Paz      1,746    2,562    1,502    2,757
 Maricopa    230,952  442,337  154,833  411,902
 Mohave      10,197   17,651   7,436    17,364
 Navajo      9,023    10,393   8,017    11,379
 Pima        113,824  117,899  91,585   123,830
 Pinal       13,850   14,966   11,923   16,464
 Santa Cruz  3,268    3,320    2,463    3,855
 Yavapai     14,514   27,842   9,609    24,802
 Yuma        8,952    13,253   6,458    13,848
             1988     1988     1984     1984
             Dukakis  Bush     Mondale  Reagan
 County      (D)      (R)      (D)      (R)
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────
Yuma        8,952    13,253   6,458    13,848
 Totals      454,029  702,541  333,854  681,416






                          Arizona Vote Since 1940

 1940, Roosevelt, Dem., 95,267; Willkie, Rep.,
 54,030; Babson, Proh., 742.


 1944, Roosevelt, Dem., 80,926; Dewey, Rep., 56,287;
 Watson, Proh., 421.


 1948, Truman, Dem., 95,251; Dewey, Rep., 77,597;
 Wallace, Prog., 3,310; Watson, Proh., 786; Teichert, Soc. Labor,
 121.


 1952, Eisenhower, Rep., 152,042; Stevenson, Dem.,
 108,528.


 1956, Eisenhower, Rep., 176,990; Stevenson, Dem.,
 112,880; Andrews, Ind. 303.


 1960, Kennedy, Dem., 176,781; Nixon, Rep., 221,241;
 Hass, Soc. Labor, 469.


 1964, Johnson, Dem., 237,753; Goldwater, Rep.,
 242,535; Hass, Soc. Labor, 482.


 1968, Nixon, Rep., 266,721; Humphrey, Dem., 170,514;
 Wallace, 3d party, 46,573; McCarthy, New Party, 2,751; Halstead,
 Soc. Worker, 85; Cleaver, Peace and Freedom, 217; Blomen, Soc.
 Labor, 75.


 1972, Nixon, Rep., 402,812; McGovern, Dem., 198,540;
 Schmitz, Amer., 21,208; Soc. Workers, 30,945. (Due to ballot
 peculiarities in 3 counties (particularly Pima), thousands of
 voters cast ballots for the Socialist Workers Party and
 one of the major candidates. Court ordered both votes counted as
 official.


 1976,  Carter, Dem., 295,602; Ford, Rep., 418,642;
 McCarthy, Ind., 19,229; MacBride, Libertarian, 7,647; Camejo,
 Soc. Workers, 928; Anderson, Amer., 564; Maddox, Am. Ind., 85.


 1980, Reagan, Rep., 529,688;  Carter, Dem., 246,843;
 Anderson, Ind., 76,952; Clark, Libertarian, 18,784; De Berry,
 Soc. Workers, 1,100; Commoner, Citizens, 551; Hall, Com., 25;
 Griswold, Workers World, 2.


 1984, Reagan, Rep., 681,416; Mondale, Dem., 333,854;
 Bergland, Libertarian, 10,585.


 1988, Bush, Rep., 702,541; Dukakis, Dem., 454,029; Paul, Lib.,
 13,351; Fulani, New Alliance, 1,662.




                                 Arkansas



╓┌─────────────┌────────┌────────┌────────┌──────────────────────────────────╖
               1988     1988     1984     1984
               1988     1988     1984     1984
               Dukakis  Bush     Mondale  Reagan
 County        (D)      (R)      (D)      (R)
 ──────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Arkansas      3,075    4,007    3,153    4,804
 Ashley        4,466    4,111    3,373    5,675
 Baxter        4,808    8,614    4,528    10,870
 Benton        9,399    24,295   7,306    24,296
 Boone         3,998    7,567    3,356    7,961
 Bradley       2,167    2,089    2,313    2,690
 Calhoun       1,024    1,316    1,058    1,474
 Carroll       2,632    4,553    2,263    5,041
 Chicot        2,426    1,901    3,407    2,502
 Clark         4,675    3,389    4,638    4,185
 Clay          3,442    2,766    3,279    3,767
 Cleburne      3,404    4,932    3,172    5,769
 Cleveland     1,404    1,462    1,378    1,773
 Columbia      3,706    5,810    3,680    6,526
 Conway        4,134    4,066    3,742    5,049
 Craighead     9,083    11,887   8,035    14,047
 Crawford      3,582    9,092    3,071    9,551
               1988     1988     1984     1984
               Dukakis  Bush     Mondale  Reagan
 County        (D)      (R)      (D)      (R)
 ──────────────────────────────────────────────────
Crawford      3,582    9,092    3,071    9,551
 Crittenden    6,702    7,441    6,520    6,663
 Cross         2,989    3,186    2,701    3,917
 Dallas        1,990    1,947    2,035    2,361
 Desha         2,859    2,334    2,918    2,696
 Drew          2,578    2,995    2,638    3,407
 Faulkner      7,302    10,678   7,169    11,595
 Franklin      2,458    3,588    2,399    4,382
 Fulton        2,018    1,918    1,864    2,329
 Garland       11,406   19,281   11,484   21,213
 Grant         2,142    2,717    2,148    3,167
 Greene        5,065    5,161    4,730    6,179
 Hempstead     3,841    3,938    3,327    4,904
 Hot Spring    5,090    4,181    5,836    5,629
 Howard        1,818    2,510    1,746    3,079
 Independence  4,523    6,637    4,415    7,428
 Izard         2,652    2,824    2,346    2,726
               1988     1988     1984     1984
               Dukakis  Bush     Mondale  Reagan
 County        (D)      (R)      (D)      (R)
 ──────────────────────────────────────────────────
Izard         2,652    2,824    2,346    2,726
 Jackson       4,199    3,049    4,038    3,901
 Jefferson     16,664   12,520   18,082   14,514
 Johnson       2,818    4,046    3,056    4,720
 Lafayette     1,915    1,860    1,695    2,290
 Lawrence      3,179    3,205    2,594    4,039
 Lee           2,878    1,863    2,541    2,101
 Lincoln       2,204    1,557    2,406    1,860
 Little River  2,740    2,347    2,090    3,155
 Logan         1,254    2,203    3,206    5,663
 Lonoke        4,786    7,215    4,636    8,425
 Madison       2,106    3,067    2,133    3,516
 Marion        2,033    2,993    1,945    3,545
 Miller        5,437    7,110    4,686    8,302
 Mississippi   6,759    7,841    7,548    10,180
 Monroe        2,052    1,862    2,413    2,508
 Montgomery    1,362    1,752    1,497    2,221
               1988     1988     1984     1984
               Dukakis  Bush     Mondale  Reagan
 County        (D)      (R)      (D)      (R)
 ──────────────────────────────────────────────────
Montgomery    1,362    1,752    1,497    2,221
 Nevada        1,732    1,714    1,783    2,352
 Newton        1,489    2,504    1,414    2,749
 Ouachita      5,229    6,297    5,858    6,700
 Perry         1,470    1,627    1,404    2,047
 Phillips      5,580    3,892    5,946    4,686
 Pike          1,681    2,105    1,443    2,665
 Poinsett      3,873    3,644    3,906    5,622
 Polk          2,390    4,099    2,101    5,181
 Pope          4,941    10,084   5,082    10,667
 Prairie       1,688    1,947    1,437    2,407
 Pulaski       55,857   70,562   54,237   77,651
 Randolph      2,781    2,560    2,507    3,188
 St. Francis   4,656    4,298    4,866    5,378
 Saline        8,436    12,353   5,977    11,709
 Scott         1,707    2,507    1,609    3,066
 Searcy        1,340    2,743    1,313    2,819
               1988     1988     1984     1984
               Dukakis  Bush     Mondale  Reagan
 County        (D)      (R)      (D)      (R)
 ──────────────────────────────────────────────────
Searcy        1,340    2,743    1,313    2,819
 Sebastian     9,684    24,426   8,688    27,595
 Sevier        2,037    2,254    1,942    3,302
 Sharp         2,955    3,623    2,492    4,392
 Stone         1,728    2,186    1,654    2,325
 Union         5,931    10,581   6,208    12,333
 Van Buren     2,607    3,562    2,529    4,060
 Washington    12,557   23,601   11,319   24,993
 White         6,957    11,094   6,603    12,566
 Woodruff      1,924    1,097    2,055    1,675
 Yell          2,763    3,535    2,679    4,051
 Totals        349,237  466,578  338,646  534,774






                          Arkansas Vote Since 1940

 1940, Roosevelt, Dem., 158,622; Willkie, Rep.,
 42,121; Babson, Proh., 793; Thomas, Soc., 305.


 1944, Roosevelt, Dem., 148,965; Dewey, Rep., 63,551;
 Thomas, Soc. 438.


 1948, Truman, Dem., 149,659; Dewey, Rep., 50,959;
 Thurmond, States' Rights, 40,068; Thomas, Soc., 1,037;
 Wallace, Prog., 751; Watson, Proh., 1.


 1952, Eisenhower, Rep., 177,155; Stevenson, Dem.,
 226,300; Hamblen, Proh., 886; MacArthur, Christian Nationalist,
 458; Hass, Soc. Labor, 1.


 1956, Stevenson, Dem., 213,277; Eisenhower, Rep.,
 186,287; Andrews, Ind., 7,008.


 1960, Kennedy, Dem., 215,049; Nixon, Rep., 184,508;
 Nat'l. States' Rights, 28,952.


 1964, Johnson, Dem., 314,197; Goldwater, Rep.,
 243,264; Kasper, Nat'l. States Rights, 2,965.


 1968, Nixon, Rep., 189,062; Humphrey, Dem., 184,901;
 Wallace, 3d party, 235,627.


 1972, Nixon, Rep., 445,751; McGovern, Dem., 198,899;
 Schmitz, Amer. , 3,016.


 1976,  Carter, Dem., 498,604; Ford, Rep., 267,903;
 McCarthy, Ind., 639; Anderson, Amer., 389.


 1980, Reagan, Rep., 403,164;  Carter, Dem., 398,041;
 Anderson, Ind., 22,468; Clark, Libertarian, 8,970; Commoner,
 Citizens, 2,345; Bubar, Statesman, 1,350; Hall, Comm., 1,244.


 1984, Reagan, Rep., 534,774; Mondale, Dem., 338,646;
 Bergland, Libertarian, 2,220.


 1988, Bush, Rep., 466,578; Dukakis, Dem., 349,237; Duke, Chr. Pop.,
 5,146; Paul, Lib., 3,297.




                                California



╓┌────────────────┌──────────┌──────────┌──────────┌─────────────────────────╖
                  1988       1988       1984       1984
                  Dukakis    Bush       Mondale    Reagan
 County           (D)        (R)        (D)        (R)
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Alameda          310,283    162,815    279,281    190,029
 Alpine           230        306        194        264
 Amador           5,197      6,893      4,166      6,970
 Butte            30,406     40,143     25,126     44,836
 Calaveras        5,674      7,640      3,919      7,339
 Colusa           2,022      3,077      1,715      3,362
 Contra Costa     169,411    158,652    137,941    167,797
 Del Norte        3,587      3,714      2,693      3,989
 El Dorado        19,801     30,021     13,969     26,900
 Fresno           92,635     94,835     83,416     101,156
 Glenn            2,894      4,944      2,480      5,994
 Humboldt         29,781     21,460     24,870     27,495
 Imperial         10,243     12,889     8,231      13,816
 Inyo             2,653      5,042      2,348      5,811
 Kern             55,083     90,550     44,523     85,872
                  1988       1988       1984       1984
                  Dukakis    Bush       Mondale    Reagan
 County           (D)        (R)        (D)        (R)
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Kern             55,083     90,550     44,523     85,872
 Kings            9,142      12,118     7,317      13,357
 Lake             9,828      9,366      8,292      10,291
 Lassen           3,446      5,157      3,253      5,338
 Los Angeles      1,372,352  1,239,716  1,114,578  1,370,813
 Madera           10,642     13,255     8,701      13,853
 Marin            69,394     46,855     56,796     55,845
 Mariposa         2,998      3,768      2,121      3,571
 Mendocino        17,152     12,979     14,172     16,107
 Merced           20,105     21,717     16,875     25,003
 Modoc            1,416      2,518      1,219      2,995
 Mono             1,284      2,177      944        2,630
 Monterey         48,998     50,022     39,676     54,440
 Napa             22,283     23,235     18,234     25,715
 Nevada           14,980     21,383     10,941     19,440
 Orange           269,013    586,230    200,477    615,099
 Placer           27,516     42,096     20,527     36,565
                  1988       1988       1984       1984
                  Dukakis    Bush       Mondale    Reagan
 County           (D)        (R)        (D)        (R)
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Placer           27,516     42,096     20,527     36,565
 Plumas           4,251      4,603      3,709      5,079
 Riverside        133,122    199,979    99,853     178,397
 Sacramento       188,557    201,832    153,450    197,957
 San Benito       4,559      5,578      3,454      5,530
 San Bernardino   151,118    235,167    114,710    217,556
 San Diego        333,264    523,143    251,134    487,362
 San Francisco    201,887    72,503     190,396    88,683
 San Joaquin      61,699     75,309     53,441     81,084
 San Luis Obispo  35,667     46,613     26,626     48,331
 San Mateo        141,859    109,261    120,853    133,912
 Santa Barbara    63,586     77,524     49,505     85,458
 Santa Clara      277,810    254,442    224,032    280,425
 Santa Cruz       63,133     37,728     47,240     39,862
 Shasta           21,171     32,402     19,178     32,854
 Sierra           791        860        781        1,078
 Siskiyou         8,365      9,056      7,130      10,544
                  1988       1988       1984       1984
                  Dukakis    Bush       Mondale    Reagan
 County           (D)        (R)        (D)        (R)
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Siskiyou         8,365      9,056      7,130      10,544
 Solano           54,344     50,314     41,435     50,867
 Sonoma           91,262     67,725     69,383     74,014
 Stanislaus       44,685     51,648     36,599     54,085
 Sutter           6,557      14,100     5,526      14,425
 Tehama           7,213      9,854      6,511      11,536
 Trinity          2,518      3,267      2,204      3,525
 Tulare           30,711     46,891     27,707     50,262
 Tuolumne         8,717      10,646     7,212      10,376
 Ventura          89,065     147,604    64,623     146,647
 Yolo             30,429     22,358     25,264     23,604
 Yuba             5,444      8,937      4,996      9,265
 Totals           4,702,233  5,054,917  3,815,947  5,305,410






                         California Vote Since 1940

 1940, Roosevelt, Dem., 1,877,618; Willkie, Rep.,
 1,351,419; Thomas, Prog., 16,506; Browder, Com., 13,586; Babson,
 Proh., 9,400.


 1944, Roosevelt, Dem., 1,988,564; Dewey, Rep.,
 1,512,965; Watson, Proh., 14,770; Thomas, Soc., 3,923; Teichert,
 Soc. Labor, 327.


 1948, Truman, Dem., 1,913,134; Dewey, Rep.,
 1,895,269; Wallace, Prog., 190,381; Watson, Proh., 16,926;
 Thomas, Soc., 3,459; Thurmond, States' Rights, 1,228;
 Teichert, Soc. Labor, 195; Dobbs, Soc. Workers, 133.


 1952, Eisenhower, Rep., 2,897,310; Stevenson, Dem.,
 2,197,548; Hallinan, Prog., 24,106; Hamblen, Proh., 15,653;
 MacArthur, (Tenny Ticket), 3,326; (Kellems Ticket) 178; Hass,
 Soc. Labor, 273; Hoopes, Soc., 206; scattered, 3,249.


 1956, Eisenhower, Rep., 3,027,668; Stevenson, Dem.,
 2,420,136; Holtwick, Proh., 11,119; Andrews, Constitution,
 6,087; Hass, Soc. Labor, 300; Hoopes, Soc., 123; Dobbs, Soc.
 Workers, 96; Smith, Christian Nat'l., 8.


 1960, Kennedy, Dem., 3,224,099; Nixon, Rep.,
 3,259,722; Decker, Proh., 21,706; Hass, Soc. Labor, 1,051.


 1964, Johnson, Dem., 4,171,877; Goldwater, Rep.,
 2,879,108; Hass, Soc. Labor, 489; DeBerry, Soc. Worker, 378;
 Munn, Proh., 305; Hensley, Universal, 19.


 1968, Nixon, Rep., 3,467,664; Humphrey, Dem.,
 3,244,318; Wallace, 3d party, 487,270; Peace and Freedom party,
 27,707; McCarthy, Alternative, 20,721; Gregory, write-in, 3,230;
 Mitchell, Com., 260; Munn, Proh., 59; Blomen, Soc. Labor, 341;
 Soeters, Defense, 17.


 1972, Nixon, Rep., 4,602,096; McGovern, Dem.,
 3,475,847; Schmitz, Amer., 232,554; Spock, Peace and Freedom,
 55,167; Hall, Com., 373; Hospers, Libertarian, 980; Munn, Proh.,
 53; Fisher, Soc. Labor, 197; Jenness, Soc. Workers, 574; Green,
 Universal, 21.


 1976,  Carter, Dem., 3,742,284; Ford, Rep.,
 3,882,244; MacBride, Libertarian, 56,388; Maddox, Am. Ind.,
 51,098; Wright, People's, 41,731; Camejo, Soc. Workers,
 17,259; Hall, Com., 12,766; write-in, McCarthy, 58,412; other
 write-in, 4,935.


 1980, Reagan, Rep. 4,524,858;  Carter, Dem.,
 3,083,661; Anderson, Ind., 739,833; Clark, Libertarian, 148,434;
 Commoner, Ind. 61,063; Smith, Peace & Freedom, 18,116; Rarick,
 Amer. Ind., 9,856.


 1984, Reagan, Rep. 5,305,410; Mondale, Dem.,
 3,815,947; Bergland, Libertarian, 48,400.


 1988, Bush, Rep., 5,054,917; Dukakis, Dem., 4,702,233; Paul, Lib.,
 70,105; Fulani, Ind., 31,181.




                                 Colorado



╓┌────────────┌────────┌────────┌────────┌───────────────────────────────────╖
              1988     1988     1984     1984
              1988     1988     1984     1984
              Dukakis  Bush     Mondale  Reagan
 County       (D)      (R)      (D)      (R)
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Adams        49,464   43,163   35,285   55,092
 Alamosa      2,146    2,567    1,720    2,953
 Arapahoe     61,113   95,926   39,891   107,556
 Archuleta    795      1,440    584      1,557
 Baca         851      1,670    580      1,903
 Bent         1,088    1,032    859      1,314
 Boulder      57,265   48,174   42,195   53,535
 Chaffee      2,548    3,080    1,779    3,680
 Cheyenne     399      760      307      892
 Clear Creek  1,698    1,820    1,089    2,151
 Conejos      1,976    1,445    1,553    1,669
 Costilla     1,120    454      997      621
 Crowley      630      862      517      993
 Custer       310      753      241      832
 Delta        3,521    5,449    2,835    6,678
 Denver       127,173  77,753   110,200  105,096
 Dolores      230      488      173      667
              1988     1988     1984     1984
              Dukakis  Bush     Mondale  Reagan
 County       (D)      (R)      (D)      (R)
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────
Dolores      230      488      173      667
 Douglas      6,931    17,035   3,011    12,249
 Eagle        3,314    4,366    2,032    4,500
 Elbert       1,566    2,805    802      2,605
 El Paso      39,995   96,965   28,185   88,377
 Fremont      5,278    7,623    3,895    8,250
 Garfield     4,620    6,358    3,076    7,111
 Gilpin       804      728      634      896
 Grand        1,451    2,306    1,017    2,865
 Gunnison     1,897    2,520    1,424    3,100
 Hinsdale     111      295      98       310
 Huerfano     1,876    1,079    1,602    1,581
 Jackson      294      584      191      722
 Jefferson    81,824   110,820  53,700   124,496
 Kiowa        398      645      265      850
 Kit Carson   1,196    2,262    778      2,762
 Lake         1,516    969      1,324    1,364
              1988     1988     1984     1984
              Dukakis  Bush     Mondale  Reagan
 County       (D)      (R)      (D)      (R)
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────
Lake         1,516    969      1,324    1,364
 La Plata     5,443    7,714    4,040    8,719
 Larimer      35,703   45,967   23,896   49,883
 Las Animas   4,075    2,162    3,670    2,992
 Lincoln      874      1,356    587      1,661
 Logan        3,382    4,485    2,155    5,883
 Mesa         14,372   22,150   9,938    23,736
 Mineral      174      217      117      333
 Moffat       1,634    2,757    1,228    3,630
 Montezuma    2,233    4,208    1,665    4,753
 Montrose     3,748    6,012    2,864    7,162
 Morgan       3,728    4,795    2,331    6,097
 Otero        3,910    4,265    3,005    5,373
 Ouray        439      814      366      914
 Park         1,343    1,909    782      2,041
 Philips      923      1,317    651      1,689
 Pitkin       3,420    2,801    2,293    3,117
              1988     1988     1984     1984
              Dukakis  Bush     Mondale  Reagan
 County       (D)      (R)      (D)      (R)
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────
Pitkin       3,420    2,801    2,293    3,117
 Prowers      2,207    2,978    1,467    3,501
 Pueblo       32,788   20,119   27,126   24,634
 Rio Blanco   803      1,821    484      2,131
 Rio Grande   1,545    2,626    1,104    3,122
 Routt        2,922    3,264    2,051    4,239
 Saguache     1,033    945      867      1,201
 San Juan     192      210      183      320
 San Miguel   961      798      654      833
 Sedgwick     611      921      429      1,146
 Summit       2,595    2,893    1,588    3,253
 Teller       1,656    3,760    1,043    3,460
 Washington   958      1,707    568      2,080
 Weld         20,548   26,497   13,863   31,293
 Yuma         1,835    2,513    1,121    3,394
 Total        621,453  728,177  454,975  821,817






                          Colorado Vote Since 1940

 1940, Roosevelt, Dem., 265,554; Willkie, Rep.,
 279,576; Thomas, Soc., 1,899; Babson, Proh., 1,597; Browder,
 Com., 378.


 1944, Roosevelt, Dem., 234,331; Dewey, Rep.,
 268,731; Thomas, Soc., 1,977.


 1948, Truman, Dem., 267,288; Dewey, Rep., 239,714;
 Wallace, Prog., 6,115; Thomas, Soc., 1,678; Dobbs, Soc. Workers,
 228; Teichert, Soc. Labor, 214.


 1952, Eisenhower, Rep., 379,782; Stevenson, Dem.,
 245,504; MacArthur, Constitution, 2,181; Hallinan, Prog., 1,919;
 Hoopes, Soc., 365; Hass, Soc. Labor, 352.


 1956, Eisenhower, Rep., 394,479; Stevenson, Dem.,
 263,997; Hass, Soc. Lab., 3,308; Andrews, Ind., 759; Hoopes,
 Soc., 531.


 1960, Kennedy, Dem., 330,629; Nixon, Rep., 402,242;
 Hass, Soc. Labor, 2,803; Dobbs, Soc. Workers, 572.


 1964, Johnson, Dem., 476,024; Goldwater, Rep.,
 296,767; Hass, Soc. Labor, 302; DeBerry, Soc. Worker, 2,537;
 Munn, Proh., 1,356.


 1968, Nixon, Rep., 409,345; Humphrey, Dem., 335,174;
 Wallace, 3d party, 60,813; Blomen, Soc. Labor, 3,016; Gregory,
 New-party, 1,393; Munn, Proh., 275; Halstead, Soc. Worker, 235.


 1972, Nixon, Rep., 597,189; McGovern, Dem., 329,980;
 Fisher, Soc. Labor, 4,361; Hospers, Libertarian, 1,111; Hall,
 Com., 432; Jenness, Soc. Workers, 555; Munn, Proh., 467;
 Schmitz, Amer., 17,269; Spock, Peoples, 2,403.


 1976,  Carter, Dem., 460,353; Ford, Rep., 584,367;
 McCarthy, Ind., 26,107; MacBride, Libertarian, 5,330; Bubar,
 Proh., 2,882.


 1980, Reagan, Rep., 652,264;  Carter, Dem., 367,973;
 Anderson, Ind., 130,633; Clark, Libertarian, 25,744; Commoner,
 Citizens, 5,614; Bubar, Statesman, 1,180; Pulley, Socialist,
 520; Hall, Com., 487.


 1984, Reagan, Rep., 821,817; Mondale, Dem., 454,975;
 Bergland, Libertarian, 11,257.


 1988, Bush, Rep., 728,177; Dukakis, Dem., 621,453; Paul, Lib.,
 15,482; Dodge, Proh., 4,604.



                                 Connecticut



╓┌──────────────┌────────┌────────┌────────┌─────────────────────────────────╖
                1988     1988     1984     1984
                Dukakis  Bush     Mondale  Reagan
 City           (D)      (R)      (D)      (R)
 ───────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Bridgeport     23,831   17,084   24,332   24,256
 Hartford       27,295   8,100    29,327   11,621
 New Britain    15,843   9,569    14,608   13,723
 New Haven      31,951   11,616   32,518   16,483
                1988     1988     1984     1984
                Dukakis  Bush     Mondale  Reagan
 City           (D)      (R)      (D)      (R)
 ───────────────────────────────────────────────────
New Haven      31,951   11,616   32,518   16,483
 Norwalk        14,518   18,618   12,509   22,447
 Stamford       20,773   24,877   19,432   29,167
 Waterbury      18,202   20,018   18,217   24,764
 West Hartford  19,311   16,482   16,882   20,517
 Totals         676,584  750,241  569,597  890,877






                        Connecticut Vote Since 1940

 1940, Roosevelt, Dem., 417,621; Willkie, Rep.,
 361,021; Browder, Com., 1,091; Aiken, Soc. Labor, 971; Willkie,
 Union, 798.


 1944, Roosevelt, Dem., 435,146; Dewey, Rep.,
 390,527; Thomas, Soc., 5,097; Teichert, Soc. Labor, 1,220.


 1948, Truman, Dem., 423,297; Dewey, Rep., 437,754;
 Wallace, Prog., 13,713; Thomas, Soc., 6,964; Teichert, Soc.
 Labor, 1,184; Dobbs, Soc. Workers, 606.


 1952, Eisenhower, Rep., 611,012; Stevenson, Dem.,
 481,649; Hoopes, Soc., 2,244; Hallinan, Peoples, 1,466; Hass,
 Soc. Labor, 535; write-in, 5.


 1956, Eisenhower, Rep., 711,837; Stevenson, Dem.,
 405,079; scattered, 205.


 1960, Kennedy, Dem., 657,055; Nixon, Rep., 565,813.


 1964, Johnson, Dem., 826,269; Goldwater, Rep.,
 390,996; scattered, 1,313.


 1968, Nixon, Rep., 556,721; Humphrey, Dem., 621,561;
 Wallace, 3d party, 76,650; scattered, 1,300.


 1972, Nixon, Rep., 810,763; McGovern, Dem., 555,498;
 Schmitz, Amer.,  17,239; scattered, 777.


 1976,  Carter, Dem., 647,895; Ford, Rep., 719,261;
 Maddox, George Wallace Party, 7,101; LaRouche, U.S. Labor,
 1,789.


 1980, Reagan, Rep., 677,210;  Carter, Dem., 541,732;
 Anderson, Ind., 171,807; Clark, Libertarian, 8,570; Commoner,
 Citizens, 6,130; scattered, 836.


 1984, Reagan, Rep., 890,877; Mondale, Dem., 569,597.


 1988, Bush, Rep., 750,241; Dukakis, Dem., 676,584; Paul, Lib.,
 14,071; Fulani; New Alliance, 2,491.




                                  Delaware



╓┌───────────┌────────┌────────┌────────┌────────────────────────────────────╖
             1988     1988     1984     1984
             Dukakis  Bush     Mondale  Reagan
 County      (D)      (R)      (D)      (R)
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────
             1988     1988     1984     1984
             Dukakis  Bush     Mondale  Reagan
 County      (D)      (R)      (D)      (R)
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Kent        12,996   19,923   11,789   21,531
 New Castle  79,147   92,587   76,238   102,322
 Sussex      16,504   27,129   13,629   28,337
 Totals      108,647  139,639  101,656  152,190






                          Delaware Vote Since 1940

 1940, Roosevelt, Dem., 74,559; Willkie, Rep.,
 61,440; Babson, Proh., 220; Thomas, Soc., 115.


 1944, Roosevelt, Dem., 68,166; Dewey, Rep., 56,747;
 Watson, Proh., 294; Thomas, Soc., 154.


 1948, Truman, Dem., 67,813; Dewey, Rep., 69,688;
 Wallace, Prog., 1,050; Watson, Proh., 343; Thomas, Soc., 250;
 Teichert, Soc. Labor, 29.


 1952, Eisenhower, Rep., 90,059; Stevenson, Dem.,
 83,315; Hass, Soc. Labor, 242; Hamblen, Proh., 234; Hallinan,
 Prog., 155; Hoopes, Soc., 20.


 1956, Eisenhower, Rep., 98,057; Stevenson, Dem.,
 79,421; Oltwick, Proh., 400; Hass, Soc. Labor, 110.


 1960, Kennedy, Dem., 99,590; Nixon, Rep., 96,373;
 Faubus, States' Rights, 354; Decker, Proh., 284; Hass, Soc.
 Labor, 82.


 1964, Johnson, Dem., 122,704; Goldwater, Rep.,
 78,078; Hass, Soc. Labor, 113; Munn, Proh., 425.


 1968, Nixon, Rep., 96,714; Humphrey, Dem., 89,194;
 Wallace, 3d party, 28,459.


 1972, Nixon, Rep., 140,357; McGovern, Dem., 92,283;
 Schmitz, Amer.,  2,638; Munn, Proh., 238.


 1976,  Carter, Dem., 122,596; Ford, Rep., 109,831;
 McCarthy, non-partisan, 2,437; Anderson, Amer., 645; LaRouche,
 U.S. Labor, 136; Bubar, Proh., 103; Levin, Soc. Labor, 86.


 1980, Reagan, Rep., 111,252;  Carter, Dem., 105,754;
 Anderson, Ind., 16,288; Clark, Libertarian, 1,974; Greaves,
 American, 400.


 1984, Reagan, Rep., 152,190; Mondale, Dem., 101,656;
 Bergland, Libertarian, 268.


 1988, Bush, Rep., 139,639; Dukakis, Dem., 108,647; Paul, Lib.,
 1,162; Fulani, New Alliance, 443.



                            District of Columbia



╓┌───────┌─────────┌────────┌────────┌───────────────────────────────────────╖
         1988      1988     1984     1984
         Dukakis   Bush     Mondale  Reagan
 County  (D)       (R)      (D)      (R)
 ────────────────────────────────────────────
 Totals  159,407   27,590   180,408  29,009
         1988      1988     1984     1984
         Dukakis   Bush     Mondale  Reagan
 County  (D)       (R)      (D)      (R)
 ────────────────────────────────────────────
 Totals  159,407   27,590   180,408  29,009






                    District of Columbia Vote Since 1964

 1964, Johnson, Dem., 169,796; Goldwater, Rep.,
 28,801.


 1968, Nixon, Rep., 31,012; Humphrey, Dem., 139,566.


 1972, Nixon, Rep., 35,226; McGovern, Dem., 127,627;
 Reed, Soc. Workers, 316; Hall, Com., 252.


 1976, Carter, Dem., 137,818; Ford, Rep., 27,873;
 Camejo, Soc. Workers, 545; MacBride, Libertarian, 274; Hall,
 Com., 219; LaRouche, U.S. Labor, 157.


 1980, Reagan, Rep., 23,313; Carter, Dem., 130,231;
 Anderson, Ind., 16,131; Commoner, Citizens,  1,826; Clark,
 Libertarian, 1,104; Hall, Com., 369; De Berry, Soc. Work., 173;
 Griswold, Workers World, 52; write-ins, 690.


 1984, Mondale, Dem., 180,408; Reagan, Rep., 29,009;
 Bergland, Libertarian, 279.


 1988, Bush, Rep., 27,590; Dukakis, Dem., 159,407; Fulani, New
 Alliance, 2,901; Paul, Lib., 554.




                                   Florida



╓┌──────────────┌──────────┌──────────┌──────────┌───────────────────────────╖
                1988       1988       1984       1984
                Dukakis    Bush       Mondale    Reagan
 County         (D)        (R)        (D)        (R)
 ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Alachua        29,375     30,124     26,551     30,582
 Baker          1,353      3,414      1,381      3,485
 Bay            11,582     31,712     9,381      29,322
 Bradford       2,386      4,218      2,341      4,128
 Brevard        42,967     104,721    36,963     102,339
 Broward        218,211    220,196    194,542    254,501
 Calhoun        1,329      2,420      1,312      2,493
 Charlotte      15,967     28,879     11,303     27,464
 Citrus         12,177     21,052     10,463     20,754
                1988       1988       1984       1984
                Dukakis    Bush       Mondale    Reagan
 County         (D)        (R)        (D)        (R)
 ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Citrus         12,177     21,052     10,463     20,754
 Clay           7,766      25,882     5,488      21,545
 Collier        12,768     38,910     9,065      33,603
 Columbia       4,072      7,759      4,261      8,807
 Dade           216,847    270,672    223,793    324,216
 De Soto        2,181      4,237      2,302      4,822
 Dixie          1,366      2,027      1,224      2,204
 Duval          74,832     127,875    77,459     128,653
 Escambia       29,934     64,774     26,798     66,638
 Flagler        4,241      6,494      2,999      4,907
 Franklin       1,283      1,911      1,089      2,218
 Gadsden        6,368      5,987      7,399      5,805
 Gilchrist      1,137      1,854      1,051      2,056
 Glades         1,034      1,546      1,070      1,987
 Gulf           1,687      3,040      1,783      3,573
 Hamilton       1,314      2,062      1,401      1,921
 Hardee         1,688      3,636      1,536      3,957
                1988       1988       1984       1984
                Dukakis    Bush       Mondale    Reagan
 County         (D)        (R)        (D)        (R)
 ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Hardee         1,688      3,636      1,536      3,957
 Hendry         2,036      3,962      2,018      4,524
 Hernando       15,432     21,179     12,204     21,273
 Highlands      8,087      16,713     7,217      16,465
 Hillsborough   98,969     150,065    86,189     157,827
 Holmes         1,639      4,221      1,231      4,547
 Indian River   10,447     24,619     8,731      23,694
 Jackson        5,002      8,392      4,956      9,086
 Jefferson      2,055      2,326      2,055      2,244
 Lafayette      722        1,450      862        1,513
 Lake           16,762     37,314     12,215     35,304
 Lee            40,709     87,247     30,011     85,006
 Leon           33,446     36,032     29,654     36,301
 Levy           3,433      5,250      3,103      5,561
 Liberty        709        1,419      649        1,409
 Madison        1,950      2,556      2,101      2,816
 Manatee        26,618     51,160     20,887     55,775
                1988       1988       1984       1984
                Dukakis    Bush       Mondale    Reagan
 County         (D)        (R)        (D)        (R)
 ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Manatee        26,618     51,160     20,887     55,775
 Marion         20,679     41,488     16,221     37,796
 Martin         11,486     31,270     8,976      28,897
 Monroe         10,151     15,919     7,771      16,316
 Nassau         4,138      8,366      3,483      8,033
 Okaloosa       9,726      40,295     7,289      36,963
 Okeechobee     3,007      4,733      2,226      4,447
 Orange         53,991     117,141    48,737     122,007
 Osceola        9,811      21,350     6,627      18,344
 Palm Beach     144,143    181,408    116,071    186,755
 Pasco          50,369     63,788     40,961     66,609
 Pinellas       152,374    210,971    128,547    240,535
 Polk           38,236     77,065     35,505     84,174
 Putnam         8,569      11,621     7,821      11,424
 St. Johns      7,999      19,164     6,652      16,493
 St. Lucie      17,427     32,241     13,039     28,189
 Santa Rosa     5,251      18,948     4,646      21,237
                1988       1988       1984       1984
                Dukakis    Bush       Mondale    Reagan
 County         (D)        (R)        (D)        (R)
 ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Santa Rosa     5,251      18,948     4,646      21,237
 Sarasota       42,095     84,585     30,512     87,713
 Seminole       22,627     60,328     17,789     56,229
 Sumter         3,900      5,933      3,460      6,252
 Suwannee       3,126      5,859      2,788      6,079
 Taylor         1,762      4,054      1,728      4,030
 Union          691        1,643      761        1,804
 Volusia        55,437     74,116     43,811     68,317
 Wakulla        1,605      3,157      1,469      3,087
 Walton         3,231      7,481      2,500      7,117
 Washington     2,139      4,366      1,916      4,603
 Totals         1,655,851  2,616,597  1,448,344  2,728,775






                          Florida Vote Since 1940

 1940, Roosevelt, Dem., 359,334; Willkie, Rep.,
 126,158.


 1944, Roosevelt, Dem., 339,377; Dewey, Rep.,
 143,215.


 1948, Truman, Dem., 281,988; Dewey, Rep., 194,280;
 Thurmond, States' Rights, 89,755; Wallace, Prog., 11,620.


 1952, Eisenhower, Rep., 544,036; Stevenson, Dem.,
 444,950; scattered, 351.


 1956, Eisenhower, Rep., 643,849; Stevenson, Dem.,
 480,371.


 1960, Kennedy, Dem., 748,700; Nixon, Rep., 795,476.


 1964, Johnson, Dem., 948,540; Goldwater, Rep.,
 905,941.


 1968, Nixon, Rep., 886,804; Humphrey, Dem., 676,794;
 Wallace, 3d party, 624,207.


 1972, Nixon, Rep., 1,857,759; McGovern, Dem.,
 718,117; scattered, 7,407.


 1976,  Carter, Dem., 1,636,000; Ford, Rep.,
 1,469,531; McCarthy, Ind., 23,643; Anderson, Amer., 21,325.


 1980, Reagan, Rep., 2,046,951;  Carter, Dem.,
 1,419,475; Anderson, Ind., 189,692; Clark, Libertarian, 30,524;
 write-ins, 285.


 1984, Reagan, Rep., 2,728,775; Mondale, Dem., 1,448,344.


 1988, Bush, Rep., 2,616,597; Dukakis, Dem., 1,655,851; Paul, Lib.,
 19,796, Fulani, New Alliance, 6,655.




                                   Georgia



╓┌───────────────┌────────┌──────────┌────────┌──────────────────────────────╖
                 1988     1988       1984     1984
                 Dukakis  Bush       Mondale  Reagan
                 1988     1988       1984     1984
                 Dukakis  Bush       Mondale  Reagan
 County          (D)      (R)        (D)      (R)
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Appling         1,837    3,000      1,958    2,929
 Atkinson        887      1,126      901      944
 Bacon           780      1,407      1,010    1,778
 Baker           707      629        691      675
 Baldwin         4,008    5,852      3,853    5,717
 Banks           984      1,590      1,063    1,549
 Barrow          2,442    4,738      2,367    4,123
 Bartow          4,884    8,039      4,780    7,104
 Ben Hill        1,867    2,005      1,859    2,313
 Berrien         1,381    2,030      1,670    2,395
 Bibb            22,084   22,179     26,427   24,170
 Bleckley        1,175    1,950      1,465    1,912
 Brantley        1,450    1,539      1,517    1,679
 Brooks          1,500    2,136      1,661    2,229
 Bryan           1,423    2,802      1,398    2,265
 Bulloch         3,417    6,354      3,644    6,117
 Burke           2,861    2,988      3,127    3,137
                 1988     1988       1984     1984
                 Dukakis  Bush       Mondale  Reagan
 County          (D)      (R)        (D)      (R)
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Burke           2,861    2,988      3,127    3,137
 Butts           1,730    2,184      1,820    2,141
 Calhoun         901      644        1,077    776
 Camden          2,090    2,913      2,164    2,841
 Candler         877      1,261      1,014    1,497
 Carroll         4,706    10,754     5,590    11,436
 Catoosa         3,588    9,319      3,089    7,908
 Charlton        943      1,327      1,111    1,368
 Chatham         25,063   35,623     28,271   38,482
 Chattahoochee   362      454        428      459
 Chattooga       2,206    3,665      2,576    2,953
 Cherokee        4,378    14,593     3,499    11,146
 Clarke          11,154   11,150     10,132   11,503
 Clay            595      398        750      419
 Clayton         14,689   28,225     11,763   31,553
 Clinch          594      863        625      862
 Cobb            39,297   106,621    28,414   97,429
                 1988     1988       1984     1984
                 Dukakis  Bush       Mondale  Reagan
 County          (D)      (R)        (D)      (R)
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Cobb            39,297   106,621    28,414   97,429
 Coffee          2,777    4,019      2,633    4,200
 Colquitt        2,998    5,653      3,208    5,815
 Columbia        4,617    16,401     3,727    12,294
 Cook            1,226    1,555      1,510    1,860
 Coweta          4,212    9,668      3,650    7,981
 Crawford        1,340    1,235      1,423    1,298
 Crisp           1,690    2,916      2,128    2,895
 Dade            1,120    2,539      1,150    2,750
 Dawson          761      1,908      643      1,322
 Decatur         2,348    3,866      2,656    4,134
 DeKalb          92,521   90,179     77,329   104,697
 Dodge           2,164    2,677      2,513    2,765
 Dooly           1,613    1,386      1,726    1,435
 Dougherty       12,579   15,520     12,904   16,920
 Douglas         5,086    13,493     4,371    12,428
 Early           1,359    1,918      1,494    2,239
                 1988     1988       1984     1984
                 Dukakis  Bush       Mondale  Reagan
 County          (D)      (R)        (D)      (R)
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Early           1,359    1,918      1,494    2,239
 Echols          245      422        227      453
 Effingham       1,905    3,933      2,055    4,266
 Elbert          2,118    2,796      2,670    3,366
 Emanuel         2,387    3,530      2,458    3,920
 Evans           1,023    1,707      1,193    1,601
 Fannin          2,123    4,271      1,965    4,159
 Fayette         4,593    16,443     2,861    12,575
 Floyd           8,548    14,697     8,873    15,437
 Forsyth         2,347    7,947      2,275    6,841
 Franklin        1,842    2,615      1,838    2,549
 Fulton          120,752  91,785     125,567  95,149
 Gilmer          1,363    3,353      1,234    2,972
 Glascock        210      580        317      827
 Glynn           6,339    11,126     6,574    11,724
 Gordon          2,369    6,051      2,607    5,566
 Grady           1,883    2,989      2,261    3,886
                 1988     1988       1984     1984
                 Dukakis  Bush       Mondale  Reagan
 County          (D)      (R)        (D)      (R)
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Grady           1,883    2,989      2,261    3,886
 Greene          1,818    1,432      1,992    1,599
 Gwinnett        20,948   66,372     14,139   54,749
 Habersham       2,114    4,871      2,125    4,647
 Hall            7,782    17,415     7,421    15,076
 Hancock         1,947    621        2,109    644
 Haralson        2,404    4,529      1,938    3,945
 Harris          1,905    3,414      2,096    3,138
 Hart            2,476    3,044      2,496    2,842
 Heard           874      1,551      810      1,492
 Henry           4,348    10,882     4,096    9,142
 Houston         8,664    15,748     9,226    14,255
 Irwin           918      1,226      905      1,330
 Jackson         2,607    4,407      2,717    4,202
 Jasper          1,188    1,474      1,122    1,431
 Jeff Davis      1,242    2,050      1,380    2,233
 Jefferson       2,346    2,788      2,816    2,999
                 1988     1988       1984     1984
                 Dukakis  Bush       Mondale  Reagan
 County          (D)      (R)        (D)      (R)
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Jefferson       2,346    2,788      2,816    2,999
 Jenkins         953      1,288      1,108    1,399
 Johnson         927      1,567      1,199    1,733
 Jones           2,662    3,618      2,781    3,401
 Lamar           1,416    2,035      1,605    2,198
 Lanier          698      725        741      852
 Laurens         4,879    6,929      5,471    7,181
 Lee             995      2,875      1,284    2,972
 Liberty         2,906    3,100      2,803    3,229
 Lincoln         893      1,417      1,115    1,357
 Long            681      858        816      1,099
 Lowndes         6,427    10,855     6,167    10,437
 Lumpkin         1,286    2,688      1,110    1,991
 McDuffie        1,704    3,231      2,006    3,284
 McIntosh        1,527    1,273      1,796    1,512
 Macon           2,268    1,412      2,521    1,515
 Madison         1,639    3,724      1,690    3,768
                 1988     1988       1984     1984
                 Dukakis  Bush       Mondale  Reagan
 County          (D)      (R)        (D)      (R)
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Madison         1,639    3,724      1,690    3,768
 Marion          844      804        951      846
 Meriwether      2,934    3,101      2,864    3,195
 Miller          515      1,105      526      1,348
 Mitchell        2,260    2,590      2,791    2,737
 Monroe          1,970    2,570      2,189    2,420
 Montgomery      903      1,228      950      1,365
 Morgan          1,508    2,108      1,714    2,301
 Murray          1,679    3,996      1,649    3,521
 Muscogee        18,772   23,058     20,835   23,816
 Newton          3,111    5,809      3,389    5,810
 Oconee          1,990    4,265      1,467    3,471
 Oglethorpe      1,154    1,951      1,238    2,122
 Paulding        2,717    7,329      2,621    6,048
 Peach           2,972    2,782      3,369    2,652
 Pickens         1,430    3,021      1,329    2,801
 Pierce          1,558    1,947      1,501    1,978
                 1988     1988       1984     1984
                 Dukakis  Bush       Mondale  Reagan
 County          (D)      (R)        (D)      (R)
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Pierce          1,558    1,947      1,501    1,978
 Pike            1,176    2,074      1,203    1,855
 Polk            2,977    5,454      3,262    5,435
 Pulaski         1,476    1,400      1,440    1,509
 Putnam          1,532    2,111      1,336    1,830
 Quitman         436      296        490      361
 Rabun           1,301    2,278      1,267    2,191
 Randolph        1,369    1,319      1,454    1,578
 Richmond        20,489   27,566     21,208   29,869
 Rockdale        4,330    12,413     3,291    10,121
 Schley          439      635        403      614
 Screven         1,461    2,178      1,747    2,583
 Seminole        1,171    1,469      1,350    1,636
 Spalding        4,318    7,730      4,878    8,571
 Stephens        2,185    4,329      2,272    4,057
 Stewart         1,136    832        1,308    805
 Sumter          3,332    4,289      3,725    4,607
                 1988     1988       1984     1984
                 Dukakis  Bush       Mondale  Reagan
 County          (D)      (R)        (D)      (R)
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Sumter          3,332    4,289      3,725    4,607
 Talbot          1,248    802        1,494    778
 Taliaferro      469      306        550      318
 Tattnall        1,694    3,172      1,954    3,641
 Taylor          1,134    1,145      1,340    1,292
 Telfair         1,765    1,805      2,049    1,980
 Terrell         1,383    1,517      1,598    1,744
 Thomas          3,530    6,572      4,039    6,427
 Tift            2,446    4,760      2,736    4,429
 Toombs          1,152    4,433      2,385    4,470
 Towns           942      1,783      1,007    1,960
 Treutlen        726      970        843      1,086
 Troup           4,562    9,484      5,272    9,340
 Turner          1,122    1,312      1,270    1,329
 Twiggs          1,730    1,261      1,755    1,143
 Union           1,258    2,396      1,112    1,914
 Upson           2,666    4,614      2,943    4,803
                 1988     1988       1984     1984
                 Dukakis  Bush       Mondale  Reagan
 County          (D)      (R)        (D)      (R)
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Upson           2,666    4,614      2,943    4,803
 Walker          4,753    10,487     5,000    10,734
 Walton          3,091    5,974      2,481    4,995
 Ware            4,292    4,819      4,435    5,547
 Warren          1,091    897        1,258    1,087
 Washington      2,615    2,752      3,034    2,887
 Wayne           2,417    3,340      2,434    3,698
 Webster         427      361        534      402
 Wheeler         658      709        774      833
 White           1,028    2,648      1,090    2,369
 Whitfield       4,618    12,761     5,284    11,957
 Wilcox          1,079    1,235      1,212    1,218
 Wilkes          1,549    1,810      1,586    1,837
 Wilkinson       1,831    1,546      2,102    1,756
 Worth           1,311    2,668      1,685    2,910
 Totals          714,792  1,081,331  706,628  1,068,722






                          Georgia Vote Since 1940

 1940, Roosevelt, Dem., 265,194; Willkie, Rep.,
 23,934; Ind. Dem., 22,428; total, 46,362; Babson, Proh., 983.


 1944, Roosevelt, Dem., 268,187; Dewey, Rep., 56,506;
 Watson, Proh., 36.


 1948, Truman, Dem., 254,646; Dewey, Rep., 76,691;
 Thurmond, States' Rights, 85,055; Wallace, Prog., 1,636;
 Watson, Proh., 732.


 1952, Eisenhower, Rep., 198,979; Stevenson, Dem.,
 456,823; Liberty Party, 1.


 1956, Stevenson, Dem., 444,388; Eisenhower, Rep.,
 222,778; Andrews, Ind., write-in, 1,754.


 1960, Kennedy, Dem., 458,638; Nixon, Rep., 274,472;
 write-in, 239.


 1964, Johnson, Dem., 522,557; Goldwater, Rep.,
 616,600.


 1968, Nixon, Rep., 380,111; Humphrey, Dem., 334,440;
 Wallace, 3d party, 535,550; write-in, 162.


 1972, Nixon, Rep., 881,496; McGovern, Dem., 289,529;
 Schmitz, Amer.,  2,288; scattered.


 1976,  Carter, Dem., 979,409; Ford, Rep., 483,743;
 write-in, 4,306.


 1980, Reagan, Rep., 654,168;  Carter, Dem., 890,955;
 Anderson, Ind., 36,055; Clark, Libertarian, 15,627.


 1984, Reagan, Rep., 1,068,722; Mondale, Dem., 706,628.


 1988, Bush, Rep., 1,081,331; Dukakis, Dem., 714,792; Paul, Lib.,
 8,435; Fulani, New Alliance, 5,099.




                                   Hawaii



╓┌─────────┌────────┌────────┌────────┌──────────────────────────────────────╖
           1988     1988     1984     1984
           Dukakis  Bush     Mondale  Reagan
 County    (D)      (R)      (D)      (R)
 ──────────────────────────────────────────────
 Hawaii    24,091   17,125   17,866   20,707
 Honolulu  138,971  120,258  107,404  140,258
 Kauai     11,770   8,298    8,862    9,249
 Maui      17,532   12,944   12,966   14,720
 Totals    192,364  158,625  147,098  184,934






                           Hawaii Vote Since 1960

 1960, Kennedy, Dem., 92,410; Nixon, Rep., 92,295.


 1964, Johnson, Dem., 163,249; Goldwater, Rep.,
 44,022.


 1968, Nixon, Rep., 91,425; Humphrey, Dem., 141,324;
 Wallace, 3d party, 3,469.


 1972, Nixon, Rep., 168,865; McGovern, Dem., 101,409.


 1976,  Carter, Dem., 147,375; Ford, Rep., 140,003;
 MacBride, Libertarian, 3,923.


 1980, Reagan, Rep., 130,112;  Carter, Dem., 135,879;
 Anderson, Ind., 32,021; Clark, Libertarian, 3,269; Commoner,
 Citizens, 1,548; Hall, Com., 458.


 1984, Reagan, Rep., 184,934; Mondale, Dem., 147,098;
 Bergland, Libertarian, 2,167.


 1988, Bush, Rep., 158,625; Dukakis, Dem., 192,364; Paul, Lib.,
 1,999; Fulani, New Alliance, 1,003.




                                    Idaho



╓┌───────────┌────────┌────────┌────────┌────────────────────────────────────╖
             1988     1988     1984     1984
             Dukakis  Bush     Mondale  Reagan
 County      (D)      (R)      (D)      (R)
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Ada         30,525   54,951   21,760   60,036
             1988     1988     1984     1984
             Dukakis  Bush     Mondale  Reagan
 County      (D)      (R)      (D)      (R)
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Ada         30,525   54,951   21,760   60,036
 Adams       643      1,107    540      1,381
 Bannock     13,074   14,986   9,399    18,742
 Bear Lake   867      2,084    481      2,760
 Benewah     1,518    1,650    1,447    2,039
 Bingham     4,346    10,131   3,064    11,900
 Blaine      2,498    3,130    1,971    3,603
 Boise       620      1,044    436      1,249
 Bonner      5,555    5,721    4,628    6,889
 Bonneville  7,032    22,613   4,877    24,392
 Boundary    1,336    1,800    1,158    2,159
 Butte       521      899      429      1,245
 Camas       136      288      123      364
 Canyon      10,207   21,426   7,527    24,613
 Caribou     867      2,239    535      3,032
 Cassias     1,833    5,345    1,036    6,503
 Clark       133      281      59       353
             1988     1988     1984     1984
             Dukakis  Bush     Mondale  Reagan
 County      (D)      (R)      (D)      (R)
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────
Clark       133      281      59       353
 Clearwater  1,861    1,659    1,608    2,176
 Custer      616      1,253    461      1,653
 Elmore      2,078    3,756    1,458    4,595
 Franklin    806      2,992    439      3,261
 Fremont     1,178    3,401    818      4,006
 Gem         2,064    2,926    1,607    3,644
 Gooding     1,872    2,908    1,247    3,819
 Idaho       2,198    3,541    1,996    4,219
 Jefferson   1,198    5,295    743      5,770
 Jerome      1,985    3,830    1,284    4,913
 Kootenai    11,621   15,093   9,004    17,330
 Latah       6,544    6,367    5,571    7,709
 Lemhi       1,157    2,378    852      2,810
 Lewis       807      786      648      1,000
 Lincoln     574      918      386      1,211
 Madison     1,009    6,197    483      6,798
             1988     1988     1984     1984
             Dukakis  Bush     Mondale  Reagan
 County      (D)      (R)      (D)      (R)
 ────────────────────────────────────────────────
Madison     1,009    6,197    483      6,798
 Minidoka    2,290    4,623    1,398    5,938
 Nez Perce   7,754    7,027    5,981    8,153
 Oneida      508      1,269    360      1,528
 Owyhee      848      1,707    574      2,141
 Payette     1,900    3,786    1,410    4,605
 Power       1,095    1,838    678      2,298
 Shoshone    3,379    2,134    3,033    3,156
 Teton       531      982      370      1,242
 Twin Falls  7,078    13,243   4,567    16,974
 Valley      1,251    1,897    945      2,299
 Washington  1,359    2,380    1,119    3,015
 Totals      147,272  253,881  108,510  297,523






                           Idaho Vote Since 1940

 1940, Roosevelt, Dem., 127,842; Willkie, Rep.,
 106,553; Thomas, Soc., 497; Browder, Com., 276.


 1944, Roosevelt, Dem., 107,399; Dewey, Rep.,
 100,137; Watson, Proh., 503; Thomas, Soc., 282.


 1948, Truman, Dem., 107,370; Dewey, Rep., 101,514;
 Wallace, Prog., 4,972; Watson, Proh., 628; Thomas, Soc., 332.


 1952, Eisenhower, Rep., 180,707; Stevenson Dem.,
 95,081; Hallinan, Prog., 443; write-in, 23.


 1956, Eisenhower, Rep., 166,979; Stevenson, Dem.,
 105,868; Andrews, Ind., 126; write-in, 16.


 1960, Kennedy, Dem., 138,853; Nixon, Rep., 161,597.


 1964, Johnson, Dem., 148,920; Goldwater, Rep.,
 143,557.


 1968, Nixon, Rep., 165,369; Humphrey, Dem., 89,273;
 Wallace, 3d party, 36,541.


 1972, Nixon, Rep., 199,384; McGovern, Dem., 80,826;
 Schmitz, Amer., 28,869; Spock, Peoples, 903.


 1976,  Carter, Dem., 126,549; Ford, Rep., 204,151;
 Maddox, Amer., 5,935; MacBride, Libertarian, 3,558; LaRouche,
 U.S. Labor, 739.


 1980, Reagan, Rep., 290,699;  Carter, Dem., 110,192;
 Anderson, Ind., 27,058; Clark, Libertarian, 8,425; Rarick,
 Amer., 1,057.


 1984, Reagan, Rep., 297,523; Mondale, Dem., 108,510;
 Bergland, Libertarian, 2,823.


 1988, Bush, Rep., 253,881; Dukakis, Dem., 147,272; Paul, Lib.,
 5,313; Fulani, Ind., 2,502.




                                  Illinois



╓┌────────────┌──────────┌──────────┌──────────┌─────────────────────────────╖
              1988       1988       1984       1984
              Dukakis    Bush       Mondale    Reagan
 County       (D)        (R)        (D)        (R)
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 Adams        13,768     15,831     10,336     20,225
 Alexander    2,693      1,954      2,872      2,574
 Bond         3,459      3,608      2,870      4,240
 Boone        4,234      6,923      3,717      7,536
 Brown        1,267      1,373      959        1,478
 Bureau       7,354      8,896      6,925      11,741
 Calhoun      1,544      1,238      1,443      1,648
 Carroll      2,990      4,464      2,398      5,237
 Cass         3,316      2,916      2,937      3,435
 Champaign    29,733     33,247     27,266     39,224
 Christian    8,295      7,040      7,541      8,534
 Clark        3,275      4,508      3,032      5,318
 Clay         2,761      3,494      2,524      4,562
 Clinton      5,935      7,681      4,628      9,233
 Coles        8,327      11,043     7,156      14,044
 Cook         1,129,973  878,582    1,112,641  1,055,558
              1988       1988       1984       1984
              Dukakis    Bush       Mondale    Reagan
 County       (D)        (R)        (D)        (R)
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Cook         1,129,973  878,582    1,112,641  1,055,558
 Crawford     3,555      4,951      3,130      6,261
 Cumberland   1,904      2,667      1,733      3,002
 DeKalb       11,811     17,182     10,942     20,294
 DeWitt       2,660      3,942      2,352      4,534
 Douglas      3,184      4,378      2,886      5,691
 DuPage       94,285     217,907    71,430     227,141
 Edgar        3,880      5,538      3,241      6,821
 Edwards      1,218      2,212      1,057      2,778
 Effingham    4,553      8,431      3,841      9,617
 Fayette      4,632      5,452      3,844      6,607
 Ford         2,026      4,059      1,763      4,871
 Franklin     11,023     7,677      10,667     9,656
 Fulton       9,046      6,999      9,131      9,147
 Gallatin     2,455      1,580      2,164      1,939
 Greene       3,020      3,136      2,563      4,057
 Grundy       5,525      8,743      4,671      9,595
              1988       1988       1984       1984
              Dukakis    Bush       Mondale    Reagan
 County       (D)        (R)        (D)        (R)
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Grundy       5,525      8,743      4,671      9,595
 Hamilton     2,618      2,622      2,251      3,074
 Hancock      4,740      4,568      3,713      6,251
 Hardin       1,308      1,504      1,205      1,689
 Henderson    2,085      1,726      1,969      2,289
 Henry        11,594     11,358     10,679     14,504
 Iroquois     4,221      9,596      3,300      11,327
 Jackson      11,334     9,687      12,105     13,609
 Jasper       2,135      3,024      1,750      3,673
 Jefferson    7,729      7,624      7,200      9,642
 Jersey       4,376      4,343      3,762      5,146
 JoDaviess    4,141      4,923      3,348      5,877
 Johnson      1,872      2,797      1,647      3,424
 Kane         36,366     66,283     31,875     72,655
 Kankakee     15,147     20,316     15,246     23,807
 Kendall      4,347      10,653     3,789      10,872
 Knox         12,752     10,842     12,027     14,974
              1988       1988       1984       1984
              Dukakis    Bush       Mondale    Reagan
 County       (D)        (R)        (D)        (R)
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Knox         12,752     10,842     12,027     14,974
 Lake         64,327     114,115    53,947     118,401
 LaSalle      22,271     22,166     20,532     27,388
 Lawrence     3,140      3,655      2,924      4,686
 Lee          4,608      8,903      3,919      11,178
 Livingston   5,009      10,324     4,567      12,291
 Logan        4,727      8,490      4,052      9,932
 McDonough    5,247      7,173      4,561      9,383
 McHenry      18,919     46,135     14,420     47,282
 McLean       18,659     30,572     15,880     32,221
 Macon        25,364     23,862     25,463     30,457
 Macoupin     12,195     9,362      10,602     12,282
 Madison      54,175     44,907     48,352     57,021
 Marion       8,592      8,695      7,599      11,300
 Marshall     2,742      3,588      2,386      4,060
 Mason        3,406      3,424      3,354      4,109
 Massac       3,227      3,507      3,194      3,827
              1988       1988       1984       1984
              Dukakis    Bush       Mondale    Reagan
 County       (D)        (R)        (D)        (R)
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Massac       3,227      3,507      3,194      3,827
 Menard       2,103      3,560      1,826      3,925
 Mercer       4,204      3,683      3,982      4,907
 Monroe       4,529      6,275      3,256      6,936
 Montgomery   7,293      6,388      6,360      8,191
 Morgan       6,032      8,808      5,361      10,683
 Moultrie     3,013      3,167      2,458      3,593
 Ogle         5,641      11,644     4,803      13,503
 Peoria       35,253     37,605     36,830     45,607
 Perry        5,167      4,576      4,584      5,852
 Piatt        3,099      4,137      2,840      5,000
 Pike         4,614      3,965      3,965      5,295
 Pope         996        1,202      940        1,545
 Pulaski      1,793      1,666      1,724      1,923
 Putnam       1,601      1,516      1,487      1,912
 Randolph     7,844      7,396      6,355      9,415
 Richland     2,863      4,264      2,182      5,665
              1988       1988       1984       1984
              Dukakis    Bush       Mondale    Reagan
 County       (D)        (R)        (D)        (R)
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Richland     2,863      4,264      2,182      5,665
 Rock Island  40,174     27,412     40,208     35,121
 St. Clair    55,465     41,439     52,294     51,046
 Saline       6,676      5,798      6,038      7,176
 Sangamon     37,729     50,175     34,059     54,086
 Schuyler     1,866      2,178      1,533      2,515
 Scott        1,243      1,535      943        1,976
 Shelby       4,650      5,370      4,317      6,372
 Stark        1,274      1,841      1,072      2,228
 Stephenson   7,460      11,342     6,723      14,237
 Tazewell     24,603     28,861     23,095     33,782
 Union        4,197      4,244      3,815      4,721
 Vermilion    17,918     16,943     16,530     22,932
 Wabash       2,241      3,453      1,795      3,639
 Warren       3,617      4,584      3,318      5,846
 Washington   2,689      4,127      2,363      5,129
 Wayne        3,135      5,481      2,621      6,298
              1988       1988       1984       1984
              Dukakis    Bush       Mondale    Reagan
 County       (D)        (R)        (D)        (R)
 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Wayne        3,135      5,481      2,621      6,298
 White        4,144      4,354      3,457      5,500
 Whiteside    11,328     12,978     11,226     16,743
 Will         49,816     73,129     45,193     78,684
 Williamson   12,712     12,274     11,614     14,930
 Winnebago    45,280     55,699     44,629     64,203
 Woodford     4,604      9,474      4,425      10,758
 Totals       2,215,940  2,310,939  2,086,499  2,707,103






                          Illinois Vote Since 1940

 1940, Roosevelt, Dem., 2,149,934; Willkie, Rep.,
 2,047,240; Thomas, Soc., 10,914; Babson, Proh., 9,190.


 1944, Roosevelt, Dem., 2,079,479; Dewey, Rep.,
 1,939,314; Teichert, Soc. Labor, 9,677; Watson, Proh., 7,411;
 Thomas, Soc., 180.


 1948, Truman, Dem., 1,994,715; Dewey, Rep.,
 1,961,103; Watson, Proh., 11,959; Thomas, Soc., 11,522;
 Teichert, Soc. Labor, 3,118.


 1952, Eisenhower, Rep., 2,457,327; Stevenson, Dem.,
 2,013,920; Hass, Soc. Labor, 9,363; write-in, 448.


 1956, Eisenhower, Rep., 2,623,327; Stevenson, Dem.,
 1,775,682; Hass, Soc. Labor, 8,342; write-in, 56.


 1960, Kennedy, Dem., 2,377,846; Nixon, Rep.,
 2,368,988; Hass, Soc. Labor, 10,560; write-in, 15.


 1964, Johnson, Dem., 2,796,833; Goldwater, Rep.,
 1,905,946; write-in, 62.


 1968, Nixon, Rep., 2,174,774; Humphrey, Dem.,
 2,039,814; Wallace, 3d party, 390,958; Blomen, Soc. Labor,
 13,878; write-in, 325.


 1972, Nixon, Rep. 2,788,179; McGovern, Dem.,
 1,913,472; Fisher, Soc. Labor, 12,344; Schmitz, Amer., 2,471;