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12.PNE
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1987-04-22
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COMPUTING FOR THE COMPLETE NOVICE
*********************************
PART 2
******
by KEEFY
********
Well, here we are again with the second little part in the series which
goes right down to the basics. How are you finding it so far?, ( easy
i hope!). This issue we're going to have a good old dig around under the
covers of a computer and see what makes it tick, looking at the CPU and
memory. If there are any of you out there who particularly like this
section then write and let us know, also write if you hate it or if you
think i've got something wrong. After all, i'm miles away from being
perfect. Right, i suppose i'd better get started hadn't i, before you all
fall asleep, and we wouldn't want that would we.
THE FOUR STAGE MODEL
********************
There are four main components to any computer system and they are....
INPUT.....Placing the data and instructions into the CPU.
CPU.......Central Processing Unit. Data is processed according to the
instructions.
OUTPUT....Data, instructions and results are shown on screen, printed and
stored.
AUXILIARY STORAGE......Any method of storing data, instructions and
results which can be used as input at a later date.
The Central Processing Unit is the main part of the system, and all data
is processed there. However, processing power is not enough; there must be
some way of inputting data to be processed, and some way of collecting the
results. Also most of the advantages of using a computer would be lost if
instructions and data had to be keyed in each time the computer was needed
so storage of information in a form the computer can understand is
essential.
The brain of the computer is the Central Processing Unit, or CPU. Any
other device which may be used is called a Peripheral Device. Input,Output
and Auxiliary Storage devices are also peripheral devices. This means they
are connected to and controlled by the CPU.
The CPU contains three main parts:
1. A CONTROL UNIT controls the flow of data around the computer system,
including the movement of information between units.
2. An INTERNAL MEMORY stores the data and programs to be processed.
3. An ARITHMETIC and LOGIC UNIT (called the ALU) compares data and deals
with computations.
MEMORY
******
A computer stores data in the form of binary digits. Every peice of
information is converted to a mathematical basis for storing and
processing.
Using binary numbers (instead of the tens, hundreds, etc) means that it
only uses a base of 2.(The computer can only switch electricity on and
off). There are only 2 digits the computer can use. 0 meaning nothing,and
1 meaning something. Each time the units go above 1, a digit must be
transfered to a new column on the left.
for example:
1=1
2=10
3=11
4=100
5=101
6=110
7=111
8=1000 ETC....ETC....
Converting from base 10 to base 2 is quite easy (although it is easier if
you use a calculator! ). All you have to do is divide the number you want
to convert by 2 and then see if you have a remainder, 0 for no remainder,
1 for a remainder. Then divide the number you get by two and so on and so
on.
For example:
50 / 2 = 25 remainder 0
25 / 2 = 12 remainder 1
12 / 2 = 6 remainder 0
6 / 2 = 3 remainder 0
3 / 2 = 1 remainder 1
1 / 2 = 0 remainder 1
You then read the remainders from the bottom up to get:
110010
And i think you'll find that that is 50 in binary. ( i hope!)
Each digit is a BIT of information or data.
8 BITS = 1 BYTE
1024 BYTES = 1 KILOBYTE
1000 KILOBYTES = 1 MEGABYTE
A WORD of information consists of enough BITS to give your computer one
complete instruction, and will probably sometimes contain more than one
byte of data. It is the maximum size of one machine instruction, ie 8 bit,
16 bit, etc...............
Right, thats enough for this month i think, i'll be back next issue (i
hope), so i'll see ya then. If you can stand it that is!.