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- We will represent atoms as depicted above although they have
- a much more complicated structure. Here are two atoms, (Cl for chlorine)
- and sodium (Na). Yes, strange as it may seem "Na" is short for sodium.
- Chlorine is a poisonous gas used to make laundry bleach. The
- odor of the bleach is from the chlorine. Sodium is a metal that
- explodes when placed in water.
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- It turns out that sodium and chlorine atoms can be connected.
- Try combining them by moving the sodium atom. (Use the right cursor
- key or hit ─┘ for auto-connect).
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- Congratulations! You have formed a molecule of table salt!
- When two atoms combine, a molecule is formed. Molecules are important
- because they have new properties. Salt or NaCl (say the letters:
- N A C L), is a common food seasoning made of the gas, chlorine and the
- metal, sodium.
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- Let's see if we can combine sodium with another atom type called
- fluorine or F for short. (Try combining the atoms).
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- The molecule you made is NaF. NaF or sodium fluoride is the
- ingredient of a popular toothpaste used to prevent tooth decay. Other
- fluoride toothpastes use Na and F atoms combined with other atoms to
- make monofluorophosphate. Look at the label on a tube the next chance
- you have to see if it has a fluoride molecule.
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- Ingredient labels on packages of food, on candybar wrappers and
- even on things like shampoo are simply lists of molecules. Chemistry
- is the study of atoms and how atoms combine to make molecules.
- The more you learn, the more you will know about the food you eat
- and other things around you.
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- Hydrogen is another atom which you may try to combine with sodium.
- (Try it!).
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- They don't combine! Sodium and hydrogen atoms do not combine to
- make a molecule.
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- Try combining the hydrogen atom (H) with the chlorine atom (Cl)
- by moving the hydrogen atom towards the chlorine atom.
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- Hydrogen and chlorine combine to form a molecule of HCl. HCl,
- more commonly known as hydrochloric acid, is a powerful and dangerous acid.
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- Here's hydrogen with the fluorine atom. (Do you think they will
- combine? Guess to yourself and then try combining them.)
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- They combined to make hydrogen fluoride (hydrofluoric acid): HF for short.
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- Learning which atoms can combine to form molecules is a very
- important goal in chemistry. Not all atoms can combine to make
- molecules. Atoms behave much like magnets; poles of a magnet with
- opposite charges attract one another, while poles of a magnet with
- like charges repel each other. Positively charged atoms cannot
- combine with other positively charged atoms; rather, positively
- charged atoms can only combine with negatively charged atoms.
- Positively charged atoms such as H and Na are in the plus group,
- while negatively charged atoms such as Cl and F are in the minus
- group. H and Na do not combine because they're in the same group.
- We have seen that both H and Na combine with Cl and F to form molecules:
- ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
- Na + Cl = NaCl H + Cl = HCl Na + F = NaF H + F = HF
- ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
- So we can see that it is easy to determine which atoms can
- combine to make molecules, provided we know which group the atom
- belongs to.
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- Here is a hydrogen atom with an oxygen (or O for short). See if these
- atoms combine to form a molecule.
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- Great! You have just formed an OH molecule.
- We have seen that oxygen combines with hydrogen to form an OH molecule.
- Oxygen must be a group MINUS atom. It combines with hydrogen which is a
- group PLUS atom.
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- Let's try something new. Another atom has been added, you should recognize it
- as hydrogen. See if it can be added to an OH molecule.
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- You have made a molecule called H2O (say "H two O"), better known as water.
- Water is a new substance made of the gases hydrogen and oxygen.
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- Let's see if another hydrogen atom can be added to the oxygen to make
- an H3O molecule.
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- -They don't combine! Only two hydrogen atoms can be combined with oxygen.
-
- Remember, we decided that oxygen was a group MINUS atom like chlorine and
- fluorine. Unlike these two atoms which can combine with only one atom of
- hydrogen, oxygen combines with two hydrogen atoms.
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- Another very important task in chemistry is learning how many atoms
- of each group are needed to make a molecule.
- Some atoms like chlorine and fluorine combine with only a single
- hydrogen atom. Atoms like oxygen require two hydrogen atoms to make
- a molecule.
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- Here is a new atom. N is short for nitrogen. That's easy to remember!
- There are two things we would like to know about an atom. First,
- does it belong to group PLUS or group MINUS? Second, how many atoms does
- it combine with at one time.
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- We determine an atom's group by trying to combine it with atoms whose
- group we already know. If nitrogen is a group PLUS atom it will combine
- with the group MINUS atom, chlorine. If it is a group MINUS atom then
- it will combine with the group PLUS atom, hydrogen.
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- First try combining the chlorine atom with the nitrogen atom.
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- -They don't combine!
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- Chlorine and nitrogen did not combine, so is nitrogen a group PLUS or MINUS
- atom? Nitrogen is a group MINUS atom - since it did not combine with chlorine
- it must be of the same group as chlorine: MINUS.
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- Let's make sure that nitrogen is a group MINUS atom by trying to combine
- it with hydrogen.
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- Good, they combine! Now let's see how many hydrogen atoms can be
- combined with nitrogen. (Try another).
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- Try another hydrogen atom.
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- Only 3 hydrogen atoms combine with nitrogen.
- The molecule formed by adding 3 hydrogen atoms to one nitrogen atom
- is ammonia. The short-hand notation is NH3. Ammonia is commonly used
- in household cleaners and has a very strong smell.
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- A special word, VALENCE, is used to describe the number of atoms a certain
- molecule can combine with to make a complete molecule.
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- Hydrogen, sodium, chlorine and fluorine have a valence of 1, since each
- combine with only one other atom at a time.
- Oxygen has a valence of 2, because it combines with 2 valence 1 atoms
- at the same time. Similarly, nitrogen has a valence of 3.
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