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1992-08-06
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ORTHOGRAPHIC EARTH
Version 9232
August 06, 1992
(C) Copyright David H. Ransom, Jr., 1992
All rights reserved.
David H. Ransom, Jr.
7130 Avenida Altisima
Rancho Palos Verdes, CA 90274 USA
Computer Bulletin Boards
------------------------
RPV ASTRONOMY BBS (14400/9600/2400): (310) 541-7299
RPV HOTLINE BBS (2400/1200): (310) 544-8977
NASA SPACELINK BBS (2400/1200): (205) 895-0028
Program Description
-------------------
ORTHOGRAPHIC EARTH is a demonstration of the orthographic projection method
of displaying the Earth intended for use on EGA and VGA display monitors.
The program is NOT compatible with other display types. The orthographic
projection used here does not include perspective. It assumes you are at a
great distance from the Earth and can therefore see a complete hemisphere.
The zoom feature is roughly equivalent to what would be seen using a
variable zoom lens on a camera.
ORTHOGRAPHIC EARTH is copyrighted software; you are hereby granted a non-
exclusive license for non-commercial or educational use only. Agencies of
the U.S. Government are also hereby granted a non-exclusive license for
internal use. Use ORTHOGRAPHIC EARTH if you like it, discard it if you
don't. There are no warranties of any kind. If you wish to use ORTHOGRAPHIC
EARTH commercially, write for license information. The only request I make
of users is that they take the time to complete and return the confidential
questionnaire in file README. The questionnaire gives users a chance to
offer comments and suggestions, and lets me know that people use and
appreciate ORTHOGRAPHIC EARTH . Registration of ORTHOGRAPHIC EARTH is
inexpensive and optional -- but will be appreciated and will encourage me
to continue supporting and enhancing the program.
The initial orthographic rotation equations were implemented in Microsoft
QuickBASIC by Matthew Merrill for possible inclusion in his fine Solar
Eclipse program SOLAR, also available on my bulletin board systems, and he
was kind enough to send his code to me for evaluation and for possible use
in my own program STSORBIT PLUS. My thanks to Matthew for his assistance,
and I have in turn supplied my rewritten code to him. Watch for a similar
projection in SOLAR! Thanks also to Mike Gardner and Joel Runes for their
testing efforts, comments, and suggestions.
The purpose of writing ORTHOGRAPHIC EARTH is two-fold: first, to
demonstrate and test the orthographic projection algorithms and performance
for use in Matthew Merrill's program SOLAR and my own program STSORBIT
PLUS; and second, to provide an interesting and entertaining view of the
Earth on suitable personal computers. Subject the license information in
the preceeding paragraph, the program may be freely used and distributed.
The current version is always posted on my bulletin board systems (above)
or may be obtained on disk for a donation of US$10.00 (please specify 5-
1/4" or 3-1/2" disks).
The program is set up with default values set to display the Earth centered
approximately on Rancho Palos Verdes, California, near Los Angeles. By
responding "N" to the prompt asking if default values should be used, the
user may enter any desired zoom factor from 10% to 2000%, set the map
center coordinates (latitude and longitude), and select whether or not to
display a map grid. The prompts are self-explanatory; values enclosed in
square brackets [...] are the default values which will be used if ENTER is
pressed.
Math Coprocessor Chip
---------------------
The drawing time for ORTHOGRAPHIC EARTH is a function of the part of the
Earth being drawn, the selected Zoom Factor, the speed of the computer, and
whether or not it has a math coprocessor chip. A math coprocessor is now
relatively inexpensive and is STRONGLY RECOMMENDED! For example, the time
using the default values is approximately 3.5 seconds on a 486DX and
approximately 30 seconds on a 286/287. Times for computers without math
coprocessor chips will be MUCH longer, on the order of several minutes even
for 386 systems!
Users are also cautioned to be certain that the math coprocessor chip which
is selected will execute properly. One math coprocessor chip, not Intel,
failed to execute ORTHOGRAPHIC EARTH without errors. I was unable to
determine if the math coprocessor failure was a generic problem associated
with that brand or speed, if the problem was the design of the laptop
computer being evaluated, or only a problem associated with that particular
chip. If errors are detected, error messages will appear on the right
portion of the display. On the five computers I normally use for testing,
NO ERRORS EVER APPEARED!
Command Line Options
--------------------
The program is started by switching to the directory which contains all of
the program files and entering a command at the DOS prompt:
EARTH [options]
No options are required. However, the following command line options may be
included:
/D Force automatic demonstration mode. This option overrides all
other options EXCEPT /M and bypasses operator prompts.
/E Force a VGA monitor to use the EGA mode.
/R Display the Earth in motion, using five degrees (if the drawing
time is 10 seconds or greater) or two and a half degrees
(otherwise) rotation per display. This option is ONLY available
in EGA resolution and forces EGA emulation on VGA monitors.
/M Force monochrome operation. Note that this command line option
used WHITE and LIGHT WHITE, usually available on monochrome
monitors.
During the demonstration mode or if automatic rotation is enabled with the
"/R" command line option AND the zoom factor is less than 100%, the zoom
factor will be increased by 5% for each drawing cycle until it reaches
100%. For a demonstration of the rotation and zoom features, enter:
EARTH /D
at the DOS prompt. Press ESC to stop the automatic rotation and press ESC
again to quit the program.
Stopping EARTH
--------------
When automatic rotation has been requested ("/D" or "/R" command line
options), the message "Press ESC to stop" will be displayed. Pressing the
key marked "ESC" will cause map drawing to stop, a "beep" will be heard,
and the message will change to "Press ESC to quit". There may be a slight
delay, as long as the current map drawing time, before the ESC key takes
effect.
When the message "Press ESC to quit" is displayed, pressing the key marked
"ESC" will return you to the DOS prompt.
Moving the Map Center
---------------------
The map center is set initially by either selecting the default values (for
Rancho Palos Verdes, California) or by entering latitude and longitude
coordinates for a selected location. The initial map will always be drawn
using these coordinates. The center of the map is marked by a small yellow
circle in the center of the map area.
When the message "Press ESC to quit" is displayed, you may press the "C"
key (upper or lower case) and you will be prompted to enter new coordinates
(latitude and longitude) for the map center.
Any time the messages "PgUp/PgDn to ZOOM" and "Arrow Key to MOVE" are
displayed, those keys are active. There is a built-in 0.5 second delay from
the time one of these keys is pressed until the action is taken; this
allows for multiple keypresses (to save intermediate map drawing time). The
following keys are active:
PgUp Increases the ZOOM to a maximum of 2000%. The size of the
increment changes depending upon the current Zoom Factor.
PgDn Decreases the ZOOM to a minimum of 20%. The size of the
increment changes depending upon the current Zoom Factor.
Home Returns the Zoom Factor to 100%.
End Steps the Zoom Factor from 50% to 100% to 300% to 1000% to
2000% and then back to 50%.
Up Arrow Moves the center of the map UP on the map. The size of the
increment changes depending upon the current Zoom Factor.
Dn Arrow Moves the center of the map DOWN on the map. The size of the
increment changes depending upon the current Zoom Factor.
Rt Arrow Moves the center of the map RIGHT on the map. The size of
the increment changes depending upon the current Zoom
Factor.
Lt Arrow Moves the center of the map LEFT on the map. The size of the
increment changes depending upon the current Zoom Factor.
Map Database Detail
-------------------
The map database used for ORTHOGRAPHIC EARTH is an adaptation of the Micro
World Database II, placed in the public domain by Peter Pospeschil and
Antonio Riveria. The original data were from the US Central Intelligence
Agency (CIA) as distributed by the National Technical Information Service
(NTIS).
In order to obtain maximum performance, the map database has been converted
to geocentric coordinates from the original latitude/longitude data and
split into a data file (*.XYZ) and an index file (*.MCX). Several versions
of the database are available, differing only in the amount of map detail
included. Two such databases are included in the standard distribution of
ORTHOGRAPHIC EARTH, and a third, more detailed database is available
separately via my bulletin board systems. The available map databases are:
EARTH4.* Lowest level of detail and required for operation of
the program.
EARTH3.* Optional intermediate level of detail selected (if
present) for Zoom Factors of 300% or greater.
EARTH2.* Optional highest level of detail, selected (if present)
for Zoom Factors of 1000% or greater.
ORTHOGRAPHIC EARTH checks to see which map databases are present in the
default directory when it starts. The EARTH4.* files MUST be present. The
remaining map databases are optional. Increasing the level of detail
greatly improves the map appearance at higher Zoom Factors. As usual,
however, there is no free lunch. EARTH3 requires approximately twice the
time to draw the map as does EARTH4. Similarly, EARTH2 requires
approximately three times as long as EARTH3 to draw a given map.
Other map databases may be made available periodically, depending upon my
available time and user interest. Comments and suggestions are welcome.
Keyboard Rotation Modes
-----------------------
Automatic Rotation may be initiated any time the message "Press ESC to
quit" is displayed by pressing the "R" key (upper or lower case). The map
will begin rotating at the current latitude.
The demonstration (identical to that requested by the "/D" command line
option), may be initiated any time the message "Press ESC to quit" is
displayed by pressing the "D" key (upper or lower case).
Version 9232, August 1992
-------------------------
-Added PgUp, PgDn, Home, End, and arrow keys to allow manual adjustment of
the map center.
-Corrected the direction of rotation of the Earth to correspond to the
"real thing". Silly mistake! Thanks to Dave Mullenix for pointing it out to
me.
-Added the "/D" command line option to bypass all prompts and immediately
do the demonstration.
-Changed the map database from EARTH.MCP to EARTH.XYZ to eliminate the
conversion of map coordinates from latitude/longitude to geocentric X-Y-Z
coordinates. This typically saved an additional 25% in map drawing time.
-Added additional error trapping to try and detect problems on certain
machines.
Version 9230, July 1992
-----------------------
-The original code for ORTHOGRAPHIC EARTH was written by Matthew Merrill to
work out the details of the projection and test to the features for use in
his program SOLAR. Motion and EGA were not included.
-Version 9230 has been re-written by Dave Ransom to improve the speed
performance, to include EGA compatibility for use on systems so equipped,
and to allow for motion. Note that the EGA mode on some VGA-equipped
systems does NOT always perform correctly or may appear "squeezed"
vertically.