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Newsgroups: news.answers,bit.listserv.big-lan,comp.dcom.lans.misc
Path: senator-bedfellow.mit.edu!bloom-beacon.mit.edu!spool.mu.edu!howland.reston.ans.net!europa.eng.gtefsd.com!uunet!psinntp!newstand.syr.edu!arachnids.syr.edu!jmwobus
From: jmwobus@mailbox.syr.edu (John Wobus)
Subject: BIG-LAN/bit.listserv.big-lan FAQ
Message-ID: <1993Nov4.080300.18809@newstand.syr.edu>
Followup-To: poster
Originator: jmwobus@arachnids.syr.edu
Reply-To: big-lan-request@suvm.syr.edu
Organization: Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY
Date: Thu, 4 Nov 93 08:02:59 EST
Approved: jmwobus@mailbox.syr.edu
Lines: 1326
Xref: senator-bedfellow.mit.edu news.answers:14289 bit.listserv.big-lan:76 comp.dcom.lans.misc:2612
Archive-name: LANs/big-lan-faq
BIG-LAN Frequently Asked Questions
Last Updated: April 18, 1993
Acknowledgements: A lot of people provided information for me and I freely
admit that I have not recorded the list of names. Thanks to all.
Contents
--------
I. About BIG-LAN
II. Explanation of this Memo
III. Sources of Information on Campus Networks
1. Must-Read Sources
2. A Few General Sources
3. LISTSERV Mailing Lists
4. Internet Mailing Lists
5. Internet Mailing Lists with automatic subscription
6. USENET/Netnews Groups
7. Anonymous FTP-based Archive Sites
8. LISTSERV-based Archive Sites
9. RFCs (Internet "Request For Comments")
10. Other Useful Online Papers
11. Sources of Protocol Documents
12. Useful Free Software
13. Books
14. Periodicals
15. Training Courses
16. Conferences
IV. Basic Glossary on Campus Networks
V. Frequently Asked Questions on Campus Networks
1. What is the difference between Ethernet and IEEE 802.3?
2. What is encapsulation? What do I have to know about it?
3. How do I know whether to use a router or a bridge?
4. How do I know whether to use a bridge or a repeater? How many
repeaters may I put on an Ethernet?
5. Should I use "manageable" hubs, concentrators, etc on my LAN?
6. Which LAN technology should I use? Arcnet? FDDI? Token Ring? 10BASE-T?
7. What is the ideal cable to install in a new building?
8. What is the ideal cable to install between buildings on a campus?
9. Whose routers are recommended?
10. Whose bridges are recommended?
11. Whose Ethernet equipment are recommended?
12. Whose Token Ring equipment are recommended?
13. Whose FDDI equipment are recommended?
14. What PC network software is recommended?
15. What protocols should run on a campus-wide LAN?
16. What software is recommended for managing a campus-wide LAN?
17. What terminal server is recommended?
18. Whose troubleshooting equipment are recommended?
19. What security products should I buy?
20. Should the names of devices on my campus LAN have subdomains?
21. Should client stations use POP? Should they use just SMTP? Should
I use some non-TCP/IP protocol for mail to/from client stations?
22. Should I enable SQE/heartbeat?
I. About BIG-LAN
BIG-LAN is a mailing list for discussion of issues in designing and
operating Campus-Size Local Area Networks, especially complex
nes utilizing multiple technologies and supporting multiple
protocols. Topics include repeaters, bridges, routers and
gateways; how to incorporate smaller Personal-Computer type LANs
into the campus-wide LAN; how to unify the mail systems, etc.
This is an ideal list in which to debate the relative merits of
bridges vs routers.
All requests to be added to or deleted from this list, problems,
questions, etc., should be sent to BIG-LAN-REQUEST@SUVM.ACS.SYR.EDU
(Internet) or BIG-REQ@SUVM (Bitnet). Those familiar with LISTSERV
can subscribe with LISTSERV@SUVM.ACS.SYR.EDU (Internet) or
LISTSERV@SUVM (Bitnet).
Archives are available through LISTSERV and anonymous ftp.
Coordinator: John Wobus <JMWOBUS@SYR.EDU>
<JMWOBUS@SUVM>
II. Explanation of this Memo
Since BIG-LAN is not specific to any protocol family, it will
not cover any particular protocol family in detail, e.g. this
is not a TCP/IP/Internet FAQ Memo. Fortunately, there are some
good TCP/IP FAQ Memos which are listed in the sources of
information below.
Suggestions, corrections, and contributions welcome. Please
send them to:
big-lan-request@suvm.acs.syr.edu
BIG-REQ@SUVM.BITNET
III. Sources of Information on Campus Networks
This list favors "network" sources of information: available on
the Internet and/or BITNET and other similar networks; if you
have access to BIG-LAN then you have access to one of these
networks; and these sources are not the kind which you can
discover through vendors, books, bookstores, or libraries.
1. Must-Read Sources
These are documents that you definitely should get and read if you
have questions about Campus Networks.
a. Charles Spurgeon's reading list (see below under "Other Useful
Online Papers").
b. RFCs 1175, 1325, 1207, and 1392 (see below under "RFCs").
2. A Few General Sources
These are network resources & mechanisms for getting all kinds
of information--not just on Networking; thus we can't cover them
very thoroughly in this memo.
a. LISTSERV - mailing list servers & file servers on BITNET, accessible
via e-mail. Can be reached and used from a lot of networks.
Mail the command INFO to any LISTSERV for help. Also have
database commands (i.e. search commands) for archives they store.
b. Usenet News/Netnews: distributed bulletin board with discussions
on lots of topics. Distributed through the Internet and through
UUCP.
c. Anonymous ftp: the main way to make files available on the Internet.
ftp to a site using username "anonymous". A password is always
demanded--sometimes a banner tells you what to use--otherwise
"guest" almost always works.
d. Archie servers - network-accessible databases of where to get
files via anonymous ftp. Access is through telnet, rlogin,
mail, or a special "archie" protocol. To use via telnet,
enter username archie. Some servers: archie.ans.net,
archie.sura.net, archie.mcgill.edu, archie.unl.edu.
e. WAIS - Internet-accessible databases on different topics.
Available via WAIS protocol (basically Z39.50). Client
(and server) software is collected on quake.think.com as
well as a WAIS database of WAIS servers.
f. ftplist.txt - collected list of anonymous ftp sites.
Stored lots of places in anonymous ftp including syr.edu.
g. Internet gopher - something like anonymous ftp only more advanced:
to get started, I suggest ftping boombox.micro.umn.edu and getting
information on gopher. A number of sites have servers.
h. Internet List of lists: available by anonymous ftp from
ftp.nisc.sri.com, or through a mail-based file server
at mailserver@nisc.sri.com.
i. LISTSERV internal list of lists. Available by mailing the command
LIST GLOBAL to any LISTSERV.
j. news.answers - newsgroup that distributes Frequently Asked
Questions memos for lots of Netnews groups.
k. FAQ archive available via anonymous ftp on pit-manager.mit.edu
From the archives of news.answers, Frequently Asked Question
memos for lots of Netnews groups.
l. news.announce.newusers - has periodic postings about how to
use Usenet/Netnews and also a lot about mailing lists.
m. BITFTP. A BITNET server that allows BITNET sites to use the
Internet's File Transfer Protocol to send/receive files to
ftpable Internet sites. For more information, send mail
to BITFTP@PUCC with HELP as the message body.
n. Database of lists managed by LISTSERV@VM1.NODAK.EDU. Use through
LISTSERV's database interface.
o. Maas files--Indexes & abstracts about various services available
via Internet & BITNET including some related to campus networks.
Available via anonymous ftp from ftp.unt.edu.
p. NETSCOUT@VMTECMEX.BITNET mailing list. A list to exchange information
on the location of network resources. LISTSERV-based so use
instructions below to subscribe, etc.
3. LISTSERV Mailing Lists
Send a "SUBSCRIBE" command to LISTSERV@foo, e.g.
SUBSCRIBE BIG-LAN John Doe
a. BIG-LAN@SUVM.BITNET/SUVM.ACS.SYR.EDU
b. NOVELL@SUVM.BITNET/SUVM.ACS.SYR.EDU
c. CDROMLAN@IDBSU.BITNET/IDBSU.IDBSU.EDU
d. BANYAN-L@AKRONVM.BITNET
e. CW-EMAIL@TECMTYVM.BITNET (Campus Wide E-mail)
f. CWIS-L@WUVMD.BITNET (Campus Wide Information Systems)
g. IBM-NETS@BITNIC.BITNET
h. LWUSERS@NDSUVM1.BITNET (LANWatch User List)
i. TN3270-L@RUTVM1.BITNET
j. 3COM-L@NUSVM.BITNET
h. HELP-NET@TEMPLEVM.BITNET (Help re networking software)
i. LANWORKS@MIAMIU.BITNET (LanWorks PCSA stuff)
j. LANMAN-L@NIHLIST.BITNET (MS LAN MAN stuff)
4. Internet Mailing Lists
Send a subscription request for list foo to foo-request@blah
a. big-lan@suvm.acs.syr.edu (gives you 2 ways)
b. cisco@spot.colorado.edu
c. p4200@comet.cit.cornell.edu (Proteon routers)
d. tcp-ip@nic.ddn.mil
e. netblazer-users@telebit.com
f. info-appletalk@andrew.cmu.edu
g. net-ops@nsl.dec.com
h. nfs@tmc.edu
i. wellfleet-l@nstn.ns.ca
j. ospf@trantor.umd.edu (OSPF IP routing protocol)
k. pop@jhunix.hcf.jhu.edu
l. bind@ucbarpa.berkeley.edu
m. pc-ip@udel.edu
n. drivers@sun.soe.clarkson.edu (Packet Drivers)
o. cell-relay@indiana.edu gatewayed to comp.dcom.cell-relay)
5. Internet Mailing Lists with automatic subscription
Send a "SUBSCRIBE" command to the listed server.
a. firewalls@greatcircle.com majordomo@greatcircle.com
(about firewall routers)
b. firewalls-digest@greatcircle.com majordomo@greatcircle.com
(same list in digested form)
6. USENET/Netnews Groups
a. comp.dcom.* lans, modems, sys.cisco, telecom, ...
b. comp.protocols.* appletalk, tcp-ip, ibm, ppp, ...
c. comp.sys.proteon
d. comp.sys.novell
e. comp.sys.mac.comm
f. bit.listserv.big-lan (Note: these groups give Netnews
g. bit.listserv.novell readers a way to read the corresponding
h. bit.listserv.cwis-l LISTSERV lists)
i. bit.listserv.cw-mail
j. bit.listserv.3com-l
k. alt.dcom.* catv, telecom, ...
7. Anonymous FTP-based Archive Sites
a. syr.edu: BIG-LAN mailing list; NOVELL mailing list; a collection of
network-oriented papers.
b. spot.colorado.edu: cisco mailing list & some other network stuff
c. hsdndev.harvard.edu: (in ndtl/results) Results of Scott
Bradner's router benchmarks.
d. ftp.uu.net: a treasure trove of software.
e. wuarchive.wustl.edu: a treasure trove of software.
f. vax.ftp.com: packet drivers, some Unix software, other stuff.
g. ftp.utexas.edu: collection of networking info & software.
h. ftp.slc.is.novell.com: files Novell makes available.
i. ftp.cisco.com: files Cisco makes available & some interesting
applications.
j. gatekeeper.dec.com: a treasure trove of software & stuff
(the stuff that was on decwrl.dec.com).
k. lux.levels.unisa.edu.au: files that 3Com distributes via
Compuserve.
l. ftp.unt.edu: Maas files and other goodies.
m. simtel20.army.mil: a treasure trove of software, including
packet drivers (pd1:<msdos.pktdrvr>). Mirrored on ftp.uu.net
and wuarchive.wustl.edu.
n. osi.ncsl.nist.gov: online copies of GOSIP & related documents.
8. LISTSERV-based Archive Sites
The brave can mail the command "INFO FILES" and/or the command
"INFO DATABASE" to the LISTSERV for instructions.
a. LISTSERV@SUVM.BITNET: BIG-LAN & NOVELL mailing list archives.
9. RFCs (Internet "Request For Comments")
Some anonymous ftp sites for RFCs: nic.ddn.mil, ftp.nisc.sri.com,
nis.nsf.net, nisc.jvnc.net, venera.isi.edu, wuarchive.wustl.edu.
There are also some mail-based file servers:
mailserver@nisc.sri.com, info-server@nnsc.nsf.net, and
sendrfc@jvnc.net.
a. RFC1147: FYI on a network management tool catalog: Tools for
monitoring and debugging TCP/IP internets and interconnected devices
b. RFC1175: FYI on where to start: A bibliography of internetworking
information
c. RFC1325: FYI on Questions and Answers: Answers to commonly asked
"new Internet user" questions
d. RFC1178: Choosing a name for your computer
e. RFC1207: FYI on Questions and Answers: Answers to commonly asked
"experienced Internet user" questions
f. RFC1244: Site Security Handbook
g. RFC1118: Hitchhiker's Guide to the Internet
h. RFC1122 & RFC1123: Requirements for Internet Hosts
i. RFC1208: A Glossary of Networking Terms
j. RFC1180: A TCP/IP Tutorial
k. RFC1173: Responsibilities of Host and Network Managers:
A Summary of the Oral Tradition of the Internet
l. IAB Official Protocol Standards (Currently RFC1360 but it is
periodically updated & given a new RFC number)
m. Assigned Numbers (Currently RFC1340 but it is periodically
updated & given a new RFC number; Includes field-values for
protocols in the TCP/IP family as well as some others)
n. RFC1392: Internet User's Glossary
10. Other Useful Online Papers
a. Charles Spurgeon. "Network Reading List: TCP/IP, UNIX, and
Ethernet". Available via anonymous ftp from ftp.utexas.edu
in directory pub/netinfo/docs as net-read.txt and netread-ps.
Also available via electronic-mail-based archive server. Send
the word "help" in the subject header or body of a message
to archive-server@ftp.utexas.edu for more information.
b. Charles Hedrick. "Introduction to the Administration of an
Internet-based Local Network". Available via anonymous ftp
from cs.rutgers.edu as runet/tcp-ip-admin.doc (also .ps).
c. Charles Hedrick. "Introduction to Internet Protocols."
Available via anonymous ftp from cs.rutgers.edu as
runet/tcp-ip-intro.doc (also .ps).
d. Unofficial lists of codes used on 802.3 & Ethernet networks.
Portions of the official list are not released, so various
people compile unofficial lists. One that is available via
anonymous ftp is Michael Patton's pub/map/EtherNet-Codes
on ftp.lcs.mit.edu. See also RFC: "Assigned Numbers".
e. Scott Jenkins: "Frequently Asked Questions for NOVELL@SUVM
Mailing List." Available via anonymous ftp from
info.umd.edu in the info/Computers/Novell/Information directory.
f. Brendan Kehoe: "Zen and the Art of the Internet: A Beginner's
Guide to the Internet." Available via anonymous ftp from
ftp.cs.widener.edu in the pub/zen directory.
g. ATM Bibliography. Available via anonymosu ftp from
mythos.ucs.indiana.edu.
11. Sources of Protocol Documents
a. Ethernet V2 DEC-Direct; 1-800-344-4825; DEC Part Number AA-K759B-TK.
b. IEEE 802 (802.3, Token Ring, 10BASE-T, etc) IEEE; 1-800-678-IEEE.
c. TCP/IP RFCs. See RFCs (above).
d. Appletalk APDA; 1-800-282-APDA. Now a book in the
"Inside" series.
e. OSI Omnicom Inc.; 1-800-666-4266.
f. DECNet DEC.
g. SNA IBM.
h. Novell(IPX) Built on XNS; rest is designed by Novell.
i. FDDI ANSI; 1-212-642-4900.
Also Global Engineering Documents; 1-800-854-7179.
2805 McGaw Avenue; PO Box 19539; Irvine, CA 92714;
1-714-261-1455.
j. CCITT United Nations book shop in New York
Also there is a new online service mail-based
document server available from ITU called
teledoc@itu.arch.ch.
k. GOSIP NTIS Sales Dept; (703)487-4650; Document
FIPS 146-1; See also Anonymous FTP-based Archive
Sites
l. XNS Xerox.
12. Useful Free Software
(see also RFC1147; listed above)
a. CUTCP (TCP/IP client for PCs) sun.soe.clarkson.edu,
omnigate.clarkson.edu
b. NCSA Telnet (Telnet clients for PCs & Macs) ftp.nsca.uiuc.edu
c. Eudora (POP3 Client for Macs) ux1.cso.uiuc.edu
d. POPmail (POP3 Client for PCs & Macs) boombox.micro.umn.edu
e. PCROUTE (Makes IP router out of PC) accuvax.nwu.edu
f. PCBRIDGE (Makes bridge out of PC) accuvax.nwu.edu
g. Packet Drivers (Drivers for various PC LAN cards) simtel20.army.mil
h. WinQVT (IP clients for Windows) ftp.cica.indiana.edu
i. ka9q (TCP/IP for PCs and Macs) ucsd.edu
j. PC/IP (TCP/IP client for MS-DOS) husc6.harvard.edu
k. charon (Pegasus/smtp gateway) omnigate.clarkson.edu
l. CAP (AppleTalk for Unix systems) rutgers.edu, munnari.oz.au,
gatekeeper.dec.com
m. Popper (POP3 server for Unix systems) ftp.cc.berkeley.edu
n. Trumpet (PC Newsreader) simtel20.army.mil
o. bootpd (Bootp Daemon for Unix) lancaster.andrew.cmu.edu
p. NUPOP (POP3 daemon for MS-DOS) ftp.acns.nwu.edu
q. PC netwatching program [I don't know name or site]
r. iupop3 (POP3 server for VMS) mythos.ucs.indiana.edu
13. Books
The following books were mentioned by responders to the 12/91
BIG-LAN Reader Survey as good books for administrators of Campus-sized
LANs:
a. Douglas Comer. Internetworking with TCP/IP.
b. Marshall Rose. The Simple Book.
c. Caroline Arms. Campus Networking Strategies. Digital Press.
Out of print.
d. DEC Telecomm. & Network Buyer's Guide.
f. Marshall Rose. The Open Book.
g. Carl Malamud. Analyzing Novell Networks.
h. Andrew Tanenbaum. Computer Networks.
i. Martin A. W. Nemzow. Keeping The Link (McGraw-Hill).
j. William Stallings. Local Networks: an Introduction.
k. John McCann. NetWare Supervisor's Guide.
l. William Stallings. Handbook of Communications Standards. (?)
m. Nemeth, Snyder & Seebass. Unix System Administration Handbook.
Other interesting looking books:
n. Mark A. Miller. Troubleshooting Internetworks.
14. Periodicals
The following periodicals were mentioned by responders to the 12/91
BIG-LAN Reader Survey as good periodicals for administrators of Campus-
sized LANs:
a. LAN Times
b. Communications Week
c. Network Computing
d. ConneXions
e. Data Communications
f. Network World
g. LAN Magazine
h. Info World
i. SunExpert
j. Telecommunications
k. Computerworld
l. DataCommunicationInternational
m. Datamation
n. Digital Review
o. LAN Technology
p. Lightwave
q. MacUser
r. MacWeek
s. MacWorld
t. Networking Management
u. PC Week
15. Training Courses
The following providers of tutorials were mentioned by responders to
the 12/91 BIG-LAN Reader Survey:
a. Interop
b. ACM SIGComm
c. Learning Tree
d. Novell
e. PSI
f. Usenix
16. Conferences
The following conferences were mentioned by responders to the 12/91
BIG-LAN Reader Survey as good conferences for administrators of Campus-
sized LANs:
a. Interop
b. Usenix
c. ComNet
d. NetWorld
e. ACM SIGComm
f. DECUS
g. IETF
IV. Basic Glossary on Campus Networks
Another glossary is RFC1208. See "Online Papers" above.
ANSI "American National Standards Institute" - A definer of
standards of all kinds, including FDDI.
Appletalk - A protocol family developed by Apple Computer to
implement LANs serving Macintoshes.
ATM "Asynchronous Transfer Mode" - a method for switching little
fixed-size packets (cells) around. Like T1 and DS3, digitized
voice was a major consideration in its design, but it can be
used for data. It is designed around fixed speeds too, roughly
150MBS and 600MBS. The fixed cell size is 53 bytes. Though ATM
is really designed for voice and WANs, there are schemes to use
it in LANs. ATM is a big buzzword these days but it is still
very new.
AUI "Attachment Unit Interface" - the Ethernet/IEEE 802.3 term
for the interface between a MAU and a station. A special kind
of cable known as an "AUI Cable" can attach a MAU to a station
at a distance (up to 50 meters).
BNC Connector "Bayonet Neill-Concelman connector" - a type of
connector used for attaching coax cable to electronic equipment
which can be attached or detached quicker than connectors that
screw. ThinWire Ethernet (IEEE 802.3 10BASE2) uses BNC connectors.
Bridge - A network "relay" which reads, buffers, and sends
data to relay it from one data link to another, but makes
the two data links appear as one to levels higher than the
data link layer.
CDDI "Copper Data Distribution Interface" - essentially a way to
use electrical communications cables in an FDDI network. Several
companies have worked out ways to do this but ANSI has yet to
standardize one. I think CDDI was coined by Crescendo corporation
for their scheme, but it may well be adopted by ANSI as the name.
So far there are schemes that work on Coax, on STP and UTP, but
the front runners look like they will be able to run on UTP for
about 100 meters.
CMIP "Common Management Information Protocol" - An OSI protocol
for management of network equipment. Not widely implmented.
See SNMP.
CMOT "CMIP over TCP/IP" - A protocol consisting of CMIP running
under TCP/IP. An alternative to SNMP.
Coaxial Cable - any of a number of kinds of electrical
communications cable designed so one conductor is in the
center and the second conductor forms a ring around it.
Depending upon who you talk to, someone might have a specific
kind of coaxial cable in mind. Some well known kinds are
various Cable TV cables, cables used by IBM 327x terminals
and ARCnet, and cables used by Ethernet & IEEE 802.3.
DECnet - Trade name of Digital Equipment Corporation for some
of their networking products. It is a kind of network
built out of Digital Equipment Corporations own networking
protocols (with some standard protocols also used).
Dialup Modem - Modem used over ordinary dial-up telephone lines
as opposed to private or leased lines.
Ethernet - LAN data-link protocol developed by a consortium
of vendors; later standardized as IEEE 802.3 with a few
modifications. For many applications, users have not adopted
all the IEEE 802.3 differences. Ethernet/802.3 now can be
run on two types of coaxial cable as well as multi-mode
fiber and unshielded twisted-pair. "Raw" rate of data
transmission is 10 megabits/second.
FDDI "Fiber Data Distribution Interface" - LAN data-link protocol.
Designed to run on multi-mode fiber. "Raw" rate of data
transmission is 100 megabits/second. Developed by the American
National Standards Institute.
FDDI-2 - Same speed, same fiber, same basic protocol as FDDI.
FDDI-2 adds a layer which allows you to allocate fixed bandwith
to applications of your choice, making it more like broadband.
FDDI-2 is still rather new.
Fiber - optical fiber: a very long, narrow, flexible piece of glass.
Used for high-speed communications.
Firewall Router - a router which blocks traffic according to
various criteria for security--for example a router which
allows no telnet to any host through one of its interfaces
but allows ftp to a list of authorized hosts through the
same interface.
FOIRL "Fiber Optic Inter-Repeater Link" - a standard for running
IEEE 802.3 over fiber. It was originally designed to link two
repeaters, and only supports two attachments. Many users use it
to attach a station to a repeater. See 10BASE-F.
FTP - Protocol in the "TCP/IP" family for copying files from
one computer to another. Stands for "File Transfer Protocol".
Gateway - A type of "network relay" that attaches two networks
to build a larger network. Modern "narrow" usage is that it
is one that translates an entire stack of protocols, e.g.,
translates TCP/IP-style mail to ISO-style mail. Older usage
used it for other types of relays--in particular, in the "TCP/IP"
world, it has been used to refer to what many now insist is
a "router".
GOSIP "Government Open Systems Interconnect Profile" - A subset of
OSI standards specific to US Government procurements, designed
to maximize interoperability in areas where plain OSI standards
are ambiguous or allow options. Theoretically, required of all
US Government networking procurements since mid-1990.
Heartbeat - In Ethernet (Version 2), a test of the collision
functionality of the transciever. The term "Heartbeat" is often
(wrongly) used interchangeably with "SQE" which is a similar
function of IEEE 802.3. See Question on SQE/Heartbeat below.
IPX - Novell's protocol used by Netware. Utilizes part of XNS.
A router with "IPX routing" purports to interconnect LANs so
that Novell Netware clients & servers can talk through the router.
MAU "Media Adaptor Unit" - an IEEE 802.3 or Ethernet device which
attaches a station to the cable. Popularly called a "transceiver".
Can be attached by cable to the station or built into the
station.
MIB "Management Information Base" - the set of parameters an SNMP
management station can query or set in an SNMP agent (e.g. router).
Standard, minimal MIBs have been defined (MIB I, MIB II), and vendors
often have custom entries. In theory, any SNMP manager can talk
to any SNMP agent with a properly defined MIB.
Multimode fiber - A type of fiber mostly used for shorter, e.g. campus
distances. It can carry 100 megabits/second for typical campus
distances, the actual maximum speed (given the right electronics)
depending upon the actual distance. It is easier to connect to than
Single Mode Fiber, but its limit on speed x distance is lower.
NFS "Network File System" - an IP-based protocol originally developed
by Sun Microsystems which provides file services.
OSI "Open System Interconnect" - A standard put forth by the ISO for
communication between computer equipment and networks.
OSI Reference Model - A model put forth by the ISO for communication
between computer equipment and networks, which maps out 7 protocol
layers.
Top layer: layer number 7: application layer
layer number 6: presentation layer
layer number 5: session layer
layer number 4: transport layer
layer number 3: network layer
layer number 2: data-link layer (e.g. IEEE 802.x)
Bottom layer: layer number 1: physical layer (wire & electricity)
This model explains what each layer does. The model is often
used to explain anyones protocols (not just OSI) to the point
where many people seem to believe that true data-communications
requires these 7 layers.
POP "Post Office Protocol" - A TCP/IP-based protocol designed to allow
client-stations (e.g. micros) to read mail from a server. There
are three versions under the name "POP": POP, POP2, and POP3.
Latter versions are NOT compatible with earlier versions.
Protocol - The "rules" by which two network elements trade information
in order to communicate. Must include rules about a lot of mundane
detail as well as rules about how to recover from a lot of unusual
communication problems. Thus they can be quite complicated.
Relay - One terminology uses the term "relay" as a device that
interconnects LANs, different kinds of relays being repeaters,
bridges, routers, and gateways.
Repeater - In the "Ethernet" world, a "relay" that regenerates and
cleans up signals, but does no buffering of data packets.
It can extend an Ethernet by strengthening signals, but timing
limitations on Ethernets still limit their size.
RFC "Request For Comments" - The name is a real red herring when
it comes to Internet RFCs. Some really are "Requests For Comments"
but all Internet protocol documents are stamped with an RFC number
that they never shake, so the acronym RFC generally refers to
documents that describe protocols in the TCP/IP family.
RG numbers (E.g. RG62; sometimes there are qualifiers, e.g. RG 58
A/U) a shorthand designation for military cable. RG58 & RG62
designate two different types of cable used by the military.
Some data-communications equipment was designed to work with
a particular military standard, e.g. IBM 3270-type terminals
use RG62. In other cases, people use an RG-numbered cable
that is close to what they need: for example Thinwire
Ethernet & IEEE 802.3 10BASE2 define the type of cable they
need and people sometimes substitute flavors of RG58, which
are "close". One can't recommend this practice because you
can get yourself in trouble. I think "RG" originally stood
for "Radio Guide", presumably reflecting the fact that the
series of cables was designed to handle radio frequencies. The
IEEE 802.3 10BASE2 specifications define two RG numbered cables
(RG58 A/U and RG58 C/U) as meeting the cable requirements for
thin Ethernet. However, cable vendors may list a range of
cables under these same RG numbers, and some of the cables
listed may not meet the 802.3 specs. You need to check the
cable specifications closely, and beware of relying on the RG
number alone when ordering network cables.
Router - A network "relay" that uses a protocol beyond the
data-link protocol to route traffic between LANs and other
network links.
Routing Protocol - a protocol sent between routers by which
routers exchange information own how to route to various parts
of the network. The TCP/IP family of protocols has a bunch,
such as RIP, EGP, BGP, OSPF, and dual IS-IS.
Shielded Twisted Pair - a type of twisted-pair cable with a
metallic shield around the twisted conductors. The shield
reduces the noise from the cable and reduces the effects of
noise on the communications in the cable, but changes the
electrical characteristics of the cable so some equipment
optimized to non-shielded cable runs worse on shielded cable.
Single Mode fiber - a type of fiber optic cable used for longer
distances and higher speeds, e.g. for long-distance telephone
lines. See also "Multimode Fiber".
SMTP "Simple Mail Transfer Protocol" - the protocol in the
TCP/IP family used to transfer electronic mail between
computers. It is not oriented towards a client/server system so
other protocols (see "POP") are often used in that context.
However, servers will use SMTP if they need to transfer a
message to another server.
SNMP "Simple Network Management Protocol" - Originally developed
to manage IP based network equipment like routers and bridges,
now extended to wiring hubs, workstations, toasters, jukeboxes,
etc. SNMP for IPX and AppleTalk under development. Widely
implemented. See CMIP.
SQE Test "Signal Quality Error Test" - an IEEE 802.3 function
that tests the transceiver. The term "SQE" is often (wrongly)
used interchangeably with "Heartbeat" which is a similar
function of Ethernet Version 2. See Question on SQE/Heartbeat
below.
TCP/IP "Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol" -
literally, two protocols developed for the Defense Data Network
to allow their ARPANET to attach to other networks relatively
transparently. The name also designates the entire family of
protocols built out of IP and TCP. The Internet is based upon
TCP/IP.
TELNET - a protocol in the TCP/IP family that is used for
"remote login". The name is also often used as the name of the
client program that utilizes the TELNET protocol.
Terminal Server - a network device that allows a number of
terminals to attach to a LAN, and do remote logins across the
LAN.
TN3270 - A variant of the TELNET program that allows one to
attach to IBM mainframes and use the mainframe as if you had a
3270 or similar terminal.
Token Ring - People often mean 802.5 when they say "Token Ring"
(see below). In the more general sense of the word, a type of
LAN that has stations wired in a ring, where each station
constantly passes a special message (a "token") on to the next.
Whoever has the token can send a message.
Tunnelling - An important concept in the design of many kinds of
networks: taking some protocol-family's ability to move packets
from user to user, or to open virtual-circuits between users,
and use this as if it were a data-link protocol to run another
protocol family's upper layers (or even the same protocol
family's upper layers). Examples: running TCP/IP over Appletalk
instead of something like Ethernet; running Appletalk over
DECnet instead of something like Localtalk or Ethernet.
Twisted Pair - The type of wire used by the phone company to wire
telephones -- at least over distances like between your house
and the central office. It has two conductors, which are twisted.
The twists are important: they give it electrical characteristics
which allow some kinds of communications otherwise not possible.
Ordinary telephone cables are not shielded (see "Shielded twisted
Pair").
T1 - A phone-company standard for running 24 digitized voice circuits
through one 1.5megabit/second digital channel. Since phone companies
run lots of T1, and will run T1 between customer sites, the
standard is often used for data communications, either to provide
24 low-speed circuits, or to provide 1 high-speed circuit, or to
be divided other ways.
UTP (Unshielded Twisted-Pair) - See "Twisted-Pair" and "Shielded
Twisted-Pair".
X.400, X.500 - OSI protocols for mail and directory services.
10BASE-T - A variant of IEEE 802.3 which allows stations to be attached
via twisted-pair cable.
10BASE-F - A variant of IEEE 802.3 under development which
allows stations to be attached via multimode fiber. It will
offer a variety of methods of using fiber in an IEEE 802.3
network that go beyond what is currently offered in FOIRL. The
current 10BASE-F draft is likely to be confirmed. Sections of
the draft include "Fiber Optic Medium and Common Elements of
Medium Attachment Units and Star, Type 10BASE-F (Section 15)",
"Fiber Optic Passive Star and Medium Attachment Unit, Type
10BASE-FP (Section 16)", "Fiber Optic Medium Attachment Unit,
Type 10BASE-FB (Section 17)", and "Fiber Optic Medium Attachment
Unit, Type 10BASE-FL (Section 18)".
802 - The set of IEEE standards for the definition of LAN
protocols. A story goes that a long time ago, IEEE and ANSI
decided that IEEE would get the slow protocols and ANSI would
get the fast ones, thus IEEE defined the 802 protocols and ANSI
defined FDDI. Presumably IEEE saw limited application for FDDI
at the time. Also, the IEEE standards-making committees
associated with these standards.
802.1 - The IEEE 802 standard for Network Management and Network
Bridging of IEEE 802 networks.
802.2 - An IEEE standard for the portion of LAN data-link
protocols that is the same for all flavors of IEEE LAN
protocols, e.g. 802.3 and 802.5. Sometimes not used.
802.3 - An IEEE standard for LANs--their "improved" version of
Ethernet. See Ethernet.
802.4 - An IEEE standard for LANs: Token Bus networks. Basically,
standardizes MAP, a protocol that operates a Token Bus protocol
on broadband.
802.5 - An IEEE standard for Token-Ring-based LANs. See Token
Ring.
802.6 - An IEEE standard for Metropolitan Area Networks. Also
known as DQDB.
802.7 - IEEE 802 technical advisory group on Broadband.
802.8 - IEEE 802 technical advisory group on FDDI & fiber optics.
802.9 - IEEE 802 group on integrated data & voice networks.
802.11 - Proposed IEEE 802 group for wireless Ethernet.
V. Frequently Asked Questions on Campus Networks
It is hard to answer typical BIG-LAN questions in advance for two
reasons. Answers are often long and they are often
controversial. To provide some sort of objective information
relevant to the controversies, a survey of BIG-LAN readers was
taken on answers to various questions, so this memo could offer a
sampling of opinions. Note that the opinions below are extracted
from the 41 responses received for the survey. We can't say these
41 responses represent a fair sampling of campus LAN
administrators, but they do show some of the answers that you
would get if you posed some of these questions to the BIG-LAN
readership.
1. What is the difference between Ethernet and IEEE 802.3?
Ethernet ran through an evolution starting with some experimenting
at Xerox, and ending with a standard published by Xerox, DEC, and
Intel, which they offered to the world (with minimal royalties) as
a standard technology for building LANs. The Institute of
Electrical & Electronic Engineers took this as a proposed
standard, and rewrote the protocol description making some
clarifications and a few changes. Some of the changes have been
universally adopted, and others have not. After the first go
round of IEEE standard defining, Ethernet version 2 was introduced
which brought it more into line with standards. The basic
differences are:
- Heartbeat vs SQE (see below) - Which pin in the MAU & AUI
connectors carry the ground conductor - Packet Length Field vs
Type Field
The latter issue is the one in which IEEE 802.3 has not displaced
Ethernet. Ethernet had a 16-bit field which defined the type of
packet (examples: IP, XNS, Appletalk). The IEEE committee decided
to use that field to specify the length of the packet, and have
the data-portion of the packet define itself through the next
higher level of protocol (e.g., IEEE 802.2). However, the sets of
possible values for that field used by the two different protocols
are completely separate, and both protocols are designed to
deliberately ignore packets with fields outside their own sets of
values. Thus Ethernet and IEEE 802.3 packets can coexist on the
same cable, though a computer which expects to get packets
belonging to just one of the protocols won't notice any packets
sent according to the rules of the other (the expression used is
"they pass by each other like ships in the night").
These days, LANs use both. There is a way to send TCP/IP packets
via 802.3, but when 802.3 was introduced, there were already so
many systems using the Ethernet rules that the use of
Ethernet-style packets for TCP/IP has persisted now for years.
2. What is encapsulation? What do I have to know about it?
One encapsulation issue on LANs is whether IEEE 802.3 packets are
used or Ethernet packets are used to encapsulate your traffic on
your IEEE 802.3/Ethernet LAN. See previous question for more
explanation. Most TCP/IP systems use Ethernet, any that uses IEEE
802.3 by default might surprise you by not interoperating with the
rest of your TCP/IP network.
A second encapsulation issue on IEEE 802.3/Ethernet networks is
whether your Novell (IPX) packets use Novell's default
encapsulation or whether they use Ethernet-style encapsulation.
Novell, at least for a long time, had the distinction of using
IEEE 802.3 as if it were the only protocol on the network, not
following the rules for avoiding other protocols running under
IEEE 802.3 rules. They offered a utility called ECONFIG that
changed Netware to use Ethernet rules, and use them properly, so
Novell IPX packets could utilize the same LAN as other protocols.
In no case would the Novell traffic bother Ethernet traffic-- only
any other IEEE 802.3 traffic if ECONFIG wasn't used. In any case,
a single Ethernet segment, or bridged segments, had to have all
Novell servers and clients configured the same, in order to
interoperate.
A third encapsulation issue stems from Berkeley Unix 4.2, from
which many versions of Unix and many TCP/IP implementations have
been modeled. It used, by default, its own encapsulation rules
(i.e., manner of putting IP packets within Ethernet packets) which
is termed "Trailer Encapsulation". When an Ethernet had some
computers using Trailer Encapsulation and some not, TCP/IP
connections would often work, but hang when large data transfers
were taking place. The next version of Berkeley Unix, version
4.3, remedied this by avoiding Trailer Encapsulation except when
it was guaranteed to work correctly.
A fourth encapsulation issue is "tunnelling", which consists of
one of the layers in the protocol stack mimicking another layer to
provide a way of running a different set of upper layers than
would otherwise be possible. This is rather widely used and
seldom explained to beginners. It is perhaps best explained with
an actual example:
[Here put an example, perhaps Appletalk over IP]
[Include "encapsulated bridging" as a second example]
3. How do I know whether to use a router or a bridge?
(Note that the answer to this question is oriented to
Ethernet-based LANs). Few administrators of networks doubt that a
network can be large enough to require routers nor that there are
situations where a bridge is an effective solution. However,
there is controversy as to where to draw the line. Campus-sized
networks involving distances of up to a mile and possibly
thousands of stations, can be, and have been built solely out of
one or the other. The BIG-LAN Survey of 12/91 showed the
following opinion among respondents:
Survey question: "When you build a campus network, do you tend
to use bridges as opposed to routers?"
Answers: 9 said yes; 26 said no; 2 said "brouters" (combination
bridge/routers) would be the best solution.
Some clear tradeoffs: routers generally have to be set up no
matter what whereas bridges can be plug-and-play on a network
without too much total traffic; bridges generally have a higher
speed-to-cost ratio and the low-end bridge is less expensive than
the low-end router; routers handle huge networks with links of
different speeds better.
4. How do I know whether to use a bridge or a repeater? How many
repeaters may I put on an Ethernet?
You cannot keep plugging more repeaters and add more cables to an
Ethernet indiscriminately and expect it to work. With too large a
networks, the protocol which keeps the number of collisions down
(known as CSMA/CD) fails to do that. The protocol documents
supply rules-of-thumb which, if followed, prevent this from
occurring. If you break them, you may be risking large
performance degradations.
The latest version of the rules-of-thumb (which have been updated
over time as new features like 10BASE-T have been added to the
protocol) are in the IEEE 802.3 document describing 10BASE-T,
specifically IEEE Std 802.ei-1990 in the section called "System
Considerations for Multisegment 10 Mb/s Baseband Networks" (When
10BASE-F is released later, this section will be updated again).
The rules refer to the piece of the LAN that is between repeaters
as a segment and refer to 4 kinds: 10BASE5 (i.e. "classic"
Ethernet) and 10BASE2 (i.e., ThinWire Ethernet) both classified as
"Coax" segments and FOIRL (fiber inter-repeater links) and
10BASE-T, both classified as "Link" segments, and both of which
have the property that you can attach things only to their ends.
The basic repeater rule is that between any two stations on the
LAN, there may be at most 4 repeaters and three coax segments. In
addition, there are length restrictions on the segments which are
designed to keep CSMA/CD working properly:
10BASE5 500 meters 10BASE2 185 meters
FOIRL 500 meters (1000 meters in some cases)
10BASE-T 100 meters (or more)
FOIRL links can be 1000 meters if you have at most 3 repeaters
between stations instead of 4. 10BASE-T links can be longer if
the cable will support it: CSMA/CD is not the limiting factor on
10BASE-T. For the purposes of this discussion, bridges, routers,
and gateways are "stations" since the CSMA/CD protocol does not
pass through them. Thus if you discover these rules prevent you
from putting a repeater in the network where you need one, then
you can put a bridge there instead, or perhaps split the LAN
somewhere else using a bridge.
5. Should I use "manageable" hubs, concentrators, etc on my LAN?
This is a controversial question also. Vendors have attempted to
make hubs and concentrators that require little training &
manpower to manage & troubleshoot, and they will attempt to
convince you that they have succeeded. You pay a premium for
"manageability". Those who remain skeptical wonder how much the
management features are ever used: for example, management allows
you to turn on & off ports from an operator's console; how often
do you need to do such a thing? Also, some of the benefits
attributed to management packages are simply due to good record
keeping, something which the administrator must find the manpower
to accomplish with a management package or without one (presumably
with a simple dbms, which can often be tailored more to the
administrators needs).
6. Which LAN technology should I use? Arcnet? FDDI? Token Ring?
10BASE-T?
A controversial question. Some questions & answers from the 12/91
BIG-LAN Reader Survey:
"When you install a LAN, which "Technology" (e.g. Ethernet,
Token Ring) do you prefer?"
37 responders said Ethernet; 2 said "pick one and stick with
it"; 1 said token ring.
"If you have experience with two or more LAN technologies, which
have you found works better?"
Answers received: "Ethernet works best"
7 "Ethernet works better than Token Ring" 4 "Depends on
application" 1 "Ethernet works better
than ARCnet" 1 "Ethernet works better than
Broadband" 1 "Ethernet best, Localtalk 2nd, ARCnet
3rd" 1 "Ethernet works better than PhoneNet" 1
"Token Ring works best" 1
7. What is the ideal cable to install in a new building?
Distribution runs, i.e., phone closet to room: Best possible thing
to do is to leave usable pathways for future expansion. Whatever
you do, install at least 2 pair and probably 4 pair of data grade
unshielded twisted pair. It will always have uses. Install
something else too if you are tied to a particular vendor.
Multimode fiber might become popular in the future but that is a
gamble.
Riser runs, i.e., phone closet to phone closet: it is imperative
to leave usable pathways for future expansion. For Ethernet,
ThinWire is a usable riser cable, multimode fiber is possible
too.
8. What is the ideal cable to install between buildings on a campus?
Trunks, i.e., cables into the building: pathways for future
expansion very valuable. Multimode fiber is useful, run 24 fibers
if you can. Use cable with some single mode too. Run several
times what you need initially and leave a lot of the unused fiber
unterminated for the time being. Cable pulling & termination are
much more costly than the cable itself.
9. Whose routers are recommended?
Question & answer from the 12/91 BIG-LAN Reader Survey:
"Name some router vendors whose routers you have used and
recommend:"
Cisco got 30 mentions; Wellfleet 4; PCRoute 2; Proteon 2; Apple
1; DEC 1; Network Systems 1; Shiva 1; Vitalink 1; 3COM 1.
10. Whose bridges are recommended?
Question & answer from the 12/91 BIG-LAN Reader Survey:
"Name some bridge vendors whose routers you have used and
recommend:"
DEC got 6 mentions; Retix 5; BICC 3; Cabletron 3; 3COM 3; Cisco
2; PCBridge 2; Vitalink 2; ACC 1; Clearpoint 1; Datability 1;
Develcon 1; Dowty Scanet 1; HP 1; IBM (Token Ring) 1; Network
Application Technology 1; PCBRoute 1; Wellfleet 1.
11. Whose Ethernet equipment are recommended?
Question & answer from the 12/91 BIG-LAN Reader Survey:
"Name some Ethernet concentrator/transceiver/repeater vendors
whose Ethernet equipment you have used and recommend:"
Cabletron got 20 mentions; BICC 8; DEC 8; HP 4; Synoptics 4;
David 3; Lantronix 3; Gandalf 2; Lannet 2; Pirelli Focom 2;
Acton 2; Allied Telesys 1; AMP 1; Asante 1; Chipcom 1; Dowty
Scanet 1; Dupont Electroptic 1; EAZY 1; Fibermux 1; Hirschmann
1; IMC Network Corporation 1; NetCor Transceivers 1; Sension 1;
3COM 1.
12. Whose Token Ring equipment are recommended?
Query and answers from the 12/91 BIG-LAN Reader Survey:
"Name some Token Ring equipment vendors whose Token Ring
equipment you have used and recommend:"
IBM was mentioned by 6 responders; FiberMux 1; Madge 1;
Synoptics 1.
13. Whose FDDI equipment are recommended?
Query and answers from the 12/91 BIG-LAN Reader Survey:
"Name some FDDI equipment vendors whose FDDI equipment you have
used and recommend:"
Cisco was mentioned by 6 responders; DEC 2; Tymeplex 2; ALCATEL
2; AT&T 1; Synernetics 1; Tekelec 1.
14. What PC network software is recommended?
Query and answers from the 12/91 BIG-LAN Reader Survey:
"Name some PC network software vendors whose PC network software
you have used or recommend:"
Novell was mentioned by 19 responders; FTP Software 14; Sun 8;
DEC 3; Apple 2; Farallon 2; InterCon 2; 3COM 2; Beame and
Whiteside 1; Hummingbird Communications 1; IBM 1; Microsoft 1;
NCSA 1; Neon Software 1; Network Application Technology 1; Sitka
1.
15. What protocols should run on a campus-wide LAN?
Query and answers from the 12/91 BIG-LAN Reader Survey:
"Name some protocols that you use to interconnect your campus
that you would recommend:"
TCP/IP was mentioned by 39 responders; Appletalk 9; DECNET 9;
IPX 9; LAT 2; Coloured Book 2; G.703 2; ISO CONS 2; X.25/HDLC 1;
XNS 1.
16. What software is recommended for managing a campus-wide LAN?
Queries and answers from the 12/91 BIG-LAN Reader Survey:
"Name some network management system that you use for the
management of a campus LAN, that you recommend:"
PSI SNMP was mentioned by 4 responders; Cabletron Remote LanView
2; Cisco NetCentral 2; Proteon Overview 2; SNMP 2; "A good
drawing program" 1; DEC EMA 1; Map 1; NEMISYS from SEEL 1;
SunNet Manager 1; TRW NMS 1.
"Name other software that you use for the management of a campus
LAN that you recommend:"
FTP LanWatch was mentioned by 3 responders; EtherPeek 2; ping 2;
AG Group Net Watchman for Appletalk 1; Apple Interpoll 1;
Clarkson Packet Driver Utilities 1; DEC LAN Traffic Monitor 1;
Domain Name System 1; inetrover 1; LAN Patrol 1; Neon Software
Netminder Localtalk 1; Neon Software Netminder Ethernet 1;
Network Application Technology EtherMeter 1; Shiva Net Manager
1; SNMP-Gawk (A SNMP-capable Gawk) 1; traceroute 1; Unix 1;
Watchdog 1.
17. What terminal server is recommended?
Query and answers from the 12/91 BIG-LAN Reader Survey:
"Name vendors of terminal servers that you use and recommend:"
Cisco was mentioned by 13 responders; DEC 5; Xyplex 4;
Datability 2; Xylogics 2; 3COM 2; Emulex 1; Lantronix 1; Netcomm
1; Spider 1; TRW 1.
18. Whose troubleshooting equipment are recommended?
Query and answers from the 12/91 BIG-LAN Reader Survey:
"Name some vendors of network troubleshooting equipment that you
use and would recommend:"
Network General was mentioned by 8 responders; HP 4; Tektronix
4; Cabletron 3; Novell 3; Spider 3; AG Group 2; Wandel and
Goltermann 2; FOTEC 1; Neon Software 1.
19. What security products should I buy?
Query and answers from the 12/91 BIG-LAN Reader Survey:
"Name some security products that you use to maintain security
on your campus LAN that you recommend:"
The answers reflected the lack of obvious products to choose
from. Responses included "Athena Kerberos", "Encryption in
Net3270", "Extended TACACS', "Host security", "Physical
security", "Router access control lists", "SecurID", "Virus
Scan", and "Windows Workstation".
20. Should the names of devices on my campus LAN have subdomains?
Example of name without subdomain: bigvax.sequoia.edu; example
with subdomain: bigvax.acs.sequoia.edu. It is possible to run
networks of thousands of computers without the bother of
subdomains, but they have some advantages.
Queries and answers from the 12/91 BIG-LAN Reader Survey:
"For Internet names of nodes on a campus network that supports
TCP/IP, do you prefer the use of subdomains?"
27 responders said yes, 5 said no, 2 said it depends.
"If you have worked on a campus that utilizes subdomains and one
that does not, which does your experience tell you is the better
way to administer names in a campus network?"
5 responders said the LAN with subdomains worked better; 2 said
the LAN without subdomains worked better. One responder claimed
that a good rule of thumb is that a LAN with more than 4000
stations works better with subdomains.
21. Should client stations use POP? Should they use just SMTP?
Should I use some non-TCP/IP protocol for mail to/from client
stations?
Query and answers from the 12/91 BIG-LAN Reader Survey:
"For client station's mail, which do you prefer: SMTP;
TCP/IP-based client-server protocols (e.g. POP, POP2, etc);
other LAN protocols?"
10 responders preferred TCP/IP-based client-server protocols
(e.g. POP, IMAP, PCMAIL); 7 preferred SMTP; 4 said "use all
three"; 3 preferred users signing onto a host system; 2
preferred other LAN protocols; 1 said "SMTP and TCP/IP-based
client-server protocols"; 1 said "SMTP and X.400".
22. Should I enable SQE/heartbeat?
This is a very brief discussion of SQE Test and CPT (both commonly
referred to as "heartbeat") for IEEE 802.3 and Ethernet. For
really gory details, see the appropriate documents, IEEE standard
802.3, ISO standard 8802-3, and the DIX Ethernet V2 Standard. (The
first 2 references are, in theory, identical.)
First, SQE Test (often misleadingly shortened to "SQE" by vendors)
and CPT are not quite the same thing. CPT is a part of DIX
Ethernet Version 2 and is simply a test of collision detection
functionality in the MAU (that's the IEEE 802.3 name for a
transceiver, Media Access Unit). It is ALWAYS present in Ethernet
V2 MAUs and can't ever be disabled (without modifying the
hardware). It is required for correct operation of ALL Ethernet V2
equipment.
SQE Test, on the other hand, is part of the 802.3 specification
and performs a number of MAU tests and "reports" to the controller
if all is well. The "report" is in the form of a pulse nearly
identical to the V2 CPT pulse, but with slightly differing timing
specifications. It should be switchable, as 802.3 requires SQE
Test for all terminal equipment, but prohibits it for repeaters.
SQE Test and Heartbeat both appear as a signal in the collision
lines from the MAU to the controller after every write. This is
why MAUs with SQE Test enables and with displays show a collision
every time they show a write. THIS IS NORMAL!
Quick digression: What is a collision? Of course, we all know that
a collision is when two controllers start to transmit at the same
time (more of less) and that when this happens both will stop and
wait for a random interval and then retransmit if carrier is not
present. This function is critical to proper network operation. A
MAU which can't detect a collision can mess up a network badly.
This makes it critical to be able to quickly isolate "broken"
MAUs. If you don't understand this, read any of the old papers on
multiple access nets, especially the old Aloha Net.
In practice, MAUs hardly ever fail. BUT IF ONE DOES, YOU MAY HAVE
A BIG PROBLEM!
While SQE Test indicates a bit more than heartbeat did and is
slightly different in both timing and electrical characteristics,
they are essentially the same from the perspective of most
terminal equipment and you can replace an Ethernet V2 MAU with an
802.3 MAU with SQE Test enabled most of the time. (A notable
exception is an Ethernet repeater which really requires an
Ethernet V2 MAU. There may be others.) You can even replace an
802.3 MAU with an Ethernet V2 one most of the time. In fact, there
are "fixes" for some Ethernet V2 MAUs to disable heartbeat and
make them into something like an 802.3 MAU with SQE Test disabled.
This also seems to work almost all the time.
Anyone still with me? OK
RULE FOR SQE Test. Always turn it on except for repeaters. There
should be no exceptions to this rule, but there are. Some
manufacturers can't seem to read standards (or just don't care).
As a result there are some terminal devices that get upset when
they see SQE Test. I have been told that this is true of the cisco
AGS, but not the IGS. Not that there is any documentation on
this. Several email exchanges with cisco folks have not clarified
this.
There is one BIG special case, the Ethernet fan-out box, most
commonly a DEC DELNI. This box has only one MAU, so it repeats the
CPT (it's a V2 device) that it sees from the MAU on the "master"
port. If the master port is disabled, CPT is generated internally
to keep things happy.
But, what if you plug a repeater into a DELNI? You can disable CPT
by using an 802.3 MAU with SQE Test disabled. or, if you don't
use the master port, turn it on and plug an Ethernet loopback
connector into the master port. In either case, CPT is disabled to
ALL PORTS! No way around this.
DELNIs produce other oddities. They shorten the total maximum
length of the AUI cable used between the system and the MAU to 35
meters. (And don't forget to include the length of the cable
between the interface and the connector on the rear of the
cabinet.) This number is the sum of the cable from the host to the
DELNI and from the DELNI to the MAU. Two 20 meter cables and you
are over the limit! Because of these and other oddities, I try to
avoid DELNIs. And I NEVER EVER plug a repeater of any type into
one.
Other companies make 802.3 equivalents to the DELNI on which SQE
Test may be switched on each port. While this fixes one problem,
the timing concerns of fan-out boxes remains. Buyer beware!
Neither 802.3 nor Ethernet V2 standards cover fan-out boxes in any
way, so there is no way to really claim that they meet standards
(or don't).
We've now covered the basics. So what happens when a MAU fails? In
theory, every time it transmits a packet, an error is logged. This
happens on some equipment. But most software I've dealt with
simply ignores the error flag and does nothing. So SQE Test makes
absolutely no difference to these systems. THIS IS BAD SOFTWARE
DESIGN.
Once in a while a MAU does fail. If it is on some device that does
not log SQE Test failures or has a MAU with SQE Test turned off,
you don't know what is happening. If you are on 10baseT, it can
be isolated to a hub pretty quickly, but on coax you are reduced
to segmenting the cable (physically disconnecting it) until you
have isolated the problem. This is NOT fun and makes the network
manager very unpopular since the network tends to be down for a
LONG time. It took about 4 hours last time I had this problem and
could have taken longer.
What's a network manager supposed to do? Complain vigorously to
vendors of equipment that don't adhere to the standard. Complain
equally to vendors of software that doesn't bother to log the
failures. SNMP is no good if the agents don't have any information
to send out.
End of Memo: BIG-LAN Frequently Asked Questions