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TIME: Almanac 1990s
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<text id=90TT1223>
<link 90TT2360>
<title>
May 14, 1990: Mohawks, Money And Death
</title>
<history>
TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1990
May 14, 1990 Sakharov Memoirs
</history>
<article>
<source>Time Magazine</source>
<hdr>
NATION, Page 32
Mohawks, Money and Death
</hdr>
<body>
<p>Sniping and armed skirmishes become commonplace as feuding over
casinos explodes into a tribal war
</p>
<p> Fearing for the safety of their grandchildren, Joellene
Adams and her husband left the barricade and drove into enemy
territory. But as they pulled up to the home of their son
Richard, he fired an automatic rifle at the car. Later that
evening Richard telephoned with an apology: "Ma, I'm sorry. I
didn't know it was you." Replied his mother: "Don't ever call
me Ma again. "
</p>
<p> Over the past year such violent Mohawk vs. Mohawk clashes
have become commonplace on the 28,000-acre St. Regis
reservation, as a bitter quarrel over lucrative casino
operations has escalated into a virtual civil war. Heavily
armed pro- and antigambling factions have battled for control
of the main road through the reservation, which straddles the
border between upstate New York and Canada's Quebec and Ontario
provinces. Last week the fighting reached a new and bloody
peak: thousands of shots were exchanged in a three-hour gun
battle that left two dead. Hundreds of New York State troopers,
who had previously been reluctant to intervene on the largely
self-governing reservation, and a force of Canadian police
moved in to restore an uneasy calm.
</p>
<p> More is at stake than the gambling industry, with revenues
of as much as $300 million, which has flourished on the U.S.
side of the reservation since bingo parlors were introduced in
1986 as a quick and easy way to fund tribal welfare programs.
"It's a question of who is going to have jurisdiction and under
what conditions" over every aspect of reservation life, says
Ron LaFrance, acting director of the American Indian Program
at Cornell University. A bitter power struggle between three
competing tribal councils has been exacerbated by disagreements
among a maze of U.S. and Canadian government agencies that
oversee the reservation.
</p>
<p> Mohawks who live on the Canadian side enjoy less autonomy
than their American counterparts. Their only attempt to launch
a bingo operation was quickly shut down in 1984 by the Royal
Canadian Mounted Police. The casinos on the U.S. side are also
illegal. But that has not kept thousands of gamblers from both
sides of the border away from the blackjack, roulette and
baccarat tables at six gaudy gambling palaces. Since last June,
federal and state law-enforcement officials have repeatedly
raided casinos, confiscated cash and removed slot machines in
an attempt to keep gambling within legal bounds. But a shutdown
would require continuous police presence, a provocative move
U.S. officials have not been ready to make.
</p>
<p> Although the crackdown has drawn applause from antigambling
Mohawk factions, it has provoked a militant response from
Mohawks who regard the raids as violations of the tribe's
sovereign rights. "We need to exercise our right to
self-determination," argues Francis Boots, spokesman for the
Mohawk Warriors Society, a militant and well-armed vigilante
group that favors the casinos. "Gambling is just a small part
of that."
</p>
<p> Gambling foes charge that the casinos have not only
attracted unsavory elements to the reservation but also failed
to produce economic benefits. "We still have no supermarket,
no Laundromat, no arena," says Chief Howard Tarbell, head of
the St. Regis Tribal Council. "We need legitimate economic
alternatives so people don't look only to the casinos for
hope." Besides trying to monopolize the profits from casinos,
critics claim, the Warriors are seeking to protect cross-border
trading operations worth $100 million annually. U.S. and
Canadian officials are searching for a formula that would
restore peace to the reservation. But so far they have been
oddly reluctant to involve Mohawks directly in their talks.
Last week 30 provincial, state and federal officials gathered
in Montreal to discuss the future of the tribe. Not a single
Mohawk leader was present. Not one had been invited.
</p>
<p>By Joelle Attinger. Reported by Stephen Pomper/Massena.
</p>
</body>
</article>
</text>