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<text id=91TT1754>
<title>
Aug. 05, 1991: Why Arms Control Is Obsolete
</title>
<history>
TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1991
Aug. 05, 1991 Was It Worth It?
</history>
<article>
<source>Time Magazine</source>
<hdr>
ESSAY, Page 68
Why Arms Control Is Obsolete
</hdr><body>
<p>By Charles Krauthammer
</p>
<p> Remember the Freeze? Ground Zero Week? The Day After?
Remember when psychiatrists were blaming the Bomb for everything
from violence to video games? It was barely a decade ago that
America was in the grip of nuclear hysteria. Yet when, in
London, Presidents Gorbachev and Bush dramatically announced the
conclusion of START, the most substantial arms treaty in
history, they were met with yawns.
</p>
<p> Why? Because in the interim, it has become clear to even
the woolliest that nuclear weapons are not the threat. The
threat is the intent to use them.
</p>
<p> That is why even the worst nuclear hysterics never got
terribly worked up about the British and the French arsenals,
both of which were quite capable of laying waste to a very large
part of the U.S. No one worried about them because the French
and the British are friends. The problem with the Soviets was
not that they had thousands of nuclear weapons, but that they
had thousands of nuclear weapons pointed at the U.S. And since
no arms-control regime ever seriously proposed reducing nuclear
weapons below the level needed to wipe out American society at
least once, no arms-control regime could ever, even in
principle, cure our nuclear nightmare.
</p>
<p> Arms control was always something between a sham and a
sideshow. The end of the cold war has proved it. The U.S.S.R.
today has thousands more nuclear warheads than it did 10 years
ago. Yet we feel far more secure today. Why? Because security
never depended on numbers. It depended on intentions. Soviet
intentions have changed, and the change had nothing at all to
do with arms control.
</p>
<p> Which is what makes START so irrelevant. Arms control is
what you talk about when you have nothing to talk about. In the
midst of the deepest cold war, the only thing we could possibly
talk to the Soviets about was nuclear weapons: abstractions,
tokens, numbers, weapons whose use was inconceivable. Arms
control offered a kind of shadow substance when there was no
real substance to discuss.
</p>
<p> Now we have real substance--the terms of Soviet entry
into the community of the West. That substance was symbolized
in one picture: Gorbachev in London, smiling, surrounded by the
seven Western summiteers. That picture mocked the Bolshevik
dream of overthrowing Western capitalism. It illustrated the
Soviets' desperate desire to join the West. And it made START
obsolete because, at the end of the day, a democratic Russia
integrated into the West becomes no more a nuclear threat to us
than Britain or France.
</p>
<p> But the end of the Soviet threat does not mean the end of
nuclear danger. The real danger is proliferation, and
proliferation has just begun. Within a decade, according to
Defense Secretary Dick Cheney, 15 countries will acquire
ballistic missiles. About half will have nuclear weapons on top
of them. Moreover, Soviet leaders have been rational and thus
deterrable. We went to the brink during the Cuban missile crisis
but did not go over. Both sides understood and would not bear
the cost of nuclear war. We cannot be so sure that will be true
of Iraq, North Korea, Iran, Libya, the nuclear powers of the
future.
</p>
<p> That is why the signing of START comes just in time. With
luck, START marks the end of that most sterile of exercises,
superpower arms control. It may finally free our attention for
the real threat: the ballistic missile brandished by the
smaller, newer, angrier powers of the very near future.
</p>
<p> What to do about the threat? First, pre-empt. The model is
Iraq. Says British Foreign Secretary Douglas Hurd: "One way or
another we are going to prevent Iraq becoming a nuclear power."
Hurd is refreshingly unconcerned about the legalities or
political niceties of a great power with nuclear weapons
dictating to a smaller power without them that it must remain
without. The danger is too great. Iraq is a proven aggressor
with a record of using every weapon it ever laid its hands on.
The U.S., Britain and France, at least, aim to see that it does
not lay its hands on nukes, even if that means military attack.
</p>
<p> But pre-emption is not enough. There will always be
countries with programs clandestine enough to escape detection.
One day our children will wake up to some crazy state's nuclear
arsenal. Let us hope that we will have provided for them.
</p>
<p> How? With a defense. Hence the second requirement for the
post-Soviet nuclear environment: the Strategic Defense
Initiative. SDI, like arms control, was distorted and diverted
by the Soviet threat. SDI never was and never will be an
adequate response to a full Soviet attack. Ronald Reagan's
pretense that it was did SDI great damage. Yet SDI remains
vital. It is our only potential protection from nuclear attack
by small countries or unauthorized launch from large ones (by
a renegade Soviet general, for example).
</p>
<p> These are undeterrable threats. And the primitive Scuds of
the gulf war have given us a taste of how terrible they will
be. Yet the Congress is locked in an archaic cold war debate
over SDI's architecture. On the one side are those who insist
on ground-based systems only. On the other are those who demand
an additional layer of defense based in space.
</p>
<p> It is hard to understand the theological objection to
space-based defenses. The matter should be purely technical. If
we can engineer an effective first line of defenses in space,
why not the extra protection? A few decades from now many
nations will be in space, using it for defensive and perhaps
even offensive purposes. Why forfeit the opportunity to be the
first into an absolutely critical area of strategic power when
the road is open and the need is great?
</p>
<p> Nations are rarely given the opportunity to prepare in
tranquillity for a looming threat. We must not sacrifice that
opportunity to the theologies of arms control and cold war
thinking. START is already obsolete. The cold war is quite dead.
The danger is the proliferating ballistic missile. The answer
is bold new thinking--and strategic defense.
</p>
</body></article>
</text>