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<text id=91TT1895>
<title>
Aug. 26, 1991: Wall Street:Swaggering into Trouble
</title>
<history>
TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1991
Aug. 26, 1991 Science Under Siege
</history>
<article>
<source>Time Magazine</source>
<hdr>
BUSINESS, Page 41
WALL STREET
Swaggering into Trouble
</hdr><body>
<p>Financial powerhouse Salomon Brothers digs a huge hole for itself
by cheating in the most sacrosanct of markets
</p>
<p>By John Greenwald--Reported by Bernard Baumohl/New York and Hays
Gorey/Washington
</p>
<p> As the most powerful government bond dealer on Wall Street,
Salomon Brothers has long been known for its swagger and for a
rough-and-tumble culture that reveled in practical jokes. But the
scandal that stunned the giant firm last week was no laughing
matter. With the company's stock collapsing in the wake of
disclosures that Salomon had repeatedly tried to corner the
market for Treasury securities, chairman John Gutfreund and
president Thomas Strauss said they would offer their
resignations at an emergency board meeting on Sunday. The firm
said directors would also consider the fate of vice chairman
John Meriwether, one of Wall Street's most respected bond
traders. Omaha billionaire Warren Buffett, who owns $700 million
of Salomon's preferred stock, said he would be willing to take
Gutfreund's place as chairman and CEO until a permanent
successor could be found.
</p>
<p> The resignations came after a whirlwind week in which the
trading scandal grew to menace the health, and possibly the very
existence, of the 81-year-old firm. The trouble began Aug. 9,
when Salomon said it had suspended managing directors Paul Mozer
and Thomas Murphy and two other employees. Their major misdeed:
violating federal rules against acquiring more than 35% of
Treasury notes and bonds at a government auction. The ceiling
is designed to prevent large firms like Salomon from purchasing
enough of an issue to dictate the price of the securities when
they resell them to smaller buyers.
</p>
<p> Had Salomon's infractions stopped there, the firm might
have contained the damage. But Salomon dropped a bombshell last
Wednesday when it admitted that Gutfreund, Strauss and
Meriwether had learned last April of a trading violation but had
failed to report it "due to a lack of sufficient attention" to
the matter. The firm later found still more irregularities but
apparently did not disclose them until faced with a government
investigation. "The fact that they believed they didn't have to
obey the rules is shocking," said Stephen Miller, a Philadelphia
securities lawyer. "To be seen to have violated the rules and
to have people at the highest levels of the company know about
it--and possibly even wink at it--is also shocking."
</p>
<p> The Justice Department and federal regulators launched
investigations of the firm. Shareholders feared Salomon could
even be barred from dealing in Treasury securities, a
devastating penalty that could dry up most of the firm's
profits. Such concerns caused the price of Salomon stock to
plunge Thursday from 31 5/8 to 26 7/8. Buoyed by news of the
imminent departure of Gutfreund, 61, and Strauss, 49, the stock
finished the week at 28.
</p>
<p> The resignation of Gutfreund puts an end to one of Wall
Street's most fabled careers. A gruff-talking, cigar-chomping
bond trader, Gutfreund became chairman of Salomon in 1978.
According to Liar's Poker, a 1989 best seller by Michael Lewis
that described Salomon as a sort of financial Animal House,
Gutfreund exhorted traders to come to work each morning "ready
to bite the ass off a bear." When the traders were not executing
centimillion-dollar deals, they delighted in such pranks as
dumping garbage on one another's desks and replacing the
contents of a male colleague's suitcase with lingerie.
</p>
<p> Ironically, it was a practical joke gone awry that helped
bring Salomon down. In an elaborate form of hazing, Mozer
reportedly persuaded a Salomon customer last February to submit
a bogus $1 billion order for 30-year Treasury bonds. The idea
was to shock the novice trader who received the order. But the
prank backfired: the deal went through, and the unauthorized
purchase landed on Salomon's books.
</p>
<p> Salomon rigged bids to exceed the 35% trading ceiling in
at least three Treasury auctions during the past nine months.
In December the firm bought 35% of an $8.5 billion,
four-year-note sale and also submitted a $1 billion bid that was
ostensibly for a customer but was really for its own account.
The combined transactions gave Salomon a 46% share of the
overall deal.
</p>
<p> In Washington lawmakers called for tighter regulation of
the $2.2 trillion government securities market. Declared
Congressman Edward Markey, a Massachusetts Democrat who chairs
a subcommittee that oversees Treasury bond trading: "The issue
is the integrity of the most important financial marketplace in
the world." Markey blamed lax regulation for permitting Salomon
to display "a cavalier disregard for the rules." Democratic
Senator Christopher Dodd of Connecticut demanded that Treasury
Secretary Nicholas Brady conduct a "full review" of the
department's auction rules. With a $300 billion federal budget
deficit to finance, Washington cannot afford to scare any bond
buyers away.
</p>
</body></article>
</text>