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TIME: Almanac 1990s
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<text id=89TT2215>
<title>
Aug. 28, 1989: Foot's Paradise
</title>
<history>
TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1989
Aug. 28, 1989 World War II:50th Anniversary
</history>
<article>
<source>Time Magazine</source>
<hdr>
BUSINESS, Page 54
Foot's Paradise
</hdr><body>
<p>With a mix of fashion and engineering, athletic shoes leap off
the shelves
</p>
<p>By Barbara Rudolph
</p>
<p> Jennifer the Valley Girl, whose most strenuous exercise
consists of cruising the local shopping mall, favors $64 pink
L.A. Gear athletic shoes with Western-style, imitation-silver
buckles. Arthur the accountant, who bicycles ten miles before
picking up his calculator in the morning, wears TC Lite, Nike's
$85 cycling model. His weekend tennis partner rushes the net in
Reebok's $80 Italian-made Cosenza tennis shoes, with the brand
name discreetly scrawled in the corner.
</p>
<p> Only fuddy-duddies still think of sneakers as inexpensive,
all-purpose athletic shoes with heavy rubber soles. Today's
models are an exacting mixture of fashion and technology,
composed of such materials as synthetic leather and Hexalite,
a cushiony substance used in Reebok's newest soles. Not just
athletic shoes, they are space-age wonders that boast such
features as air-cylinder suspension systems, anatomically molded
ankle collars, outrigger soles and adjustable support straps.
They answer to names like Air Skylon, 360 Jam, Disc-Drive and
Tiger Gel Epirus. Manufacturers are bombarding customers with
different models for "technical" and "nontechnical" running, for
walking, wrestling and even coaching and cheerleading.
</p>
<p> As a result, Americans are lacing up 200 million pairs of
brand-name athletic shoes a year. Not satisfied to sell only
shoes, companies are diversifying into T shirts, sweaters and
shorts emblazoned with their names. All told, the market for
athletic shoes will reach $9 billion in retail sales this year,
up about 15% from 1988. In a grueling race for market share,
once sagging Nike is racing back with revenues of $1.7 billion
for the fiscal year that ended in May. Analysts estimate that
Nike now claims a 26% share of the market for brand-name
athletic shoes. Based in Beaverton, Ore., the company is nosing
ahead of its archrival Reebok, which controls about 22% of the
market. Striding into the No. 3 position is trendy L.A. Gear,
which has grabbed about 13% by selling shoes designed more for
fashion than performance. Among the runners-up: Converse,
Adidas, Keds and New Balance.
</p>
<p> When the jogging and fitness craze began in the mid-1970s,
athletic-shoe manufacturers were dubbed "Adidas and the Seven
Dwarfs." But by the early 1980s, while West Germany's Adidas
remained No. 1 outside the U.S., fast-rising Nike dominated the
American market. The company was started in 1972 by current
chairman Philip Knight, 52, a University of Oregon graduate,
and Bill Bowerman, 78, his former track coach, who used a waffle
iron to make their first soles. (The now famous Swoosh trademark
on the side of the shoes was designed by an art student for
$35.) Nike's sales sprinted from $270 million in 1980 to $920
million in 1984. But the firm, named after the Greek goddess of
victory, had trouble managing its explosive growth. Not long
after the company tried to meet increased demand by assigning
more production to Chinese factories in 1985, Nike's quality
inspectors were rejecting four out of five of the Chinese-made
shoes. Nike's push to satisfy the expanding mass market eroded
its performance image.
</p>
<p> As Nike faltered, Reebok galloped ahead. Beginning its life
in the U.S. as a subsidiary of a British shoemaker founded in
the 1890s, Reebok, based in Canton, Mass., is now a publicly
held firm that owns its former parent company. Its mid-'80s
success came from inventing and persistently exploiting the
market for women's aerobic shoes, a shift in the business that
Nike had completely missed. Reebok's revenues zoomed from $4
million in 1982 to $900 million by 1986.
</p>
<p> This year Nike, which Knight has invigorated by
decentralizing decision making and encouraging innovation, has
gained a second wind with dozens of new models in 24 footwear
categories. Nowadays any top contender in the industry must
constantly upgrade its products (almost all of which are
designed in the U.S. but made in Asia) just to stay in the race.
Though industry analysts estimate that 80% of all sneakers are
used for nothing more taxing than taking out the garbage,
consumers want the illusion of having a competitive edge.
</p>
<p> Shoe designers finely tune each category of shoe to its
particular activity by studying human motion and physiology.
Reebok's baseball shoes, for example, have a specially designed
cleat pattern called SpeedSlot for fast starts and stops.
Crafty Nike marketeers have also invented in-between products,
most notably the cross-trainer shoe, designed for an all-around
athlete. Cross-trainers offer enough lateral support for the
sideways motions of aerobics and basketball but are light and
flexible enough for jogging too.
</p>
<p> On the cutting edge of shoe science, Nike and Reebok are
engaged in a battle that is based on thin air. The Air Nike
line of basketball shoes, which contain pockets of compressed
gas in the soles to provide cushioning, became an instant hit
two years ago when transparent plastic windows were added to
show off the air cells. The most popular model is the Air Jordan
(price: $110), named for Chicago Bulls superstar Michael Jordan,
who receives an undisclosed royalty for each pair of shoes sold.
This year Reebok is fighting back with its Energy Return System,
found in its ERS Showtime model (price: $79). Its soles contain
an arrangement of cylinders, made of a synthetic called Hytrel,
which compress on impact and provide extra spring. Taking the
next engineering leap, both Reebok and Nike have developed shoes
with inflatable sides and collars for extra support.
</p>
<p> Not every manufacturer is chasing the perfect technology.
L.A. Gear has become a major contender by selling shoes mostly
for show, not sport. Adorned with bright-neon trim, buckles and
rhinestones and worn by svelte blonds in the company's TV
commercials, L.A. Gear's shoes suggest sex and Southern
California. One of the brand's top sellers is Street Brats
($60), with contrasting-color laces, marbleized leather and
tongues that stick straight up. L.A. Gear was started in 1979
by Robert Greenberg, 49, a hairdresser turned entrepreneur who
keeps his finger on the pulse of California shopping culture.
Says he: "I'm a mallaholic. I need to go to a mall at least
twice a week, or I get the shakes." Sales at L.A. Gear
accelerated from $11 million in 1985 to $224 million in 1988 and
are expected to more than double this year.
</p>
<p> A shoemaker's fortunes rely heavily on advertising. Nike's
theme, "Just Do It," which urges would-be customers to get off
their couches and onto their exercise bicycles, has been widely
praised. But Reebok's recent "Let U.B.U." ad campaign, which
starred eccentric characters in surrealistic situations, was
considered a bust. All the major manufacturers have hired
celebrity pitchmen. Nike pays multitalented pro athlete Bo
Jackson to sell its cross-trainer shoe, and Joan Benoit
Samuelson to advertise its running line. L.A. Gear keeps retired
Los Angeles Lakers star Kareem Abdul-Jabbar on its payroll; his
former coach Pat Riley is under contract with Reebok.
</p>
<p> Having paid heavily to pump up their images,
footwear-makers capitalize on their cachet by emblazoning their
emblems on clothing. Nike, whose apparel sales reached $208
million in fiscal 1989, sells hundreds of garments ranging from
lemon-colored cotton jerseys to hot-pink bicycle shorts. Next
spring Nike will launch an Aqua Gear line for wind surfers and
other hardy types.
</p>
<p> Manufacturers are furiously bringing out new clothes and
shoes, in part because they know that the industry's rapid
growth is slowing down. Baby boomers, for example, are slacking
off in their exercise regimens. While last year's 15% growth
rate was healthy by any measure, it was down from 29% the
previous year. As they pour money into R. and D., the shoemakers
hope to come up with new products that weekend athletes can't
resist. One new customer of note: Batman, whose movie shoes were
based on Nike's cross-trainer.
</p>
</body></article>
</text>