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<text id=93CT1935>
<link 90TT2656>
<title>
The European Economic Community:Trade And The EMS
</title>
<history>
Compact ALMANAC--World Organizations
</history>
<article>
<source>CIA World Factbook</source>
<hdr>
The European Economic Community
Trade and The European Monetary System
</hdr>
<body>
<p>Trade
</p>
<p>Customs Union
The authors of the EC treaties recognized that the economic
keystone of unity would be a customs union permitting the free
movement of goods, services, capital, and people within member
states. In 1958, the Community began the difficult process of
eliminating all trade barriers among its members. Ten years later,
all member-to-member duties were abolished, and a common
external tariff of the Six was established. By 1977, this union was
extended to include the new EC members--the United Kingdom,
Denmark, and Ireland.
</p>
<p>The common external tariff is key to the customs union. Each EC
member charges the same duty on a given import from a non-member
country. Agricultural imports are subject to the Common
Agricultural Policy, which places variable levies on agricultural
imports to raise their prices to those of EC-produced commodities.
</p>
<p>Although tariffs have been eliminated within the Community,
several kinds of non-tariff barriers still exist. Some member states
maintain protectionist measures that the Community has not yet
been able to eliminate entirely, such as limiting public works
contracts and adopting unilateral technical or safety standards that
restrict trade. Numerous health and safety barriers to agricultural
trade still exist. Individual firms and governments can register
trade restriction complaints with the Commission, which attempts
to eliminate the barriers through binding judicial action.
</p>
<p>In 1991, exports among Community members were $859 billion,
while external exports were $522 billion, accounting for 17.1% of
world commerce. This makes the EC the world's largest trading unit.
EC imports from third countries in 1991 were $812 billion, mostly
raw materials and unprocessed goods. Most EC exports are
processed goods such as machinery and vehicles.
</p>
<p>As provided for in Article 113 of the Treaty of Rome, all member
states adhere to a common EC commercial policy. It provides for
major decisions on trade policy to be taken by the Council of
Ministers by majority vote and assigns to the Commission
considerable executive and negotiating authority. The Community's
trade policy is based on the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
(GATT), to which all community members are contracting parties.
</p>
<p>Single European Act and EC '92
The establishment of a customs union among the Six resulted in an
expansion of trade which grew from $7 billion in 1958 to $60 billion
in 1972. The enlargement of the Community to include Denmark,
Ireland, and the United Kingdom in 1973 marked the beginning of a
period of limited growth, inflation, and high unemployment. By the
mid-1980s, the Community recognized that, despite progress in
many areas, its aim of creating a true common market (the
dismantling of all barriers within the Community restricting the
free movement of people and trade) had not been realized. In March
1985, Jacques Delors, President of the EC Commission, outlined to
the European Parliament the "single market" program, designed to
chart a course for completion of an integrated market by the end of
1992. A Commission White Paper in June 1985 listed legislative
measures needed to eliminate all physical, technical, and fiscal
barriers to the completion of a unified economic area with free
movement of persons, goods, services, and capital. By October 31,
1992, the Commission had tabled 282 proposals. Of these, 216 have
been approved by the European Council and the European Parliament.
However, only 68 have been implemented in all 12 EC member states.
</p>
<p>On July 1, 1987, after ratification by member governments, the
Single European Act (SEA) came into force. The act contained
revisions in the treaties necessary to assure completion of the 1992
program. It extended the principle of qualified majority voting in
the Council of Ministers (thus streamlining the decision-making
process). It also gave the Community new responsibilities (in the
areas of social policy, promotion of research and technological
development, and improvement of the environment) and increased
support for the least developed member states. Budgetary measures
adopted in February 1988, which placed limits on the growth of
agricultural spending and doubled the allocation for structural funds
(resources targeted for regions that are underdeveloped or affected
by industrial decline or unemployment), signaled the commitment of
member states to implement these provisions.
</p>
<p>In addition to defining an action program for achieving the single
market, the SEA endorsed the objective of economic and monetary
union, including a single currency. Institutional decisions in this
area would continue to be subject to unanimity in the Council and
ratification by member states. The SEA also formalized procedures
for cooperation in foreign policy among member states and renewed
support for the objective of European political union.
</p>
<p>European Monetary System
In 1970, the Werner Report (named after the Luxembourg Prime
Minister) proposed a plan for economic and monetary union within
the Community. As a first step in harmonizing policy, the currency
"snake" (a set of upper and lower limits of exchange rates) was
established in 1972. Central banks of participating countries
pledged to intervene in the currency market to keep the value of
their currencies within fixed limits.
</p>
<p>In 1979, the European Monetary System (EMS) replaced the snake in
an effort to reduce exchange rate fluctuations. The EMS provides for
frequent discussions among central bankers and for intervention in
foreign exchange markets to maintain the value of each currency
within a narrow range (generally 2.25%) of the European Currency
Unit (ecu). All Community members belong to the EMS, though not all
participate in the system's exchange rate mechanism. In addition to
currency swap arrangements for defense of currency parities, the
EMS includes a reserve fund.
</p>
<p>The EMS created the ecu in 1979. It is the Community's budget and
accounting unit, created by member states depositing 20% of their
gold and US dollar reserves with the European Monetary Cooperation
Fund. It is a combination of differing proportions of 12 member
currencies, reflecting the size of their economies.
</p>
<p>Economic and Monetary Union
The concept of economic and monetary union, characterized by
irrevocably fixed exchange rates, a single currency, a single
monetary authority, and a common monetary and exchange rate
policy, was a natural corollary to the completion of the internal
market. At the December 1991 summit in Maastricht, Netherlands,
EC heads of government reached agreement on a draft treaty on
European economic and monetary union (EMU). The EMU treaty
provides a timetable for moving to full economic and monetary
union.
</p>
<p>Stage 1 (1990-93). Involves strengthening economic coordination,
bringing all EC members' currencies into the exchange rate
mechanism of the European Monetary System, and lifting
restrictions on internal EC capital flows.
</p>
<p>Stage 2 (1994-96). A transitional period, will involve increased
economic convergence ( in terms of inflation, fiscal policy, interest
rates, and exchange rate stability) and creation of a transitional
European monetary authority.
</p>
<p>Stage 3. In 1997, if a majority of EC members are politically
willing and economically prepared for full EMU, exchange rates will
be irrevocably fixed, monetary powers will be transferred from
national central banks to a European central bank, and a single
currency will be created. (If the move to Stage 3 does not occur in
1997, it will start definitely by January 1, 1999, for those
countries which have met the treaty's economic convergence
criteria.)
</p>
<p>EMU will not go into effect until the Maastricht Treaty package is
ratified by all 12 member states. As of January 1993, the
ratification process was still underway.
</p>
<p>Source: U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Public Affairs,
April 1993.
</p>
</body>
</article>
</text>