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<text id=93CT1844>
<link 90TT2505>
<link 90TT2503>
<title>
Saudi Arabia--History
</title>
<history>
Compact ALMANAC--CIA Factbook
Southwest Asia
Saudi Arabia
</history>
<article>
<source>CIA World Factbook</source>
<hdr>
History
</hdr>
<body>
<p> Although Saudi Arabia's harsh climate historically has
militated against extensive settlement except for a few major
cities and oases, civilization in the country is more than 5,000
years old. The Dilmun culture, along the Arabian Gulf, was
contemporaneous with Sumer and ancient Egypt, and most of the
empires of the ancient world traded with the states of the
Arabian Peninsula. However, the country is best known as the
birthplace of Islam, which in the century after the Prophet
Muhammad's death in A.D. 632 conquered much of the Mediterranean
world. Islam obliges all Muslims who are able to make the hajj,
or pilgrimage to Makkah, at least once during their lifetime,
and the Saudi Government takes its stewardship of the holy
places of Islam seriously.
</p>
<p> The Saudi state first arose in central Arabia about 1750 when
a local ruler, Muhammad bin Saud, joined forces with an Islamic
reformer, Muhammad Abd al-Wahhab, to create a dynamic new
political entity. Over the next 150 years, the fortunes of the
Saud family rose and fell several times as Saudi rulers
contended with Egypt, the Ottoman Turks, and other Arabian
families for control within the peninsula.
</p>
<p> The modern Saudi state was founded by the late King Abd
al-Aziz Al-Saud (known internationally as Ibn Saud--pronounced
sah-00D). In 1902, Abd al-Aziz recaptured Riyadh, the Al Saud
dynasty's ancestral capital, from the rival al-Rashid family.
Continuing his conquests, Abd al-Aziz vanquished al-Hasa, the
rest of Nejd, and the Hijaz between 1913 and 1926. In 1932,
these regions were unified as the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The
country's southern border with Yemen was partially defined by
the 1934 Treaty of Taif, which ended a brief border war between
the two states, but the border remains undemarcated in many
areas. Boundaries with Jordan, Iraq, and Kuwait were established
by a series of treaties negotiated in the 1920s. Two "neutral
zones"--one with Iraq and the other with Kuwait--were
created at that time. The Saudi-Kuwaiti neutral zone was
administratively partitioned in 1971, with each state
continuing to share equally the petroleum resources of the
former zone. Tentative agreement on the partition of the
Saudi-Iraqi neutral zone was reached in 1981, and partition was
finalized by 1983. The border between Saudi Arabia and the
United Arab Emirates was agreed upon in 1974.
</p>
<p> Oil was discovered in Saudi Arabia by American geologists in
the 1930s, although large-scale production did not begin until
after World War II. Saudi oil reserves are the largest in the
world, and oil wealth made possible rapid economic and social
development, which began in earnest in the 1960s and accelerated
spectacularly in the 1970s, transforming the kingdom.
</p>
<p> King Abd al-Aziz died in 1953 and was succeeded by his eldest
son, Saud. Saud reigned for 11 years until 1964, when ill health
and differences over policy matters brought about his abdication
in favor of his brother, Faisal. Faisal already had served his
father as foreign minister, signing the UN Charter in 1945 on
behalf of Saudi Arabia. Even before his abdication, King Saud
had been persuaded, because of fiscal difficulties, to delegate
the direct conduct of Saudi Government affairs to Faisal in
1958. Except for a brief period when Saud regained control in
1960-62, Faisal served as prime minister and continued to do so
even after being proclaimed King in 1964 by senior royal family
members and religious leaders. This precedent has been continued
by subsequent kings. In October 1962, Faisal outlined a broad
reform program, stressing economic development.
</p>
<p> The mid-1960s were dominated by external pressures generated
by Saudi-Egyptian differences over Yemen. When civil war broke
out in September 1962 between Yemeni royalists and republicans,
Egyptian forces entered Yemen to support the new republican
government while Saudi Arabia backed the royalists. Tensions
subsided only after 1967, when Egypt withdrew its troops from
Yemen.
</p>
<p> Saudi forces did not participate in the Six-Day
(Arab-Israeli) War of June 1967, but the Saudi Government
subsequently provided annual subsidies to Egypt, Jordan, and
Syria to help repair war damage to their economies.
</p>
<p> Supporting the Arab cause during the 1973 Arab-Israeli war,
Saudi Arabia participated in the Arab oil boycott of the United
States and Netherlands. As a member of the Organization of
Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), Saudi Arabia already had
joined with the other member countries in a series of moderate
oil price increases beginning in 1971. However, the price of oil
rose substantially in the aftermath of the 1973 war, thereby
dramatically increasing Saudi wealth and political influence.
</p>
<p> In March 1975, King Faisal was assassinated by a discontented
and unstable young nephew, who was subsequently executed after
an extensive investigation concluded that he acted alone. Faisal
was succeeded by his half-brother Khalid as King and Prime
Minister, and Prince Fahd was named Crown Prince and First
Deputy Prime Minister. The transition went smoothly. King Khalid
empowered Crown Prince Fahd to oversee many aspects of the
government's international and domestic affairs. Economic
development continued rapidly under the reign of King Khalid,
while the kingdom assumed an increasingly influential role in
regional politics and international economic and financial
matters.
</p>
<p> In June 1982, King Khalid died, and his brother Fahd became
King and Prime Minister. His half-brother Prince Abdullah, the
Commander of the Saudi National Guard, was named Crown Prince
and First Deputy Prime Minister. Another brother, Prince
Sultan, the Minister of Defense and Aviation, became Second
Deputy Prime Minister. Again the transition was smooth, and King
Fahd has emphasized the continuity of Saudi policy.
</p>
<p> During the first 6 years of his reign, King Fahd has managed
the adjustment of the Saudi economy to sharply lower oil
revenues resulting from declining oil demand and prices. He was
in charge of Saudi security during some of the most difficult
periods of the Iran-Iraq war, helping to defend the rights of
neutral shipping in the gulf and aiding Iraq's war-strained
economy, as well as playing a major part in bringing about the
August 1988 cease-fire. He also has played an important role in
organizing and strengthening the Gulf Cooperation Council, an
organization of six Arabian Gulf states dedicated to fostering
economic cooperation and peaceful development in that crucial
area.
</p>
<p>Political Conditions
</p>
<p> The central institution of Saudi Arabian Government is the
monarchy. No formal constitution exists in the Western sense;
political parties and national elections are unknown. The
authority of the monarchy is based on Islamic law (Sharia).
Although the king's powers are undefined, in practice, they are
limited because he must observe the Sharia and Saudi traditions.
He also must retain a consensus of the Saudi royal family,
religious leaders (ulema), and other important elements in Saudi
society. The responsible members of the royal family choose the
king from among themselves with the subsequent sanction of the
ulema.
</p>
<p> Saudi kings gradually have developed a central government.
Since 1953, the Council of Ministers appointed by the king and
responsible to the king, has advised on the formulation of
general policy and directed the activities of the growing
bureaucracy. The Council of Ministers currently consists of a
prime minister, the first and second deputy prime ministers, the
20 ministers (one of whom, the minister of defense, also is the
second deputy prime minister), two ministers of state, and a
small number of advisers and heads of major autonomous
government organizations.
</p>
<p> Legislation is by resolution of the Council of Ministers,
ratified by royal decree, and must be compatible with the
Sharia. Justice is administered according to the Sharia by a
system of religious courts, the judges (qadis) of which are
appointed by the king on the recommendation of the Supreme
Judicial Council, composed of 12 senior jurists. The
independence of the judiciary is protected by law. The king
acts as the highest court of appeal and has the power of
pardon. Access to high officials (usually during a majlis, or
public audience) and the right to petition them directly are
well-established traditions.
</p>
<p> The kingdom is divided into 14 provinces, which are governed
by princes or close relatives of the royal family. All governors
are appointed by the king. Despite rapid economic progress,
Saudi society remains strongly conservative and religious, with
a tribal orientation. The king encourages modernization without
undermining the country's stability and Islamic heritage.
</p>
<p> Saudi Arabia's security rests in the hands of three
independent entities:
</p>
<p>-- The Ministry of Defense and Aviation, with four uniformed
services--air force, army, navy, and air defense--responsible for meeting conventional military attacks from
outside the country;
</p>
<p>-- The Saudi Arabian National Guard, responsible for
defending vital internal installations (e.g., oil fields and
refineries), maintaining internal security, and supporting the
Ministry of Defense and Aviation as required; and
</p>
<p>-- The Ministry of Interior, with internal security and
police functions and paramilitary frontier guard elements.
</p>
<p>Source: U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Public Affairs, July
1989.
</p>
</body>
</article>
</text>