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<text id=93CT1418>
<title>
Turkey--Economy
</title>
<article><source>CIA Factbook</source><hdr>The World Factbook 1993: Turkey
Economy</hdr><body>
<p>Overview: After an impressive economic performance through
most of the 1980s, Turkey has experienced erratic rates of
economic growth since 1988 - ranging from a high of 9.2% in 1990
to a low of 0.9% in 1991. Strong consumer demand and increased
public investment led the way to a strong 5.9% growth in 1992.
Chronic high inflation is Turkey's most serious economic problem,
leading to high interest rates and the rapid depreciation of the
Turkish lira. The huge public sector deficit - about 12% of GDP
- and the Treasury's heavy reliance on Central Bank financing of
the deficit are the major causes of Turkish inflation.
Meanwhile, wage increases in both the public and private sector
have outpaced productivity gains, limited the government's
ability to reduce current expenditures, and hindered the return
to profitability of many private companies. Agriculture remains
an important economic sector, employing about half of the work
force, contributing 18% to GDP, and accounting for about 20% of
exports. The government has launched a multibillion-dollar
development program in the southeastern region, which includes
the building of a dozen dams on the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers
to generate electric power and irrigate large tracts of
farmland. The Turkish economy will probably continue to grow
faster than the West European average in 1993, but the shaky
coalition government of Prime Minister DEMIREL - which has seen
its parliamentary majority shrink from 36 to 11 seats during its
first year in power - is unlikely to risk further erosion of its
support by implementing the belt-tightening measures necessary
to substantially reduce inflation.
</p>
<p>National product: GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $219
billion (1992)
</p>
<p>National product real growth rate: 5.9% (1992)
</p>
<p>National product per capita: $3,670 (1992)
</p>
<p>Inflation rate (consumer prices): 70% (1992)
</p>
<p>Unemployment rate: 11.1% (1992 est.)
</p>
<p>Budget: revenues $40.5 billion; expenditures $46.8 billion,
including capital expenditures of $5.5 billion (1993)
</p>
<list>
<l>Exports: $13.7 billion (f.o.b., 1991)</l>
<l> commodities: manufactured goods 69%, foodstuffs 22%, fuels
2%</l>
<l> partners: EC countries 51%, US 7%, Iran 5%, former USSR
5%</l>
<l>Imports: $21.1 billion (c.i.f., 1991)</l>
<l> commodities: manufactured goods 61%, foodstuffs 8%, fuels
21%</l>
<l> partners: EC countries 44%, US 12%, former USSR 5%</l>
</list>
<p>External debt: $48.7 billion (1991)
</p>
<p>Industrial production: growth rate 3.2% (1991 est.); accounts
for 28% of GDP
</p>
<p>Electricity: 14,400,000 kW capacity; 44,000 million kWh
produced, 750 kWh per capita (1991)
</p>
<p>Industries: textiles, food processing, mining (coal, chromite,
copper, boron minerals), steel, petroleum, construction, lumber,
paper
</p>
<p>Agriculture: accounts for 18% of GDP and employs about half of
working force; products - tobacco, cotton, grain, olives, sugar
beets, pulses, citrus fruit, variety of animal products;
self-sufficient in food most years
</p>
<p>Illicit drugs: major transit route for Southwest Asian heroin
and hashish to Western Europe and the US via air, land, and sea
routes; major Turkish, Iranian, and other international
trafficking organizations operate out of Istanbul; laboratories
to convert imported morphine base into heroin have sprung up in
remote regions of Turkey as well as near Istanbul; government
maintains strict controls over areas of legal opium poppy
cultivation and output of poppy straw concentrate
</p>
<p>Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $2.3
billion; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral
commitments (1970-89), $10.1 billion; OPEC bilateral aid
(1979-89), $665 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $4.5
billion; note - aid for Persian Gulf war efforts from coalition
allies (1991), $4.1 billion; aid pledged for Turkish Defense
Fund, $2.5 billion
</p>
<p>Currency: 1 Turkish lira (TL)=100 kurus
</p>
<p>Exchange rates: Turkish liras (TL) per US$1 - 8,814.3 (January
1993), 6,872.4 (1992), 4,171.8 (1991), 2,608.6 (1990), 2,121.7
(1989), 1,422.3 (1988)
</p>
<p>Fiscal year: calendar year
</p></body></article></text>