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- Josip Tito came to
- prominence in 1941
- after a coup against
- Yugslavia's pro-Nazi
- government. The
- Germans responded
- with an invasion,
- defeating Yugoslav
- forces in 11 days.
- Popular resistance
- to the Nazis centred
- on the two guerrilla
- movements: Josip
- Tito's communist
- partisans, and the
- royalist 'chetniks'
- led by Colonel
- Drazha Mihailovich
- #
- In 1943 the Allies
- switched support
- from the ineffec-
- tive chetniks to
- Tito's more war-
- like communists.
- Yugoslavia was a
- complex battle-
- ground: alongside
- the resistance
- struggle a bloody
- civil war was
- being fought, fore-
- shadowing the
- conflict 50 years
- later. Most of the
- Yugoslav dead in
- the second world
- war (two million)
- were killed by
- other Yugoslavs
- #
- The partisans were
- supplied with
- British armored
- cars and American
- tanks suited to the
- very mountainous
- Yugoslav terrain.
- Josip Tito's forces,
- described by the
- Germans as "a
- festering sore",
- managed to tie
- down 12 German
- divisions, troops
- which would
- otherwise have
- been deployed on
- the Russian front
- #
- By late 1944, the
- Germans were in
- retreat. But the
- chetniks still held
- Serbia, so Tito
- (centre), who had
- moved with his
- Politburo to the
- Adriatic island of
- Vis, asked Stalin
- to divert the Red
- Army into Yugo-
- slavia. The defeat
- of the chetniks left
- Tito in control of
- Yugoslavia when the
- Russians withdrew
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- Josip Tito's great
- achievement was
- to create and main-
- tain a stable Yugo-
- slavia, despite the
- antagonism between
- the republics from
- which it was made.
- With Tito as head
- of state, Yugoslavia
- was one country,
- held together with
- the glue of totali-
- tarianism and rigid
- centralized control
- #
- One of the first
- acts of Tito's
- new government
- was to declare
- Yugoslavia a
- republic. Political
- rivals and war-
- time collaborators,
- including the
- chetniks' leader
- Mihailovich, were
- executed in spite
- of Tito's repeated
- promise that his
- opponents would
- not be persecuted
- #
- Josip Tito was
- determined that
- Yugoslavia should
- be an independent
- communist state,
- not a satellite of
- the Soviet Union.
- Relations became
- strained - the
- abuse heaped on
- Tito by Moscow
- was comically
- extreme - but
- the rift was later
- healed when Nikita
- Khrushchev (and
- then Brezhnev)
- affirmed the idea
- that there are
- "different roads
- to socialism"
- #
- Tito had mellowed
- by the end of his
- long political
- career. Life in
- Yugoslavia, though
- not affluent by
- western standards,
- was better than in
- most communist
- countries. And the
- approach to ideo-
- logy was relaxed.
- Tito became, for
- example, the first
- communist leader
- to meet officially
- with the Pope
- #
- After Tito died
- in 1980, ethnic
- tensions which
- he had controlled
- for decades made
- themselves felt.
- At first it seemed
- that the six repub-
- lics of Yugoslavia
- would split with
- no more than a
- diplomatic fuss,
- but the squabbles
- soon descended
- into open war -
- the first conflict
- in Europe for
- nearly 50 years
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