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fixmbr24.doc
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1992-01-27
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FixMBR v2.4 (gamma)
FixMBR is a combination recovery/integrity management program
for the protection of hard disks. In the case of an Master Boot
Record infection FixMBR may be used to restore either the
original Master Boot Record or to rebuild it using an original
Partition Table taken from either inside the virus or from one of
the "hidden" sectors (where most MBR infectors hide them).
According to the latest (1991) figures from McAfee
Associates, producers of the popular SCAN, VSHIELD, and CLEAN
programs, MBR infecting viruses were the cause of over half of
all reported infections. FixMBR is designed to provide warning
and recovery from such infections.
Additionally, FixMBR also provides for capture/storage of an
off-line copy of the MBR sector that may be used for
reconstruction and capture.
FixMBR requires no complicated switches and will prompt for
all necessary information and permissions. Further FixMBR will
suggest only legitimate partition tables found in the track 0
"hidden" area.
User commands are limited to y(es)/n(o)/q(uit) and will be
requested when appropriate. On single disk systems q(uit) will
terminate the program. On systems having multiple physical disks,
q(uit) will skip to the next disk. This is useful when the only
activity desired is to back-up the original MBR(s).
WARNING Message
The only real "caveat"s involve the error checking mechanisms
used by FixMBR. When the program starts, the drive table(s) as
reported by the system is read and these disk parameters are
output. If the CMOS (AT class & 386 and later machines) is
corrupt due to battery failure or rogue software, the parameters
as reported will probably be different than exist. In this case,
the program should be q(uit)ed and the CMOS restored to correct
parameters before continuing.
The other case is if the disk is not completely allocated to
partitions (rare). This would occur if FDISK was not told to
allocate all of the disk to active, extended, or non-DOS
partitions during the low-level format process. What will occur
is that on partition table display a warning message will appear.
Should this occur, either check the original partition table
values to verify entries or look for another table to use before
loading. In most cases a mismatch will indicate a corrupt
partition table.
Other Functions
While FixMBR is designed to install the SafeMBR code for
detection of attacks by MBR and partition table viruses, it is
also designed to allow easy storage and recovery of original MBR
code in the event that the SafeMBR code cannot be used.
Suggested Use
FixMBR is best utilized before infection or corruption
strikes. In this case, run the program, save the original MBR
when prompted, select the partition table found in sector one,
and allow use of the SafeMBR code. It is further suggested that
the saved MBR(s) be copied as .COM file(s) along with the SafeMBR
program to a known clean bootable (restoration) floppy that is
then write-protected and stored in a safe location. If a printer
is connected, Print-Screen may be used to automatically create a
hard copy of the selected partition table(s) that should be
stored with the recovery floppy.
If an Infection Occurs
In the event of an identified infection (e.g. STONED), simply
boot from the restoration floppy, run FixMBR and increment to
the sector in which the virus stores the real MBR (e.g. sector
7) then use this to either restore the original MBR or use
the SafeMBR code.
In the case of an unknown infection, the best bet would be to
select a partition table from a sector other than sector
one
following a clean floppy boot.
In the event that a valid partition table is only found in
sector one (e.g. Azusa) then the SafeMBR replacement code must
be selected - again only after a known clean floppy boot.
Alternatively, the user can use the original MBR stored offline
(see MBR8x.DAT below).
If used prior to infection, FIXMBR provides for storage of
the original MBR code offline in separate programs for each disk.
(physical disks, not partitions). These programs will be named
MBR80.DAT for the first disk responding, MBR81.DAT for the second
disk, etc. When renamed with a .COM extension, these
become executable programs that will restore the original MBR.
It is very unlikely that a virus will attack the MBR of any
fixed disk other than the first (disk 80) since this is the only
one in which the MBR is executed, however just in case... FixMBR
is designed to operate on ALL physical fixed disks responding as
such and will provide for saving all MBRs found.
WARNING: Since MBR code is generally unique to each PC, execution
of these programs could cause serious data loss if executed on
a different machine. DO NOT MIX PROGRAMS. If used in a multiple-
PC environment, these files should be renamed to identify with a
specific machine.
IMPORTANT: For FixMBR to work properly, it is essential that
any disk caching software (e.g. PC-Kwik) be turned OFF !
Recovery Using FixMBR
Nearly every known MBR infection (with the exception of
AZUSA) will store the original MBR sector in one of the hidden
sectors (2-11 on MFM and many "translating" drives, 2-26 on RLL
drives). For example, the STONED virus and its many variants
store the original MBR in absolute sector 7. Furthermore, so that
a PC can be booted from a floppy, the partition table MUST be
found in absolute sector 1 (see below for a description of the
MBR and Partition Table). Consequently, every known non-"stealth"
virus keep a copy of the P-Table in its own body.
Recovery Using the Original MBR
Since it is often necessary to boot "bare" an infected
machine, it is recommended that the first step after receipt of
FixMBR be creation of a "recovery" disk.
The advisability of running FixMBR on a "clean" system and
saving the original MBR to a floppy cannot be overemphasized
since this is a sure way to recover a system once failure has
occurred. For this reason more detail is provided.
Step 1: Prepare a bootable floppy disk with the same operating
system currently used. Copy the SYS program (may be
either .COM or .EXE extension) to the disks.
Step 2: Run FIXMBR and respond "y" when it asks if you wish to
save the original MBR(s).
Step 3: With the bootable floppy in the A: drive, enter the
command: COPY MBR*.DAT A:MBR*.COM
Step 4: Place a write protect tab on the floppy, label it
SafeMBR recovery disk (if you have mor