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- 1) You should be aware that GNU-C, as with any other decent compiler,
- will do things when optimization is turned on that you may not expect.
- Sometimes intermediate results are not written to variables, if they are only
- used in one place, and sometimes variables that are not used at all will not be
- written to the symbol table. Also, parameters to inline functions are often
- inaccessible. You can see the assembly code equivalent by using KP7 in the
- debugger, and from this you can tell if in fact a variable should have the
- value that you expect. You can find out if a variable lives withing a register
- by doing a 'show symbol/addr'.
-
- 2) Overly complex data types, such as:
-
- int (*(*(*(*(*(* sarr6)[1])[1])[2])[3])[4])[5];
-
- will not be debugged properly, since the debugging record overflows an internal
- debugger buffer. gcc-as will convert these to *void as far as the debugger
- symbol table is concerned, which will avoid any problems, and the assembler
- will give you a message informing you that this has happened.
-
- 3) You must, of course, compile and link with /debug. If you link
- without debug, you still get traceback table in the executable, but there is no
- symbol table for variables.
-
- 4) Included in the patches to VMS.C are fixes to two bugs that are
- unrelated to the changes that I have made. One of these made it impossible to
- debug small programs sometimes, and the other caused the debugger to become
- confused about which routine it was in, and give this incorrect info in
- tracebacks.
-
- 5) If you are using the GNU-C++ compiler, you should modify the
- compiler driver file GNU_CC:[000000]GCC.COM (or GXX.COM). If you have a
- seperate GXX.COM, then you need to change one line in GXX.COM to:
- $ if f$locate("D",p2) .ne. P2_Length then Debug = " ""-G0"""
- Notice zero---> ^
- If you are using a GCC.COM that does both C and C++, add the following lines to
- GCC.COM:
-
- $!
- $! Use old style debugging records for VMS
- $!
- $ if (Debug.nes."" ).and. Plus then Debug = " ""-G0"""
-
- after the variables Plus and Debug are set. The reason for this, is that C++
- compiler by default generates debugging records that are more complex,
- with many new syntactical elements that allow for the new features of the
- language. The -G0 switch tells the C++ compiler to use the old style debugging
- records. Until the debugger understands C++ there is not any point to try and
- use the expanded syntax.
-
- 6) When you have nested scopes, i.e.:
- main(){
- int i;
- {int i;
- {int i;
- };};}
- and you say "EXAM i" the debugger needs to figure out which variable you
- actually want to reference. I have arranged things to define a block to the
- debugger when you use brackets to enter a new scope, so in the example above,
- the variables would be described as:
- TEST\main\i
- TEST\main\$0\i
- TEST\main\$0\$0\i
- At each level, the block name is a number with a dollar sign prefix, the
- numbers start with 0 and count upward. When you say EXAM i, the debugger looks
- at the current PC, and decides which block it is currently in. It works from
- the innermost level outward until it finds a block that has the variable "i"
- defined. You can always specify the scope explicitly.
-
- 7) With C++, there can be a lot of inline functions, and it would be
- rather restrictive to force the user to debug the program by converting all of
- the inline functions to normal functions. What I have done is to essentially
- "add" (with the debugger) source lines from the include files that contain the
- inline functions. Thus when you step into an inline function it appears as if
- you have called the function, and you can examine variables and so forth.
- There are several *very* important differences, however. First of all, since
- there is no function call involved, you cannot step over the inline function
- call - you always step into it. Secondly, since the same source lines are used
- in many locations, there is a seperate copy of the source for *each* usage.
- Without this, breakpoints do not work, since we must have a 1-to-1 mapping
- between source lines and PC.
- Since you cannot step over inline function calls, it can be a real pain
- if you are not really interested in what is going on for that function call.
- What I have done is to use the "-D" switch for the assembler to toggle the
- following behavior. With the "-D" switch, all inline functions are included in
- the object file, and you can debug everything. Without the "-D" switch
- (default case with VMS implementation), inline functions are included *only* if
- they did not come from system header files (i.e. from GNU_CC_INCLUDE: or
- GNU_GXX_INCLUDE:). Thus, without the switch the user only debugs his/her own
- inline functions, and not the system ones. (This is especially useful if you do
- a lot of stream I/O in C++). This probably will not provide enough granularity
- for many users, but for now this is still somewhat experimental, and I would
- like to reflect upon it and get some feedback before I go any further.
- Possible solutions include an interactive prompting, a logical name, or a new
- command line option in gcc.c (which is then passed through somehow to the guts
- of the assembler).
- The inline functions from header files appear after the source code
- for the source file. This has the advantage that the source file itself is
- numbered with the same line numbers that you get with an editor. In addition,
- the entire header file is not included, since the assembler makes a list of
- the min and max source lines that are used, and only includes those lines from
- the first to the last actually used. (It is easy to change it to include the
- whole file).
-
- 8) When you are debugging C++ objects, the object "this" is refered to
- as "$this". Actually, the compiler writes it as ".this", but the period is
- not good for the debugger, so I have a routine to convert it to a $. (It
- actually converts all periods to $, but only for variables, since this was
- intended to allow us to access "this".
-
- 9) If you use the asm("...") keyword for global symbols, you will not
- be able to see that symbol with the debugger. The reason is that there are two
- records for the symbol stored in the data structures of the assembler. One
- contains the info such as psect number and offset, and the other one contains
- the information having to do with the data type of the variable. In order to
- debug as symbol, you need to be able to coorelate these records, and the only
- way to do this is by name. The record with the storage attributes will take
- the name used in the asm directive, and the record that specifies the data type
- has the actual variable name, and thus when you use the asm directive to change
- a variable name, the symbol becomes invisible.
-
- 10) Older versions of the compiler ( GNU-C 1.37.92 and earlier) place
- global constants in the text psect. This is unfortunate, since to the linker
- this appears to be an entry point. I sent a patch to the compiler to RMS,
- which will generate a .const section for these variables, and patched the
- assembler to put these variables into a psect just like that for normal
- variables, except that they are marked NOWRT. static constants are still
- placed in the text psect, since there is no need for any external access.
-